117:, wrote that Ogasawara got her office lady job "with relative ease." Ogasawara did not disclose to the employer, nor her coworkers or the relevant employment agency that she took the job to do academic research for an external institution. She did not explicitly make a false statement to the institution, but allowed the institution to believe that she was seeking work simply to have something do so during her household's stay in Japan. She also did not correct the misconception that she was married, which the company assumed. While Ogasawara used a false name for the bank, Noriko Hagiwara of the
272:
that she understood that
Ogasawara's lack of candor to her employers may have been necessary as Japanese corporations may not have allowed her to do the research otherwise, but that Ogasawara's reputation in her profession in Japan would be damaged if the book had a Japanese translation and was accessible in Japan. Kambayashi also acknowledged that sociological works written in English would be far more distributed and understood than such in Japanese, as Japanese is not common in the sociological field and is not accessible to much of the world population.
239:
workloads, and less dependence by men than
Ogasawara stated. Hagiwara added that workloads between different tracks of office ladies differ and that office ladies with university degrees often get more prominent jobs through connections. Additionally Hagiwara criticized the author not disclosing her identity to her employers and the possibility of identifying the bank she worked at.
214:, argued that the work does not properly put the power plays of the office ladies in the proper "cultural-historical context". She also criticized Ogasawara's lack of disclosure of her reason for employment to relevant parties. She stated that she liked getting ethnographic testimony from people directly involved in the Japanese office environment.
834:"An Introduction to Japanese Society: Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender and Work in Japanese Companies: The Culture of Japan as Seen through Its Leisure:An Introduction to Japanese Society.;Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender and Work in Japanese Companies.;The Culture of Japan as Seen through Its Leisure"
903:
73:
Ogasawara's thesis is that while formally female employees are subordinate to male employees, that informally the female employees exert control over the male employees, as office ladies have no actual career to lose but can jeopardize men who want careers. Office ladies accomplish this by discerning
141:
The introduction is before the main chapters. In the introduction of the book, the author handled the issue of how much power office ladies actually have, as there were two seemingly conflicting ideas about the power they held; Women were perceived to have little role in the country's economy, and
279:
described the book overall as "excellent", the style of writing as "lively and often witty" while the analytical content is "insightful". Kelsky stated that since the last primary source
Ogasawara cited about female secretaries in the United States was from 1997, Kelsky stated that she wished that
271:
stated that the author had a "clear" "message" and that "The data is reliable." Kambayashi argued however that while
Ogasawara stated that office ladies could act with relative impunity, the fact companies trace behavior of office ladies would contradict that point. Additionally, Kambayashi stated
124:
She also interviewed 50 salarymen, 30 office ladies, and 30 wives of salarymen. Some of the office ladies she interviewed were still office ladies while others had retired. There were about 100 interviews total, conducted in and around Tokyo. Quotations from these interviews were incorporated into
238:
Hagiwara praised the book for being "a vital contribution" on gender and
Japanese studies. However Hagiwara, who had formerly worked as an office lady, argued that some of Ogasawara's conclusions were not accurate, as she stated that office ladies have a more substantial evaluation system, higher
158:
The means which office ladies do exercise power are in chapters 3-6. The gossiping and gifting methods are in chapters 3 and 4, "Gossip" and "Popularity Poll", respectively. More overt acts are documented in chapter 5, "Acts of
Resistance." How men try to placate women in response is discussed in
150:
in 1986. The second, "Why Office Ladies Do Not
Organize," describes why office ladies do not collectively use labor bargaining. The ranking divisions within office ladies, combined with the fact that such rankings do not always coincide with academic credentials (as such credentials are often not
283:
Louella
Matsunaga, also of Oxford Brookes University, described the book as "well-written and perceptive". She praised the content about how seniority in Japanese companies causes division between employees, and the introduction for being "accessible and well-written".
109:; she used her experiences to write the book. Prior to her research project, she had not been employed as an office lady. While she was older than the typical office lady, she believed that the stereotyping of women meant that her age was overlooked; Sonoko Morita of
291:
overall praised how the book reconciled seemingly contradictory viewpoints on gender relations. The reviewer stated that the only criticism had was how the work did not consider policies enacted by
Japanese companies that complicated ability for women to organize.
145:
There are six main chapters. The first chapter, "The
Japanese Labor Market and Office Ladies," describes what office ladies do, and the function office ladies have in the Japanese employment system. Work remained gender segregated despite the passage of the
174:
described the manner of the book as having a "counterorientalist intent" to argue against the idea that Japanese women lack agency. Schein stated that the book was meant to argue against "the patronizing affect of Western
1027:
523:
246:
described the analytical content as "very clear and eminently readable". She stated that she wished that the book had examined an increasing trend of women gaining the same status as men in Japanese workplaces.
481:"Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies. By Yuko Ogasawara. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. xii, 221 pp. $ 45.00 (cloth); $ 15.95 (paper)"
582:"Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender and Work in Japanese Companies . By Yuko Ogasawara. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Pp. xi+221. $ 45.00 (cloth); $ 15.95 (paper)"
235:
praised the book for "drawing an accurate picture of gender relationships" in Japan, and stated that the "extensive scope of its quantitative data" is "the strength" of the book's research.
133:
argued that Ogasawara could have gleaned more exact information about the wives' feelings about their husbands' involvement with office ladies if the interviews were conducted in person.
89:
referred to the book as "a guerilla handbook on OL subversion tactics". Ogasawara also argued that compared to other disadvantaged persons, office ladies wielded relatively more power.
616:
151:
considered when hiring), along with the temporary nature of such employment, are obstacles to labor-based solutions. This is despite the fact that under the law, office ladies may
142:
Japanese companies had been perceived as oppressing women. However, women in Japan were perceived as having a large amount of power in Japanese households, and in actual offices.
904:"Yuko Ogasawara, Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender and Work in Japanese Companies,Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998, £35.00, paper £12.95, xiii+221 pp"
974:"Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies . Yuko Ogasawara Other Modernities: Gendered Yearnings in China after Socialism . Lisa Rofel"
978:
551:
1607:
105:, and did her research as part of that program. Ogasawara did her research for this book in the years 1991 and 1992. For a sixth month period, she worked for
714:
366:
74:
who to give gifts and therefore indirectly affecting reputation, not accomplishing certain parts of the job in assisting men, and in promoting
17:
736:
280:
Ogasawara had cited more recent sources. Kelsky also expressed that she felt disappointment at the social structures in Japanese companies.
125:
the book. The interviews with wives involved questions about how they assisted their husbands in preparing gifts for office ladies during
343:
79:
1573:
586:
381:
1587:
458:
118:
1554:
59:
159:
chapter 6, "Men Curry Favor With Women." The work also has a conclusion at the end, characterized by Rick Delbridge of the
908:
621:
431:
164:
1005:
485:
251:
679:
221:
147:
82:
described what the office ladies do as using "systemic discrimination against them" as a means to benefit themselves.
303:
261:
243:
737:"Office Flowers Brandish Thorns (Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies)"
217:
Delbridge praised the "interesting and insightful empirical detail" and "important questions" the book raises.
1529:
338:
1549:
838:
288:
204:
160:
86:
38:
1592:
644:
224:
described the work as "an insightful case study". Gelb stated that the work does not describe much about
820:
630:
528:
419:
102:
709:
943:
741:
360:
308:
276:
130:
110:
33:
1612:
873:
764:
211:
1032:
1014:
960:
925:
890:
855:
812:
789:
781:
696:
661:
603:
568:
510:
502:
406:
398:
325:
232:
207:
wrote that "The book is fun to read and useful for any-one interested in" its respective fields.
171:
106:
1524:
1569:
1525:"Ogasawara Yuko, Office Ladies and Salaried Men, Power, Gender and Work in Japanese Companies"
426:
225:
98:
85:
This was the first book that studied the office lady phenomenon in detail. Kawanishi Yûko of
1579:
987:
952:
917:
882:
847:
807:
773:
723:
688:
653:
595:
560:
494:
467:
453:
440:
390:
352:
317:
268:
167:
stated that the latter four chapters "are the most important contribution of the book."
973:
356:
257:
Hsiung described the book as a "splendid study", and "Rigorous intellectual inquiry".
1601:
1562:
793:
727:
514:
410:
329:
114:
67:
152:
803:"Office ladies & salaried men: power, gender & work in Japanese companies"
824:
416:
1001:"Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies"
939:"Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies"
869:"Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies"
777:
760:"Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies"
710:"Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies"
675:"Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies"
640:"Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies"
617:"Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies"
547:"Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies"
524:"Office ladies and salaried men: power, gender, and work in Japanese companies"
454:"Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies"
377:"Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies"
304:"Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies"
1028:"Office ladies and salaried men: power, gender and work in Japanese companies"
921:
851:
607:
581:
427:"Office ladies and salaried men: power, gender and work in Japanese companies"
339:"Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender and Work in Japanese Companies"
1564:
Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies
956:
802:
321:
29:
Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies
18:
Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies
1041:
537:
444:
126:
63:
129:, and these interviews were done via telephone. Patricia Steinhoff of the
750:
471:
369:
176:
101:
for her undergraduate degree. Ogasawara enrolled in a PhD program at the
1018:
1000:
929:
816:
894:
868:
665:
639:
572:
546:
506:
480:
402:
376:
964:
938:
859:
833:
785:
759:
700:
674:
75:
886:
657:
564:
498:
394:
991:
692:
599:
254:
described the analytical content as "convincing and entertaining."
746:
121:
stated that one could take clues and identify the real bank.
264:
described the book as "full of insights and well grounded".
228:and how that factors into the working environment.
1561:
1160:
1158:
78:that affects reputations. Ping-Chun Hsiung of the
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1259:
1257:
1367:
1365:
196:
51:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1188:
1186:
979:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
552:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
190:
45:
1478:
1476:
8:
1301:
1299:
1139:
1137:
1091:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1271:
1269:
715:International Journal of Japanese Sociology
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
97:Ogasawara is a sociologist. She attended
1055:
163:as "brief". Allison Davis-Blake of the
7:
1608:University of California Press books
62:. It describes interactions between
1568:. University of California Press.
357:10.1111/j.1835-9310.2000.tb00051.x
344:Australian Journal of Anthropology
80:University of Toronto, Scarborough
25:
587:The American Journal of Sociology
728:10.1111/j.1475-6781.2003.00046.x
382:Administrative Science Quarterly
148:Equal Employment Opportunity Law
119:University of Western Australia
1588:Office Ladies and Salaried Men
1555:University of California Press
1550:Office Ladies and Salaried Men
999:Steinhoff, Patricia G (2000).
909:Work, Employment & Society
60:University of California Press
1:
902:Morita, Sonoko (1999-03-01).
432:Gender, Work and Organization
165:University of Texas at Austin
1006:Social Science Japan Journal
832:Marshall, Robert C. (1999).
615:Hinz, Christienne L (2000).
486:The Journal of Asian Studies
459:The Journal of Men's Studies
375:Davis-Blake, Alison (2000).
252:Loyola University of Chicago
58:, published in June 1998 by
867:Matsunaga, Louella (1999).
708:Kambayashi, Chieko (2003).
680:Journal of Japanese Studies
222:City University of New York
197:
52:
1629:
1523:Vercoutter, Annie (1999).
778:10.1177/089124399013005007
638:Hsiung, Ping-Chun (1999).
622:Journal of Women's History
1040:(2): 282–283 – via
937:Napier, Susan J. (1999).
922:10.1017/S0950017099320122
852:10.1525/aa.1999.101.4.891
673:Imamura, Anne E. (1999).
580:Henson, Kevin D. (2000).
522:Hagiwara, Noriko (2000).
337:Chalmers, Sharon (2000).
262:Foreign Service Institute
244:Oxford Brookes University
191:
46:
32:is a non-fiction book by
1560:Ogasawara, Yuko (1998).
1530:Ebisu: Études japonaises
1323:Davis-Blake, p. 165-166.
1026:Wong, Heung-wah (1999).
957:10.1525/ae.1999.26.2.521
735:Kawanishi, Yûko (1999).
425:Delbridge, Rick (2000).
322:10.1177/0730888400271006
70:in Japanese workplaces.
972:Schein, Louisa (2001).
839:American Anthropologist
801:Lewis, Michael (1999).
536:(1): 95–97 – via
445:10.1111/1468-0432.00115
289:University of Hong Kong
260:Anne E. Imamura of the
205:Meiji Gakuin University
161:Cardiff Business School
87:Temple University Japan
1593:University of Michigan
758:Kelsky, Karen (1999).
645:Contemporary Sociology
287:Heung-wah Wong of the
1164:Chalmers, p. 373-374.
631:Gale Academic Onefile
629:(1): 222 – via
529:Anthropological Forum
420:Gale Academic Onefile
267:Chieko Kamabyashi of
103:University of Chicago
1251:Davis-Blake, p. 165.
944:American Ethnologist
765:Gender & Society
545:Hendry, Joy (1999).
479:Gelb, Joyce (2000).
472:10.3149/jms.0803.419
452:Ezaki, Moto (2000).
361:Wiley Online Library
309:Work and Occupations
302:Aiba, Keiko (2000).
277:University of Oregon
275:Karen Kelsky of the
210:Sharon Chalmers, an
131:University of Hawaii
111:Shoin Junior College
1470:Kambayashi, p. 112.
1332:Kambayashi, p. 110.
1180:Kambayashi, p. 111.
874:Monumenta Nipponica
212:independent scholar
1500:Matsunaga, p. 428.
1491:Matsunaga, p. 429.
1380:Delbridge, p. 288.
1341:Delbridge, p. 287.
1314:Kawanishi, p. 100.
1263:Matsunaga, p. 427.
1233:Steinhoff, p. 276.
1113:Kawanishi, p. 101.
233:Occidental College
172:Rutgers University
1371:Chalmers, p. 374.
1284:Kawanishi, p. 99.
1131:Marshall, p. 891.
749:: 99 – via
226:sexual harassment
170:Louisa Schein of
99:Sophia University
16:(Redirected from
1620:
1583:
1580:Internet Archive
1567:
1538:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1461:Imamura, p. 385.
1459:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1264:
1261:
1252:
1249:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1224:Hagiwara, p. 96.
1222:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1201:Hagiwara, p. 95.
1199:
1193:
1192:Hagiwara, p. 97.
1190:
1181:
1178:
1165:
1162:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1104:Imamura, p. 382.
1102:
1096:
1093:
1084:
1081:
1070:
1067:
1045:
1022:
995:
968:
933:
898:
863:
828:
797:
754:
731:
704:
669:
634:
611:
576:
541:
518:
475:
448:
414:
364:
333:
269:Hosei University
250:Kevin Henson of
202:
200:
194:
193:
57:
55:
49:
48:
42:
21:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1598:
1597:
1576:
1559:
1545:
1522:
1519:
1517:Further reading
1514:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:Kelsky, p. 684.
1481:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:Hsiung, p. 687.
1451:
1447:
1443:Hsiung, p. 685.
1442:
1438:
1434:Henson, p. 844.
1433:
1429:
1425:Hendry, p. 508.
1424:
1420:
1416:Hendry, p. 507.
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:Schein, p. 891.
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1293:Kelsky, p. 683.
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1214:
1210:Napier, p. 521.
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1152:Henson, p. 842.
1151:
1147:
1143:Morita, p. 173.
1142:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:Schein, p. 890.
1094:
1087:
1083:Hsiung, p. 686.
1082:
1073:
1068:
1057:
1052:
1025:
998:
971:
936:
901:
887:10.2307/2668380
866:
831:
800:
757:
742:Japan Quarterly
734:
707:
672:
658:10.2307/2655553
637:
614:
579:
565:10.2307/2661332
559:(3): 507–508/.
544:
521:
499:10.2307/2658696
478:
451:
424:
395:10.2307/2666985
374:
336:
301:
298:
188:
185:
139:
95:
43:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1626:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1584:
1574:
1557:
1544:
1543:External links
1541:
1540:
1539:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1407:Ezaki, p. 426.
1400:
1398:Ezaki, p. 425.
1391:
1382:
1373:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1305:Lewis, p. 205.
1295:
1286:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1235:
1226:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1182:
1166:
1154:
1145:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1085:
1071:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1023:
1013:(2): 273–276.
996:
992:10.1086/495631
986:(3): 889–891.
969:
951:(2): 521–522.
934:
916:(1): 155–175.
899:
881:(3): 427–429.
864:
846:(4): 891–893.
829:
798:
772:(5): 683–684.
755:
732:
705:
693:10.2307/133321
687:(2): 381–385.
670:
652:(6): 685–687.
635:
612:
608:10.1086/318980
600:10.1086/318980
594:(3): 842–844.
577:
542:
519:
493:(2): 438–440.
476:
449:
439:(4): 286–288.
422:
389:(1): 164–167.
372:
334:
316:(1): 117–118.
297:
294:
242:Joy Hendry of
231:Moto Ezaki of
220:Joyce Gelb of
184:
181:
138:
135:
94:
91:
53:Ogasawara Yūko
34:Yuko Ogasawara
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1625:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1575:9780520210448
1571:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1537:(1): 153–156.
1536:
1533:(in French).
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1509:Wong, p. 283.
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1389:Gelb, p. 440.
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1359:Aiba, p. 118.
1356:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1275:Wong, p. 282.
1272:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1069:Gelb, p. 439.
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
980:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
588:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:
482:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:
455:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:
428:
423:
421:
418:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:
378:
373:
371:
368:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:
340:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:
305:
300:
299:
295:
293:
290:
285:
281:
278:
273:
270:
265:
263:
258:
255:
253:
248:
245:
240:
236:
234:
229:
227:
223:
218:
215:
213:
208:
206:
199:
182:
180:
178:
173:
168:
166:
162:
156:
154:
149:
143:
136:
134:
132:
128:
122:
120:
116:
115:Kashiba, Nara
112:
108:
104:
100:
92:
90:
88:
83:
81:
77:
71:
69:
68:office ladies
65:
61:
54:
40:
35:
31:
30:
19:
1586:
1578:– via
1563:
1548:
1534:
1528:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1289:
1280:
1229:
1206:
1197:
1148:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1037:
1031:
1010:
1004:
983:
977:
948:
942:
913:
907:
878:
872:
843:
837:
806:
769:
763:
740:
719:
713:
684:
678:
649:
643:
626:
620:
591:
585:
556:
550:
533:
527:
490:
484:
463:
457:
436:
430:
386:
380:
359:– via
348:
342:
313:
307:
286:
282:
274:
266:
259:
256:
249:
241:
237:
230:
219:
216:
209:
186:
169:
157:
153:go on strike
144:
140:
123:
96:
84:
72:
28:
27:
26:
1033:Japan Forum
811:(43): 203.
722:: 110–112.
417:See link at
367:See also at
37: [
1613:1998 books
1602:Categories
466:(3): 425.
351:(3): 373.
296:References
198:Aiba Keiko
187:Keiko Aiba
107:Tozai Bank
93:Background
1591:- At the
1042:EBSCOHost
825:218786764
794:220475134
538:EBSCOhost
515:227214836
411:220637407
330:220357819
183:Reception
127:White Day
64:salarymen
1019:30209306
930:23747916
821:ProQuest
817:25148944
751:ProQuest
370:ProQuest
177:feminism
137:Contents
895:2668380
666:2655553
573:2661332
507:2658696
403:2666985
1572:
1017:
965:647338
963:
928:
893:
860:684106
858:
823:
815:
808:Labour
792:
786:190329
784:
701:133321
699:
664:
606:
571:
513:
505:
409:
401:
328:
76:gossip
47:小笠原 祐子
1122:Hinz.
1050:Notes
1015:JSTOR
961:JSTOR
926:JSTOR
891:JSTOR
856:JSTOR
813:JSTOR
790:S2CID
782:JSTOR
747:Tokyo
697:JSTOR
662:JSTOR
604:JSTOR
569:JSTOR
511:S2CID
503:JSTOR
407:S2CID
399:JSTOR
326:S2CID
41:]
1570:ISBN
192:合場敬子
66:and
988:doi
953:doi
918:doi
883:doi
848:doi
844:101
774:doi
724:doi
689:doi
654:doi
596:doi
592:106
561:doi
495:doi
468:doi
441:doi
391:doi
353:doi
318:doi
203:of
179:."
113:in
1604::
1553:-
1535:22
1527:.
1475:^
1364:^
1298:^
1268:^
1256:^
1238:^
1215:^
1185:^
1169:^
1157:^
1136:^
1088:^
1074:^
1058:^
1038:11
1036:.
1030:.
1009:.
1003:.
984:26
982:.
976:.
959:.
949:26
947:.
941:.
924:.
914:13
912:.
906:.
889:.
879:54
877:.
871:.
854:.
842:.
836:.
819:.
805:.
788:.
780:.
770:13
768:.
762:.
745:.
739:.
720:12
718:.
712:.
695:.
685:25
683:.
677:.
660:.
650:28
648:.
642:.
627:12
625:.
619:.
602:.
590:.
584:.
567:.
555:.
549:.
534:10
532:.
526:.
509:.
501:.
491:59
489:.
483:.
462:.
456:.
435:.
429:.
415:-
405:.
397:.
387:45
385:.
379:.
365:-
349:11
347:.
341:.
324:.
314:27
312:.
306:.
195:,
155:.
50:,
39:ja
1582:.
1044:.
1021:.
1011:3
994:.
990::
967:.
955::
932:.
920::
897:.
885::
862:.
850::
827:.
796:.
776::
753:.
730:.
726::
703:.
691::
668:.
656::
633:.
610:.
598::
575:.
563::
557:5
540:.
517:.
497::
474:.
470::
464:8
447:.
443::
437:7
413:.
393::
363:.
355::
332:.
320::
201:)
189:(
56:)
44:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.