Offa of Mercia - Knowledge (XXG)

642:, appears on a charter in 765 along with Heahberht; the charter was subsequently confirmed by Offa. Offa's influence in Kent at this time is clear, and it has been suggested that Heahberht was installed by Offa as his client. There is less agreement among historians on whether Offa had general overlordship of Kent thereafter. He is known to have revoked a charter of Ecgberht's on the grounds that "it was wrong that his thegn should have presumed to give land allotted to him by his lord into the power of another without his witness", but the date of Ecgberht's original grant is unknown, as is the date of Offa's revocation of it. It may be that Offa was the effective overlord of Kent from 764 until at least 776. The limited evidence for Offa's direct involvement in the kingdom between 765 and 776 includes two charters of 774 in which he grants land in Kent; but there are doubts about their authenticity, so Offa's intervention in Kent prior to 776 may have been limited to the years 764–65. 657:, which may indicate that the Mercians were in fact defeated at Otford. The cause of the conflict is also unknown: if Offa was ruling Kent before 776, the battle of Otford was probably a rebellion against Mercian control. However, Ealhmund does not appear again in the historical record, and a sequence of charters by Offa from the years 785–89 makes his authority clear. During these years he treated Kent "as an ordinary province of the Mercian kingdom", and his actions have been seen as going beyond the normal relation of overlordship and extending to the annexation of Kent and the elimination of a local royal line. After 785, in the words of one historian, "Offa was the rival, not the overlord, of Kentish kings". Mercian control lasted until 796, the year of Offa's death, when 1498: 4847: 1039:, in 798. Coenwulf asserts in his letter that Offa wanted the new archdiocese created out of enmity for Jænberht; but Leo responds that the only reason the papacy agreed to the creation was because of the size of the kingdom of Mercia. Both Coenwulf and Leo had their own reasons for representing the situation as they did: Coenwulf was entreating Leo to make London the sole southern archdiocese, while Leo was concerned to avoid the appearance of complicity with the unworthy motives Coenwulf imputed to Offa. These are therefore partisan comments. However, both the size of Offa's territory and his relationship with Jænberht and 49: 717:, "King Offa ordered King Æthelberht's head to be struck off". Offa minted pennies in East Anglia in the early 790s, so it is likely that Æthelberht rebelled against Offa and was beheaded as a result. Accounts of the event have survived in which Aethelberht is killed through the machinations of Offa's wife Cynethryth, but the earliest manuscripts in which these possibly legendary accounts are found date from the 11th and 12th centuries, and recent historians do not regard them with confidence. The legend also claims that Æthelberht was killed at Sutton St. Michael and buried four miles (6 km) to the south at 882:

English by the 8th century, so it may be that in choosing the location of the barrier the Mercians were consciously surrendering some territory to the native Britons. Alternatively, it may be that these settlements had already been retaken by the Welsh, implying a defensive role for the barrier. The effort and expense that must have gone into building the dyke are impressive, and suggest that the king who had it built (whether Offa or someone else) had considerable resources at his disposal. Other substantial construction projects of a similar date do exist, however, such as Wat's Dyke and

685:, a twelfth-century chronicler, records that in 771 Offa defeated "the people of Hastings", which may record the extension of Offa's dominion over the entire kingdom. However, doubts have been expressed about the authenticity of the charters which support this version of events, and it is possible that Offa's direct involvement in Sussex was limited to a short period around 770–71. After 772, there is no further evidence of Mercian involvement in Sussex until c. 790, and it may be that Offa gained control of Sussex in the late 780s, as he did in Kent. 1394: 372: 1210:. Offa countered with a request that his son Ecgfrith should also marry Charlemagne's daughter Bertha: Charlemagne was outraged by the request, and broke off contact with Britain, forbidding English ships from landing in his ports. Alcuin's letters make it clear that by the end of 790 the dispute was still not resolved, and that Alcuin was hoping to be sent to help make peace. In the end diplomatic relations were restored, at least partly by the agency of Gervold, the abbot of 694: 1566:

statement of his power. There is debate on this point, however, as several of the charters in which Offa is named "Rex Anglorum" are of doubtful authenticity. They may represent later forgeries of the 10th century, when this title was standard for kings of England. The best evidence for Offa's use of this title comes from coins, not charters: there are some pennies with "Of ℞ A" inscribed, but it is not regarded as definite that this stood for "Offa Rex Anglorum."

364: 1233:, were condemned. In 796 Charlemagne wrote to Offa; the letter survives and refers to a previous letter of Offa's to Charlemagne. This correspondence between the two kings produced the first surviving documents in English diplomatic history. The letter is primarily concerned with the status of English pilgrims on the continent and with diplomatic gifts, but it reveals much about the relations between the English and the 561: 1454: 557:, about whom little is known. The continuation of Bede comments that Beornred "ruled for a little while, and unhappily", and adds that "the same year, Offa, having put Beornred to flight, sought to gain the kingdom of the Mercians by bloodshed." It is possible that Offa did not gain the throne until 758, however, since a charter of 789 describes Offa as being in the thirty-first year of his reign. 514: 490: 1123:

in the rumour, but it is clear it had been a concern to him. The enemies of Offa and Charlemagne, described by Adrian as the source of the rumour, are not named. It is unclear whether this letter is related to the legatine mission of 786; if it predates it, then the mission might have been partly one of reconciliation, but the letter might well have been written after the mission.

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worldly possessions represents a change from the early 8th century, when many charters showed the foundation and endowment of small minsters, rather than the assignment of those lands to laypeople. In the 770s, an abbess named Æthelburh (who may have been the same person as Offa's daughter of that name) held multiple leases on religious houses in the territory of the

969: 827: 606: 1582:, "Offa was driven by a lust for power, not a vision of English unity; and what he left was a reputation, not a legacy." It is now believed that Offa thought of himself as "King of the Mercians," and that his military successes were part of the transformation of Mercia from an overlordship of midland peoples into a powerful and aggressive kingdom. 1421:. This light coinage (in contrast to the heavier coins minted later in Offa's reign) can probably be dated to the late 760s and early 770s. A second, medium-weight coinage can be identified before the early 790s. These new medium-weight coins were heavier, broader and thinner than the pennies they replaced, and were prompted by the contemporary 1462:

coins include a "striking and elegant" portrait showing him with his hair in voluminous curls, and another where he wears a fringe and tight curls. Some coins show him wearing a necklace with a pendant. The variety of these depictions implies that Offa's die-cutters were able to draw on varied artistic sources for their inspiration.

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son. For you know very well how much blood his father shed to secure the kingdom on his son." It is apparent that in addition to Ecgfrith's consecration in 787, Offa had eliminated dynastic rivals. This seems to have backfired, from the dynastic point of view, as no close male relatives of Offa or Ecgfrith are recorded, and

1237:. Charlemagne refers to Offa as his "brother", and mentions trade in black stones, sent from the continent to England, and cloaks (or possibly cloths), traded from England to the Franks. Charlemagne's letter also refers to exiles from England, naming Odberht, who was almost certainly the same person as 430:

dating from Offa's reign. Charters were documents which granted land to followers or to churchmen and were witnessed by the kings who had the authority to grant the land. A charter might record the names of both a subject king and his overlord on the witness list appended to the grant. Such a witness

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According to the genealogies, the last king of Lindsey was named Aldfrith, and the identification of this king with an Aldfrith who witnesses a charter of Offa's in 787 led at one time to the belief that Aldfrith was still ruling at that date. However, it is no longer thought that the two Aldfrith's

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at the time. Control of religious houses was one way in which a ruler of the day could provide for his family, and to this end Offa ensured (by acquiring papal privileges) that many of them would remain the property of his wife or children after his death. This policy of treating religious houses as

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survives which makes reference to Offa, but the date is uncertain; it may be as early as 784 or as late as 791. In it Adrian recounts a rumour that had reached him: Offa had reportedly proposed to Charlemagne that Adrian should be deposed, and replaced by a Frankish pope. Adrian disclaims all belief

965:, gives details of a council held by George in Northumbria, and the canons issued there, but little detail survives of Theophylact's mission. After the northern council George returned to the south and another council was held, attended by both Offa and Jænberht, at which further canons were issued. 1606:

in 797 to a Mercian ealdorman named Osbert makes it apparent that Offa had gone to great lengths to ensure that his son Ecgfrith would succeed him. Alcuin's opinion is that Ecgfrith "has not died for his own sins; but the vengeance for the blood his father shed to secure the kingdom has reached the

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in 792–93, the silver currency was reformed a second time: in this "heavy coinage" the weight of the pennies was increased again, and a standardised non-portrait design was introduced at all mints. None of Jænberht's or Cynethryth's coins occur in this coinage, whereas all of Æthelheard's coins are

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without a local ruler as witness. It is likely that both London and Middlesex were quickly under Offa's control at the start of his reign. The East Saxon royal house survived the 8th century, so it is probable that the kingdom of Essex retained its native rulers, but under strong Mercian influence,

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and then through three more generations: Osmod, Eanwulf and Offa's father, Thingfrith. Æthelbald, who ruled Mercia for most of the forty years before Offa, was also descended from Eowa according to the genealogies: Offa's grandfather, Eanwulf, was Æthelbald's first cousin. Æthelbald granted land to

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that Offa promised to Rome. There are other Western copies of Abbasid dinars of the period, but it is not known whether they are English or Frankish. Two other English gold coins of the period survive, from two moneyers, Pendraed and Ciolheard: the former is thought to be from Offa's reign but the

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The medium-weight coins often carry designs of high artistic quality, exceeding that of the contemporary Frankish currency. Coin portraits of Offa have been described as "showing a delicacy of execution which is unique in the whole history of the Anglo-Saxon coinage". The depictions of Offa on the

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The construction of the dyke suggests that it was built to create an effective barrier and to command views into Wales. This implies that the Mercians who built it were free to choose the best location for the dyke. There are settlements to the west of the dyke that have names that imply they were

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on the West Saxon throne. Even if Offa did not assist Beorhtric's claim, it seems likely that Beorhtric to some extent recognised Offa as his overlord shortly thereafter. Offa's currency was used across the West Saxon kingdom, and Beorhtric had his own coins minted only after Offa's death. In 789,

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comes from charters, and as with Kent there is no clear consensus among historians on the course of events. What little evidence survives that bears on Sussex's kings indicates that several kings ruled at once, and it may never have formed a single kingdom. It has been argued that Offa's authority

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It is unlikely that Offa had significant influence in the early years of his reign outside the traditional Mercian heartland. The overlordship of the southern English which had been exerted by Æthelbald appears to have collapsed during the civil strife over the succession, and it is not until 764,

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in his biography of Alfred the Great: "a certain vigorous king called Offa ... had a great dyke built between Wales and Mercia from sea to sea". The dyke has not been dated by archaeological methods, but most historians find no reason to doubt Asser's attribution. Early names for the dyke in

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during the 8th century, but what evidence there is indicates that both London and Middlesex, which had been part of the kingdom of Essex, were finally brought under Mercian control during the reign of Æthelbald. Both Æthelbald and Offa granted land in Middlesex and London as they wished; in 767 a

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are examples of such power-bases. Marriage alliances could also have played a part. Competing magnates, those called in charters "dux" or "princeps" (that is, leaders), may have brought the kings to power. In this model, the Mercian kings are little more than leading noblemen. Offa seems to have

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refused to perform the ceremony, and that Offa needed an alternative archbishop for that purpose. The ceremony itself is noteworthy for two reasons: it is the first recorded consecration of any English king, and it is unusual in that it asserted Ecgfrith's royal status while his father was still

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The title Offa used on most of his charters was "rex Merciorium", or "king of the Mercians", though this was occasionally extended to "king of the Mercians and surrounding nations". Some of his charters use the title "Rex Anglorum," or "King of the English," and this has been seen as a sweeping

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If Offa did not gain the advantage in Wessex until defeating Cynewulf in 779, it may be that his successes south of the river were a necessary prerequisite to his interventions in the south-east. In this view, Egbert of Kent's death in about 784 and Cynewulf's death in 786 were the events that

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claims that when Egbert invaded Kent in 825, the men of the southeast turned to him "because earlier they were wrongly forced away from his relatives". This is likely to be an allusion to Ealhmund, and may imply that Ealhmund had a local overlordship of the southeastern kingdoms. If so, Offa's

740:) in 779, reconquering some of the land along the Thames. No indisputably authentic charters from before this date show Cynewulf in Offa's entourage, and there is no evidence that Offa ever became Cynewulf's overlord. In 786, after the murder of Cynewulf, Offa may have intervened to place 1769:

For a discussion showing the use of this in evidence in an account of the progression from Offa's overlordship of the Hwicce to suppression of the ruling dynasty, and consequent absorption of the kingdom into Mercia, see Patrick Wormald, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", in Campbell et al.,

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Eanwulf in the territory of the Hwicce, and it is possible that Offa and Æthelbald were from the same branch of the family. In one charter Offa refers to Æthelbald as his kinsman, and Headbert, Æthelbald's brother, continued to witness charters after Offa rose to power.

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Kirby quotes Stenton's comment that Ecgberht was "a mere dependant" of Offa's, and gives his opinion that there is "no certain evidence" of this. On the other hand, Keynes agrees with Stenton that Offa " control of Kent in the 760s". Simon Keynes, "Offa", in Lapidge,

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kingship is not clear from the limited surviving sources. There are two main theories regarding the ancestry of Mercian kings of this period. One is that descendants of different lines of the royal family competed for the throne. In the mid-7th century, for example,

1573:, Stenton argued that Offa was perhaps the greatest king of the English kingdoms, commenting that "no other Anglo-Saxon king ever regarded the world at large with so ... acute a political sense". Many historians regard Offa's achievements as second only to 1369:. Offa's Kentish charters show him laying these same burdens on the recipients of his grants there, and this may be a sign that the obligations were being spread outside Mercia. These burdens were part of Offa's response to the threat of "the pagan seaman". 858:

both Welsh and English also support the attribution to Offa. Despite Asser's comment that the dyke ran "from sea to sea", it is now thought that the original structure only covered about two-thirds of the length of the border: in the north it ends near

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Some coins from Offa's reign bear the names of the archbishops of Canterbury, Jænberht and, after 792, Æthelheard. Jænberht's coins all belong to the light coinage, rather than the later medium coinage. There is also evidence that coins were issued by

1544:

Although many of the coins bear the name of a moneyer, there is no indication of the mint where each coin was struck. As a result, the number and location of mints used by Offa is uncertain. Current opinion is that there were four mints, in

776:: Asser says that Eadburh had "power throughout almost the entire kingdom", and that she "began to behave like a tyrant after the manner of her father". Whatever power she had in Wessex was no doubt connected with her father's overlordship. 653:" in 776, but does not give the outcome of the battle. It has traditionally been interpreted as a Mercian victory, but there is no evidence for Offa's authority over Kent until 785: a charter from 784 mentions only a Kentish king named 613:

Offa appears to have exploited an unstable situation in Kent after 762. Kent had a long tradition of joint kingship, with east and west Kent under separate kings, though one king was typically dominant. Prior to 762 Kent was ruled by

961:, king of the West Saxons, attended a council where the goals of the mission were discussed. George then went to Northumbria, while Theophylact visited Mercia and "parts of Britain". A report on the mission, sent by the legates to 1253:

Events in southern Britain to 796 have sometimes been portrayed as a struggle between Offa and Charlemagne, but the disparity in their power was enormous. By 796 Charlemagne had become master of an empire which stretched from the

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which he found "most just". The laws may have been an independent lawcode, but it is also possible that Alfred is referring to the report of the legatine mission in 786, which issued statutes that the Mercians undertook to obey.

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currency reforms. The new pennies almost invariably carried both Offa's name and the name of the moneyer from whose mint the coins came. The reform in the coinage appears to have extended beyond Offa's own mints: the kings of

576:, or kinglets, under his authority; and it is likely that he was also quick to gain control over the Magonsæte, for whom there is no record of an independent ruler after 740. Offa was probably able to exert control over the 1245:

was another refugee from Offa who took shelter at the Frankish court. It is clear that Charlemagne's policy included support for elements opposed to Offa; in addition to sheltering Egbert and Eadberht he also sent gifts to

622:; Eadberht's son Eardwulf is also recorded as a king. Æthelberht died in 762, and Eadberht and Eardwulf are last mentioned in that same year. Charters from the next two years mention other kings of Kent, including 351:, "Offa was driven by a lust for power, not a vision of English unity; and what he left was a reputation, not a legacy." His son Ecgfrith succeeded him after his death, but reigned for less than five months before 1577:

among the Anglo-Saxon kings. Offa's reign has sometimes been regarded as a key stage in the transition to a unified England, but this is no longer the general view among historians in the field. In the words of

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giving his opinion that Canterbury's archdiocese had been divided "not, as it seems, by reasonable consideration, but by a certain desire for power". Æthelheard himself later said that the award of a pallium to

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allowed Offa to gain control of Kent and bring Beorhtric into his sphere of influence. This version of events also assumes that Offa did not have control of Kent after 764–65, as some historians believe.

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was the only Anglo-Saxon queen ever named or portrayed on coinage, in a remarkable series of pennies struck by the moneyer Eoba. These were probably derived from contemporary coins from the reign of the

988:, which approved the creation of the new archbishopric. It has been suggested that this synod was the same gathering as the second council held by the legates, but historians are divided on this issue. 2195:

The Chronicle does not make it clear whether Eadberht casme to the throne after Offa's death, or after Ecgfrith's. Stenton suggests that the revolt in Kent began prior to Offa's death. See Swanton,

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had placed royal kinsmen in control of conquered provinces. Alternatively, it may be that a number of kin-groups with local power-bases may have competed for the succession. The sub-kingdoms of the

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production, however, and is sometimes thought to be biased in favour of Wessex; hence it may not accurately convey the extent of power achieved by Offa, a Mercian. That power can be seen at work in

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to England to assess the state of the church and provide canons (ecclesiastical decrees) for the guidance of the English kings, nobles and clergy. This was the first papal mission to England since

473:'s court as one of his chief advisors, and corresponded with kings, nobles and ecclesiastics throughout England. These letters in particular reveal Offa's relations with the continent, as does his 1296:

attempted to increase the stability of Mercian kingship, both by the elimination of dynastic rivals to his son Ecgfrith, and the reduction in status of his subject kings, sometimes to the rank of

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are thought to have been administrative centres, serving as regional markets and indicating a transformation of the Mercian economy away from its origins as a grouping of midland peoples. The

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latter may belong either to Offa's reign or to that of Coenwulf, who came to the throne in 796. Nothing definite is known about their use, but they may have been struck to be used as alms.

553:(written anonymously after Bede's death) the king was "treacherously murdered at night by his own bodyguards", though the reason why is unrecorded. Æthelbald was initially succeeded by 465:, which may provide further evidence of Offa's scope as a ruler, though its attribution to his reign is disputed. A significant corpus of letters dates from the period, especially from 878:

is one of the largest, but it is not possible to date them relative to each other and so it cannot be determined whether Offa's Dyke was a copy of or the inspiration for Wat's Dyke.

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dinar of 774 and carries Arabic text on one side, with "Offa Rex" on the other. The gold coins are of uncertain use but may have been struck to be used as alms or for gifts to Rome.

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The few accounts of the creation of the new archbishopric date from after the end of Offa's reign. Two versions of the events appear in the form of an exchange of letters between

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retained his position as the senior cleric in the land, with Hygeberht conceding his precedence. When Jænberht died in 792, he was replaced by Æthelheard, who was consecrated by

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probably became king in about 758. Beonna's first coinage predates Offa's own, and implies independence from Mercia. Subsequent East Anglian history is quite obscure, but in 779

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Offa's diplomatic relations with Europe are well documented, but appear to belong only to the last dozen years of his reign. In letters dating from the late 780s or early 790s,

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from millennia earlier. The dyke can be regarded in the light of these counterparts as the largest and most recent great construction of the preliterate inhabitants of Britain.

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s "three years" is an error, and should read "thirteen years", which would mean Egbert's exile lasted from 789 to 802, but this reading is disputed. Eadburh is mentioned by

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Kirby gives details of the problems with the charters, and also suggests that the situation in Kent and Sussex at this time may be connected with the entry for 823 in the

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are indeed likely to have been factors in Offa's request for the creation of the new archdiocese. Coenwulf's version has independent support, with a letter from Alcuin to

54: 1497: 4933: 451:; the history only covers events up to 731, but as one of the major sources for Anglo-Saxon history it provides important background information for Offa's reign. 5162: 1446:

in the 780s and possibly before. Offa's dispute with Jænberht may have led him to allow Eadberht coining rights, which may then have been revoked when the see of

2101:'s in 799, in which he grants the land again, quoting the grounds on which Offa revoked it, but without giving any date. The charter is translated in Whitelock, 1182:. The Schola Saxonum took its name from the militias of Saxons who served in Rome, but it eventually developed into a hostelry for English visitors to the city. 347:

in 792. Historians once saw his reign as part of a process leading to a unified England, but this is no longer the majority view: in the words of historian

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to the extensive resources Offa had at his command and his ability to organise them. Other surviving sources include a problematic document known as the

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in 757 and recovered much of the border territory that Æthelbald had conquered from the West Saxons. Offa won an important victory over Cynewulf at the

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was recognised early in his reign by local kings in western Sussex, but that eastern Sussex (the area around Hastings) submitted to him less readily.

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The conflict over the succession suggests that Offa needed to re-establish control over Mercia's traditional dependencies, such as the Hwicce and the

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Many surviving coins from Offa's reign carry elegant depictions of him, and the artistic quality of these images exceeds that of the contemporary

2428:, p. 114. Similarly, Swanton annotates "3 years" with "in fact thirteen years ... this error is common to all MSS." See note 12 in Swanton, 1151:; her acquisitions have been described as looking "like a speculator assembling a portfolio". Æthelburh's possession of these lands foreshadows 3779: 446: 390:. Æthelbald was one of a number of strong Mercian kings who ruled from the mid-7th century to the early 9th, and it was not until the reign of 1417:

or the king for whom they were produced. To contemporaries these were probably known as pennies, and are the coins referred to in the laws of

6083: 4846: 3858: 1883: 5178: 4493: 980:. The issue must have been discussed with the papal legates in 786, although it is not mentioned in the accounts that have survived. The 4926: 4520: 1063:

became archbishop, he consecrated Ecgfrith as king; the ceremony took place within a year of Hygeberht's elevation. It is possible that

668:, and it is possible that Offa's interventions in Kent in the mid-780s are connected to the subsequent exile of Egbert to Francia. The 4473: 4453: 4433: 4412: 4393: 4373: 4353: 4333: 4307: 4287: 4267: 4248: 4228: 4209: 4188: 4168: 4148: 4128: 4084: 4065: 4046: 4027: 4008: 3988: 3969: 3950: 3931: 3916: 3898: 3839: 3797: 3765: 3449: 5275: 4826: 3252: 761:

for "three years", adding that "Beorhtric helped Offa because he had his daughter as his queen". Some historians believe that the

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lands from all obligations except the requirement to build forts and bridges—obligations which lay upon everyone, as part of the

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The dioceses of England during Offa's reign. The boundary between the archdioceses of Lichfield and Canterbury is shown in bold.

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intervention was probably intended to gain control of this relationship and take over the dominance of the associated kingdoms.

5033: 4942: 710: 263: 6093: 4919: 4639: 1594:, though it is not clear that the "Bedeford" named in that charter was actually modern Bedford. He was succeeded by his son, 301:

as king, since it is possible Jænberht refused to perform the ceremony, which took place in 787. Offa had a dispute with the

211: 874:. The total length of this section is about 64 miles (103 km). Other earthworks exist along the Welsh border, of which 6088: 5820: 5083: 1017: 922:, which may have led to conflict in the 760s when Offa is known to have intervened in Kent. Offa rescinded grants made to 813:

Offa was frequently in conflict with the various Welsh kingdoms. There was a battle between the Mercians and the Welsh at

1482:, though the Byzantine coins show a frontal bust of Irene rather than a profile, and so cannot have been a direct model. 5976: 5232: 5068: 5028: 4423: 1247: 1107:

appears as a witness on charters and presides at synods without Hygeberht, so it appears that Offa continued to respect

792: 344: 2584:, not far from the south end of the dyke, as having a name unlikely to have risen as late as the 9th century. Stenton, 6073: 6000: 3739: 48: 5063: 5003: 4998: 5829: 5799: 5544: 4655: 1950:

The "continuation of Bede" is by other hands than Bede's, though the first few entries may be by Bede himself. See

1028:; these were essentially the midland Anglian territories. Canterbury retained the sees in the south and southeast. 796: 259: 203: 3016:, especially pp. 139–143. For the contrary view, see Wormald, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", pp. 101–106. 371: 6098: 5859: 5420: 5013: 4968: 4632: 4555: 3439: 549:Æthelbald, who had ruled Mercia since 716, was assassinated in 757. According to a later continuation of Bede's 5733: 5703: 5294: 5226: 4983: 4796: 4600: 3735: 2436:, p. 220. Stenton adds in a footnote that "it is very dangerous to reject a reading which is so well attested". 1226: 1222: 1211: 915: 693: 665: 391: 274: 5098: 3815: 3510: 5622: 5538: 5217: 5008: 4978: 4973: 4513: 1376:, in the preface to Alfred's own law code. Alfred says that he has included in his code those laws of Offa, 942: 788: 615: 340: 165: 3038:

For all this, see Keynes, "Mercia and Wessex in the Ninth Century", pp. 314–323, in Brown & Farr,

1084:, and probably wished to emulate the impressive dignity of the Frankish court. Other precedents did exist: 799:

in 792. However, there is no evidence that Northumbria was ever under Mercian control during Offa's reign.

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Offa issued laws in his name, but no details of them have survived. They are known only from a mention by

1358: 1350: 1334: 946: 867: 859: 784: 383: 336: 219: 3588: 721:, where his cult flourished, becoming at one time second only to Canterbury as a pilgrimage destination. 501:, a set of genealogies that include lines of descent for four Mercian kings. All four lines descend from 5793: 5590: 5438: 5432: 5093: 5078: 5018: 4988: 4963: 4821: 4565: 3181: 1259: 1179: 1126:

Offa was a generous patron of the church, founding several churches and monasteries, often dedicated to

706: 410: 31: 5328: 4726: 4580: 4550: 3107: 1393: 1381: 1085: 817:

in 760, and Offa is recorded as campaigning against the Welsh in 778, 784 and 796 in the tenth-century

1708:, p. 100) describes him as "by common consent the most imposing Anglo-Saxon ruler before Alfred". 580:

at an early date, as it appears that the independent dynasty of Lindsey had disappeared by this time.

246:

by 771, though his authority did not remain unchallenged in either territory. In the 780s he extended

5745: 5715: 5697: 5634: 5598: 5584: 5053: 4958: 4953: 4811: 4776: 4560: 4489: 3807: 3502: 2325:, p. 177; see also Zaluckyj & Zaluckyj, "The Age of Mercian Supremacy", in Zaluckyj et al., 1628: 1238: 1218: 977: 733: 427: 2424:

E.g. Fletcher assumes that Egbert spent essentially all Beorhtric's reign in Francia; see Fletcher,

6078: 5751: 5739: 5721: 5709: 5394: 5382: 5058: 4993: 4781: 1131: 1073: 919: 746: 741: 639: 597:

when evidence emerges of Offa's influence in Kent, that Mercian power can be seen expanding again.

478: 302: 286: 251: 5376: 1092:

as king during his lifetime, and Offa may have known of Byzantine examples of royal consecration.

324:

queen ever depicted on a coin. Only three gold coins of Offa's have survived: one is a copy of an

6050: 6010: 5834: 5805: 5678: 5654: 5574: 5461: 5048: 4766: 4761: 4751: 4741: 4721: 4595: 4575: 4506: 3544: 3368: 2098: 1595: 1366: 1263: 1160: 1056: 1055:

Another possible reason for the creation of an archbishopric at Lichfield relates to Offa's son,

1005: 725: 713:

became king, and was independent long enough to issue coins of his own. In 794, according to the

577: 554: 530: 498: 352: 298: 223: 155: 98: 88: 1353:

invasions. However, Offa did not necessarily understand the economic changes that came with the

976:

In 787, Offa succeeded in reducing the power of Canterbury through the establishment of a rival

560: 3547:

describes him as "perhaps the greatest of all the Anglo-Saxon kings, save only Alfred"; Blair,

1528:, with "Offa Rex" centred on the reverse. It is clear that the moneyer had no understanding of 6103: 5970: 5893: 5853: 5610: 5604: 5491: 5455: 5426: 5388: 5211: 5073: 4816: 4801: 4736: 4731: 4545: 4540: 4469: 4449: 4429: 4408: 4389: 4369: 4349: 4329: 4303: 4283: 4263: 4244: 4224: 4205: 4184: 4164: 4144: 4124: 4080: 4061: 4042: 4023: 4004: 3984: 3965: 3946: 3927: 3912: 3894: 3854: 3835: 3793: 3785: 3761: 3445: 1879: 1518: 1510: 1453: 1089: 910:, for his piety and efforts to "instruct in the precepts of God", he came into conflict with 677: 619: 538: 398: 247: 243: 139: 3727: 6045: 5899: 5787: 5781: 5640: 5616: 5244: 5238: 4791: 4786: 4686: 4099: 3358: 2271: 2267: 2266:

which asserts that the southeastern kingdoms were "wrongly forced away" from the kinsmen of

1574: 1443: 1373: 1346: 1242: 957:. They visited Canterbury first, and then were received by Offa at his court. Both Offa and 819: 773: 682: 654: 631: 584: 332: 6025: 638:

in his own name, with Heahberht on the witness list as king of Kent. Another king of Kent,

537:

and Æthelburh. It has been speculated that Æthelburh was the abbess who was a kinswoman of

5924: 5844: 5727: 5556: 5532: 5412: 5345: 4883: 4711: 4701: 4696: 4691: 3009: 1829: 1550: 1479: 1280: 1138:

to Rome; a mancus was a term of account equivalent to thirty silver pennies, derived from

1077: 985: 954: 950: 871: 635: 627: 623: 502: 239: 5288: 4831: 1155:'s control of religious lands, and the pattern was continued in the early 9th century by 397:

The power and prestige that Offa attained made him one of the most significant rulers in

6035: 6005: 5351: 4706: 4671: 4322: 4199: 3755: 1952: 1532:

as the Arabic text contains many errors. The coin may have been produced to trade with

1475: 1398: 1362: 1255: 1171: 849:, a great earthen barrier that runs approximately along the border between England and 846: 831: 808: 589: 506: 454: 432: 363: 226:. In the early years of Offa's reign, it is likely that he consolidated his control of 215: 70: 505:, who ruled Mercia early in the 7th century. Offa's line descends through Pybba's son 6067: 6015: 5910: 5370: 4317: 3372: 1813: 1418: 1377: 1167: 1134:, which he probably founded in the early 790s. He also promised a yearly gift of 365 1115: 1081: 962: 934: 875: 839: 572:. Charters dating from the first two years of Offa's reign show the Hwiccan kings as 462: 401: 278: 218:, Offa came to the throne after a period of civil war following the assassination of 4296:

Stafford, Pauline, "Political Women in Mercia, Eighth to Early Tenth Centuries", in

3171:", in Lapidge et al., "Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England", p. 456. 1207: 439:", or subking, of Æthelbald's. The eighth-century monk and chronicler the Venerable 435:, for example, where Æthelric, son of king Oshere of the Hwicce, is described as a " 269:

Offa was a Christian king who came into conflict with the Church, particularly with

5147: 4771: 2329:, pp. 152–153, which gives the details of the earliest versions of the legend. 1579: 1413:. These were small silver pennies, which often did not bear the name of either the 1036: 1025: 938: 863: 348: 5250: 4864: 4110: 2432:, pp. 62–63. On the other hand, Stenton accepts the figure as three: see Stenton, 1490: 1104: 1044: 862:, less than five miles (8 km) from the coast, while in the south it stops at 569: 235: 1873: 1004:, a symbol of his authority, from Rome. The new archdiocese included the sees of 258:, and regained complete control of the southeast. He also became the overlord of 5930: 5526: 5359: 3789: 1812:

Peter Featherstone, provides a review of some theories about the origins of the

1554: 1486: 1439: 1427: 1422: 1326: 1317:, or fortified towns; the locations are not generally agreed on but may include 1203: 1119: 1096: 1069: 1064: 997: 911: 903: 737: 658: 470: 415: 321: 270: 4103: 3042:; see also Williams, "Military Institutions and Royal Power", pp. 304–305. 513: 5550: 5333: 5103: 4836: 4614:

Not listed in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, but held equivalent or greater power.

3090: 1953:"Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England: Christian Classic Ethereal Library" 1546: 1533: 1466: 1288: 1195: 1156: 1152: 1108: 923: 891: 526: 518: 382:

In the first half of the 8th century, the dominant Anglo-Saxon ruler was King

317: 294: 290: 282: 132: 3615: 3064:

Simon Keynes, "Mercia and Wessex in the Ninth Century", in Brown & Farr,

2351:

Zaluckyj & Zaluckyj, "The Age of Mercian Supremacy", in Zaluckyj et al.,

1457:

Two silver pennies of Offa's reign. The right-hand penny portrays Cynethryth.

1194:

congratulates Offa for encouraging education and greets Offa's wife and son,

386:, who by 731 had become the overlord of all the provinces south of the River 214:, from 757 until his death in 796. The son of Thingfrith and a descendant of 6030: 4529: 4201:

Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources

3757:

Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources

1621: 1525: 1471: 1447: 1297: 1230: 1100: 1060: 1049: 1013: 993: 989: 883: 489: 458: 405: 306: 3093:, "Market Centres and Towns in the Mercian Hegemony", in Brown & Farr, 1517:

There are also surviving gold coins from Offa's reign. One is a copy of an

968: 826: 605: 4911: 1478:, who minted a series showing a portrait of his mother, the later Empress 541:, but there are other prominent women named Æthelburh during that period. 5473: 4681: 3997:

Featherstone, Peter, "The Tribal Hidage and the Ealdormen of Mercia", in

1845:

Patrick Wormald, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", in Campbell et al., eds.,

1608: 1322: 1301: 1206:

proposed that his son Charles marry one of Offa's daughters, most likely

1199: 1127: 1032: 1009: 958: 814: 718: 331:

Many historians regard Offa as the most powerful Anglo-Saxon king before

227: 183: 3911:

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, reprinted with corrections 2006.

1816:

in "The Tribal Hidage and the Ealdormen of Mercia" in Brown & Farr,

1357:, so it is not safe to assume he envisioned all their benefits. In 749, 5887: 5773: 5689: 5672: 5628: 5485: 5479: 5364: 5088: 4806: 4039:

The Iconography of Early Anglo-Saxon Coinage: Sixth to Eighth Centuries

3363: 3346: 1591: 1414: 1406: 1318: 1143: 1139: 1001: 927: 926:

by Egbert, and it is also known that Jænberht claimed the monastery of

887: 758: 750: 534: 325: 255: 178: 160: 121: 1397:

Reverse of a coin of Offa, bearing the name of the moneyer Ethelnoth.

5936: 5918: 5666: 5660: 5256: 4896: 4676: 4624: 1603: 1537: 1529: 1502: 1431: 1345:

are forerunners of the defensive network successfully implemented by

1330: 1305: 1284: 1275: 1234: 1191: 1148: 1135: 1021: 907: 729: 650: 466: 423: 387: 313: 231: 207: 1000:'s first and only archbishop, and by the end of 788 he received the 17: 4902:

King of Mercia during the temporary separation of Mercia and Wessex

3398:

Pauline Stafford, "Political Women in Mercia" in Brown & Farr,

2003:, pp. 204–205; the charter itself is translated in Whitelock, 1611:, Ecgfrith's successor, was only distantly related to Offa's line. 545:

Early reign, the midland territories and the Middle and East Saxons

4716: 4570: 2581: 1602:

Ecgfrith died after a reign of only 141 days. A letter written by

1521: 1506: 1496: 1452: 1392: 1292: 1175: 967: 854: 850: 835: 825: 769: 698: 692: 604: 559: 512: 488: 370: 362: 649:

records that "the Mercians and the inhabitants of Kent fought at

5467: 5339: 3775: 1410: 1313: 1040: 474: 440: 5151: 4915: 4628: 4502: 3154:

Gareth Williams, "Military Institutions", in Brown & Farr,

1311:

There is evidence that Offa constructed a series of defensive

870:

in Herefordshire, less than fifty miles (80 km) from the

661:

was temporarily successful in regaining Kentish independence.

4498: 3728:"Medieval Sourcebook: The Annales Cambriae (Annals of Wales)" 1434:

all produced coins of the new heavier weight in this period.

902:

Offa ruled as a Christian king, but despite being praised by

4845: 4094:

Kelly, S. E. (2007). "Offa (d. 796), king of the Mercians".

3500:

See the listing under "King", in the "Office" section under

1035:, who became king of Mercia shortly after Offa's death, and 949:

in 597 to convert the Anglo-Saxons. The legates were Bishop

1304:

only survived in power for a few months, and ninth-century

469:, an English deacon and scholar who spent over a decade at 2597:

Patrick Wormald, "Offa's Dyke", in James Campbell et al.,

2580:

Stenton cites, for example, the village "Burlingjobb", in

1308:

continued to draw its kings from multiple dynastic lines.

1225:

were repudiated, and the heresies of two Spanish bishops,

1217:

Charlemagne sought support from the English church at the

609:

Southeastern England showing locations connected with Offa

4077:

Roman Britain and Early England: 55 B.C. – A.D. 871

4060:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2567:

Margaret Worthington, "Wat's Dyke", in Lapidge et al.,

757:

records that the two kings combined to exile Egbert to

242:

to establish himself as overlord, Offa also controlled

6041:

Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom

4342:

Williams, Gareth, "Mercian Coinage and Authority", in

457:, most of which was probably built in his reign, is a 4405:

Ideal and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society

4384:

Campbell, John; John, Eric; Wormald, Patrick (1991).

3979:

Campbell, John; John, Eric; Wormald, Patrick (1991).

394:

in the 9th century that Mercian power began to wane.

316:

coinage. Some of his coins carry images of his wife,

4403:

Wormald, Patrick; Bullough, D.; Collins, R. (1983).

845:

The best known relic associated with Offa's time is

408:

of him survives. A key source for the period is the

293:

may have been motivated by Offa's desire to have an

266:

beheaded in 794, perhaps for rebelling against him.

5993: 5963: 5908: 5880: 5873: 5843: 5819: 5772: 5765: 5688: 5573: 5566: 5519: 5512: 5448: 5321: 5314: 5268: 5192: 5185: 4857: 4662: 4382:Wormald, Patrick, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", in 4177:idem, "Mercia and Wessex in the Ninth Century", in 1052:depended on "deception and misleading suggestion". 529:, whose ancestry is unknown. The couple had a son, 189: 177: 138: 128: 116: 108: 104: 94: 84: 76: 69: 41: 4466:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 4446:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 4362:idem, "Military Institutions and Royal Power", in 4321: 4260:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 4241:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 4161:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 4141:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 4121:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 4020:Who's Who in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England 3891:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 3441:Medieval European Coinage By Philip Grierson p.330 2541:Margaret Worthington, "Offa's Dyke", in Lapidge, 1536:; or it may be part of the annual payment of 365 3438:Grierson, Philip; Blackburn, Mark A. S. (1986). 4425:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England 3229: 3227: 3225: 1875:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England 1590:Offa died on 29 July 796, and may be buried in 418:narrating the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The 3012:, "Carolingian Contacts" in Brown & Farr, 2940: 2938: 2870: 2868: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2569:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 2543:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 2365: 2363: 2361: 2170:The quote is from Patrick Wormald, "Bede, the 2117:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 1834:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 1785:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 1221:in 794, where the canons passed in 787 at the 1170:is traditionally supposed to have founded the 772:, a 9th-century monk who wrote a biography of 5163: 4927: 4640: 4514: 3870:English Historical Documents v. 1 c. 500–1042 3246:A transcription of Ine's laws can be read at 2666:, pp. 217–218 & 218 notes 3 & 4. 1337:. In addition to their defensive uses, these 1095:Despite the creation of the new archdiocese, 443:wrote a history of the English church called 8: 4364:Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carole A. (2001). 4344:Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carole A. (2001). 4298:Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carole A. (2001). 4278:Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carole A. (2001). 4179:Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carole A. (2001). 3999:Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carole A. (2001). 3941:Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carole A. (2001). 3851:The Lives of Two Offas, Vitae Offarum Duorum 3781:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 3589:"July 29, 796: Death of King Offa of Mercia" 2911: 2909: 2854: 2852: 2755: 2753: 2674: 2672: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2381: 2379: 2228: 2226: 2054: 2052: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1795: 1793: 375:A mention of Offa, the Mercian king, in the 250:over most of southern England, allying with 1687: 1685: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1300:. He was ultimately unsuccessful, however; 676:The evidence for Offa's involvement in the 444: 367:The kingdoms of Britain during Offa's reign 30:"Offa" redirects here. For other uses, see 5877: 5769: 5685: 5570: 5516: 5318: 5189: 5170: 5156: 5148: 4934: 4920: 4912: 4647: 4633: 4625: 4521: 4507: 4499: 4276:Nelson, Janet, "Carolingian Contacts", in 3470: 3468: 3347:"A coin of Queen Fastrada and Charlemagne" 3314: 3312: 3285: 3283: 1266:were clearly minor figures by comparison. 47: 38: 27:Anglo-Saxon king of Mercia from 757 to 796 6021:List of English words of Old Norse origin 4442:Worthington, Margaret, "Offa's Dyke", in 3362: 1986:are likely to be the same person. Yorke, 583:Little is known about the history of the 533:, and at least three daughters: Ælfflæd, 238:. Taking advantage of instability in the 4366:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe 4346:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe 4300:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe 4280:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe 4198:Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (2004). 4181:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe 4001:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe 3943:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe 3907:Blackburn, Mark & Grierson, Philip, 3754:Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (2004). 3666:Simon Keynes, "Cynethryth", in Lapidge, 3642:Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom In Europe 3333:Iconography of Early Anglo-Saxon Coinage 2471:This theory is due to Kirby; see Kirby, 1103:, now senior in his turn. Subsequently, 984:reports a "contentious synod" in 787 at 145: 4237:Lapidge, Michael, "Alcuin of York", in 4096:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4079:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 3251:. Georgetown University. Archived from 1940:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1878:. Psychology Press. pp. 101, 104. 1640: 1068:alive. Offa would have been aware that 4058:An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England 2278:, pp. 167–168; see also Swanton, 1832:, "Alcuin of York", in Lapidge et al. 1783:Roger Ray, "Bede", in Lapidge et al., 588:charter of Offa's disposed of land in 447:Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum 305:, which was settled at the Council of 2097:The evidence comes from a charter of 1509:of Offa, a copy of the dinars of the 783:Offa's marital alliances extended to 343:in marriage to the Northumbrian king 7: 5122:also king of Kent and king of Mercia 4494:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England 3812:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England 3668:Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 3507:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England 1872:Yorke, Dr Barbar (5 November 1997). 1693:Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 1691:Simon Keynes, "Mercia", in Lapidge, 1664:Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 1174:in Rome, in what is today the Roman 1142:gold coins that were circulating in 664:Ealhmund was probably the father of 593:for most or all of the 8th century. 222:. Offa defeated the other claimant, 4041:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3926:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1202:. In about 789, or shortly before, 1080:, had been consecrated as kings by 918:. Jænberht had been a supporter of 689:East Anglia, Wessex and Northumbria 3872:. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. 2695:, 204 & 205, pp. 791–794. 1450:was elevated to an archbishopric. 1088:is said to have nominated his son 930:, which was in Offa's possession. 335:. His dominance never extended to 25: 3924:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society 2876:Anglo-Saxon England, p. 223. 1405:At the start of the 8th century, 1349:a century later to deal with the 289:. This reduction in the power of 5301:Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire 5291:, Lady of the Mercians (911–918) 5179:Viking activity in Great Britain 4468:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 4448:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 4262:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 4243:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 4163:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 4143:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 4123:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 4117:Keynes, Simon, "Cynethryth", in 3893:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 3853:. Crediton: The Medieval Press. 2182:, p. 113, quoted in Kirby, 1361:had issued a charter that freed 497:Offa's ancestry is given in the 2747:, sub anno 785, pp. 52–54. 634:. In 764, Offa granted land at 5276:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians 3444:. Cambridge University Press. 1489:'s death and replacement with 853:. It is mentioned by the monk 339:, though he gave his daughter 254:, who married Offa's daughter 1: 6001:"Battle of Brunanburh" (poem) 5980: 5946: 5495: 5398: 5279: 2888:Church in Anglo-Saxon Society 2340:Church in Anglo-Saxon Society 2157:, pp. 166–167; Stenton, 1409:were the primary circulating 281:to divide the archdiocese of 166:Ælfflæd, Queen of Northumbria 6084:8th-century English monarchs 5977:Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum 4111:UK public library membership 4075:Hunter Blair, Peter (1966). 4056:Hunter Blair, Peter (1977). 3694:English Historical Documents 3655:English Historical Documents 2985:English Historical Documents 2959:English Historical Documents 2930:English Historical Documents 2732:English Historical Documents 2719:English Historical Documents 2693:English Historical Documents 2612:English Historical Documents 2251:English Historical Documents 2103:English Historical Documents 2005:English Historical Documents 1758:English Historical Documents 1494:of the new, heavier weight. 521:, wife of King Offa (1.29 g) 414:, a collection of annals in 264:Æthelberht II of East Anglia 4328:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4098:. Oxford University Press. 3868:Whitelock, Dorothy (1968). 3778:(1991). D.H. Farmer (ed.). 3740:City University of New York 2199:, pp. 56–57; Stenton, 6120: 4221:The Earliest English Kings 4018:Fletcher, Richard (1989). 3909:Medieval European Coinage. 3474:Blackburn & Grierson, 3411:Blackburn & Grierson, 3385:Blackburn & Grierson, 3318:Blackburn & Grierson, 3302:Blackburn & Grierson, 3289:Blackburn & Grierson, 3273:Blackburn & Grierson, 2527:, ch. 14, p. 71. 2398:Blackburn & Grierson, 2270:, who was the son of king 2249:, p. 208; Whitelock, 2140:, p. 207–208; Kirby, 806: 753:, a daughter of Offa; the 539:King Ealdred of the Hwicce 202:(died 29 July 796 AD) was 29: 5766:Second invasion: 980–1012 5421:Ecgberht I of Northumbria 5112: 4949: 4878: 4843: 4609: 4536: 4464:Lapidge, Michael (1999). 4444:Lapidge, Michael (1999). 4258:Lapidge, Michael (1999). 4239:Lapidge, Michael (1999). 4159:Lapidge, Michael (1999). 4139:Lapidge, Michael (1999). 4119:Lapidge, Michael (1999). 3889:Lapidge, Michael (1999). 3849:Swanton, Michael (2010). 3832:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 3830:Swanton, Michael (1996). 3476:Medieval European Coinage 3413:Medieval European Coinage 3387:Medieval European Coinage 3320:Medieval European Coinage 3304:Medieval European Coinage 3291:Medieval European Coinage 3275:Medieval European Coinage 3182:"Anglo-Saxons.net: S 134" 2295:, pp. 164, 166. 1849:, pp. 110, 118. 1662:Simon Keynes, "Offa", in 1248:Æthelred I of Northumbria 890:as well as such sites as 793:Æthelred I of Northumbria 404:, though no contemporary 46: 5295:Odda, Ealdorman of Devon 5214:of East Anglia (855–869) 4892:Also King of East Anglia 4462:eadem, "Wat's Dyke", in 4407:. Oxford: B. Blackwell. 3964:. Hambledon and London. 3960:Campbell, James (2000). 3736:College of Staten Island 3696:, 202, pp. 786–788. 3345:Coupland, Simon (2023). 3249:"Laws of Alfred and Ine" 3108:"Anglo-Saxons.net: S 92" 2987:, 198, pp. 782–784. 2932:, 195, pp. 779–780. 2734:, 210, pp. 799–800. 2721:, 203, pp. 788–790. 2174:, and the origin of the 2119:, p. 340; Stenton, 1860:English Coinage 600–1900 1524:struck in 774 by Caliph 1223:Second Council of Nicaea 978:archdiocese at Lichfield 916:Archbishop of Canterbury 724:To the south of Mercia, 431:list can be seen on the 287:archdiocese of Lichfield 275:Archbishop of Canterbury 161:Eadburh, Queen of Wessex 156:Ecgfrith, King of Mercia 5629:Sea Battle near Swanage 5539:Battle of Hingston Down 4943:Monarchs of East Anglia 4422:Yorke, Barbara (1990). 3834:. New York: Routledge. 3657:, 79, pp. 468–470. 1760:, 67, pp. 453–454. 1598:, but according to the 1159:, the daughter of King 953:, and Theophylact, the 493:Offa's immediate family 285:in two, creating a new 5567:First invasion 865–896 4851: 4556:Rædwald of East Anglia 4104:10.1093/ref:odnb/20567 3620:Catholic Encyclopaedia 3614:Knight, Kevin (2009). 3575:Earliest English Kings 3215:Keynes & Lapidge, 3202:Keynes & Lapidge, 3079:Earliest English Kings 2998:Earliest English Kings 2917:Earliest English Kings 2899:Keynes & Lapidge, 2844:Earliest English Kings 2813:Earliest English Kings 2761:Earliest English Kings 2706:Earliest English Kings 2680:Earliest English Kings 2651:Earliest English Kings 2486:Earliest English Kings 2473:Earliest English Kings 2445:Keynes & Lapidge, 2400:Early Medieval Coinage 2323:Earliest English Kings 2321:, p. 210; Kirby, 2293:Earliest English Kings 2276:Earliest English Kings 2234:Earliest English Kings 2205:Earliest English Kings 2203:, p. 225; Kirby, 2184:Earliest English Kings 2178:", in Wormald et al., 2155:Earliest English Kings 2142:Earliest English Kings 2125:Earliest English Kings 2123:, p. 207; Kirby, 2060:Earliest English Kings 2018:Earliest English Kings 1927:Earliest English Kings 1514: 1458: 1402: 973: 947:Pope Gregory the Great 842: 728:came to the throne of 702: 610: 565: 551:Historia Ecclesiastica 522: 494: 445: 379: 368: 359:Background and sources 80:757 – 29 July 796 6094:East Anglian monarchs 5520:Viking raids: 793–850 5439:Eohric of East Anglia 5433:Ceolwulf II of Mercia 5220:(978–1013, 1014–1016) 4849: 4223:. London: Routledge. 4037:Gannon, Anna (2003). 3962:The Anglo-Saxon State 3816:King's College London 3681:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 3511:King's College London 3351:Early Medieval Europe 2745:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2430:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2413:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2280:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2264:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2218:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2197:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1679:, V, 23, p. 324. 1600:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1500: 1456: 1396: 1291:and the unidentified 1260:Great Hungarian Plain 1045:Archbishop Æthelheard 982:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 971: 829: 803:Wales and Offa's Dyke 715:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 696: 647:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 608: 563: 516: 492: 477:, which was based on 411:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 377:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 374: 366: 32:Offa (disambiguation) 6089:Anglo-Saxon warriors 5673:Battle of Fearnhamme 5635:Battle of Chippenham 5599:Battle of Englefield 5218:Æthelred the Unready 4850:Offa (757–796) 4571:Oswiu of Northumbria 4219:Kirby, D.P. (1992). 4204:. Penguin Classics. 4022:. Shepheard-Walwyn. 3922:Blair, John (2006). 3760:. Penguin Classics. 1629:Vitae duorum Offarum 1586:Death and succession 1262:, and Offa and then 1219:council of Frankfurt 1186:European connections 992:, already Bishop of 802: 734:Battle of Bensington 564:Another coin of Offa 230:peoples such as the 5591:Siege of Nottingham 5545:Battle of Rochester 5206:Ælla of Northumbria 5127:also king of Mercia 4586:Æthelbald of Mercia 4324:Anglo-Saxon England 4137:idem, "Mercia", in 3792:. London: Penguin. 3532:Anglo-Saxon England 3491:, pp. 223–224. 3489:Anglo-Saxon England 3389:, pp. 279–280. 3255:on 17 December 2007 3235:Anglo-Saxon England 3000:, pp. 176–177. 2972:Anglo-Saxon England 2946:Anglo-Saxon England 2831:Anglo-Saxon England 2800:Anglo-Saxon England 2776:, pp. 218–219. 2774:Anglo-Saxon England 2708:, pp. 169–170. 2664:Anglo-Saxon England 2640:, pp. 215–216. 2638:Anglo-Saxon England 2627:, pp. 116–117. 2614:, 198, p. 783. 2601:, pp. 120–121. 2586:Anglo-Saxon England 2556:Anglo-Saxon England 2514:, pp. 214–215. 2512:Anglo-Saxon England 2434:Anglo-Saxon England 2402:, pp. 281–282. 2371:Anglo-Saxon England 2319:Anglo-Saxon England 2247:Anglo-Saxon England 2201:Anglo-Saxon England 2161:, pp. 207–208. 2159:Anglo-Saxon England 2138:Anglo-Saxon England 2127:, pp. 165–166. 2121:Anglo-Saxon England 2088:, pp. 206–207. 2086:Anglo-Saxon England 2044:Anglo-Saxon England 2001:Anglo-Saxon England 1571:Anglo-Saxon England 1485:Around the time of 1359:Æthelbald of Mercia 920:Ecgberht II of Kent 485:Ancestry and family 384:Æthelbald of Mercia 303:Bishop of Worcester 297:consecrate his son 252:Beorhtric of Wessex 212:Anglo-Saxon England 6074:8th-century births 6051:Vale of York Hoard 6011:England runestones 5881:Viking settlements 5679:Battle of Benfleet 5655:Battle of Edington 5575:Great Heathen Army 5462:Halfdan Ragnarsson 5373:(947–948, 952–954) 4852: 4656:Monarchs of Mercia 4581:Æthelred of Mercia 4576:Wulfhere of Mercia 4566:Oswald of Bernicia 4551:Æthelberht of Kent 3885:Trinoda Necessitas 3707:Kings and Kingdoms 3640:Brown & Farr, 3595:. anglo-saxons.net 3562:Kings and Kingdoms 3545:Peter Hunter Blair 3364:10.1111/emed.12640 3169:Trinoda Necessitas 3143:Kings and Kingdoms 3029:, pp. 119–120 3027:Kings and Kingdoms 2961:, 20, p. 313. 2890:, pp. 129–30. 2860:Kings and Kingdoms 2787:Kings and Kingdoms 2625:Kings and Kingdoms 2497:Annales Cambriae, 2460:Kings and Kingdoms 2387:Kings and Kingdoms 2306:Kings and Kingdoms 2105:, 80, p. 470. 2099:Coenwulf of Mercia 2073:Kings and Kingdoms 2031:Kings and Kingdoms 2007:, 73, p. 461. 1988:Kings and Kingdoms 1974:Kings and Kingdoms 1907:Kings and Kingdoms 1801:Kings and Kingdoms 1704:Richard Fletcher ( 1596:Ecgfrith of Mercia 1515: 1459: 1403: 1382:Æthelberht of Kent 1367:trinoda necessitas 1178:, or district, of 1130:. Among these was 1086:Æthelred of Mercia 1057:Ecgfrith of Mercia 974: 843: 787:when his daughter 703: 611: 578:kingdom of Lindsey 566: 523: 499:Anglian collection 495: 380: 369: 353:Coenwulf of Mercia 6059: 6058: 5971:Treaty of Wedmore 5959: 5958: 5869: 5868: 5845:Harald's invasion 5815: 5814: 5761: 5760: 5650: 5649: 5623:Battle of Reading 5611:Battle of Meretun 5605:Battle of Ashdown 5508: 5507: 5492:Thorkell the Tall 5456:Ivar the Boneless 5427:Burgred of Mercia 5389:Olaf Guthfrithson 5310: 5309: 5212:Edmund the Martyr 5145: 5144: 5074:Edmund the Martyr 4909: 4908: 4663:Kingdom of Mercia 4622: 4621: 4596:Cœnwulf of Mercia 4546:Ceawlin of Wessex 4428:. London: Seaby. 4388:. Penguin Books. 4318:Stenton, Frank M. 4157:idem, "Offa", in 4109:(subscription or 3983:. Penguin Books. 3883:Abels, Richard, " 3878:Secondary sources 3860:978-0-9557636-8-7 3786:Leo Sherley-Price 3335:, pp. 31–32. 3055:, pp. 43–44. 2501:760, 778 and 784. 2180:Ideal and Reality 1885:978-0-415-16639-3 1787:, pp. 57–59. 1747:, pp. 95–98. 1719:Anglo-Saxon State 1511:Abbasid Caliphate 996:, became the new 945:had been sent by 886:, in what is now 678:kingdom of Sussex 277:. Offa persuaded 248:Mercian Supremacy 197: 196: 16:(Redirected from 6111: 6099:Mercian monarchs 6046:Silverdale Hoard 5985: 5982: 5951: 5948: 5900:North Sea Empire 5878: 5788:Battle of Pinhoe 5770: 5686: 5661:Battle of London 5641:Battle of Cynwit 5617:Battle of Basing 5571: 5517: 5500: 5497: 5403: 5400: 5395:Ragnall ua Ímair 5383:Gofraid ua Ímair 5319: 5284: 5281: 5245:Edward the Elder 5239:Alfred the Great 5190: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5149: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4913: 4827:Æthelred II 4822:Ceolwulf II 4649: 4642: 4635: 4626: 4615: 4601:Egbert of Wessex 4523: 4516: 4509: 4500: 4479: 4459: 4439: 4418: 4399: 4386:The Anglo-Saxons 4379: 4359: 4339: 4327: 4313: 4293: 4273: 4254: 4234: 4215: 4194: 4174: 4154: 4134: 4114: 4107: 4090: 4071: 4052: 4033: 4014: 3994: 3981:The Anglo-Saxons 3975: 3956: 3937: 3904: 3873: 3864: 3845: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3803: 3784:. Translated by 3771: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3732:Annales Cambriae 3710: 3703: 3697: 3690: 3684: 3677: 3671: 3664: 3658: 3651: 3645: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3584: 3578: 3571: 3565: 3558: 3552: 3541: 3535: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3498: 3492: 3485: 3479: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3435: 3429: 3422: 3416: 3409: 3403: 3396: 3390: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3366: 3342: 3336: 3329: 3323: 3316: 3307: 3300: 3294: 3287: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3244: 3238: 3231: 3220: 3217:Alfred the Great 3213: 3207: 3204:Alfred the Great 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3178: 3172: 3167:Richard Abels, " 3165: 3159: 3152: 3146: 3139: 3133: 3130:The Anglo-Saxons 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3104: 3098: 3088: 3082: 3075: 3069: 3062: 3056: 3049: 3043: 3036: 3030: 3023: 3017: 3007: 3001: 2994: 2988: 2981: 2975: 2968: 2962: 2955: 2949: 2942: 2933: 2926: 2920: 2913: 2904: 2901:Alfred the Great 2897: 2891: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2863: 2856: 2847: 2840: 2834: 2827: 2816: 2809: 2803: 2796: 2790: 2783: 2777: 2770: 2764: 2757: 2748: 2741: 2735: 2728: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2702: 2696: 2689: 2683: 2676: 2667: 2660: 2654: 2647: 2641: 2634: 2628: 2621: 2615: 2608: 2602: 2599:The Anglo-Saxons 2595: 2589: 2578: 2572: 2565: 2559: 2552: 2546: 2539: 2528: 2525:Alfred the Great 2521: 2515: 2508: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2482: 2476: 2469: 2463: 2456: 2450: 2447:Alfred the Great 2443: 2437: 2422: 2416: 2409: 2403: 2396: 2390: 2383: 2374: 2367: 2356: 2349: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2315: 2309: 2302: 2296: 2289: 2283: 2272:Ealhmund of Kent 2268:Egbert of Wessex 2260: 2254: 2243: 2237: 2230: 2221: 2214: 2208: 2193: 2187: 2168: 2162: 2151: 2145: 2134: 2128: 2112: 2106: 2095: 2089: 2082: 2076: 2069: 2063: 2056: 2047: 2040: 2034: 2027: 2021: 2014: 2008: 1997: 1991: 1983: 1977: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1923: 1910: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1869: 1863: 1856: 1850: 1847:The Anglo-Saxons 1843: 1837: 1827: 1821: 1810: 1804: 1797: 1788: 1781: 1775: 1772:The Anglo-Saxons 1767: 1761: 1754: 1748: 1745:The Anglo-Saxons 1741: 1735: 1728: 1722: 1715: 1709: 1702: 1696: 1689: 1680: 1673: 1667: 1660: 1575:Alfred the Great 1444:Bishop of London 1374:Alfred the Great 1347:Alfred the Great 1243:Egbert of Wessex 820:Annales Cambriae 774:Alfred the Great 767: 705:In East Anglia, 683:Symeon of Durham 666:Egbert of Wessex 525:Offa's wife was 450: 392:Egbert of Wessex 333:Alfred the Great 149: 64: 63: 51: 39: 21: 6119: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6064: 6063: 6060: 6055: 5989: 5983: 5955: 5949: 5904: 5865: 5860:Stamford Bridge 5839: 5821:Cnut's invasion 5811: 5757: 5734:Second Stamford 5684: 5667:Siege of Exeter 5646: 5577: 5562: 5557:Battle of Aclea 5533:Isle of Sheppey 5504: 5498: 5444: 5413:Sweyn Forkbeard 5401: 5346:Harold Harefoot 5306: 5282: 5264: 5181: 5176: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5108: 4945: 4940: 4910: 4905: 4874: 4853: 4841: 4777:Ceolwulf I 4727:Æthelred I 4664: 4658: 4653: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4605: 4532: 4527: 4486: 4476: 4463: 4456: 4443: 4436: 4421: 4415: 4402: 4396: 4383: 4376: 4363: 4356: 4343: 4336: 4316: 4310: 4297: 4290: 4277: 4270: 4257: 4251: 4238: 4231: 4218: 4212: 4197: 4191: 4178: 4171: 4158: 4151: 4138: 4131: 4118: 4108: 4093: 4087: 4074: 4068: 4055: 4049: 4036: 4030: 4017: 4011: 3998: 3991: 3978: 3972: 3959: 3953: 3940: 3934: 3921: 3901: 3888: 3867: 3861: 3848: 3842: 3829: 3820: 3818: 3806: 3800: 3774: 3768: 3753: 3744: 3742: 3726: 3721:Primary sources 3718: 3713: 3704: 3700: 3691: 3687: 3678: 3674: 3665: 3661: 3652: 3648: 3639: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3622:. newadvent.org 3613: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3572: 3568: 3559: 3555: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3426:Mercian Coinage 3423: 3419: 3410: 3406: 3397: 3393: 3384: 3380: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3330: 3326: 3317: 3310: 3301: 3297: 3288: 3281: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3219:, pp. 305. 3214: 3210: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3149: 3140: 3136: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3089: 3085: 3076: 3072: 3063: 3059: 3050: 3046: 3037: 3033: 3024: 3020: 3008: 3004: 2995: 2991: 2982: 2978: 2969: 2965: 2956: 2952: 2943: 2936: 2927: 2923: 2914: 2907: 2898: 2894: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2866: 2857: 2850: 2841: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2806: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2780: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2751: 2742: 2738: 2729: 2725: 2716: 2712: 2703: 2699: 2690: 2686: 2677: 2670: 2661: 2657: 2648: 2644: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2618: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2592: 2579: 2575: 2566: 2562: 2553: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2518: 2509: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2483: 2479: 2470: 2466: 2457: 2453: 2444: 2440: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2406: 2397: 2393: 2384: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2350: 2346: 2337: 2333: 2316: 2312: 2303: 2299: 2290: 2286: 2261: 2257: 2244: 2240: 2231: 2224: 2215: 2211: 2194: 2190: 2169: 2165: 2152: 2148: 2135: 2131: 2113: 2109: 2096: 2092: 2083: 2079: 2070: 2066: 2057: 2050: 2041: 2037: 2028: 2024: 2015: 2011: 1998: 1994: 1984: 1980: 1971: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1924: 1913: 1904: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1857: 1853: 1844: 1840: 1830:Michael Lapidge 1828: 1824: 1811: 1807: 1798: 1791: 1782: 1778: 1768: 1764: 1755: 1751: 1742: 1738: 1729: 1725: 1716: 1712: 1703: 1699: 1690: 1683: 1674: 1670: 1661: 1642: 1638: 1617: 1588: 1563: 1391: 1272: 1188: 1166:Either Offa or 1132:St Albans Abbey 951:George of Ostia 900: 872:Bristol Channel 811: 805: 765: 691: 603: 601:Kent and Sussex 547: 487: 361: 240:kingdom of Kent 210:, a kingdom of 173: 143: 142: 124: 65: 61: 60: 58: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6117: 6115: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6066: 6065: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6036:Ragnar Lodbrok 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6006:Cuerdale Hoard 6003: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5974: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5915: 5913: 5911:petty kingdoms 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5884: 5882: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5857: 5850: 5848: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5826: 5824: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5803: 5800:St Brice's Day 5797: 5791: 5785: 5778: 5776: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5704:First Stamford 5701: 5694: 5692: 5683: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5595: 5594: 5588: 5585:Battle of York 5581: 5579: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5523: 5521: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5352:Svein Knutsson 5349: 5343: 5337: 5325: 5323: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5200:Offa of Mercia 5196: 5194: 5193:Major monarchs 5187: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5152: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4916: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4893: 4890: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4859: 4858:Later monarchs 4855: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4668: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4651: 4644: 4637: 4629: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4591:Offa of Mercia 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4561:Edwin of Deira 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4541:Ælle of Sussex 4537: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4485: 4484:External links 4482: 4481: 4480: 4474: 4460: 4454: 4440: 4434: 4419: 4413: 4400: 4394: 4380: 4374: 4360: 4354: 4340: 4334: 4314: 4308: 4294: 4288: 4274: 4268: 4255: 4249: 4235: 4229: 4216: 4210: 4195: 4189: 4175: 4169: 4155: 4149: 4135: 4129: 4115: 4091: 4085: 4072: 4066: 4053: 4047: 4034: 4028: 4015: 4009: 3995: 3989: 3976: 3970: 3957: 3951: 3938: 3932: 3919: 3905: 3899: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3865: 3859: 3846: 3840: 3827: 3804: 3798: 3772: 3766: 3751: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3709:, p. 118. 3698: 3685: 3672: 3670:, p. 133. 3659: 3646: 3633: 3606: 3587:Miller, Sean. 3579: 3577:, p. 177. 3566: 3564:, p. 114. 3553: 3536: 3534:, p. 224. 3523: 3493: 3480: 3478:, p. 281. 3464: 3450: 3430: 3428:, p. 211, 3417: 3415:, p. 280. 3404: 3391: 3378: 3357:(4): 585–597. 3337: 3324: 3322:, p. 279. 3308: 3306:, p. 277. 3295: 3293:, p. 278. 3279: 3277:, p. 157. 3266: 3239: 3237:, p. 222. 3221: 3208: 3206:, p. 164. 3195: 3173: 3160: 3158:, p. 297. 3147: 3145:, p. 165. 3134: 3121: 3099: 3097:, p. 192. 3083: 3070: 3068:, p. 314. 3057: 3044: 3031: 3018: 3002: 2989: 2976: 2974:, p. 219. 2963: 2950: 2948:, p. 220. 2934: 2921: 2919:, p. 175. 2905: 2903:, p. 244. 2892: 2879: 2864: 2862:, p. 116. 2848: 2846:, p. 171. 2835: 2833:, p. 215. 2817: 2815:, p. 172. 2804: 2802:, p. 218. 2791: 2789:, p. 115. 2778: 2765: 2763:, p. 173. 2749: 2736: 2723: 2710: 2697: 2684: 2682:, p. 174. 2668: 2655: 2653:, p. 170. 2642: 2629: 2616: 2603: 2590: 2588:, p. 214. 2573: 2571:, p. 468. 2560: 2558:, p. 213. 2547: 2545:, p. 341. 2529: 2516: 2503: 2490: 2488:, p. 154. 2477: 2475:, p. 169. 2464: 2462:, p. 147. 2451: 2438: 2417: 2404: 2391: 2389:, p. 141. 2375: 2373:, p. 209. 2357: 2355:, p. 153. 2344: 2342:, p. 288. 2331: 2310: 2297: 2284: 2255: 2253:, p. 243. 2238: 2236:, p. 168. 2222: 2209: 2207:, p. 178. 2188: 2186:, p. 167. 2163: 2146: 2144:, p. 165. 2129: 2107: 2090: 2077: 2064: 2062:, p. 165. 2048: 2046:, p. 206. 2035: 2022: 2020:, p. 164. 2009: 1992: 1990:, p. 113. 1978: 1976:, p. 113. 1965: 1943: 1931: 1929:, p. 163. 1911: 1909:, p. 112. 1898: 1884: 1864: 1851: 1838: 1822: 1805: 1803:, p. 117. 1789: 1776: 1774:, p. 123. 1762: 1749: 1736: 1730:Hunter Blair, 1723: 1721:, p. 144. 1710: 1697: 1695:, p. 307. 1681: 1668: 1666:, p. 340. 1639: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1625: 1616: 1613: 1587: 1584: 1562: 1559: 1476:Constantine VI 1399:British Museum 1390: 1387: 1363:ecclesiastical 1274:The nature of 1271: 1268: 1256:Atlantic Ocean 1241:, among them. 1187: 1184: 1172:Schola Saxonum 1114:A letter from 1111:'s authority. 955:bishop of Todi 899: 896: 830:Looking along 807:Main article: 804: 801: 690: 687: 602: 599: 546: 543: 486: 483: 433:Ismere Diploma 399:early medieval 360: 357: 195: 194: 191: 187: 186: 181: 175: 174: 172: 171: 168: 163: 158: 152: 150: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 120: 118: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 78: 74: 73: 71:King of Mercia 67: 66: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6116: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6062: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6016:Furness Hoard 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449:Major leaders 5447: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5377:Amlaíb Cuarán 5375: 5372: 5371:Eric Bloodaxe 5369: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5358: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269:Major leaders 5267: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5168: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5034:Æthelberht II 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4932: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4882:Also King of 4881: 4880: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665:527–918 4661: 4657: 4650: 4645: 4643: 4638: 4636: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4519: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4475:0-631-22492-0 4471: 4467: 4461: 4457: 4455:0-631-22492-0 4451: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4435:1-85264-027-8 4431: 4427: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4414:0-631-12661-9 4410: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4395:0-14-014395-5 4391: 4387: 4381: 4377: 4375:0-8264-7765-8 4371: 4368:. Continuum. 4367: 4361: 4357: 4355:0-8264-7765-8 4351: 4348:. Continuum. 4347: 4341: 4337: 4335:0-19-821716-1 4331: 4326: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4309:0-8264-7765-8 4305: 4302:. Continuum. 4301: 4295: 4291: 4289:0-8264-7765-8 4285: 4282:. Continuum. 4281: 4275: 4271: 4269:0-631-22492-0 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4250:0-631-22492-0 4246: 4242: 4236: 4232: 4230:0-415-09086-5 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4211:0-14-044409-2 4207: 4203: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4190:0-8264-7765-8 4186: 4183:. Continuum. 4182: 4176: 4172: 4170:0-631-22492-0 4166: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4150:0-631-22492-0 4146: 4142: 4136: 4132: 4130:0-631-22492-0 4126: 4122: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4086:0-393-00361-2 4082: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4067:0-521-29219-0 4063: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4048:0-19-925465-6 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4029:0-85683-089-5 4025: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4010:0-8264-7765-8 4006: 4003:. Continuum. 4002: 3996: 3992: 3990:0-14-014395-5 3986: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3971:1-85285-176-7 3967: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3952:0-8264-7765-8 3948: 3945:. Continuum. 3944: 3939: 3935: 3933:0-19-921117-5 3929: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3917:0-521-03177-X 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3900:0-631-22492-0 3896: 3892: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3841:0-415-92129-5 3837: 3833: 3828: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3799:0-14-044565-X 3795: 3791: 3788:. Revised by 3787: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3767:0-14-044409-2 3763: 3759: 3758: 3752: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3683:, p. 50. 3682: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3607: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3543:For example, 3540: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3453: 3451:9780521031776 3447: 3443: 3442: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3402:, p. 39. 3401: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3184:. Sean Miller 3183: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3110:. Sean Miller 3109: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3010:Nelson, Janet 3006: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2449:, p. 71. 2448: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2415:, p. 62. 2414: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2308:, p. 64. 2307: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2282:, p. 60. 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2220:, p. 60. 2219: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2176:Gens Anglorum 2173: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2075:, p. 32. 2074: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2033:, p. 50. 2032: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1954: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1887: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1839: 1836:, p. 24. 1835: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1820:, p. 29. 1819: 1815: 1814:Tribal Hidage 1809: 1806: 1802: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1732:Roman Britain 1727: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1534:Islamic Spain 1531: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1419:Ine of Wessex 1416: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1395: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1378:Ine of Wessex 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1239:Eadberht Præn 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168:Ine of Wessex 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 970: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 939:papal legates 936: 935:Pope Adrian I 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 897: 895: 893: 889: 885: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 856: 852: 848: 841: 840:Herefordshire 837: 833: 828: 824: 822: 821: 816: 810: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 777: 775: 771: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 711:Æthelberht II 708: 700: 695: 688: 686: 684: 679: 674: 671: 667: 662: 660: 659:Eadberht Præn 656: 652: 648: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 616:Æthelberht II 607: 600: 598: 594: 591: 586: 581: 579: 575: 571: 562: 558: 556: 552: 544: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 520: 515: 511: 508: 504: 500: 491: 484: 482: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 463:Tribal Hidage 460: 456: 452: 449: 448: 442: 438: 434: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 412: 407: 403: 400: 395: 393: 389: 385: 378: 373: 365: 358: 356: 355:became king. 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 279:Pope Adrian I 276: 272: 267: 265: 262:and had King 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 192: 188: 185: 182: 180: 176: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 153: 151: 148: 147: 141: 137: 134: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 100: 97: 93: 90: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 68: 56: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6061: 5199: 5038: 4899:overlordship 4895:Recognising 4756: 4590: 4465: 4445: 4424: 4404: 4385: 4365: 4345: 4323: 4299: 4279: 4259: 4240: 4220: 4200: 4180: 4160: 4140: 4120: 4095: 4076: 4057: 4038: 4019: 4000: 3980: 3961: 3942: 3923: 3908: 3890: 3884: 3869: 3850: 3831: 3819:. Retrieved 3811: 3780: 3756: 3743:. Retrieved 3731: 3706: 3701: 3693: 3688: 3680: 3675: 3667: 3662: 3654: 3649: 3641: 3636: 3624:. Retrieved 3619: 3609: 3597:. Retrieved 3593:Anglo-Saxons 3592: 3582: 3574: 3569: 3561: 3556: 3549:Introduction 3548: 3539: 3531: 3526: 3514:. Retrieved 3506: 3496: 3488: 3483: 3475: 3455:. Retrieved 3440: 3433: 3425: 3420: 3412: 3407: 3399: 3394: 3386: 3381: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3332: 3327: 3319: 3303: 3298: 3290: 3274: 3269: 3257:. Retrieved 3253:the original 3242: 3234: 3216: 3211: 3203: 3198: 3186:. Retrieved 3176: 3168: 3163: 3155: 3150: 3142: 3137: 3129: 3124: 3112:. Retrieved 3102: 3094: 3086: 3081:, p. 3. 3078: 3073: 3065: 3060: 3053:Anglo-Saxons 3052: 3047: 3039: 3034: 3026: 3021: 3013: 3005: 2997: 2992: 2984: 2979: 2971: 2966: 2958: 2953: 2945: 2929: 2924: 2916: 2900: 2895: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2859: 2843: 2838: 2830: 2812: 2807: 2799: 2794: 2786: 2781: 2773: 2768: 2760: 2744: 2739: 2731: 2726: 2718: 2713: 2705: 2700: 2692: 2687: 2679: 2663: 2658: 2650: 2645: 2637: 2632: 2624: 2619: 2611: 2606: 2598: 2593: 2585: 2576: 2568: 2563: 2555: 2550: 2542: 2524: 2519: 2511: 2506: 2498: 2493: 2485: 2480: 2472: 2467: 2459: 2454: 2446: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2412: 2407: 2399: 2394: 2386: 2370: 2352: 2347: 2339: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2305: 2300: 2292: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2263: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2233: 2217: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2102: 2093: 2085: 2080: 2072: 2067: 2059: 2043: 2038: 2030: 2025: 2017: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1987: 1981: 1973: 1968: 1956:. Retrieved 1946: 1939: 1934: 1926: 1906: 1901: 1889:. Retrieved 1874: 1867: 1859: 1854: 1846: 1841: 1833: 1825: 1817: 1808: 1800: 1784: 1779: 1771: 1765: 1757: 1752: 1744: 1739: 1734:, pp. 14–15. 1731: 1726: 1718: 1713: 1705: 1700: 1692: 1676: 1671: 1663: 1627: 1620: 1599: 1589: 1580:Simon Keynes 1570: 1568: 1564: 1557:and London. 1543: 1516: 1484: 1465:Offa's wife 1464: 1460: 1436: 1404: 1371: 1354: 1342: 1338: 1312: 1310: 1273: 1252: 1216: 1212:St Wandrille 1189: 1165: 1125: 1113: 1094: 1054: 1037:Pope Leo III 1030: 981: 975: 932: 906:'s advisor, 901: 880: 864:Rushock Hill 844: 818: 812: 782: 778: 762: 754: 723: 714: 704: 675: 669: 663: 646: 644: 612: 595: 582: 573: 567: 550: 548: 524: 496: 453: 436: 419: 409: 396: 381: 376: 349:Simon Keynes 330: 311: 268: 199: 198: 144: 36: 6026:Norse–Gaels 5943:East Anglia 5931:Northumbria 5823:(1015–1016) 5794:First Alton 5774:The Danelaw 5690:The Danelaw 5669:(893, 1001) 5527:Lindisfarne 5415:(1013–1014) 5360:Northumbria 5354:(1030–1035) 5348:(1035–1040) 5342:(1016–1035) 5336:(1035–1042) 5186:Anglo-Saxon 5084:Æthelred II 4888:East Anglia 3790:R.E. Latham 3745:17 December 3692:Whitelock, 3653:Whitelock, 3516:31 December 3259:30 December 2983:Whitelock, 2957:Whitelock, 2928:Whitelock, 2730:Whitelock, 2717:Whitelock, 2691:Whitelock, 2610:Whitelock, 1862:p. 10. 1858:Sutherland 1756:Whitelock, 1555:East Anglia 1430:, Kent and 1428:East Anglia 1423:Carolingian 1327:Northampton 1204:Charlemagne 1157:Cwoenthryth 1120:Charlemagne 1116:Pope Adrian 1082:Pope Adrian 1070:Charlemagne 998:archdiocese 963:Pope Adrian 904:Charlemagne 847:Offa's Dyke 832:Offa's Dyke 809:Offa's Dyke 785:Northumbria 738:Oxfordshire 585:East Saxons 479:Carolingian 471:Charlemagne 455:Offa's Dyke 416:Old English 337:Northumbria 322:Anglo-Saxon 260:East Anglia 112:29 July 796 85:Predecessor 6079:796 deaths 6068:Categories 5984: 890 5950: 550 5746:Brunanburh 5716:Tettenhall 5698:Buttington 5551:Carhampton 5499: 970 5402: 914 5334:Harthacnut 5303:(855–?877) 5283: 881 5104:Guthrum II 5069:Æthelweard 5029:Æthelred I 4897:West Saxon 4812:Beorhtwulf 4530:Bretwaldas 3424:Williams, 3188:18 January 3128:Campbell, 3091:Alan Vince 2172:Bretwaldas 1743:Campbell, 1717:Campbell, 1636:References 1547:Canterbury 1491:Æthelheard 1467:Cynethryth 1442:, who was 1270:Government 1196:Cynethryth 1153:Cynethryth 1109:Canterbury 1105:Æthelheard 924:Canterbury 892:Stonehenge 876:Wat's Dyke 860:Llanfynydd 620:Eadberht I 527:Cynethryth 519:Cynethryth 481:examples. 437:subregulus 424:West Saxon 345:Æthelred I 320:—the only 318:Cynethryth 295:archbishop 291:Canterbury 283:Canterbury 193:Thingfrith 133:Cynethryth 6031:Old Norse 5939:(527–918) 5933:(653–954) 5927:(410–825) 5921:(519–927) 5896:(866–954) 5890:(865–896) 5830:Brentford 5752:Stainmore 5740:Corbridge 5722:Tempsford 5710:The Holme 5488:(892–896) 5482:(874–890) 5476:(865–870) 5470:(865–878) 5464:(865–877) 5458:(865–870) 5441:(917–927) 5435:(874–880) 5429:(852–874) 5423:(867–872) 5391:(939–941) 5385:(921–934) 5379:(941–944) 5367:(883–895) 5329:Knýtlinga 5289:Æthelflæd 5253:(924–939) 5251:Æthelstan 5247:(899–924) 5241:(871–899) 5235:(839–858) 5233:Æthelwulf 5229:(802–839) 5208:(unk–867) 5202:(757–796) 5132:sub-kings 5099:Æthelwold 5089:Guthrum I 5064:Æthelstan 5059:Beornwulf 5004:Æthelwold 4999:Æthelhere 4984:Sigeberht 4865:Æthelstan 4832:Æthelflæd 4782:Beornwulf 4747:Æthelbald 4113:required) 3679:Swanton, 3530:Stenton, 3487:Stenton, 3457:17 August 3373:258491265 3233:Stenton, 3132:, p. 100. 2970:Stenton, 2944:Stenton, 2874:Stenton, 2829:Stenton, 2798:Stenton, 2772:Stenton, 2743:Swanton, 2662:Stenton, 2636:Stenton, 2554:Stenton, 2510:Stenton, 2426:Who's Who 2411:Swanton, 2369:Stenton, 2317:Stenton, 2274:. Kirby, 2245:Stenton, 2216:Swanton, 2136:Stenton, 2084:Stenton, 2042:Stenton, 1999:Stenton, 1706:Who's Who 1622:Offacolus 1551:Rochester 1526:Al-Mansur 1472:Byzantine 1448:Lichfield 1298:ealdorman 1231:Elipandus 1101:Hygeberht 1072:'s sons, 1061:Hygeberht 1050:Lichfield 1014:Leicester 1006:Worcester 994:Lichfield 990:Hygeberht 943:Augustine 884:Danevirke 797:Catterick 763:Chronicle 755:Chronicle 747:Beorhtric 742:Beorhtric 670:Chronicle 636:Rochester 632:Heahberht 570:Magonsæte 517:Penny of 459:testimony 420:Chronicle 406:biography 307:Brentford 236:Magonsæte 220:Æthelbald 170:Æthelburh 95:Successor 6104:Iclingas 5964:Treaties 5909:English 5835:Assandun 5806:Ringmere 5578:(865–78) 5474:Hvitserk 5409:England 5322:Monarchs 5259:(946–954 5227:Ecgberht 5223:Wessex: 5117:co-kings 5054:Ceolwulf 5009:Ealdwulf 4979:Ricberht 4974:Eorpwald 4797:Ecgberht 4772:Cynehelm 4767:Coenwulf 4762:Ecgfrith 4752:Beornred 4742:Ceolwald 4722:Wulfhere 4682:Cynewald 4320:(1971). 3808:"Offa 7" 3644:, p. 310 3626:12 April 3599:12 April 3551:, p. 53. 3503:"Offa 7" 3331:Gannon, 3114:28 April 2499:sub anno 1891:9 August 1615:See also 1609:Coenwulf 1538:mancuses 1505:or gold 1487:Jænberht 1474:emperor 1440:Eadberht 1407:sceattas 1401:, London 1335:Stamford 1323:Hereford 1302:Ecgfrith 1264:Coenwulf 1200:Ecgfrith 1161:Coenwulf 1136:mancuses 1128:St Peter 1097:Jænberht 1065:Jænberht 1059:. After 1033:Coenwulf 1010:Hereford 959:Cynewulf 912:Jænberht 815:Hereford 791:married 749:married 726:Cynewulf 719:Hereford 655:Ealhmund 640:Ecgberht 555:Beornred 531:Ecgfrith 428:charters 314:Frankish 309:in 781. 299:Ecgfrith 271:Jænberht 234:and the 224:Beornred 184:Iclingas 99:Ecgfrith 89:Beornred 62:offa rex 59:Legend: 5994:Culture 5888:Danelaw 5854:Fulford 5513:Battles 5486:Hastein 5480:Guthrum 5365:Guthred 5049:Cœnwulf 5044:Eadwald 5024:Alberht 5014:Ælfwald 4969:Rædwald 4837:Ælfwynn 4817:Burgred 4807:Wigstan 4802:Wigmund 4737:Ceolred 4732:Coenred 3821:6 April 3716:Sources 3705:Yorke, 3573:Kirby, 3560:Yorke, 3141:Yorke, 3077:Kirby, 3051:Yorke, 3025:Yorke, 2996:Kirby, 2915:Kirby, 2886:Blair, 2858:Yorke, 2842:Kirby, 2811:Kirby, 2785:Yorke, 2759:Kirby, 2704:Kirby, 2678:Kirby, 2649:Kirby, 2623:Yorke, 2523:Asser, 2484:Kirby, 2458:Yorke, 2385:Yorke, 2338:Blair, 2304:Yorke, 2291:Kirby, 2232:Kirby, 2153:Kirby, 2071:Yorke, 2058:Kirby, 2029:Yorke, 2016:Kirby, 1972:Yorke, 1938:Kelly, 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3915: 3897: 3887:", in 3857: 3838: 3796: 3764: 3616:"Offa" 3448: 3400:Mercia 3371: 3156:Mercia 3095:Mercia 3066:Mercia 3040:Mercia 3014:Mercia 2353:Mercia 2327:Mercia 1958:3 June 1882: 1818:Mercia 1675:Bede, 1604:Alcuin 1530:Arabic 1503:mancus 1432:Wessex 1351:Danish 1331:Oxford 1306:Mercia 1287:, the 1285:Hwicce 1235:Franks 1192:Alcuin 1149:Hwicce 1074:Pippin 1026:Elmham 1022:Dommoc 914:, the 908:Alcuin 898:Church 730:Wessex 707:Beonna 651:Otford 590:Harrow 574:reguli 467:Alcuin 422:was a 388:Humber 273:, the 244:Sussex 232:Hwicce 208:Mercia 190:Father 146:Detail 129:Spouse 117:Burial 5973:(886) 5952:–918) 5784:(991) 5754:(954) 5748:(937) 5742:(918) 5736:(918) 5730:(917) 5728:Derby 5724:(917) 5718:(910) 5712:(902) 5706:(894) 5700:(893) 5681:(894) 5675:(893) 5663:(886) 5657:(878) 5643:(878) 5637:(878) 5631:(877) 5625:(871) 5619:(871) 5613:(871) 5607:(871) 5601:(870) 5593:(867) 5587:(867) 5559:(851) 5553:(843) 5547:(842) 5541:(838) 5535:(835) 5529:(793) 5404:–921) 5297:(878) 5285:–911) 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