64:
131:
1337:
136:
1280:
1292:
3663:
This list does not differentiate chambers of each legislature. Forty-nine state legislatures are bicameral; Nebraska is unicameral. Additionally, Washington, DC, Guam, and the US Virgin
Islands are unicameral; the other territories are bicameral. All legislatures have varying terms for their members.
3673:
Most states not listed here have a board appointed by the governor and legislature. All boards listed here have members that serve four-year staggered terms, except
Colorado, which has six-year terms, and Guam, which has two-year terms. Most are elected statewide, some are elected from districts.
1542:
Many races held during off-year, odd-numbered election years are for offices at the municipal and local level. Other municipalities and local governments instead consolidate their elections in even-numbered years to save costs, increase voter turnout, and have a far more representative group of
1444:
more of a government. Even though large majorities from both major political parties want to shift to on-cycle elections, these interest groups have used their political power to slow down some but not all of the reform efforts, with
California, Arizona and Nevada seeing significant success in
1439:
The political calculations of incumbent politicians appears to be the most common thread over the years guiding decisions around election timing for the few states with off-year elections. The lower turnout also benefits well-organized special interest groups that often make up local political
1375:
Off-year elections during odd-numbered years rarely feature any election to a federal office, few state legislative elections, and very few gubernatorial elections. Instead, the vast majority of these elections are held at the county and municipal level. On the ballot are many
3664:
Many have two-year terms for the lower house and four-year terms for the upper house. Some have all two-year terms and some all four-year terms. Arkansas has a combination of both two- and four-year terms in the same chamber.
3635:
In 26 states and 3 territories the lieutenant governor is elected on the same ticket as the governor: AK, CO, CT, FL, HI, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, MD, MA, MI, MN, MT, NE, NJ, NM, NY, ND, OH, PA, SC, SD, UT, WI, GU, MP,
1464:
are always held in even-numbered years. Elections for these offices are only held during odd-numbered years if accommodating a special election—usually either due to incumbents resigning or dying while in office.
3997:
1388:
to fill vacancies in various federal, state, and local offices. Jurisdictions that hold off-year elections require more frequent voting than jurisdictions that consolidate elections in even-numbered years.
3610:
3597:
197:
3404:
AK, AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IO, KS, KY, ME, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, VI
460:
3423:
AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IO, KA, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, PR, VI
3386:
AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IO, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, PR, VI
174:
163:
5342:
1195:
445:
1417:
1323:
332:
1368:
takes place. At times, the term "off-year" may also be used to refer to midterm election years, while the term "off-cycle" can also refer to any election held on another date than
1468:
Special elections are never held for the U.S. president. If the president dies, resigns or is (via impeachment conviction) removed from office, the successor is determined by the
1692:
1684:
1408:
for U.S. president have always been held on even-numbered years, this was not always the case for congressional elections. Before
Congress began to standardize elections for the
455:
434:
152:
4098:
3654:
In some states, the comptroller or controller has the duties equivalent to a treasurer. There are some states with both positions, so both have been included separately.
3080:
225:
1154:
1150:
931:
3626:
The governors of New
Hampshire and Vermont are each elected to two-year terms. The other 48 state governors and all five territorial governors serve four-year terms.
417:
5347:
3418:
3409:
3399:
3390:
3381:
881:
5332:
3557:
3512:
3467:
2555:
1531:
1469:
1421:
806:
327:
189:
5148:
5138:
5128:
5118:
5108:
5098:
5088:
5058:
5048:
5038:
5028:
5018:
5008:
4998:
4988:
4978:
4958:
4948:
4938:
4928:
4918:
4908:
4898:
4888:
4878:
4858:
4848:
4828:
4818:
4808:
4798:
4788:
4778:
4768:
4758:
4748:
4738:
4728:
4718:
4708:
4698:
4688:
4678:
4668:
4658:
4648:
4638:
4628:
4618:
4608:
4598:
4588:
4578:
4568:
4558:
4548:
4538:
4528:
4518:
4508:
4498:
4488:
4478:
4468:
4458:
4448:
4438:
4428:
4418:
4408:
4398:
4388:
4378:
4368:
4358:
4348:
4338:
4328:
4308:
4298:
4288:
4278:
4268:
4258:
4248:
4238:
4228:
4218:
4208:
4198:
4188:
4178:
4168:
4158:
4148:
4138:
4128:
1172:
1013:
906:
3645:
Like the governor, Vermont's other officials are each elected to two-year terms. All other state officers for all other states listed serve four-year terms.
1316:
1028:
450:
1253:
1248:
2171:
1953:
1786:
1771:
1712:
1513:
1509:
1111:
440:
1258:
894:
796:
247:
236:
1947:
1646:
1638:
1071:
926:
5368:
5337:
1062:
75:
3694:
3299:
3240:
1552:
1461:
1409:
1309:
1124:
1093:
1049:
1023:
963:
943:
841:
826:
469:
345:
144:
4091:
4067:
3742:
2163:
2151:
2063:
2051:
1084:
968:
815:
264:
3134:
3110:
3063:
3614:
3533:
3488:
3443:
3261:
3051:
2349:
2299:
2187:
1943:
1700:
1185:
185:
4118:
3138:
3114:
3067:
1508:. Kentucky, Louisiana, and Mississippi hold their gubernatorial elections during the off-year before the presidential election; e.g. the
3921:
3142:
3093:
3071:
2365:
2263:
2203:
2111:
2033:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1633:
1361:
1101:
978:
498:
289:
214:
1243:
1223:
3257:
3105:
2601:
2535:
2393:
2295:
2287:
2132:
998:
993:
948:
636:
518:
361:
353:
101:
3130:
3118:
3097:
3089:
3059:
1238:
1233:
1228:
3529:
3484:
3439:
2625:
2491:
2417:
2332:
2235:
2159:
2091:
2059:
1935:
1653:
1425:
1131:
1106:
1067:
958:
901:
866:
581:
83:
3101:
2563:
4084:
3541:
3537:
3525:
3496:
3492:
3480:
3451:
3447:
3435:
3346:
3216:
3194:
3158:
2609:
2539:
2531:
2519:
2401:
2361:
2283:
2227:
2199:
2128:
1497:
1177:
1162:
1138:
1053:
871:
853:
848:
3220:
3162:
1972:
3338:
3330:
3190:
3015:
2897:
2580:
2455:
2328:
2311:
2271:
2147:
2143:
2107:
2087:
2074:
2047:
2043:
1190:
1041:
983:
938:
766:
425:
3295:
3236:
3207:
4107:
3039:
2957:
2921:
2621:
2511:
2447:
2413:
2341:
2324:
2275:
2267:
2247:
2231:
2223:
2179:
2155:
2119:
2095:
2083:
2055:
1615:
1559:
1493:
1436:, and seats would remain vacant for months or years until their state legislatures could agree on who to send to the Senate.
1365:
1357:
1008:
1003:
503:
483:
306:
272:
3857:
3805:
Most states schedule their gubernatorial elections in "off-years"--that is, years in which no presidential election is held
3286:
3203:
3553:
3508:
3463:
3370:
3318:
3303:
3244:
3182:
3178:
3174:
2985:
2576:
2551:
2499:
2357:
2345:
2315:
2307:
2251:
2239:
2219:
2215:
2195:
2183:
2103:
988:
973:
691:
96:
51:
3282:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5143:
5133:
5123:
5113:
5103:
5093:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5053:
5043:
5033:
5023:
5013:
5003:
4993:
4983:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4953:
4943:
4933:
4923:
4913:
4903:
4893:
4883:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4853:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4823:
4813:
4803:
4793:
4783:
4773:
4763:
4753:
4743:
4733:
4723:
4713:
4703:
4693:
4683:
4673:
4663:
4653:
4643:
4633:
4623:
4613:
4603:
4593:
4583:
4573:
4563:
4553:
4543:
4533:
4523:
4513:
4503:
4493:
4483:
4473:
4463:
4453:
4443:
4433:
4423:
4413:
4403:
4393:
4383:
4373:
4363:
4353:
4343:
4333:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4303:
4293:
4283:
4273:
4263:
4253:
4243:
4233:
4223:
4213:
4203:
4193:
4183:
4173:
4163:
4153:
4143:
4133:
4123:
3545:
3500:
3455:
3354:
3272:
2593:
2572:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2475:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2426:
2385:
2353:
2279:
2259:
2191:
2138:
2115:
2099:
2069:
2038:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1369:
430:
322:
35:
31:
3264:
3186:
1263:
3268:
2973:
2761:
2617:
2597:
2589:
2547:
2467:
2463:
2439:
2435:
2409:
2389:
2381:
2303:
2243:
1477:
1397:
Off-year elections often feature far fewer races than either presidential or midterm elections and generate far lower
1077:
861:
786:
731:
696:
3342:
3350:
3844:
Low turnout is most pronounced in off-year elections for state legislators and local officials as well as primaries
3687:
3358:
3334:
3023:
3019:
2961:
2905:
2901:
2871:
2867:
2851:
2733:
2605:
2507:
2483:
2397:
2291:
2255:
2021:
1997:
1907:
1761:
1737:
1473:
771:
676:
3035:
3002:
2965:
2941:
2917:
2847:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2543:
2471:
2017:
1993:
1875:
1855:
1757:
1733:
1526:
in various states, as well as a number of special elections to fill various state offices. States may also allow
736:
726:
721:
701:
3587:, which may be held to fill political offices that have become vacant between the regularly scheduled elections.
2827:
2673:
63:
3150:
2981:
2969:
2945:
2937:
2786:
2757:
2705:
2613:
2559:
2523:
2479:
2405:
2001:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1741:
1707:
801:
651:
566:
91:
3031:
3011:
2993:
2989:
2949:
2913:
2893:
3774:
2745:
2859:
2855:
2823:
2769:
2697:
2669:
2025:
1966:
1815:
1765:
686:
681:
556:
3043:
3027:
2925:
2909:
2863:
2737:
3549:
3504:
3459:
3228:
2709:
2685:
2373:
2013:
1879:
1807:
1776:
1753:
1501:
1167:
776:
741:
646:
621:
122:
114:
3680:
2977:
2953:
2795:
2782:
2753:
2717:
2701:
2693:
2641:
1962:
1927:
1915:
1863:
1341:
1336:
761:
711:
666:
656:
641:
631:
616:
596:
571:
561:
551:
408:
130:
2815:
2661:
2819:
2773:
2765:
2721:
2689:
2665:
1985:
1977:
1958:
1891:
1883:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1835:
1811:
1803:
1780:
1725:
1717:
1512:. New Jersey and Virginia then hold theirs in the off-year after the presidential election; e.g. the
1505:
1489:
1457:
1413:
1284:
781:
756:
661:
601:
576:
546:
536:
206:
4037:
Biesk, Joe (June 18, 2007). "Governor's Race in the
Spotlight – Race to Draw National Focus".
2807:
2741:
2729:
2653:
2009:
1989:
1981:
1931:
1923:
1823:
1819:
1799:
1791:
1749:
1729:
1721:
1563:
1453:
1433:
1405:
716:
671:
611:
586:
541:
3880:
3752:
3674:
Louisiana, Ohio, Guam, and the
Northern Mariana Islands have additional members who are appointed.
4019:
2713:
1895:
1871:
1843:
1827:
1795:
1523:
1519:
Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, and
Virginia also hold off-year state legislative elections.
1441:
1381:
911:
746:
626:
591:
1412:
in 1872, individual states could schedule theirs into the first months of an odd-numbered year.
4063:
3939:
3900:
2749:
2725:
1919:
1847:
1831:
921:
791:
751:
706:
606:
403:
4009:
3892:
3722:
3712:
2005:
1939:
1887:
1839:
1745:
1429:
513:
135:
1488:
Five states elect their respective governors to four-year terms during off-year elections:
3747:
3717:
2633:
1527:
1296:
916:
398:
381:
371:
314:
250:
177:
27:
U.S. election held when neither a presidential election nor a midterm election takes place
1384:
in various states, and many more local public offices. They may also feature a number of
1215:
1142:
1291:
5362:
4023:
2885:
1398:
1353:
297:
239:
217:
166:
393:
376:
364:
228:
155:
17:
3940:"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)"
4076:
4057:
3584:
1385:
386:
4014:
3896:
3904:
280:
3617:
instead serves a four-year term that coincides with the presidential term.
3833:
3778:
3829:
4059:
Timing and
Turnout: How Off-Cycle Elections Favor Organized Groups
3996:
Hajnal, Zoltan L.; Kogan, Vladimir; Markarian, G. Agustin (2022).
1377:
1335:
3858:"2007 State, Local Elections Important Despite Low Voter Turnout"
1416:
elections were more problematic prior to the ratification of the
3881:"Election Timing and the Electoral Influence of Interest Groups"
1205:
4080:
3922:"Why These 5 States Hold Odd-Year Elections, Bucking The Trend"
1210:
1340:
A 2013 general election ballot for the offices of Ward 1 of
62:
1440:
machines, making it easier for their favored candidates to
3998:"Who Votes: City Election Timing and Voter Composition"
3803:(6th ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 79–80.
461:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
1480:, and serves the rest of the presidential term.
3775:"Politics Today: Off-Year Election Day is Here"
3799:Bowman, Ann O'M.; Kearney, Richard C. (2014).
4092:
3688:
1532:2021 California gubernatorial recall election
1522:Off-years may also feature a wide variety of
1422:Article 1, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution
1317:
8:
3944:National Archives and Records Administration
3312:Other commissioners & elected officials
1547:Comparison with other U.S. General Elections
1360:held in an odd-numbered year when neither a
30:For the most recent off-year election, see
4099:
4085:
4077:
3801:State and Local Government: The Essentials
3695:
3681:
1324:
1310:
40:
34:. For the upcoming off-year election, see
4013:
3991:
3989:
3578:
3591:
1556:
1432:. This meant that they were affected by
3734:
3566:Other state, local, and tribal offices
456:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
446:Multidistrict Litigation Judicial Panel
50:
45:This article is part of a series on the
1553:List of elections in the United States
3916:
3914:
3773:Chaggaris, Steve (November 3, 2009).
3743:"POLITICAL NOTES: Off-Year Elections"
3649:
3640:
3621:
1420:in 1913. Under the original rules of
1401:than even-numbered election years.
816:Elections in the District of Columbia
7:
3856:Hunter, Bridget (November 7, 2007).
3615:resident commissioner of Puerto Rico
3052:Superintendent of public instruction
1186:United States and the United Nations
418:Inferior Courts of the United States
3522:8 states, DC, & 3 territories
2432:30 states, DC, & 2 territories
1445:shifting local elections on-cycle.
290:Vice President of the United States
3658:
3477:8 states, DC, & 3 territories
3432:8 states, DC, & 3 territories
3419:44 states, DC, & 5 territories
3400:46 states, DC, & 4 territories
3382:44 states, DC, & 5 territories
1787:36 states, DC, & 3 territories
354:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
4002:American Political Science Review
3604:
84:Constitution of the United States
1290:
1278:
529:Elections by State and Territory
134:
129:
4062:. University of Chicago Press.
3630:
1470:presidential line of succession
1191:United Nations Security Council
1094:District of Columbia Government
5369:Elections in the United States
4108:Elections in the United States
307:United States Attorney General
273:President of the United States
1:
3668:
2835:State comptroller/controller
1454:Regularly scheduled elections
451:Alien Terrorist Removal Court
3751:. 1927-11-21. Archived from
3583:This table does not include
441:Court of International Trade
36:2025 United States elections
32:2023 United States elections
3429:State boards of education
1478:Presidential Succession Act
5385:
3980:
3968:
3956:
3816:
1550:
1474:United States Constitution
1424:, senators were chosen by
1372:of an even-numbered year.
29:
5325:
4114:
4015:10.1017/S0003055421000915
3897:10.1017/S0022381611000028
3568:
1675:Class III (34 seats)
1642:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1570:
882:List of political parties
4056:Anzia, Sarah F. (2013).
3879:Anzia, Sarah F. (2011).
3151:Agriculture commissioner
2034:Lieutenant gubernatorial
1973:11 states, 2 territories
1713:11 states, 2 territories
1667:Class II (33 seats)
1462:House of Representatives
1410:House of Representatives
1393:Background and rationale
1285:United States portal
797:Northern Mariana Islands
145:House of Representatives
5348:Gubernatorial elections
3885:The Journal of Politics
3613:of the U.S. House. The
1659:Class I (33 seats)
1014:Individualist anarchism
186:Congressional districts
5333:Presidential elections
3229:Insurance commissioner
1560:U.S. general elections
1472:, as specified by the
1356:typically refers to a
1345:
1151:Diplomatic missions of
1029:Political polarization
499:Presidential elections
123:United States Congress
67:
2139:5 states, 1 territory
2039:5 states, 1 territory
1418:Seventeenth Amendment
1362:presidential election
1342:Nashua, New Hampshire
1339:
226:President Pro Tempore
66:
3755:on November 25, 2010
3611:non-voting delegates
3598:non-voting delegates
1434:legislative deadlock
1406:fixed-term elections
1380:, a wide variety of
1155:in the United States
895:Political ideologies
519:Presidential primary
3946:. February 8, 2022.
3928:. November 4, 2019.
3596:As well as all six
3378:State legislatures
3331:AZ (Mine Inspector)
1567:
1524:citizen initiatives
1382:citizen initiatives
1297:Politics portal
1132:Department of State
807:U.S. Virgin Islands
18:Off-cycle elections
3600:of the U.S. House.
2172:Secretary of state
1558:Basic rotation of
1557:
1426:state legislatures
1346:
1139:Secretary of State
509:Off-year elections
491:National Elections
198:Non-voting members
76:Federal government
68:
5356:
5355:
4069:978-0-226-08695-8
4039:The Kentucky Post
3585:special elections
3573:
3572:
3561:
3516:
3471:
3424:
3415:
3406:
3396:
3387:
3373:
3361:
3321:
3307:
3289:
3276:
3248:
3223:
3210:
3197:
3165:
3145:
3121:
3083:
3074:
3046:
3005:
2996:
2928:
2874:
2830:
2789:
2776:
2676:
2628:
2583:
2566:
2429:
2420:
2368:
2335:
2318:
2206:
2166:
2135:
2122:
2077:
2066:
2028:
1969:
1950:
1783:
1768:
1449:Federal elections
1386:special elections
1350:off-year election
1334:
1333:
1173:Visa requirements
1125:Foreign relations
1024:Political culture
964:Constitutionalism
842:Political parties
827:List of Elections
514:Primary elections
504:Midterm elections
426:Courts of appeals
54:
16:(Redirected from
5376:
5338:Senate elections
4101:
4094:
4087:
4078:
4073:
4043:
4042:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4017:
3993:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3918:
3909:
3908:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3739:
3713:Primary election
3697:
3690:
3683:
3672:
3662:
3653:
3644:
3634:
3625:
3609:As well as five
3608:
3595:
3582:
3524:
3479:
3434:
3422:
3413:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3369:
3329:
3317:
3294:
3281:
3256:
3235:
3215:
3202:
3173:
3157:
3129:
3088:
3079:
3058:
3010:
3001:
2936:
2892:
2846:
2794:
2781:
2684:
2640:
2588:
2571:
2434:
2425:
2380:
2374:Attorney general
2340:
2323:
2214:
2178:
2142:
2127:
2082:
2073:
2042:
1976:
1957:
1790:
1775:
1716:
1568:
1564:fixed terms only
1528:recall elections
1430:direct elections
1366:midterm election
1358:general election
1326:
1319:
1312:
1295:
1294:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1102:District Council
1085:Local government
969:Environmentalism
333:Executive Office
328:Federal agencies
138:
133:
53:Politics of the
52:
41:
21:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5343:House elections
5321:
4110:
4105:
4070:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4036:
4035:
4031:
3995:
3994:
3987:
3979:
3975:
3967:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3920:
3919:
3912:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3838:
3836:
3830:"Voter Turnout"
3828:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3758:
3756:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3723:Runoff election
3718:Recall election
3709:
3704:
3701:
3667:
3657:
3648:
3639:
3629:
3620:
3603:
3590:
3577:
3523:
3478:
3433:
3421:
3414:LA, MS, NJ, VA
3412:
3402:
3393:
3384:
3368:
3328:
3316:
3293:
3280:
3255:
3234:
3214:
3201:
3172:
3156:
3128:
3115:SD (incl. Land)
3109:
3087:
3078:
3057:
3009:
3000:
2935:
2891:
2845:
2793:
2780:
2683:
2639:
2634:State treasurer
2587:
2570:
2433:
2424:
2379:
2339:
2322:
2213:
2177:
2141:
2126:
2081:
2072:
2041:
1975:
1956:
1789:
1774:
1715:
1624:
1611:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1538:Local elections
1486:
1484:State elections
1451:
1395:
1330:
1301:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1220:
1202:
1182:
1163:Nationality law
1159:
1147:
1127:
1117:
1116:
1089:
1044:
1034:
1033:
1020:
955:
897:
887:
886:
878:
858:
844:
834:
833:
821:
811:
533:
525:
495:
486:
476:
475:
470:Other tribunals
465:
431:District courts
413:
348:
338:
337:
319:
315:Merrick Garland
267:
257:
256:
251:Mitch McConnell
248:Minority Leader
237:Majority Leader
202:
178:Hakeem Jeffries
175:Minority Leader
164:Majority Leader
140:
117:
107:
106:
78:
55:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5382:
5380:
5372:
5371:
5361:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4068:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4029:
4008:(1): 374–383.
3985:
3973:
3961:
3949:
3931:
3910:
3891:(2): 412–427.
3871:
3848:
3821:
3809:
3791:
3765:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3677:
3675:
3665:
3655:
3646:
3637:
3627:
3618:
3601:
3588:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3520:
3517:
3475:
3472:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3416:
3407:
3397:
3388:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3365:
3362:
3325:
3322:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3290:
3277:
3252:
3249:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3211:
3198:
3169:
3166:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3125:
3122:
3084:
3075:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3006:
2997:
2932:
2929:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2790:
2777:
2680:
2677:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2584:
2567:
2430:
2421:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2336:
2319:
2210:
2207:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2136:
2123:
2078:
2067:
2036:
2030:
2029:
1970:
1951:
1784:
1769:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1530:, such as the
1514:2025 elections
1510:2023 elections
1485:
1482:
1450:
1447:
1394:
1391:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1287:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1254:European Union
1251:
1249:United Kingdom
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1146:
1145:
1143:Antony Blinken
1135:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:Superior Court
1109:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
979:Libertarianism
976:
971:
966:
961:
954:
953:
952:
951:
946:
936:
935:
934:
932:Traditionalist
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
898:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
877:
876:
875:
874:
869:
857:
856:
851:
845:
840:
839:
836:
835:
832:
831:
820:
819:
810:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
787:American Samoa
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
732:South Carolina
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
697:North Carolina
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
532:
531:
524:
523:
522:
521:
511:
506:
501:
494:
493:
487:
482:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
464:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
428:
422:
421:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
390:
389:
384:
379:
374:
368:
367:
358:
357:
349:
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
330:
325:
318:
317:
311:
310:
302:
301:
294:
293:
285:
284:
277:
276:
268:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
244:
243:
233:
232:
222:
221:
211:
210:
201:
200:
194:
193:
182:
181:
171:
170:
160:
159:
149:
148:
127:
126:
118:
113:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:
99:
94:
88:
87:
79:
74:
73:
70:
69:
59:
58:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5381:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
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2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
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1971:
1968:
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1709:
1708:Gubernatorial
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:All 435 seats
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:All 435 seats
1691:
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1686:
1685:All 435 seats
1683:
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1628:Presidential
1627:
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1619:
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1614:
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1606:
1604:Presidential
1603:
1600:
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1437:
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1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
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1411:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1399:voter turnout
1392:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:United States
1351:
1343:
1338:
1327:
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1313:
1308:
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1298:
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1259:Latin America
1257:
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1129:
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1120:
1113:
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1105:
1103:
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1099:
1096:
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1086:
1083:
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1079:
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1073:
1069:
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1057:
1055:
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1047:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:Republicanism
997:
995:
994:Protectionism
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
950:
949:Progressivism
947:
945:
942:
941:
940:
937:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
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905:
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900:
899:
896:
891:
890:
883:
880:
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873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
863:
862:Third parties
860:
859:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
843:
838:
837:
830:
828:
823:
822:
818:
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808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
772:West Virginia
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
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723:
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718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
677:New Hampshire
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
637:Massachusetts
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
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593:
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583:
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578:
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573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
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553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
530:
527:
526:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
492:
489:
488:
485:
480:
479:
472:
471:
467:
466:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
436:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
415:
414:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
366:
363:
362:Chief Justice
360:
359:
356:
355:
351:
350:
347:
342:
341:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
304:
303:
299:
298:Kamala Harris
296:
295:
292:
291:
287:
286:
282:
279:
278:
275:
274:
270:
269:
266:
261:
260:
252:
249:
246:
245:
241:
240:Chuck Schumer
238:
235:
234:
230:
227:
224:
223:
219:
218:Kamala Harris
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
204:
203:
199:
196:
195:
191:
187:
184:
183:
179:
176:
173:
172:
168:
167:Steve Scalise
165:
162:
161:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
142:
141:
139:
137:
132:
125:
124:
120:
119:
116:
111:
110:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:
81:
80:
77:
72:
71:
65:
61:
60:
57:
56:United States
49:
46:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5293:
4058:
4038:
4032:
4005:
4001:
3976:
3964:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3862:. Retrieved
3851:
3843:
3837:. Retrieved
3824:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3782:. Retrieved
3768:
3757:. Retrieved
3753:the original
3746:
3737:
3669:
3659:
3650:
3641:
3631:
3622:
3605:
3592:
3579:
3560:, GU, MP, VI
3515:, GU, MP, VI
3470:, GU, MP, VI
1620:
1607:
1541:
1521:
1518:
1487:
1467:
1452:
1438:
1403:
1396:
1374:
1370:Election Day
1349:
1347:
1092:
1068:Legislatures
1048:
959:Abolitionism
902:Conservatism
824:
814:
737:South Dakota
727:Rhode Island
722:Pennsylvania
702:North Dakota
528:
508:
490:
468:
416:
365:John Roberts
352:
305:
288:
271:
229:Patty Murray
205:
156:Mike Johnson
143:
128:
121:
82:
44:
4050:Works cited
2586:10 states
2378:10 states
2212:26 states
2080:10 states
1498:Mississippi
1428:instead of
1264:Arab League
1178:Visa policy
1054:Territorial
867:Libertarian
802:Puerto Rico
652:Mississippi
567:Connecticut
115:Legislature
3981:Anzia 2013
3969:Anzia 2013
3957:Anzia 2013
3839:2001-04-08
3817:Anzia 2013
3759:2016-07-30
3371:NC (Labor)
3355:OR (Labor)
3351:OK (Labor)
3319:NC (Labor)
3155:2 states
3127:4 states
3056:4 states
3008:9 states
2934:15 states
2890:9 states
2792:9 states
2779:2 states
2682:23 states
2638:9 states
2569:3 states
2338:7 states
2176:7 states
2125:2 states
1936:DC (Mayor)
1551:See also:
1502:New Jersey
1404:While the
1056:government
1042:Federalism
984:Monarchism
939:Liberalism
854:Republican
849:Democratic
767:Washington
687:New Mexico
682:New Jersey
557:California
4024:238657881
3959:, p.78-79
3905:0022-3816
3359:TX (Land)
3343:NM (Land)
3339:GA (Land)
3335:AR (Land)
3086:8 states
2999:1 state
2844:7 states
1634:President
1494:Louisiana
1168:Passports
1063:Governors
1009:Anarchism
1004:Socialism
777:Wisconsin
742:Tennessee
647:Minnesota
622:Louisiana
484:Elections
399:Kavanaugh
382:Sotomayor
346:Judiciary
281:Joe Biden
265:Executive
215:President
5363:Category
5329:See also
3864:April 4,
3834:FairVote
3819:, p. 6-7
3784:July 30,
3779:CBS News
3707:See also
3410:4 states
3391:2 states
3347:ND (Tax)
3327:8 states
3292:3 states
3279:2 states
3254:5 states
3233:3 states
3213:2 states
3200:2 states
3171:6 states
3077:1 state
2710:FL (CFO)
2423:1 state
2321:3 states
1954:3 states
1772:2 states
1621:Off-year
1608:Off-year
1543:voters.
1506:Virginia
1490:Kentucky
1476:and the
1460:and the
1456:for the
989:Populism
974:Feminism
762:Virginia
712:Oklahoma
692:New York
667:Nebraska
657:Missouri
642:Michigan
632:Maryland
617:Kentucky
597:Illinois
572:Delaware
562:Colorado
552:Arkansas
97:Taxation
4119:1788–89
3983:, p.210
3971:, p.210
3569:Varies
3395:VA, NJ
3367:1 state
3315:1 state
2070:1 state
1616:Midterm
1442:capture
1352:in the
907:history
782:Wyoming
757:Vermont
662:Montana
602:Indiana
582:Georgia
577:Florida
547:Arizona
537:Alabama
409:Jackson
404:Barrett
394:Gorsuch
323:Cabinet
153:Speaker
4066:
4022:
3903:
1681:House
1654:Senate
1458:Senate
1414:Senate
1378:mayors
1364:nor a
1244:Canada
1224:Russia
1078:Courts
944:Modern
927:Social
922:Paleo-
717:Oregon
672:Nevada
612:Kansas
587:Hawaii
542:Alaska
372:Thomas
207:Senate
102:Policy
4020:S2CID
3729:Notes
3519:None
3474:None
3364:None
3324:None
3251:None
3168:None
3124:None
2931:None
2880:None
2877:None
2841:None
2838:None
2679:None
2209:None
1601:Type
1571:Year
1239:Japan
1234:India
1229:China
1107:Mayor
1050:State
912:Black
872:Green
747:Texas
627:Maine
592:Idaho
387:Kagan
377:Alito
5316:2027
5309:2026
5302:2025
5295:2024
5289:2023
5284:2022
5279:2021
5274:2020
5269:2019
5264:2018
5259:2017
5254:2016
5249:2015
5244:2014
5239:2013
5234:2012
5229:2011
5224:2010
5219:2009
5214:2008
5209:2007
5204:2006
5199:2005
5194:2004
5189:2003
5184:2002
5179:2001
5174:2000
5169:1999
5164:1998
5159:1997
5154:1996
5149:1995
5144:1994
5139:1993
5134:1992
5129:1991
5124:1990
5119:1989
5114:1988
5109:1987
5104:1986
5099:1985
5094:1984
5089:1983
5084:1982
5079:1981
5074:1980
5069:1979
5064:1978
5059:1977
5054:1976
5049:1975
5044:1974
5039:1973
5034:1972
5029:1971
5024:1970
5019:1969
5014:1968
5009:1967
5004:1966
4999:1965
4994:1964
4989:1963
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4729:1911
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4719:1909
4714:1908
4709:1907
4704:1906
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4694:1904
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4674:1900
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4609:1887
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4504:1866
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4359:1837
4354:1836
4349:1835
4344:1834
4339:1833
4334:1832
4329:1831
4324:1830
4319:1829
4314:1828
4309:1827
4304:1826
4299:1825
4294:1824
4289:1823
4284:1822
4279:1821
4274:1820
4269:1819
4264:1818
4259:1817
4254:1816
4249:1815
4244:1814
4239:1813
4234:1812
4229:1811
4224:1810
4219:1809
4214:1808
4209:1807
4204:1806
4199:1805
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4179:1801
4174:1800
4169:1799
4164:1798
4159:1797
4154:1796
4149:1795
4144:1794
4139:1793
4134:1792
4129:1791
4124:1790
4064:ISBN
3901:ISSN
3866:2001
3786:2016
3696:edit
3689:talk
3682:view
2708:,
1595:2028
1590:2027
1585:2026
1580:2025
1575:2024
1504:and
1206:NATO
1072:list
1052:and
917:Neo-
792:Guam
752:Utah
707:Ohio
607:Iowa
435:list
190:list
4010:doi
4006:116
3926:NPR
3893:doi
3636:VI.
1697:No
1689:No
1671:No
1663:No
1647:Yes
1643:No
1639:Yes
1348:An
1211:G20
300:(D)
283:(D)
253:(R)
242:(D)
231:(D)
220:(D)
180:(D)
169:(R)
158:(R)
92:Law
5365::
4018:.
4004:.
4000:.
3988:^
3942:.
3924:.
3913:^
3899:.
3889:73
3887:.
3883:.
3842:.
3832:.
3777:.
3745:.
3558:DC
3556:,
3554:UT
3552:,
3550:TX
3548:,
3546:OH
3544:,
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3536:,
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3532:,
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3505:TX
3503:,
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3499:,
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3357:,
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3217:NC
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3195:SC
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3141:,
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2994:WY
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2948:,
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2944:,
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2926:GU
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2798:,
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2772:,
2770:WI
2768:,
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2306:,
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2258:,
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2250:,
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2222:,
2220:AZ
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2204:WV
2202:,
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2164:AS
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2110:,
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2100:ID
2098:,
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2026:PR
2024:,
2022:AS
2020:,
2018:WV
2016:,
2014:WA
2012:,
2010:VT
2008:,
2006:UT
2004:,
2002:ND
2000:,
1998:NC
1996:,
1994:NH
1992:,
1990:MT
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1984:,
1982:IN
1980:,
1978:DE
1967:MS
1965:,
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1800:AZ
1798:,
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1794:,
1792:AL
1781:VA
1779:,
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1766:PR
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1732:,
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1722:IN
1720:,
1718:DE
1566:)
1534:.
1516:.
1500:,
1496:,
1492:,
1216:G7
1196:P5
1153:/
1141::
4100:e
4093:t
4086:v
4072:.
4041:.
4026:.
4012::
3907:.
3895::
3868:.
3788:.
3762:.
3275:,
3108:,
1623:b
1610:a
1562:(
1344:.
1325:e
1318:t
1311:v
1074:)
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829:)
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20:)
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