642:
306:
638:
they regarded as a turn away from the fundamental, complex issues of the war in favor of manipulation and stylized exhortation". On April 14, 1943, several OWI writers resigned from office and released a scathing statement to the press explaining how they no longer felt they could give an objective picture of the war because "high-pressure promoters who prefer slick salesmanship to honest information" dictated OWI decision-making. President
Roosevelt's "wait-and-see" attitude and wavering public support for OWI damaged public opinion of the agency.
621:'s rule, and conversely, Chiang placed spies in the OWI. Also, the OWI struggled to paint a post-war image of China without offending Nationalist or Communist leaders. In India, the Americans and British agreed to win the war first, then deal with (de)colonization. The OWI feared that broadcasts advocating liberty from oppression would incite India rebellions and jeopardize cooperation with the British. But this approach angered Indians as well as the African-American lobby at home who recognized the hypocrisy in American policy.
567:
731:
479:, "The easiest way to inject a propaganda idea into most people's minds is to let it go through the medium of an entertainment picture when they do not realize that they are being propagandized." Successful films depicted the Allied armed forces as valiant "Freedom fighters", and advocated for civilian participation, such as conserving fuel or donating food to troops.
657:
the following year's budget and only restored with strict restrictions on OWI's domestic capabilities. Many overseas branch offices were closed, as well as the Motion
Picture Bureau. By 1944 the OWI operated mostly in the foreign field, contributing to undermining enemy morale. The agency was abolished in 1945, and many of its foreign functions were transferred to the
380:
251:
403:
43:
247:
was confusing and inconsistent". Further, the
American public confessed a lack of understanding as to why the world was at war, and held great resentment against other Allied Nations. President Roosevelt established the OWI to both meet the demands for news and less confusion, as well as resolve American apathy towards the war.
210:. The OWI operated from June 1942 until September 1945. Through radio broadcasts, newspapers, posters, photographs, films and other forms of media, the OWI was the connection between the battlefront and civilian communities. The office also established several overseas branches, which launched a large-scale information and
637:
The OWI suffered from conflicting aims and poor management. For instance, Elmer Davis, who wanted to "see that the
American people are truthfully informed," clashed with the military that routinely withheld information for "public safety". Further, OWI employees grew ever more dissatisfied with "what
554:
and a message printed on the outside that identified the donor. Each matchbook was inscribed with the "Four
Freedoms" on the inside cover. Soap paper was etched with the message: "From your friends the United Nations. Dip in water – use like soap. WASH OFF THE NAZI DIRT." Sewing kit
656:
Congressional opposition to the domestic operations of the OWI resulted in increasingly curtailed funds. Congress accused the OWI as
President Roosevelt's campaign agency, and pounced on any miscommunications and scandals as reason for disbandment. In 1943, the OWI's appropriations were cut out of
246:
At the onset of World War II, the
American public was in the dark regarding wartime information. One American observer noted: "It all seemed to boil down to three bitter complaints...first, that there was too much information; second, that there wasn't enough of it; and third, that in any event it
715:
The OWI was terminated, effective
September 15, 1945, by Executive Order 9608 on August 31, 1945. President Truman cited the OWI for "outstanding contribution to victory", and saw no reason to continue funding the agency post-war. The international offices of the OWI were transferred to the State
595:
ran a secret radio station from 2:00–6:30 am every morning from a house in
Luxembourg pretending to be loyal Rhinelanders under Nazi occupation. They spoke of Nazi commanders hiding their desperate position from the German public, which caused dissent among Nazi supporters. Further, they led Nazi
508:
was shown to
American soldiers to explain and justify America's involvement in the war. By July 1942 OWI administrators realized that the best way to reach American audiences was to present war films in conjunction with feature films and some documentaries such as Why We Fight received theatrical
301:
President Roosevelt ordered Davis to "formulate and carry out, through the use of press, radio, motion picture, and other facilities, information programs designed to facilitate the development of an informed and intelligent understanding, at home and abroad, of the status and progress of the war
599:
On the Eastern front, the OWI struggled not to offend Polish and Soviet Allies. As the Soviets advanced from the East towards Germany, they swept through Poland without hesitation. However, Poles considered much of the land of the Eastern front as their own. The OWI struggled to present the news
391:(VOA), which remains in service as the official government international broadcasting service of the United States. The VOA initially borrowed transmitters from the commercial networks. The programs OWI produced included those provided by the Labor Short Wave Bureau, whose material came from the
522:
warfare gained popularity during World War II and was utilized in regions such as Northern Africa, Italy, Germany, the Philippines, and Japan. For example, in Japan, the OWI printed and dropped over 180 million leaflets, with about 98 million being dropped in the summer months of 1945. Leaflets
482:
The BMP's first act was the creation and distribution of a "Manual for the Motion-Picture Industry" this provided guidance on how to promote Anti-Fascist democratic principles. The influence of this was limited and instead they began to request scripts to review and approve. By 1943 every major
608:
The OWI was one of the most prolific sources of propaganda in "Free China." They operated a sophisticated propaganda machine that sought to demoralize the Japanese army and create a portrait of US war aims that would appeal to the Chinese audience. OWI employed many Chinese, second-generation
549:
Aside from the aforementioned publication and production styles of propaganda, the OWI also utilized unconventional propaganda vehicles known as "specialty items." Specific examples of these items include packets of seeds, matchbooks, soap paper, and sewing kits. The packets of seeds had an
600:(including the pronunciation of town names or and discussion of county or national boundaries) without offending either party. Further, Poles and Soviets criticized the OWI for promoting the idealization of war, when their physical and human losses so heavily outweighed that of America's.
517:
The Overseas Branch enjoyed greater success and less controversy than the Domestic Branch. Abroad, the OWI operated a Psychological Warfare Branch (PWB), which used propaganda to terrorize enemy forces in combat zones, in addition to informing civilian populations in Allied camps.
616:
However, the OWI encountered public relations difficulties in China and India. In China, the OWI unsuccessfully attempted to stay removed from the Nationalist versus Communist conflict. However, the Roosevelt administration and OWI officials took issue with many aspects of
1589:), p. 2 (PDF p. 7): Six years prior to the Barmine revelations in his 1948 interview, the FBI had already compiled a thick security dossier on Lattimore at the onset of World War II, recommending that he be put under "Custodial Detention in case of National Emergency."
613:), Japanese POWs, Korean exiles, etc. to help gather and translate information, as well as transmit programs in multiple languages across the Pacific. OWI also created communication channels (logistical support) for intelligence and coded information.
629:
From 1942 to 1945, the OWI's Bureau of Motion Pictures reviewed 1,652 film scripts and revised or discarded any that portrayed the United States in a negative light, including material that made Americans seem "oblivious to the war or anti-war."
1615:, July 31, 1951, U. S. Congress, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, Institute of Pacific Relations, Hearings, 82nd Congress, First Session (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1951), Part 1, pp. 199–200
290:, the need for coordinated and properly disseminated wartime information from the military/administration to the public outweighed the fears associated with American propaganda. President Roosevelt entrusted the OWI to journalist and
1635:"Executive Order 9608 – Providing for the Termination of the Office of War Information, and for the Disposition of Its Functions and of Certain Functions of the Office of Inter-american Affairs | The American Presidency Project"
262:
in particular, were wary of propaganda for several reasons. First, the press feared a centralized agency as the sole distributor of wartime information. Second, Congress feared an American propaganda machine that could resemble
634:, the head of the OWI, said that "The easiest way to inject a propaganda idea into most people's minds is to let it go through the medium of an entertainment picture when they do not realize they're being propagandized".
1837:
570:
Death unless you surrender. Here is an OWI leaflet giving Japan's ultimatum to the Filipino people. In reply, the Filipinos threw their entire resources and manpower into the struggle on the side of the United
446:
During 1942 and 1943 the OWI boasted two photographic units whose photographers documented the country's mobilization during the early years of the war, concentrating on such topics as aircraft factories and
254:
Elmer Davis, Director of the Office of War Information, examines Nazi and Japanese propaganda organs at a press conference that explained how the OWI was fighting the propaganda war (March 6, 1943).
523:
dropped in Tunisia read: "You Are Surrounded" and "Drowning Is a Nasty Death". Millions of leaflets dropped in Sicily read: "The time has come for you to decide whether Italians shall die for
1827:
1822:
1729:
Matthew D. Johnson, "Propaganda and Sovereignty in Wartime China: Morale Operations and Psychological Warfare under the Office of War Information" (Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 2 (2011)).
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214:
campaign abroad. From 1942 to 1945, the OWI reviewed film scripts, flagging material which portrayed the United States in a negative light, including anti-war sentiment.
1852:
235:
consolidated the functions of the Office of Facts and Figures (OFF, OWI's direct predecessor), the Office of Government Reports, and the Division of Information of the
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1842:
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727:
Despite its troubled existence, the OWI is widely considered to be influential in the Allied victory and mobilizing American support for the war domestically.
456:
436:
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effort and of the war policies, activities, and aims of the Government". The OWI's operations were thus divided between the Domestic and Overseas Branches.
487:) allowed the OWI to examine their film scripts. OWI evaluated whether each film would promote the honor of the Allies' mission. Unlike the office of the
491:
whose approval was required for major studio releases, the OWI's role was advisory, and they lacked the power to prevent films from release. However, the
1772:
440:
240:
1735:
Sydney Weinberg, "What to Tell America: The Writers' Quarrel in the Office of War Information" (The Journal of American History 55, no. 1 (1968)).
664:
Some of the writers, producers, and actors of OWI programs admired the Soviet Union and were either loosely affiliated with or were members of the
1496:
1045:
185:
Book and Magazine Bureau, Extensive Surveys Division, Bureau of Public Inquiries, Bureau of Motion Pictures, Propaganda Intelligence Section, etc.
672:
on a mission to China and Mongolia in 1944, was later alleged to be a Soviet agent on the basis of testimony by a defector from the Soviet
396:
1704:
Jack L. Hammersmith, "The U.S. Office of War Information (OWI) and the Polish Question, 1943–1945" (The Polish Review 19, no. 1 (1974)).
1723:
1832:
1275:
658:
534:
OWI also used newspapers and publicized magazines to further American war aims. Magazines distributed to foreign audiences, such as
121:
1761:
Finding aid to Armitage Watkins papers on the Office of War Information at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
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739:
422:
1017:
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272:
236:
232:
163:
85:
1037:
116:
1803:
The Papers of Edward P. Lilly, special assistant to the director of OWI 1944–1945, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
683:
In his final report, Elmer Davis noted that he had fired 35 employees, because of past Communist associations, though the
592:
305:
298:, with the mission to take "an active part in winning the war and in laying the foundations for a better postwar world".
931:
717:
392:
125:
721:
129:
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which were shown overseas and to US audiences. These newsreels incorporated U.S. military footage. For examples see
743:
687:
files showed no formal allegiance to the CPUSA. After the war, as a broadcast journalist, Davis staunchly defended
472:
596:
forces into an Allied trap, and then staged an Allied attack on the Annie Radio office to maintain their cover.
418:
203:
142:
970:
935:
911:
668:. The director of Pacific operations for the OWI, Owen Lattimore, who later accompanied U.S. Vice-President
580:
373:
977:
1038:"Franklin D. Roosevelt: "Executive Order 9182 Establishing the Office of War Information.," June 13, 1942"
448:
287:
259:
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Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Black-and-White Negatives." Library of Congress.
999:
763:
519:
228:
956:
591:
One of the most astounding of all OWI operations occurred in Luxembourg. Known as Operation Annie, the
538:, intended to convey to foreign Allied civilians that American civilians were contributing to the war.
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432:
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pincushions were shaped like a human rear end. On the reverse side lay a caricatured face of either
1808:
Papers of Paul Sturman, Foreign Language Division of OWI, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
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427:
365:
280:
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283:
policy and were therefore hesitant to support a pro-war propaganda campaign targeting Americans.
275:/Creel Committee during WWI were viewed as a failure. And fourth, the American public favored an
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Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Color Photographs." Library of Congress.
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and others from what he considered outrageous and false accusations of disloyalty from Senator
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in the country, and to encourage Japanese-American internees to resettle outside camp or to
388:
152:
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17:
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847:
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assumed many of the information gathering, analyzing, and disseminating responsibilities.
618:
566:
488:
264:
703:, who worked for the OWI from September 1943 to February 1945, was later revealed in the
1585:
FBI Report, "Owen Lattimore, Internal Security – R, Espionage – R," September 8, 1949 (
939:
915:
875:
843:
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700:
688:
468:
1716:
Hollywood Goes to War: How Politics, Profits and Propaganda Shaped World War II Movies
641:
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showcased America's manufacturing power, and sought to foster an appreciation for the
1816:
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883:
855:
835:
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771:
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345:
443:. The OWI also worked with camp newspapers to disseminate information to internees.
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Images from the Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Collection
1699:
Words at War: World War II Radio Drama and the Postwar Broadcast Industry Blacklist
992:
891:
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1199:"What to Show the World: The Office of War Information and Hollywood, 1942-1945"
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451:. In addition, the OWI produced a series of 267 newsreels in 16 mm film,
211:
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1222:
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movie studios to produce films that advanced American war aims. According to
258:
The OWI's creation was not without controversy. The American public, and the
1782:
649:
379:
1754:"Records of the Office of War Information (OWI) in the National Archives"
1501:
1497:"How Hollywood became the unofficial propaganda arm of the U.S. military"
803:
310:
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to educate the general public on the internment, to counter the tide of
250:
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The details of OWI's involvement can be divided into operations in the
402:
42:
704:
1680:
The Politics of Propaganda: The Office of War Information, 1942–1945
1214:
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The BMP created documentaries and training films for soldiers. The
231:
promulgated the OWI on June 13, 1942, by Executive Order 9182. The
729:
640:
610:
565:
401:
378:
304:
249:
1296:"Why We Fight: A Study of U.S. Government War-Making Propaganda"
421:, the OWI produced a series of documentary films related to the
383:
Washington, D.C. Radio repair service in the self-help exchange.
716:
Department, and the United States Information Service and the
335:
291:
1838:
Agencies of the United States government during World War II
326:(spring 1942), which dealt with Germany, Japan, and Italy;
1731:
http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0026749X11000023
531: – or live for Italy and civilization".
322:
The OWI Domestic Radio Bureau produced series such as
243:, became the core of the Overseas Branch of the OWI.
239:. The Foreign Information Service, a division of the
334:(August 1943), which focused on the Home Front, the
1796:hosted by the University of North Texas Libraries'
271:. Third, previous attempts at propaganda under the
169:
159:
148:
138:
109:
94:
69:
54:
49:
1718:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
758:Among the many people who worked for the OWI were
467:The OWI Bureau of Motion Pictures (BMP) headed by
1828:United States government propaganda organizations
1061:
1059:
1823:Defunct agencies of the United States government
1773:OWI images at the Museum of the City of New York
348:produced several series for the OWI, including
1294:Seagren, Chad W.; Henderson, David R. (2018).
1197:Koppes, Clayton R.; Black, Gregory D. (1977).
707:project intercepts to have been a Soviet spy.
1693:https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/fsac/
8:
1687:https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/fsa/
30:
1858:1945 disestablishments in the United States
652:, Republic Drill and Tool Company, Chicago.
1863:Government agencies disestablished in 1945
1701:(Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2002).
1158:"Changing the Image of Japanese Americans"
41:
1778:OWI recordings at the Library of Congress
1714:Koppes, Clayton R. and Gregory D. Black.
1682:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978).
431:and several other films were designed by
1853:1942 establishments in the United States
330:, which dealt with domestic themes; and
241:Office of the Coordinator of Information
27:US government agency during World War II
1848:American propaganda during World War II
1843:Government agencies established in 1942
1482:
1480:
1046:University of California, Santa Barbara
1028:
196:United States Office of War Information
29:
1289:
1287:
495:could deny a film an export license.
86:Committee on Public Information (WWI)
7:
1270:. The University Press of Kentucky.
397:Congress of Industrial Organizations
1036:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
25:
1587:FBI File: Owen Lattimore, Part 1A
740:Naval Air Station Corpus Christi
648:: Women at machines, sharpening
423:internment of Japanese Americans
387:In 1942 the OWI established the
1203:The Journal of American History
1042:The American Presidency Project
1018:Committee on Public Information
273:Committee on Public Information
237:Office for Emergency Management
164:Office for Emergency Management
1613:Testimony of Alexander Barmine
1603:, Time Magazine, Mar. 10, 1952
1:
1624:Haynes and Klehr, pp. 198–201
1576:Haynes and Klehr, pp. 197–198
1262:Billheimer, John W. (2019). "
593:United States 12th Army Group
718:Office of Strategic Services
393:American Federation of Labor
182:Psychological Warfare Branch
126:Office of Strategic Services
98:September 15, 1945
79:Office of Government Reports
1794:World War Poster Collection
722:Central Intelligence Agency
176:Foreign Information Service
130:Central Intelligence Agency
76:Office of Facts and Figures
18:Office of Facts and Figures
1879:
744:M1919 Browning machine gun
1268:Hitchcock and the Censors
483:Hollywood studio (except
463:Bureau of Motion Pictures
40:
35:
31:Office of War Information
1833:Politics of World War II
1789:World War II OWI posters
1600:Absent-Minded Professor?
1415:"Radio: Operation Annie"
1243:Koppes and Black, p. 112
1178:Koppes and Black, p. 64.
419:War Relocation Authority
417:In conjunction with the
413:bomber. OWI photo, 1942.
204:United States government
143:United States Government
1639:www.presidency.ucsb.edu
912:Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.
437:anti-Japanese sentiment
286:But in the wake of the
82:Division of Information
58:June 13, 1942
1300:The Independent Review
971:An American in England
750:
711:Dissolution and legacy
653:
572:
449:women in the workforce
441:enter military service
414:
384:
350:An American in England
314:
313:crew. OWI photo, 1942.
288:attack on Pearl Harbor
260:United States Congress
255:
206:agency created during
179:Bureau of Intelligence
1785:(Library of Congress)
1160:. Densho Encyclopedia
978:An American in Russia
926:(researcher-writer),
764:Ayako Tanaka Ishigaki
733:
644:
625:Controversies at home
569:
405:
382:
354:An American in Russia
344:. The radio producer
308:
253:
229:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1386:Winkler, pp. 155–156
924:Dody Weston Thompson
792:Milton S. Eisenhower
736:Aviation Ordnanceman
559:or Japanese General
493:Office of Censorship
433:Milton S. Eisenhower
110:Superseding agencies
1798:Digital Collections
985:Japanese Relocation
936:Chester S. Williams
666:Communist Party USA
659:Department of State
504:series directed by
453:The United Newsreel
428:Japanese Relocation
318:Domestic operations
281:non-interventionist
32:
1456:Hammersmith, p. 75
1447:Hammersmith, p. 68
1131:Passport for Adams
1000:Passport for Adams
928:William Stephenson
880:Edgar Ansel Mowrer
868:Archibald MacLeish
840:Christina Krotkova
784:Gardner Cowles Jr.
751:
697:Whittaker Chambers
693:Joseph R. McCarthy
654:
573:
544:American lifestyle
513:Foreign operations
485:Paramount Pictures
415:
385:
358:Passport for Adams
315:
256:
70:Preceding agencies
1756:. 15 August 2016.
1138:. August 28, 1943
957:This is Our Enemy
872:Reuben H. Markham
738:stationed at the
678:Alexander Barmine
646:Rosie the Riveter
324:This is Our Enemy
192:
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16:(Redirected from
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1048:. Archived from
1033:
1013:Frank Shozo Baba
932:George E. Taylor
904:Arthur Rothstein
828:Lewis Wade Jones
816:Alexander Hammid
812:Ralph J. Gleason
587:European Theater
471:worked with the
457:this Google list
389:Voice of America
360:, which starred
153:Washington, D.C.
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1657:Winkler, p. 149
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796:Ernestine Evans
760:Eitaro Ishigaki
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627:
619:Chiang Kai-shek
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604:Pacific Theater
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489:Production Code
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374:Harry Davenport
338:Blue Network's
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888:Gordon Parks
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699:and others.
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406:Servicing a
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370:Paul Stewart
362:Robert Young
357:
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341:Chaplain Jim
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331:
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277:isolationist
269:Nazi Germany
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208:World War II
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149:Headquarters
139:Jurisdiction
1164:14 November
950:Filmography
944:Karl Yoneda
824:Jane Jacobs
808:Howard Fast
788:Martin Ebon
780:Elmer Davis
768:Jay Bennett
632:Elmer Davis
561:Hideki Tojo
506:Frank Capra
477:Elmer Davis
366:Ray Collins
296:Elmer Davis
1817:Categories
1673:References
1644:2020-12-10
1509:2022-06-06
1434:2021-12-02
1142:2014-11-15
908:Waldo Salt
864:Alan Lomax
832:David Karr
676:, General
650:drill bits
609:Japanese (
583:Theaters.
227:President
212:propaganda
102:1945-09-15
62:1942-06-13
1429:0040-781X
1312:1086-1653
1266:(1944)".
1223:0021-8723
525:Mussolini
509:release.
473:Hollywood
328:Uncle Sam
95:Dissolved
1747:Archives
1710:25777179
1502:CBC News
1320:26591800
1264:Lifeboat
1007:See also
804:Lee Falk
577:European
395:and the
311:M-4 tank
294:newsman
202:) was a
1741:1894252
1231:1888275
581:Pacific
571:States.
540:Victory
536:Victory
520:Leaflet
223:Origins
218:History
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529:Hitler
356:, and
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1737:JSTOR
1706:JSTOR
1316:JSTOR
1227:JSTOR
1024:Notes
746:on a
611:Nisei
411:Havoc
117:State
1720:ISBN
1425:ISSN
1420:Time
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1272:ISBN
1219:ISSN
1166:2014
579:and
527:and
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292:CBS
279:or
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