Foreign Agricultural Service

250: 482:, pushed through new legislation authorizing broader subsidization of commercial export sales. This Export Enhancement Program (or EEP, though it was originally called "BICEP" by Senator Dole) was used primarily to counter EEC subsidies in important markets. Use of EEP opened the United States to criticism from less developed countries on the grounds that export subsidies undercut their own farmers by depressing global commodity prices. By the mid-1990s EEP was largely abandoned in favor of negotiating for a multilateral ban on agricultural export subsidies; it was last used, for a single sale, during the Clinton administration. With founding of the 286: 2979: 2995: 4992: 528: 458:

follow up with additional crop observation travel, and thus missed a severe drought that set in after the last trip. As a result of this lapse, international grain traders and exporting nations were unaware of the Soviets' dire need for massive grain imports. By the time the scope of Soviet purchases became known, the USSR had locked in supplies at low, subsidized prices, leaving other importers and consumers scrambling for what was left at significantly higher prices. This event, known as the "

201: 85: 305:. By 1953, OFAR had roughly 400 agricultural specialists working on development programs in 27 foreign countries. OFAR also continued food aid programs, particularly using the Agricultural Act of 1949's authorities to donate surplus commodities. The intent of these efforts was first, to combat communism; second, to promote export sales of U.S. agricultural products; and third, to improve diets in foreign countries through extension of technical assistance and 557:

consortium funded by foreign currency earnings, and FAS' International Organization Affairs Staff. West's proposal was accepted and thus OICD was created, with responsibility for technical assistance, training, foreign currency-funded research, and international organization liaison. In 1994, USDA's Office of International Cooperation and Development was merged with FAS, bringing technical assistance back to FAS after a 40-year absence.

3472: 515:, it supports school feeding programs in less developed countries, and reserves authority for supporting maternal and child health programs. It was authorized by the 2002 Farm Bill and reauthorized in 2008. Funding sources have varied since the pilot Global Food for Education program was deployed in fiscal year 2001, often combining both appropriated funds and funding from the 109: 5260: 5245: 5230: 446:

battle but lost the war as U.S. exports of these products to Europe soon became insignificant". The so-called "Chicken War" was a precursor to numerous other trade disputes, including the 2002 "Poultry War", when Russia retaliated against the United States' steel tariffs by barring imports of U.S. poultry meat, and the dispute over the

2751: 2815: 560:

In 2003, FAS posted agricultural officers to Baghdad, not for the by-then traditional purposes of market intelligence and market development, but to reconstruct the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture. FAS also began organizing USDA contributions to Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Iraq and Afghanistan.

445:

imposition of a ceiling on textile imports and raising of tariffs on carpets, glass and bicycles. FAS negotiators and analysts, including future Administrator Rolland "Bud" Anderson, supported talks that resulted in the EEC paying $ 26 million in damages, though in Anderson's words, "We won the

382:

In 1961, the General Sales Manager of USDA's Commodity Stabilization Service (CSS) and his staff were merged into FAS, bringing with them operational responsibility for export credit and food aid programs. In particular, the General Sales Manager was responsible for setting prices for export sale of

582:

listed them as "Chief". Beginning around 1934 and until 1938, the head of FASD was called the "Chief". When FAS was renamed in 1938, the head was titled "Director", and that title carried over into OFAR and then the renewed FAS until 1954. The first head of FAS to bear the title "Administrator" was

348:'s forerunner) and began to concentrate on foreign market development for U.S. agricultural commodities, signaling a radical shift in the agency's focus. On September 1, 1954, following passage of H.R. 8033 (P.L. 83-690), the agricultural attachés were transferred back from State Department to FAS. 104:

General on the roster of the Department of State at London. Subsequent USDA officials assigned overseas, however, did not enjoy diplomatic or consular status. This impeded their work, which at that point consisted mainly of collecting, analyzing, and transmitting to Washington time-sensitive market

543:

as but separate from FAS. IADS served as USDA's liaison with USAID and other assistance organizations, linking them to USDA expertise in pursuit of developmental goals. Matthew Drosdoff was hired effective February 19, 1964, to be the first permanent Administrator of IADS. In March 1969, after the

312:

At this point OFAR directed the work of overseas technical assistance programs while the Department of State directed the work of the agricultural attachés. Frictions began to develop as the Department of State began to deny USDA requests for information from the attachés, leading to pressure from

556:

In 1977, Quentin West proposed consolidating three USDA units involved in technical assistance and development work into a single agency to be called the Office of International Cooperation and Development: the Foreign Development Division, the Science and Education Administration, an interagency

401:

Administration abolished the Office of the General Sales Manager and formally restored its status as a program area of FAS. During that time, the GSM's responsibilities expanded from mere disposition of surplus commodities to management of commodity export credit guarantee programs, foreign food

224:

This new responsibility spurred a change in field reporting from overseas offices. To negotiate tariff agreements, the FAS needed comprehensive information on the domestic agricultural policies of trading partners, and the primary source of this information was the agency's field offices abroad.

466:

of foreign crop conditions, negotiation of a long-term grain agreement (LTA) with the Soviet Union, and imposition of an export sales reporting requirement for U.S. grain exporters. It also impressed on FAS the need for "boots-on-the-ground" observation of crop conditions in critical countries.

457:

quietly concluding grain purchasing contracts from a relatively small number of the secretive private multinational grain traders who dominated world trade in cereals. Because crop surveys in mid-spring had given the impression of a normal crop, FAS's agricultural attaché in Moscow chose not to

220:

delegated this responsibility to the Foreign Agricultural Service Division, and thus began the FAS's role in formulation and implementation of international trade policy. The FAS led agricultural tariff negotiations, first concluding a new tariff agreement with Cuba, followed by Belgium, Haiti,

355:

Act, which became the backbone of FAS's food aid and market development efforts. Agricultural attachés began negotiating agreements for concessional sale of U.S. farm commodities to foreign countries on terms of up to 30 years and in their own local currencies. The Act was uncommon in that it

3776:

Mission of Foreign Agricultural Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture : joint hearings before the Subcommittee on Foreign Agriculture and Hunger of the Committee on Agriculture and the Subcommittee on Information, Justice, Transportation, and Agriculture of the Committee on Government

387:

was heavily involved in efforts to barter CCC-owned commodities acquired via domestic farm support programs for strategic commodities available from foreign countries short of hard currency. By the mid-1960s, however, as European and Asian economies recovered, the emphasis on barter waned.

92:

It was succeeded over the next few decades by increasingly larger units. Creation of this series of units in Washington to analyze foreign competition and demand for agricultural commodities was paralleled by assignment abroad of agricultural statistical agents, commodity specialists, and

3152:

Chapter 41 includes the Food for Peace Act (7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.), Food for Progress Act of 1985 (7 U.S.C. 1736o), McGovern-Dole Food for Education Program (7 U.S.C. 1736o–1), Local and Regional Procurement Program (7 U.S.C. 1726c), Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust Act (7 U.S.C.

2921: 495:

FAS has managed food assistance programs since 1941, and today uses a mix of statutory authorities. The traditional programs are Section 416(b) of the Agricultural Act of 1949, which makes surplus commodities available for donation overseas, and Title I of Public Law 480

2776: 4481: 64:

and food aid programs and helps increase income and food availability in developing nations by mobilizing expertise for agriculturally led economic growth. The FAS mission statement reads, "Linking U.S. agriculture to the world to enhance export opportunities and global

2759: 2157:

National Archives, Record Group 16, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, General Correspondence, 1906–75, Foreign Relations (1940), Box 87. Memorandum for the Secretary, June 25, 1940, "Re: Need for clearer publicity on Inter-American cartel," from

143:. Hoover, however, eventually supported the legislation to garner support of the farm bloc during his presidential campaign. Accordingly, the Foreign Agricultural Service was created by the Foreign Agricultural Service Act of 1930 (46 Stat. 497), which President 2215:

Memorandum of Understanding between USDA and Department of State on "Conduct of Technical Assistance Overseas," April 14, 1954, and also Memorandum "To All Employees of the Foreign Agricultural Service" from acting Administrator Clayton E. Whipple, November 19,

2513:

Statement by Michael V. Michener Administrator, Foreign Agricultural Service, U.S. Department Of Agriculture, before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs, Washington, DC, Tuesday, May 19, 2009

2821: 364: 1740:

South Korea 1971–1974; Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs 1974–1976; Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs 1976–1978; Acting Secretary of State 1977; Special Negotiator for the Middle East 1981; winner of the

4474: 1821:

2008–2009, Coordinator for Assistance Transition in Iraq (with ambassadorial rank) 2009–2010, Deputy Coordinator for Diplomacy, Office of the Coordinator for the Global Hunger and Food Security Initiative, 2010–2013, Ethiopia 2013–2016, acting

548:

Administration came to power, IADS was briefly merged into FAS, then in November 1969 was split out into a separate Foreign Economic Development Service (FEDS). On February 6, 1972, FEDS was abolished and its functions transferred to the

2927: 4467: 2782: 3091: 508: 257:

OFAR began handling food aid in 1941 when President Roosevelt and the Congress authorized $ 1.35 billion of food assistance to Great Britain. During this period OFAR also led negotiations that resulted in creation of the

5048: 1998:

National Archives, Record Group 59, General Records of the Department of State, Consular Correspondence, 1785–1906, Instructions to Consular Officers, Consular Instructions, 1800–1906, vol. 104, p. 99, call number A-1, Entry

1934: 540: 391:

In 1969, the General Sales Manager and his staff were split off to form a separate USDA agency, the Export Marketing Service (EMS). In 1974, however, EMS was re-merged with FAS. In 1977, under pressure from the Congress, the

5234: 504:, which facilitated delivery of food aid through non-governmental organizations as well as foreign governments. Food for Progress can draw on multiple sources, including in-kind surplus commodities and appropriated funds. 5093: 4397: 3735: 4416: 3133:

Chapter 35A contains Section 416of the Agricultural Act of 1949 (7 U.S.C. 1431), the surplus disposal authority making Commodity Credit Corporation-owned commodities available for donation to foreign beneficiaries.

5136: 5000: 228:

On December 1, 1938, the Foreign Agricultural Service Division was upgraded, made directly subordinate to the Secretary, and renamed simply the Foreign Agricultural Service. On July 1, 1939, however, President

421:. Since that time the vast majority of agricultural officers overseas, just like State Department officials overseas, have been Foreign Service Officers. Since 1953, 12 former agricultural attachés have been 4915: 4841: 4818: 486:

in January 1995, trade-distorting domestic agricultural supports were capped in all member states and absolute import quotas were banned, but negotiations on eliminating export subsidies continue still.

396:

Administration created an "Office of the General Sales Manager" nominally headed by the General Sales Manager, but in reality still a subunit of FAS and subordinate to the FAS Administrator. In 1981 the

237:. The Foreign Agricultural Service was abolished, and its headquarters staff was renamed the Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations (OFAR). At that time the Director of Foreign Agricultural Relations, 383:

USDA-owned surplus commodities that had been acquired through domestic farm support programs. At the same time, the CSS Barter and Stockpiling Manager was also moved to FAS. In the postwar era USDA's

1823: 474:(EEC) emerged as a competitor for export sales, particularly of grain. EEC export restitutions (subsidies) undercut U.S. sales, with the result that farm-state Members of Congress, led by Senator 344:

abolished OFAR and reconstituted the Foreign Agricultural Service. In April 1954, FAS handed off national security–related technical assistance to the International Cooperation Administration (

1495:

Administrators of the Office of International Cooperation and Development and its predecessors from creation until it was merged with FAS in 1994 were (periods as acting Administrator are in

371:

In 1955, FAS began signing cooperative agreements with groups representing American producers of specific commodities to expand foreign demand. The first such agreement was signed with the

5313: 5323: 4669: 3494: 578:

From 1930 to about 1934, division heads in USDA, including the heads of the Foreign Agricultural Service Division, had no formal title, but were referred to as "In-charge", though the

1788:

administrative assistant, Paris (OECD); assistant agricultural attaché, Brussels USEC; agricultural attaché, Bern; agricultural counselor, Rome; agricultural minister-counselor, Paris

221:

Sweden, Brazil and Colombia. By 1939, new agricultural tariffs were in place with 20 countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States' largest agricultural trading partner.

4882: 4828: 1899: 139:

service with diplomatic status. The legislation passed the House multiple times, but it did not pass the Senate until 1930, in part due to opposition from then-Commerce Secretary

4908: 5333: 4780: 2714: 3739: 2838: 583:

William Lodwick in that year. Heads of the Foreign Agricultural Service and Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations since 1930 have been (periods as acting head are in

4901: 4770: 4656: 3839: 3319: 2468: 1849:

agricultural attaché, Moscow; agricultural trade officer, Istanbul; agricultural counselor, Vienna; agricultural minister-counselor, Moscow, Mexico City, and New Delhi

4199: 5303: 4611: 3691:"Statement of A. Ellen Terpstra, Administrator, before the House Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies" 3334: 241:, was appointed by executive order to the Board of the Foreign Service and the Board of Examiners, an acknowledgement of OFAR's status as a foreign affairs agency. 188:, Berlin, and Shanghai. In Washington, Hobson hired Lazar Volin, a Russian émigré, as the agency's first D.C.-based regional analyst, to specialize in the study of 5073: 2567: 4958: 4867: 4836: 4737: 4506: 4490: 376: 2304:

Secretary's Memorandum 2001, November 27, 1979, and interview with George Pope, former Assistant Administrator for Export Credits, Foreign Agricultural Service

5253: 5308: 5107: 4846: 2331: 5151: 5123: 4775: 4745: 4692: 4631: 2649: 2548: 2452: 3602: 2488: 150:

The law stipulated that the FAS consist of overseas USDA officials. The USDA also created a Foreign Agricultural Service Division within the Bureau of

5062: 4803: 3280:"U.S. Code, Title 22 (Foreign Relations), Chapter 52 (Foreign Service), Sec. 3922 (Utilization of Foreign Service personnel system by other agencies)" 500:), which authorizes concessional sales. These programs were designed to support government-to-government transactions. The 1985 Farm Bill created the 3901: 3320:"Code of Federal Regulations: Title 7—Agriculture, Chapter XIV—Commodity Credit Corporation, Department of Agriculture, Subchapter C—Export Programs" 2057:, May 3, 1924, in the National Archives, Record Group 16, Records of the Secretary of Agriculture, General Correspondence 1906–1970 (1924), Box 1032. 5113: 4545: 249: 3262:"U.S. Code, Title 19 (Customs Duties), Chapter 22 (Uruguay Round Trade Agreements), Subchapter IV (Agriculture Related Provisions), Sec. 3601–3624" 1836:

agricultural attaché, Warsaw; senior agricultural attaché, counselor, and acting minister-counselor, Moscow; agricultural minister-counselor, Cairo

5238: 4924: 4877: 4760: 4679: 4578: 1944: 53: 30: 3572: 225:

Thus, in addition to traditional commodity reporting, the attachés and commissioners were called on to add policy analysis to their portfolios.

5189: 4949: 4712: 3230: 441:", a trade dispute arising from the EEC's application of protective tariffs on poultry meat imported from the United States in retaliation for 317: 125: 3711: 2926:. Arlington, Virginia: Foreign Agricultural Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. pp. vi, 85 leaves : col. ill., 28 cm. Archived from 2426: 2184:"The United States Farmer and the World Around Him", speech by John J. Haggerty, Director of Foreign Agricultural Relations, contained in the 5283: 5020: 3660: 2989: 2910: 2891: 2516: 3871: 4603: 3502: 3158:"U.S. Code, Title 7 (Agriculture), Chapter 42 (Agricultural Commodity Set-Aside), Section 1748 (Annual reports by agricultural attachés)" 2235: 2144:

National Archives, Record Group 16, General Correspondence of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, 170/6/34/1, Box 3024, and also

5318: 4790: 4568: 4513: 3231:"U.S. Code, Title 7, Sec. 3293. Agricultural fellowship program for middle income countries, emerging democracies, and emerging markets" 3261: 2781:. Washington: unpublished manuscript, held in Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, call number 120 Es8 R. Archived from 5183: 5083: 5038: 4648: 3876:, May 26, 1954, Statement by the Honorable Congressman Samuel Yorty of California on the need to return agricultural attachés to USDA" 1929: 1904: 3736:"Senate Report 105-051 – Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriation Bill, 1998" 2120: 81:

to London. In 1894, USDA created a Section of Foreign Markets in its Division of Statistics, which by 1901 numbered seven employees.

4716: 4621: 4563: 3785: 2956: 2870: 2393:

Personal recollections of Verle Lanier, Richard Rortvedt, and Mollie Iler, augmented by information gleaned from past issues of the

2277:

National Archives, Record Group 166, Records of the Foreign Agricultural Service, Policy Correspondence 1951–1964, Boxes 2, 4, 6, 7.

325: 285: 234: 3175: 3157: 2706: 4136: 4112: 4088: 2610: 2586: 4851: 3690: 3542: 2844: 320:(GATT), signed in 1947 and expanded through subsequent negotiation rounds, although agriculture was not a major focus until the 5328: 5298: 5288: 4583: 3847: 2798: 158:, a noted economist and political scientist, as its first head. The 1930 Act explicitly granted the USDA's overseas officials 5146: 3518: 3279: 3242: 3176:"U.S. Code, Title 7 (Agriculture), Chapter 42 (Agricultural Commodity Set-Aside), Section 1749 (Attaché educational program)" 2465: 1869: 3118: 4207: 3226:

Basic authority for the Foreign Agricultural Service resides in Subchapter V: Foreign Agricultural Service (7USC5692-5695).

3211: 3193: 3137: 5103: 4872: 4798: 4687: 4616: 4271: 4247: 4223: 1949: 1879: 1742: 418: 410: 406: 49: 5293: 5173: 5010: 4808: 4727: 4337: 4141:, October 9, 2009, Conflict Over FAS/USAID Roles: Clinton Strong Defender of FAS Traditional Purpose, by Jerry Hagstrom" 3950: 2943: 2565: 1924: 1889: 677: 516: 384: 4527: 4459: 471: 434: 414: 259: 2268:

Commodity Stabilization Service Notice General No. 305, June 28, 1955; Secretary's Memorandum 1446, February 24, 1961

116:

The analytical unit in Washington, by the early 1920s supervised by Leon Estabrook, deputy chief of USDA's Bureau of

4160: 5058: 4702: 4307: 4367: 4180: 2631: 2358: 565:

pledged to continue and to expand that work. FAS' role in national security work, however, remains controversial.

278:, OFAR analyzed food availability in both allied and enemy countries, and promoted the stockpiling of 100 million 5118: 4937: 4750: 4588: 4558: 3298:"U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Compilations of Agricultural Law, Index by Subject" 2923:

A study of management doctrines and leadership philosophies of selected organizations with international missions

1558: 1272: 550: 501: 539:

ordered creation of an International Agricultural Development Service (IADS), which was subordinate to the same

266:

countries to develop their agriculture. This latter effort was related to the need for strategic commodities as

4813: 4636: 4593: 4553: 3802:

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Public Affairs, Video and Teleconference Division (January 8, 2011).

2861: 2328: 535:

After a nine-year hiatus from international agricultural development work at USDA, on July 12, 1963, Secretary

483: 313:

both agricultural producer groups and influential congressmen for the attachés to be returned to USDA control.

2903:

Merchants of Grain: The Power and Profits of the Five Giant Companies at the Center of the World's Food Supply

2657: 2424:

Rebuilding Agriculture and Food Security in Iraq, News About Iraqi Agricultural Reconstruction (2003–Present)

2384:

Interview with Mary T. Chambliss, former Deputy Administrator for Export Credits, Foreign Agricultural Service

1801:

agricultural attaché and agricultural trade officer, Tokyo; agricultural minister-counselor, Beijing and Tokyo

3613: 2492: 5208: 5033: 4722: 4534: 3080: 1939: 1864: 372: 233:

ordered all diplomatic personnel, including the agricultural attachés and commissioners, transferred to the

136: 121: 101: 3912: 1724:

assistant agricultural attaché, Havana; agricultural attaché, Manila, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro and Lima

5179: 4626: 896: 151: 117: 60:

and negotiations, and the collection of statistics and market information. It also administers the USDA's

34: 3777:

Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, November 10 and 16, 1993

3414: 3399: 5028: 4573: 4494: 4450: 2054: 1919: 230: 209: 189: 100:

Moffat went out as a "statistical agent" of USDA's Division of Statistics but with the status of Deputy

17: 3583: 3367: 3349: 2197:

Memorandum by Fred J. Rossiter, Assistant Administrator, Foreign Agricultural Service, January 26, 1954

959: 527: 3457: 3243:"U.S. Code, Title 19 (Customs Duties), Sec. 2152. Advice from executive departments and other sources" 3082:

Reciprocal Trade Agreements—A New Method Of Tariff Making (Yearbook of Agriculture, 1940, pp. 585–595)

2740: 2159: 1973: 212:, which stipulated that the President must consult with the Secretary of Agriculture when negotiating 4954: 2653: 1894: 1756:

Chief Negotiator for Textile Matters with rank of Ambassador 1979–1981 (not confirmed by the Senate)

1719: 1689:

assistant agricultural commissioner, Marseille and Paris; agricultural attaché, Paris and Mexico City

651: 294: 61: 2430: 2406:

Interview with Hal G. Wynne, former budget director, Foreign Agricultural Service, cited in Mustard.

5268: 5169: 4697: 3719: 3671: 3644: 2523: 1809: 931: 459: 306: 293:

After the war OFAR was instrumental in carrying out land reform in Japan and offering agricultural

78: 3969: 3882: 3497:

Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack Announces Millions to Promote U.S. Food and Agricultural Exports

200: 4981: 3817: 3350:"Code of Federal Regulations: Title 7—Part 1484 RIN 0551–AA96 Foreign Market Development Program" 2227: 422: 302: 282:(2.7 million metric tons) of wheat for feeding refugees after the anticipated end of the war. 84: 3931: 4664: 3833: 3781: 3067: 3039: 2985: 2906: 2887: 2542: 2446: 1914: 1684: 617: 329: 238: 4454: 4047:(use the search engine for a "Full Text" search on "Foreign Agricultural Service" in quotes) 2050: 1831: 341: 217: 3577:, October 2004, Fighting World Hunger: U.S. Food Aid Policy and the Food for Peace Program" 3335:"Code of Federal Regulations: Title 7—Agriculture, Chapter XV—Foreign Agricultural Service" 3257:(President must seek advice of Secretary of Agriculture before signing any trade agreement) 3119:"U.S. Code, Title 7 (Agriculture), Chapter 35A (Price Support of Agricultural Commodities)" 2950:(1883, 1885, 1889, 1891, 1893, 1899, 1901, 1903, 1905, 1907, 1925–1959). Washington: USGPO. 4893: 3297: 2614: 2590: 2571: 2472: 2335: 2124: 2117: 1954: 1527: 983: 536: 512: 442: 356:

allowed for the agreements made by the FAS to bypass the normal advice and consent of the

270:

loomed, as well as the need to tie South America closer to the Allies and thereby to keep

159: 132: 2962: 4144: 4120: 4096: 3755: 3694: 3632: 2961:. special collections of the Iowa State University Library: unpublished. Archived from 2805:. Washington: newsletter of the Foreign Agricultural Service. 1957–1977. Archived from 2607: 2583: 1874: 1761: 497: 463: 462:", led to creation in the Foreign Agricultural Service of a satellite imagery unit for 447: 352: 263: 144: 140: 4051: 3553: 1839:

Moldova 2008–2011, Foreign Policy Advisor to the Chief of Naval Operations, 2011–2014

5277: 4035: 3855: 3774: 2806: 1909: 1844: 758: 545: 398: 321: 298: 66: 4276:, May 2009, Emerging Challenges: Farm Trade in the Age of Globalization (pp. 32–36)" 4165:, October 5, 2009, Smith calls for hearing on new ag export markets, by Robert Pore" 3988: 3368:"Code of Federal Regulations: Title 7—Part 1485 RIN 0551–AA97 Market Access Program" 450:'s ban on imports of U.S. beef produced from cattle treated with growth promotants. 3473:"U.S. Government Accountability Office reports on the Foreign Agricultural Service" 2608:"Conflict Over FAS/USAID Roles: Clinton Strong Defender of FAS Traditional Purpose" 1884: 1796: 1732: 1692:

Jordan, 1953–1958, Guatemala, 1958–1959, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, 1960

531:

The FAS Millennium logo, 2003–2013, based in part on the USDA "rolling fields" logo

454: 393: 275: 271: 267: 185: 155: 94: 4228:, May 2009, Hoping for a Break: Foreign Trade Agencies Under Pressure (pp. 15–22)" 4066: 507:

The most recent addition to the array of FAS-implemented food aid programs is the

4348: 3526: 3438: 1777:

assistant agricultural attaché, Bonn; agricultural attaché and counselor at Lagos

561:

This marked FAS' return to national security work. Then-Secretary of Agriculture

4945: 4117:, October 9, 2009, Interagency debate over FAS role heats up, by Jerry Hagstrom" 2397:

and miscellaneous records from the National Archives and Records Administration.

1769:

European Community 1981–1985, Director General of the Foreign Service 1985–1989

562: 438: 357: 324:

of negotiations. At the same time, OFAR was heavily involved in founding the UN

204:

Cover art for the Bureau of Agricultural Economics weekly circular in the 1930s.

4295: 4279: 4255: 4231: 3760:, November 1, 1995, USDA has long history in overseas agricultural development" 3607:, December 2003, In Pursuit of Opportunity: FAS and Foreign Market Development" 3803: 2880: 2814:

Howard, James O.; Vernon Harness; Jimmy D. Minyard; Richard E. Passig (1989).

164: 120:, compiled publications based on reports from the USDA's overseas staff, U.S. 57: 4007: 4318: 3993:, USDA statistical circular, by Charles M. Daugherty, May 1911 – April 1913" 169: 112:

1922 telegram from agricultural commissioner at London to USDA headquarters.

4378: 3194:"U.S. Code, Title 7 (Agriculture), Chapter 43 (Foreign Market Development)" 3052: 2020:

Moffat's status is attested in the British diplomatic lists in London, the

363: 316:

OFAR participated actively with the Department of State in negotiating the

3934:

Organization and Functions of the Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations

2843:. New York: Oral History Collection of Columbia University. Archived from 2820:. Washington: U.S. Agricultural Export Development Council. Archived from 2082:

Organization and Functions of the Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations

1102:

General Sales Managers since 1955 have been (periods as acting GSM are in

509:

McGovern/Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program

108: 4067:"Oral History of Dennis A. Fitzgerald at the Truman Presidential Library" 1935:

Under Secretary of Agriculture for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services

1667:

Agricultural officers who have served or are serving as Ambassadors are:

475: 173: 131:

In 1924, USDA officials Nils Olsen and Louis Guy Michael and Congressman

3953:

Memorandum 804, Describing Functions of the Foreign Agricultural Service

3029:(1893, 1903, 1905, 1920, 1922, 1931–1939, 1952–1954). Washington: USGPO. 2362: 4589:

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs

4093:, January 27, 2010, Vilsack names more key deputies, by Jerry Hagstrom" 3812: 3637:, March 2003, Helping U.S. Producers Feed, Clothe and House the World" 2564:, "Tom Vilsack: Leading 'an Everyday, Every-Way' USDA", May 21, 2009 1679:

Ambassadorships, Presidential Appointments, Significant Appointments

479: 279: 213: 177: 154:

to serve as the FAS's headquarters staff in Washington, D.C., naming

4252:, May 2009, FAS At a Crossroads: Reshaping Ag Diplomacy (pp. 27–31)" 4052:"Oral History of Stanley Andrews at the Truman Presidential Library" 3665:, March 2003, FAS Attachés: U.S. Agriculture's Eyes and Ears Abroad" 2707:"Whitley Named Administrator of USDA's Foreign Agricultural Service" 2486:, May 2009, FAS At a Crossroads: Reshaping Ag Diplomacy (pp. 27–31) 351:

In the same year, Congress passed Public Law 480 (P.L. 83-480), the

4402:, December 1952, The United States Farmer and the World Around Him" 2981:

The Story of Agricultural Economics in the United States, 1840–1932

1753:

assistant agricultural attaché, London; agricultural attaché, Cairo

2948:

Official Register of the United States Government (Various Issues)

2329:"The Russian Wheat Deal – Hindsight vs. Foresight, Reprint No. 81" 1700:

assistant agricultural attaché (rank of vice consul), Buenos Aires

526: 362: 345: 284: 248: 216:

reductions for agricultural commodities. Secretary of Agriculture

199: 107: 83: 77:

USDA posted its first employee abroad in 1882, with assignment of

4185:, October 5, 2009, Lugar questioning FAS role, by Jerry Hagstrom" 3212:"U.S. Code, Title 7 (Agriculture), Chapter 87 (Export Promotion)" 2742:

The U.S. Agricultural Attaché, His History and His Work, FAS M-91

2359:"USDA Foreign Agricultural Service - Food Aid — Fish and Seafood" 289:

OFAR-created map of Asia, showing rice surplus and deficit areas.

5249: 4520: 4036:"Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Oral Histories" 3458:"National Archives, Records of the Foreign Agricultural Service" 3071: 3043: 2710: 1818: 181: 4897: 4463: 3138:"U.S. Code, Title 7 (Agriculture), Chapter 41 (Food for Peace)" 4024:(see page 10 for report of posting to London of Edmund Moffat) 1824:

Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs

253:

OFAR logo used 1939–1953, taken from a 1952 publication cover.

5264: 2286:

Secretary's Memorandum No. 1648, Supplement 1, March 28, 1969

413:. Agricultural attachés were offered the choice of remaining 69:," and its motto is "Linking U.S. Agriculture to the World." 4443: 4342:, May 2003, High Stakes, High Hurdles: US Farm Trade Policy" 2092:

Progress in tariff negotiations is documented in the annual

1977: 3096:. New York: Oral History Collection of Columbia University. 3022: 3012: 2295:

Secretary's Memorandum 1833, Supplement 1, February 1, 1974

168:. In short order, FAS posted additional staff overseas, to 2466:

USDA at Work for Agriculture in Afghanistan, November 2010

3904:

Secretary Benson Creates New Foreign Agricultural Service

2356:

Partially derived from information on the FAS website at

2206:

Secretary's Memorandum 1320, Supplement 1, March 10, 1953

1737:

agricultural attaché (vice consul), Ottawa and Wellington

1711:

agricultural economist, Paris; agricultural attaché, Rome

3417:

International Activities and Agreements of USDA Agencies

379:, and the groups themselves to be called "cooperators". 2039:

The U.S. Agricultural Attaché, His History and His Work

453:

In 1972 a short grain crop in the USSR resulted in the

4883:

White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy

4594:

Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement

3402:

Coordination of USDA Activities with Foreign Countries

1900:

Foreign Agricultural Trade System of the United States

3712:"IB98006: Agricultural Export and Food Aid Programs" 2415:

Department of Agriculture Reorganization Act of 1994

1571:

Office of International Cooperation and Development

553:, where it became the Foreign Development Division. 5201: 5160: 5135: 5092: 5072: 5047: 5019: 4999: 4967: 4860: 4827: 4789: 4781:

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

4759: 4736: 4678: 4647: 4602: 4544: 4372:, May 2003, The Foreign Agricultural Service Today" 2944:"Official Register of the United States Government" 2758:. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off. Archived from 4300:, March 8, 2009, A Mess at FAS, by Jerry Hagstrom" 2978:Taylor, Henry Charles; Anne Dewees Taylor (1952). 2879: 328:, with Director of Foreign Agricultural Relations 56:'s (USDA) overseas programs – market development, 5219:*Reports directly to the Secretary of Agriculture 2778:Life of an American: Memoirs of Leon M. Estabrook 2650:"Head of Foreign Agricultural Service reassigned" 2022:Official Register of the United States Government 2009:Official Register of the United States Government 580:Official Register of the United States Government 402:assistance programs, and direct credit programs. 274:from gaining a foothold in the New World. During 88:Roster of the Section of Foreign Markets in 1901. 5314:United States Department of Agriculture agencies 5194:Farm Production and Conservation Business Center 4771:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 4657:Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 3718:. Congressional Research Service. Archived from 2984:. Ames: Iowa State College Press. p. 1121. 2863:The Russian Wheat Deal – Hindsight vs. Foresight 2745:. Washington: USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. 5324:Foreign relations agencies of the United States 4612:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1522:International Agricultural Development Service 523:International development and national security 4909: 4868:Environmental Science Services Administration 4521:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 4475: 3906:, USDA Press Release #583-53, March 11, 1953" 2169: 2167: 511:. Named in honor of Senator Dole and Senator 124:abroad, and data collected by the Rome-based 33:. For agriculture extensions in general, see 8: 5254:National Archives and Records Administration 4670:National Laboratories and Technology Centers 3972:The Foreign Agricultural Service Act of 1930 3838:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3011:U.S. Department of Agriculture (1883–1885). 2817:Partners in Developing Farm Markets Overseas 2258:Partners in Developing Farm Markets Overseas 2234:. Vol. 80, no. 5. pp. 38–39. 340:On March 10, 1953, Secretary of Agriculture 5334:Agricultural marketing in the United States 4847:U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate 4312:, May 2003, An Unauthorized History of FAS" 4204:, September 2009, Mission Cleavage (p. 61)" 3545:Agricultural Exports and the 2007 Farm Bill 3441:GUIDELINES FOR ALLOCATING RESIDENTIAL SPACE 3051:U.S. Department of State (April 19, 2006). 2584:"Interagency debate over FAS role heats up" 184:, in addition to existing staff in London, 5152:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 5124:National Institute of Food and Agriculture 4916: 4902: 4894: 4842:Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation 4776:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4693:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 4482: 4468: 4460: 437:(EEC) boiled over in 1962 with the first " 332:playing a particularly instrumental role. 5063:Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion 4804:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 4010:Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture 3780:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1994. 3521:Agricultural Export and Food Aid Programs 3014:Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture 2135:Secretary's Memorandum 825, June 30, 1939 1804:Federated States of Micronesia 2004–2007 1766:agricultural attaché (vice consul), Quito 718:Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations 707:Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations 696:Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations 685:Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations 672:Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations 659:Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations 646:Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations 105:information on agricultural commodities. 5114:National Agricultural Statistics Service 3023:"Report of the Secretary of Agriculture" 1669: 1501: 1108: 589: 245:Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations 135:began drafting legislation to create an 29:This article is about a division of the 18:Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations 5239:United States Department of Agriculture 4925:United States Department of Agriculture 4878:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 4819:Combat Capabilities Development Command 4579:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 1965: 1945:United States Department of Agriculture 1745:1982; featured on a postage stamp 2006 54:United States Department of Agriculture 31:United States Department of Agriculture 5304:Foreign relations of the United States 5190:Natural Resources Conservation Service 5051:Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services 4970:Trade and Foreign Agricultural Affairs 4713:Natural Resources Conservation Service 3831: 3820:from the original on December 13, 2021 3054:Foreign Relations of the United States 2547:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2540: 2451:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2444: 2347:Oral history of R. Keith Severin. 2106:Report of the Secretary of Agriculture 2094:Report of the Secretary of Agriculture 628:Foreign Agricultural Service Division 610:Foreign Agricultural Service Division 375:. This activity came to be called the 318:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 162:and the right to the diplomatic title 126:International Institute of Agriculture 5202:Office of the Chief Financial Officer 5021:Under Secretary for Rural Development 3710:Hanrahan, Charles E. (May 30, 2001). 2860:Luttrell, Clifton B. (October 1973). 2648:Hagstrom, Jerry (December 23, 2009). 2489:"Foreign Service Journal - May, 2009" 1546:Foreign Economic Development Service 377:Market Development Cooperator Program 192:as a competitor to U.S. agriculture. 7: 4082:Media Articles (chronological order) 3238:Cochran Fellowship Program authority 2238:from the original on August 14, 2022 2228:"An Unauthorized History of the FAS" 405:The Foreign Agricultural Service, a 52:with primary responsibility for the 3415:"Departmental Regulation 1051-002, 3400:"Departmental Regulation 1051-001, 1791:Central African Republic 2001–2002 5309:Foreign trade of the United States 5267:from websites or documents of the 5252:from websites or documents of the 5237:from websites or documents of the 5184:Federal Crop Insurance Corporation 5161:Under Secretary of Agriculture for 5137:Under Secretary of Agriculture for 5096:Research, Education, and Economics 5094:Under Secretary of Agriculture for 5084:Food Safety and Inspection Service 5074:Under Secretary of Agriculture for 5049:Under Secretary of Agriculture for 5039:Rural Business-Cooperative Service 5001:Under Secretary of Agriculture for 4968:Under Secretary of Agriculture for 4746:Science and Technology Directorate 4661:Office of Environmental Management 3093:Reminiscences of Leslie A. Wheeler 2717:from the original on July 24, 2021 2174:Reminiscences of Leslie A. Wheeler 2146:Reminiscences of Leslie A. Wheeler 2071:Reminiscences of Leslie A. Wheeler 1930:Targeted Export Assistance Program 1905:Foreign Market Development Program 1491:Heads of International Development 541:Assistant Secretary of Agriculture 25: 5139:Marketing and Regulatory Programs 5003:Natural Resources and Environment 4829:Executive Office of the President 4717:National Water and Climate Center 4564:Bureau of Ocean Energy Management 4491:United States government agencies 3543:"Congressional Research Service, 3519:"Congressional Research Service, 3495:"U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2871:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 630:Bureau of Agricultural Economics 612:Bureau of Agricultural Economics 326:Food and Agriculture Organization 147:signed into law on June 5, 1930. 5263: This article incorporates 5258: 5248: This article incorporates 5243: 5233: This article incorporates 5228: 5163:Farm Production and Conservation 4990: 4852:Council on Environmental Quality 4632:Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 3488:Other publications and documents 1129:Commodity Stabilization Service 569:Heads of Service and Ambassadors 417:or being grandfathered into the 409:since 1930, was included in the 4959:Deputy Secretary of Agriculture 4738:Department of Homeland Security 4584:United States Geological Survey 4507:Environmental Protection Agency 3693:. March 5, 2003. Archived from 2840:Reminiscences of John B. Hutson 1814:agricultural attaché, New Delhi 210:Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act 5147:Agricultural Marketing Service 4514:Global Change Research Program 3806:FAS recruiting video from 1990 3027:U.S. Department of Agriculture 1870:Agricultural Trade Act of 1978 1557:Foreign Development Division, 58:international trade agreements 1: 5128:Office of the Chief Scientist 5108:National Agricultural Library 5104:Agricultural Research Service 4873:United States Fish Commission 4799:Air Force Research Laboratory 4688:Agricultural Research Service 2750:Crawford, Douglas M. (1964). 1950:United States Foreign Service 1880:Chief Agricultural Negotiator 1743:Presidential Medal of Freedom 1212:Foreign Agricultural Service 1151:Foreign Agricultural Service 1091:Foreign Agricultural Service 1077:Foreign Agricultural Service 1066:Foreign Agricultural Service 1053:Foreign Agricultural Service 1040:Foreign Agricultural Service 1029:Foreign Agricultural Service 1015:Foreign Agricultural Service 1004:Foreign Agricultural Service 993:Foreign Agricultural Service 978:Foreign Agricultural Service 967:Foreign Agricultural Service 954:Foreign Agricultural Service 941:Foreign Agricultural Service 926:Foreign Agricultural Service 915:Foreign Agricultural Service 904:Foreign Agricultural Service 891:Foreign Agricultural Service 878:Foreign Agricultural Service 865:Foreign Agricultural Service 854:Foreign Agricultural Service 843:Foreign Agricultural Service 832:Foreign Agricultural Service 821:Foreign Agricultural Service 810:Foreign Agricultural Service 799:Foreign Agricultural Service 788:Foreign Agricultural Service 777:Foreign Agricultural Service 766:Foreign Agricultural Service 753:Foreign Agricultural Service 742:Foreign Agricultural Service 729:Foreign Agricultural Service 638:Foreign Agricultural Service 208:In 1934, Congress passed the 5284:Foreign Agricultural Service 5174:Commodity Credit Corporation 4977:Foreign Agricultural Service 4809:Joint Typhoon Warning Center 4708:Foreign Agricultural Service 4451:Foreign Agricultural Service 3716:CRS Issue Brief for Congress 2632:"Lugar questioning FAS role" 1890:Commodity Credit Corporation 517:Commodity Credit Corporation 385:Commodity Credit Corporation 42:Foreign Agricultural Service 4528:National Science Foundation 3090:Wheeler, Leslie A. (1952). 3079:Wheeler, Leslie A. (1940). 2775:Estabrook, Leon M. (1936). 2752:"Our Agricultural Attachés" 2739:Clem, Alan L. (July 1960). 2570:September 22, 2018, at the 2232:The Foreign Service Journal 2226:Mustard, Allen (May 2003). 2024:, and the State Department 472:European Economic Community 435:European Economic Community 411:Foreign Service Act of 1980 260:International Wheat Council 5350: 5319:United States trade policy 5059:Food and Nutrition Service 4982:United States Codex Office 4703:Food and Nutrition Service 4546:Department of the Interior 3062:U.S. Department of State. 3034:U.S. Department of State. 2905:. iUniverse. p. 424. 2313:Interview with George Pope 2118:Reorganization Plan No. II 196:International trade policy 95:agricultural commissioners 28: 5217: 5119:Economic Research Service 4988: 4938:Jamie L. Whitten Building 4931: 4751:United States Coast Guard 4680:Department of Agriculture 4559:Bureau of Land Management 4501: 4419:Journal of Farm Economics 4400:Journal of Farm Economics 2186:Journal of Farm Economics 2096:for the years 1935 -1939. 1774:Christopher E. Goldthwait 1559:Economic Research Service 1273:Christopher E. Goldthwait 1188:Export Marketing Service 616: 551:Economic Research Service 502:Food for Progress program 425:as American Ambassadors. 4950:Secretary of Agriculture 4814:Office of Naval Research 4622:Marine Fisheries Service 4554:Bureau of Indian Affairs 4421:, July 1930, News Items" 4163:Lexington Clipper-Herald 3386:Departmental Regulations 3107:U.S. government websites 2837:Hutson, John B. (1953). 1852:Turkmenistan, 2015–2019 519:’s borrowing authority. 484:World Trade Organization 433:Trade tensions with the 5209:National Finance Center 5034:Rural Utilities Service 4723:Rural Utilities Service 4535:Smithsonian Institution 4370:Foreign Service Journal 4340:Foreign Service Journal 4310:Foreign Service Journal 4274:Foreign Service Journal 4250:Foreign Service Journal 4226:Foreign Service Journal 4202:Foreign Service Journal 2920:Mustard, Allan (2003). 2886:. New York: Doubleday. 2484:Foreign Service Journal 2123:April 28, 2008, at the 2011:, 1901, vol. 1, p. 1094 1974:"FAS Mission Statement" 1940:Unified Export Strategy 373:National Cotton Council 62:export credit guarantee 5329:Agricultural marketing 5299:Export credit agencies 5289:Agricultural economics 5265:public domain material 5250:public domain material 5235:public domain material 5180:Risk Management Agency 4604:Department of Commerce 4029:Oral Histories On Line 3431:Foreign Affairs Manual 2878:Mayer, Martin (1983). 2809:on September 27, 2009. 2334:July 28, 2011, at the 2049:Letter from Secretary 1727:Costa Rica, 1967–1969 1156:James A. Hutchins, Jr. 1098:General Sales Managers 897:August Schumacher, Jr. 532: 407:foreign affairs agency 368: 290: 262:, and began assisting 254: 205: 152:Agricultural Economics 118:Agricultural Economics 113: 89: 50:foreign affairs agency 35:Agricultural extension 5029:Rural Housing Service 4837:Climate Policy Office 4791:Department of Defense 4761:Department of Health 4574:National Park Service 4569:Bureau of Reclamation 4495:environmental science 4282:on September 16, 2011 4258:on September 16, 2011 3858:on September 27, 2009 3066:. Washington: USGPO. 3038:. Washington: USGPO. 2613:June 6, 2011, at the 2589:June 6, 2011, at the 2471:June 6, 2012, at the 2055:Milton William Shreve 1920:Market Access Program 1182:Clifford Pulvermacher 883:Richard B. Schroeter 530: 366: 288: 252: 231:Franklin D. Roosevelt 203: 111: 87: 4955:Xochitl Torres Small 4649:Department of Energy 4115:Government Executive 4091:Government Executive 3874:Congressional Record 3085:. Washington: USGPO. 3064:Foreign Service List 3057:. Washington: USGPO. 3017:. Washington: USGPO. 2958:Papers of Nils Olsen 2901:Morgan, Dan (2000). 2654:Government Executive 2595:Government Executive 2067:Papers of Nils Olsen 1895:Dennis A. FitzGerald 1865:Agricultural attaché 1720:Clarence A. Boonstra 1703:Honduras, 1960–1965 1160:1966–1967, 1968–1969 998:Michael V. Michener 848:Rolland E. Anderson 652:Dennis A. FitzGerald 336:FAS is reconstituted 295:technical assistance 137:agricultural attaché 5294:Diplomatic services 5269:Library of Congress 5170:Farm Service Agency 4698:Farm Service Agency 4384:on October 26, 2010 4354:on October 26, 2010 4324:on October 26, 2010 3955:, January 28, 1939" 3918:on October 13, 2008 3888:on October 13, 2008 3742:on January 10, 2016 3645:Library of Congress 3547:, October 31, 2007" 3505:on February 3, 2010 3499:, January 26, 2010" 3313:Federal Regulations 3036:Biographic Register 2998:on December 1, 2017 2930:on October 19, 2015 2824:on December 1, 2017 2785:on December 1, 2017 2762:on January 10, 2016 2433:on October 20, 2012 1810:Patricia M. Haslach 1785:Mattie R. Sharpless 1676:Agricultural Posts 1134:Sylvester J. Meyers 1034:Philip C. Karsting 932:Mattie R. Sharpless 747:William G. Lodwick 734:Clayton E. Whipple 460:Great grain robbery 443:President Kennedy's 367:FAS logo, 1953–2003 307:technology transfer 235:Department of State 4763:and Human Services 4139:Progressive Farmer 3722:on January 9, 2009 2619:Progressive Farmer 2597:, October 9, 2009. 2529:on January 7, 2010 2324:Merchants of Grain 1714:Kuwait, 1963–1969 1697:Charles R. Burrows 1395:Philip C. Karsting 1336:Patricia R. Sheikh 1204:George S. Shanklin 1123:Francis C. Daniels 1020:Suzanne E. Heinen 946:Mary T. Chambliss 920:Timothy J. Galvin 870:Stephen L. Censky 793:Raymond A. Ioanes 723:Romeo Ennis Short 712:Francis R. Wilcox 533: 470:In the 1980s, the 369: 303:Point Four Program 291: 255: 206: 114: 90: 5225: 5224: 4891: 4890: 4665:Office of Science 4167:. October 5, 2009 3991:The Foreign Crops 3697:on March 22, 2009 3529:on August 7, 2011 3523:, April 15, 2008" 2991:978-0-8371-7653-6 2965:on April 10, 2009 2912:978-0-595-14210-1 2893:978-0-385-14230-4 2713:. July 21, 2021. 2695:Official Register 2684:Official Register 2638:, October 5, 2009 2621:, October 9, 2009 1915:Leslie A. Wheeler 1856: 1855: 1685:Lester D. Mallory 1660: 1659: 1650:Lynnett M. Wagner 1488: 1487: 1384:Suzanne E. Heinen 1299:Mary T. Chambliss 1261:F. Paul Dickerson 1095: 1094: 960:A. Ellen Terpstra 826:Richard A. Smith 815:Thomas R. Hughes 771:Maxwell S. Myers 701:John J. Haggerty 690:Francis A. Flood 664:Fred J. Rossiter 618:Leslie A. Wheeler 330:Leslie A. Wheeler 276:World War II 239:Leslie A. Wheeler 160:diplomatic status 73:Roots in analysis 16:(Redirected from 5341: 5262: 5261: 5247: 5246: 5232: 5231: 4994: 4993: 4918: 4911: 4904: 4895: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4461: 4455:Federal Register 4447: 4446: 4444:Official website 4431: 4429: 4427: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4383: 4377:. Archived from 4376: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4353: 4347:. Archived from 4346: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4323: 4317:. Archived from 4316: 4303: 4302:. March 2, 2009. 4291: 4289: 4287: 4278:. 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Cottam 1670: 1516:Matthew Drosdoff 1502: 1417:Suzanne Palmieri 1406:Asif J. Chaudhry 1360:Christian Foster 1217:James Hutchinson 1109: 1058:James Higgiston 972:Michael W. Yost 909:Lon S. Hatamiya 782:Robert C. Tetro 590: 574:Heads of Service 342:Ezra Taft Benson 218:Henry A. Wallace 21: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5274: 5273: 5259: 5257: 5244: 5242: 5229: 5226: 5221: 5220: 5213: 5197: 5162: 5156: 5138: 5131: 5095: 5088: 5075: 5068: 5050: 5043: 5015: 5002: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4969: 4963: 4927: 4922: 4892: 4887: 4856: 4823: 4785: 4762: 4755: 4732: 4674: 4643: 4637:Weather Service 4617:Geodetic Survey 4598: 4540: 4497: 4488: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4425: 4423: 4415: 4406: 4404: 4396: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4366: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4336: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4294: 4285: 4283: 4270: 4261: 4259: 4246: 4237: 4235: 4234:on May 16, 2011 4222: 4213: 4211: 4198: 4189: 4187: 4179: 4170: 4168: 4159: 4150: 4148: 4147:on June 6, 2011 4135: 4126: 4124: 4123:on June 6, 2011 4111: 4102: 4100: 4099:on June 6, 2011 4087: 4084: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4017: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3995: 3987: 3978: 3976: 3974:, June 5, 1930" 3968: 3959: 3957: 3949: 3940: 3938: 3930: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3900: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3870: 3861: 3859: 3846: 3830: 3823: 3821: 3801: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3773: 3764: 3762: 3754: 3745: 3743: 3734: 3725: 3723: 3709: 3700: 3698: 3689: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3659: 3650: 3648: 3639: 3631: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3601: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3541: 3532: 3530: 3517: 3508: 3506: 3493: 3490: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3437: 3434: 3421: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3395: 3388: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3102:Further reading 3089: 3078: 3061: 3050: 3033: 3021: 3010: 3001: 2999: 2992: 2977: 2968: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2933: 2931: 2919: 2913: 2900: 2894: 2877: 2866: 2859: 2850: 2848: 2836: 2827: 2825: 2813: 2797: 2788: 2786: 2774: 2765: 2763: 2749: 2738: 2735: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2689: 2677: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2660:on June 6, 2011 2647: 2646: 2642: 2629: 2625: 2615:Wayback Machine 2605: 2601: 2591:Wayback Machine 2581: 2577: 2572:Wayback Machine 2562:Washington Post 2560: 2556: 2539: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2517:"Archived copy" 2515: 2512: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2473:Wayback Machine 2464: 2460: 2443: 2436: 2434: 2427:"Archived copy" 2425: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2368: 2366: 2365:on May 15, 2009 2357: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2336:Wayback Machine 2321: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2256:Howard, et al, 2255: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2188:, December 1952 2183: 2179: 2172: 2165: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2125:Wayback Machine 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2076: 2065: 2061: 2048: 2044: 2036: 2032: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1993: 1983: 1981: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1955:Wolf Ladejinsky 1925:Stanley Andrews 1861: 1797:Suzanne K. Hale 1780:Chad 1999–2004 1665: 1589:Joan S. Wallace 1528:Lester R. Brown 1493: 1312:Franklin D. Lee 1100: 1082:Daniel Whitley 1009:John D. Brewer 984:Suzanne K. Hale 859:Duane C. Acker 678:Stanley Andrews 629: 611: 576: 571: 537:Orville Freeman 525: 513:George McGovern 493: 431: 419:Foreign Service 338: 247: 198: 75: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5347: 5345: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5276: 5275: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5187: 5177: 5166: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5100: 5098: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5055: 5053: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5011:Forest Service 5007: 5005: 4997: 4996: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4952: 4942: 4941: 4935:Headquarters: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4795: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4765: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4728:Forest Service 4725: 4720: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4608: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4448: 4437: 4436:External links 4434: 4433: 4432: 4413: 4394: 4364: 4334: 4304: 4292: 4268: 4244: 4220: 4210:on May 4, 2010 4196: 4177: 4157: 4133: 4109: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4063: 4048: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4004: 3985: 3966: 3947: 3928: 3898: 3868: 3844: 3799: 3786: 3771: 3752: 3732: 3707: 3687: 3657: 3629: 3599: 3569: 3539: 3515: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3484: 3469: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3447: 3433: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3411: 3394: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3364: 3346: 3331: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3294: 3276: 3258: 3239: 3227: 3208: 3190: 3172: 3154: 3134: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3087: 3076: 3059: 3048: 3031: 3019: 3008: 2990: 2975: 2952: 2940: 2917: 2911: 2898: 2892: 2875: 2857: 2834: 2811: 2795: 2772: 2756:Farmer's World 2747: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2698: 2687: 2671: 2640: 2623: 2599: 2575: 2554: 2506: 2495:on May 5, 2009 2476: 2458: 2417: 2408: 2399: 2386: 2377: 2349: 2340: 2315: 2306: 2297: 2288: 2279: 2270: 2261: 2249: 2218: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2177: 2163: 2150: 2137: 2128: 2110: 2098: 2085: 2074: 2059: 2042: 2030: 2013: 2001: 1991: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1875:Canadian Caper 1872: 1867: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1762:George S. Vest 1758: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1750:H. Reiter Webb 1747: 1746: 1738: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1600:Robert Scherle 1597: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1478:Brooke Jamison 1475: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1429: 1428:Allison Thomas 1425: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1373:Janet A. Nuzum 1370: 1369: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1349:John D. Brewer 1346: 1345: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1325:W. Kirk Miller 1322: 1321: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1228:Kelly Harrison 1225: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088:, 2021–present 1083: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1046: 1045:Holly Higgins 1042: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1002: 999: 995: 994: 991: 986: 980: 979: 976: 973: 969: 968: 965: 962: 956: 955: 952: 947: 943: 942: 939: 934: 928: 927: 924: 921: 917: 916: 913: 910: 906: 905: 902: 899: 893: 892: 889: 884: 880: 879: 876: 871: 867: 866: 863: 860: 856: 855: 852: 849: 845: 844: 841: 838: 837:Thomas O. Kay 834: 833: 830: 827: 823: 822: 819: 816: 812: 811: 808: 805: 804:David L. Hume 801: 800: 797: 794: 790: 789: 786: 783: 779: 778: 775: 772: 768: 767: 764: 761: 755: 754: 751: 748: 744: 743: 740: 735: 731: 730: 727: 724: 720: 719: 716: 713: 709: 708: 705: 702: 698: 697: 694: 691: 687: 686: 683: 680: 674: 673: 670: 665: 661: 660: 657: 654: 648: 647: 644: 640: 639: 636: 632: 631: 626: 620: 614: 613: 608: 605: 601: 600: 597: 594: 575: 572: 570: 567: 524: 521: 498:Food for Peace 492: 489: 464:remote sensing 448:European Union 430: 427: 415:civil servants 353:Food for Peace 337: 334: 264:Latin American 246: 243: 197: 194: 145:Herbert Hoover 141:Herbert Hoover 74: 71: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5346: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5255: 5251: 5240: 5236: 5216: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5134: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5071: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4998: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4914: 4912: 4907: 4905: 4900: 4899: 4896: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4627:Ocean Service 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4480: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4422: 4420: 4414: 4403: 4401: 4395: 4380: 4373: 4371: 4365: 4350: 4343: 4341: 4335: 4320: 4313: 4311: 4305: 4301: 4299: 4293: 4281: 4277: 4275: 4269: 4257: 4253: 4251: 4245: 4233: 4229: 4227: 4221: 4209: 4205: 4203: 4197: 4186: 4184: 4178: 4166: 4164: 4158: 4146: 4142: 4140: 4134: 4122: 4118: 4116: 4110: 4098: 4094: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4068: 4064: 4053: 4049: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4013: 4011: 4005: 3994: 3992: 3986: 3975: 3973: 3967: 3956: 3954: 3948: 3937: 3935: 3929: 3914: 3907: 3905: 3899: 3884: 3877: 3875: 3869: 3857: 3853: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3807: 3800: 3789: 3787:9780160444661 3783: 3779: 3778: 3772: 3761: 3759: 3753: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3673: 3666: 3664: 3658: 3647: 3646: 3638: 3636: 3630: 3615: 3608: 3606: 3600: 3585: 3578: 3576: 3570: 3555: 3548: 3546: 3540: 3528: 3524: 3522: 3516: 3504: 3500: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3474: 3470: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3420: 3418: 3412: 3405: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3385: 3369: 3365: 3351: 3347: 3336: 3332: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3299: 3295: 3281: 3277: 3263: 3259: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3213: 3209: 3195: 3191: 3177: 3173: 3159: 3155: 3139: 3135: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3009: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2976: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2955:Olsen, Nils. 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2882:The Diplomats 2876: 2872: 2869:. St. Louis: 2865: 2864: 2858: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2835: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2773: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2680:Reminiscences 2675: 2672: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2555: 2550: 2544: 2525: 2518: 2510: 2507: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2454: 2448: 2437:September 16, 2432: 2428: 2421: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2219: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2108:, 1935, p. 6. 2107: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2002: 1995: 1992: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1910:Iowa Hog Lift 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1845:Allan Mustard 1843: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1662: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1620: 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