950:
1695:
1154:
3597:
1123:, the main teaching language is Hebrew, English is taught as a second language, and most students learn a third language, usually Arabic but not necessarily. Other public schools have Arabic as their main teaching language, and they teach Hebrew as a second language and English as a third one. There are also bilingual schools which aim to teach both Hebrew and Arabic equally.
797:, but Amharic is the de facto sole official language which is used by the government for issuing driving licenses, business licenses, passport, and foreign diplomacy with the addition that Court documents are in Amharic, and the constitution is written in Amharic, making Amharic a higher official language in the country.
1786:
Opponents of an official language policy in the United States argue that it would hamper "the government's ability to reach out, communicate, and warn people in the event of a natural or man-made disaster such as a hurricane, pandemic, or...another terrorist attack". Professor of politics Alan Patten
451:
are examples of official multilingualism. This has been described as controversial and, in some other areas where it has been proposed, the idea has been rejected. It has also been described as necessary for the recognition of different groups or as an advantage for the country in presenting itself
1575:
the mainland
Chinese-run government made Mandarin the official language, and it was used in the schools and government. Under the Development of National Languages Act, political participation can be conducted in any national language, which is defined as a "natural language used by an original
2062:
Pueblo v. Tribunal
Superior, 92 D.P.R. 596 (1965). Translation taken from the English text, 92 P.R.R. 580 (1965), p. 588-589. See also LOPEZ-BARALT NEGRON, "Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior: Español: Idioma del proceso judicial", 36 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 396 (1967), and
1138:
enjoy a somewhat special status but are not official languages. For instance, at least 5% of the broadcasting time of privately owned TV channels must be translated into
Russian (a similar privilege is granted to Arabic), warnings must be translated to several languages, and signs are mostly
1641:
1787:
argues that disengagement (officially ignoring the issue) works well in religious issues but that it is not possible with language issues because it must offer public services in some language. Even if it makes a conscious effort not to establish an official language, a
1720:
have designated
English as one, or the only, official language, while courts have found that residents in the 50 states do not have a right to government services in their preferred language. Public debate in the last few decades has focused on whether
1106:"All Ordinances, official notices and official forms of the Government and all official notices of local authorities and municipalities in areas to be prescribed by order of the High Commissioner, shall be published in English, Arabic, and Hebrew."
995:
written in the
Devanagari script. Although the original intentions of the constitution were to phase out English as an official language, provisions were provided so that "Parliament may by law provide for the use ... of ... the English language".
329:
2480:
The use of
English in Australia is one example of both a de facto national and official language: it is widely used and is the language of government and the courts, but has never been legally designated as the country's official
359:
281:
1003:
lists has 22 languages, which have been referred to as scheduled languages and given recognition, status and official encouragement. In addition, the
Government of India has awarded the distinction of classical language to
817:
of the republic, giving their speakers the right to communicate with, and receive official documents from, government authorities in either of the two languages in any part of the country – making those languages de facto
347:
323:
317:
293:
275:
257:
71:. Some countries use the official language designation to empower indigenous groups by giving them access to the government in their native languages. In countries that do not formally designate an official language, a
287:
269:
263:
252:) in three or more sovereign states. In some cases, a language may be defined as different languages in different countries. Examples are Hindi and Urdu, Malay and Indonesian, Serbian and Croatian, Persian and Tajik.
2277:
353:
305:
1110:
This law, like most other laws of the
British Mandate, was adopted in the State of Israel, subject to certain amendments published by the provisional legislative branch on 19 May 1948. The amendment states that:
112:
which has three endoglossic official languages. By this, the country aims to protect the indigenous languages although at the same time recognising the
English language as its lingua franca. In spatial terms,
1870:, Croatian, and Serbian. From the linguistic point of view, the different names refer to national varieties of the same language, which is known under the appellation of Serbo-Croatian. The language used in
3227:
1698:
Map of US official language status by state before 2016. Blue: English declared the official language; light-blue: English declared a co-official language; gray: no official language specified.
1497:, are allowed to adopt additional official languages alongside Russian in their constitutions. Republics are often based around particular native ethnic groups and are often areas where ethnic
1080:
as "the State's language" and Arabic as a language with "a special status in the State" (article 4). The law further says that it should not be interpreted as compromising the status of the
1073:
1095:
1518:
has twelve official languages that are mostly indigenous. Due to limited funding, however, the government rarely produces documents in most languages. Accusations of mismanagement and
3622:
3026:
2278:
https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/na-approves-south-african-sign-language-12th-official-language#:~:text=The%20Committee%20noted%20that%20the,Board%20Act%2059%20of%201995
2518:
Rahman, Mohammad Mosiur; Islam, Md
Shaiful; Karim, Abdul; Chowdhury, Takad Ahmed; Rahman, Muhammad Mushfiqur; Seraj, Prodhan Mahbub Ibna; Singh, Manjet Kaur Mehar (December 2019).
1996:
1313:
461:
2604:
217:
in the northeast. Texts were dictated in the native dialects and written down in Aramaic, and then read out again in the native language at the places they were received.
1526:, established to promote multilingualism, develop the 11 official languages, and protect language rights in the country. In practice, government is conducted in English.
3302:
2074:"Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482 "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche" pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297 del 20 dicembre 1999"
1735:
in the following 32 languages: Amharic, Arabic, Armenian, Chinese, Croatian, English, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hmong, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian,
3186:
1560:. At the federal level German, French and Italian are official languages, the official languages of individual cantons depend on the languages spoken in them.
2990:
3283:
2893:
1000:
386:
3231:
1084:
language in practice before the enactment of the basic law, namely, it preserves the status quo and changes the status of Hebrew and Arabic only nominally.
3574:
2376:
414:
201:
or Imperial Aramaic) as the vehicle for written communication between the different regions of the vast empire with its different peoples and languages.
121:, while mainly non-indigenous (exoglossic) imperial (European) languages fulfill this function in most of the "Rest of the World" (that is, in parts of
423:", where a government recognizes multiple official languages. Under this system, all government services are available in all official languages. Each
2001:
1813:
had no official language on the federal level, its six constituent republics including two autonomous provinces accounted for four official languages—
1365:
1810:
1732:
879:, which are officially recognised. Migrant languages like Turkish, Russian and Spanish are widespread but are not officially recognised languages.
419:
The selection of an official language (or the lack thereof) is often contentious. An alternative to having a single official language is "official
978:
228:
would remain the standard written language for the next 2000 years. Standardization of the spoken language received less political attention, and
3263:
1257:), also known as Bahasa Malaysia or just Bahasa for short. Bahasa Melayu is being protected under Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia.
1228:
1139:
trilingual (Hebrew, Arabic and English), and the government supports Yiddish and Ladino culture (alongside Hebrew culture and Arabic culture).
988:
3481:
3354:
3162:
2932:
2897:
2852:
Law and Administration Ordinance No 1 of 5708—1948, clause 15(b). Official Gazette No. 1 of 5th Iyar, 5708; as per authorised translation in
1199:
is recognized as "the language of the indigenous (autochthonous) population". Latvia also provides national minority education programmes in
1087:
Before the enactment of the aforementioned basic law, the status of official language in Israel was determined by the 82nd paragraph of the "
533:
1963:
3495:
2160:
2164:
2649:
64:) have never declared de jure official languages at the national level. Other nations have declared non-indigenous official languages.
3332:
1493:, however many minority languages have official status in the areas where they are indigenous. One type of federal subject in Russia,
3561:
2440:
2413:
2386:
1373:
1304:
is on both Saba and Sint Eustatius. These languages can be used in official documents (but do not have the same status as Frisian).
600:
427:
may choose their preferred language when conducting business. Most countries are multilingual and many are officially multilingual.
3051:
2948:
2760:
2798:
2739:
1717:
1523:
3008:
1805:
Sometimes an official language definition can be motivated more by national identity than by linguistic concerns. Prior to the
1663:
1165:
675:
3310:
1394:
The official language of Nigeria is English, which was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country.
1703:
926:
760:
756:
236:
basis from the dialects of the various imperial capitals until being officially standardized in the early twentieth century.
1743:, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Romanian, Russian, Samoan, Spanish, Tagalog/Filipino, Thai, Tongan, Turkish, and Vietnamese.
949:
2670:
2081:
934:
45:
having certain rights to be used in defined situations. These rights can be created in written form or by historic usage.
3587:
2717:
1439:
898:
763:
defines French, the language of the majority of the population, as the official language of the provincial government.
3617:
3424:]. Arbejdspapirer; vol. 1 (in Danish). Århus: Slavisk Institut, Århus Universitet. p. unpaginated (Preface).
1411:
482:
206:
2103:
1637:
1519:
1490:
1354:
596:
555:
393:
is the country with the third lead with 12 official languages that all have equal status; Bolivia gives primacy to
3537:
2975:
2815:
2520:"English language teaching in Bangladesh today: Issues, outcomes and implications | Language Testing in Asia"
48:
178 countries recognize an official language, 101 of them recognizing more than one. The government of Italy made
3512:
1937:
1836:
1510:
1344:
2919:
2780:
343. Official language of the Union.—(1) The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script.
2551:
2253:
2180:
1891:
1712:
national language of the United States. While there is no official language at the federal level, 32 of the 50
1633:
1535:
1325:
472:
3079:
1612:
are the official languages of the country, and every official document must be published in both languages;
1153:
549:
486:
2168:
1863:
1694:
894:
888:
876:
559:
520:
725:
2961:
2663:
2293:
2006:
1879:
1855:
1806:
1777:
1545:
1422:
1281:
1277:
1099:
984:
772:
705:
575:
3456:
2457:
2327:
3056:
2493:
2063:
VIENTOS-GASTON, "Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma", 36 Rev. Col. Ab. (P.R.) 843 (1975).
1875:
1629:
1389:
1069:
839:
681:
563:
221:
3200:
Mac Síthigh, Daithí (March 2018). "Official status of languages in the United Kingdom and Ireland".
2625:
3133:
1822:
1613:
1609:
1494:
1477:
1456:
1407:
1372:
recognise English as an official language. As of May 2020, the bill had not progressed. During the
1224:
1220:
1148:
1059:
1043:
1037:
914:
625:
617:
612:
114:
97:
3365:
3579:
3258:
3180:
2820:
2570:
2350:
2077:
1895:
1651:
1577:
1568:
1486:
1235:
as a co-official language, but the proposal was rejected by nearly three-quarters of the voters.
1212:
1192:
1088:
974:
937:
particularly in areas related to tourism. In government use, documents written using Traditional
709:
659:
186:
2117:
1430:
and English both are official languages in Pakistan. Pakistan has more than 60 other languages.
3468:
3460:
2692:
381:
officially recognizes 37 languages, the most of any country in the world. Second to Bolivia is
3557:
3487:
3477:
3425:
3391:"Language Freedom and Restriction: A Historical Approach to the Official Language Controversy"
3168:
3158:
2928:
2436:
2409:
2382:
2026:
2016:
2011:
1922:
1851:
1826:
1794:
1736:
1642:
Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language"
1588:. According to Taiwan's Legislative Yuan, amendments were made to the Hakka Basic Act to make
1581:
1444:
1361:
1340:
1216:
1196:
1180:
906:
852:
823:
790:
584:
529:
225:
190:
68:
31:
3443:
3253:
3106:
2506:
81:
is the most common official or co-official language, with recognized status in 51 countries.
3601:
3209:
2866:
2531:
2469:
2342:
2031:
1958:
1917:
1912:
1867:
1859:
1818:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1722:
1669:
1617:
1557:
1553:
1482:
1395:
1301:
1232:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1172:
1158:
1091:
958:
902:
856:
810:
806:
778:
752:(Dogrib). All provinces, however, offer some necessary services in both English and French.
717:
621:
588:
398:
394:
311:
229:
198:
194:
182:
90:
78:
49:
1725:
should be recognized by the government, or whether all business should be done in English.
3298:
2802:
2582:
2021:
1991:
1968:
1942:
1927:
1840:
1762:
1589:
1585:
1549:
1461:
1305:
1204:
1017:
938:
872:
868:
844:
786:
749:
745:
741:
721:
648:
644:
490:
420:
335:
86:
2596:
2181:
Tomasz Kamusella. 2020. Global Language Politics: Eurasia versus the Rest (pp. 118–151).
377:—have no official language recognized as such at a national level. On the other extreme,
1978:
1973:
1947:
1902:
1814:
1677:
1605:
1498:
1377:
1293:
1280:
is the official second language. While Dutch is therefore the official language of the
1265:
1250:
1244:
1135:
1005:
962:
782:
640:
516:
448:
402:
370:
341:
299:
202:
2791:
2494:"2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics"
1769:. The same languages are also on ballot papers in certain parts of the state (namely,
3611:
2354:
1953:
1907:
1831:
1770:
1289:
1025:
954:
864:
860:
794:
713:
685:
494:
374:
53:
3285:- US English: West Virginia Becomes 32nd State to Adopt English as Official Language
2378:
Between Natives and Foreigners: Selected Writings of Karl/Charles Follen (1796-1840)
3442:
Václav Blažek, "On the Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey"
3154:
Constituição da República de Timor-Leste = Konstituisaun Repúblika Timor-Leste nian
2197:
1932:
1781:
1572:
1515:
1120:
941:
characters are authoritative over ones written with Simplified Chinese characters.
737:
390:
270:
23 UN states and Palestine, 2 non-UN states on the same territory, and 1 dependency
3564:— lists official languages of the countries of the world, among other information.
1272:(a constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands). In the province of
2430:
2403:
2216:
1115:"Any provision in the law requiring the use of the English language is repealed."
224:
standardized the written language of China after unifying the country in 221 BC.
17:
3228:"Welsh speakers by local authority, gender and detailed age groups, 2011 Census"
3084:
2346:
1713:
1541:
1330:
1269:
1162:
1050:). Bahasa Indonesia is regulated in Chapter XV, 1945 Constitution of Indonesia.
918:
729:
701:
684:
gives equal status to English and French as official languages. The Province of
537:
444:
436:
162:
3596:
2735:
2474:
2073:
2721:
2536:
1871:
1728:
1309:
1297:
592:
142:
3491:
3429:
3213:
3172:
1161:
on "Lenin Street" in the two official languages at the time of the 1945–1991
2951:. Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties. 11 January 2016.
2871:
2792:
Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constution [
2137:
1273:
1021:
910:
733:
697:
366:
158:
130:
61:
3027:"English an Official Language of New Zealand Bill - New Zealand Parliament"
3152:
2816:"Israeli Law Declares the Country the 'Nation-State of the Jewish People'"
933:
standard for written Chinese, however, there is an increasing presence of
3390:
2991:"NZ First submits Bill for English to be recognised as official language"
2458:"'National' and 'Official' Languages Across the Independent Asia-Pacific"
1789:
1749:
state provides voter-registration forms in the following five languages:
1709:
1335:
1009:
663:
580:
574:
After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the then Head of the State
525:
507:
214:
170:
146:
126:
73:
42:
2429:
Martin-Jones, Marilyn; Blackledge, Adrian; Creese, Angela (2012-01-01).
1847:
1682:
1647:
1369:
1349:
1285:
1131:
1127:
1126:
Some languages other than Hebrew and Arabic, such as English, Russian,
1065:
1013:
848:
693:
636:
440:
424:
378:
210:
154:
150:
138:
134:
118:
109:
913:
with equal status. The variety of Chinese is not stipulated; however,
2636:
1593:
1465:
1208:
1168:
1081:
1077:
966:
432:
428:
122:
82:
57:
3395:
Effective Language Education Practices and Native Language Survival
1850:
declared independence in 1991, it defined its official language as
1693:
1673:
1152:
992:
689:
603:
to ensure the mandatory use of Bengali in all government affairs.
382:
300:
4 UN states and 1 partially recognized state on the same territory
166:
67:
Many of the world's constitutions mention one or more official or
991:) designates the official language of the Government of India as
3554:
Writing Systems of the World: Alphabets, Syllabaries, Pictograms
1427:
777:
Ethiopia has five official languages (Amharic alone until 2020)
2650:"One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages"
2104:"FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States"
3052:"Winston Peters proposes to make English an official language"
1380:
promised to make English an official language of New Zealand.
1296:), it is not any of the three islands' main spoken language:
117:
are mostly employed in the function of official languages in
2204:, vol. 7, New York: Columbia University, pp. 41–50
1447:
and English both are official languages of the Philippines.
93:
are official or co-official languages in several countries.
2118:"Read about "Official or national languages" on Constitute"
1339:
official language, accepted as such in all situations. The
917:, being the language most commonly used by the majority of
2138:"L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde: page d'accueil"
336:
3 UN states and 1 unrecognized state on the same territory
3463:[Croatian, Serbian, Bosniakian, and Montenegrin]
3303:"Should English be declared America's national language?"
3230:. statswales.gov.wales. 11 December 2012. Archived from
2519:
2254:"Chapter 1, Article 6 of the South African Constitution"
1668:
The de facto official language of the United Kingdom is
536:, being the only language spoken in the home for 72% of
3476:. vol. 3 (in French). Paris: Non Lieu. pp. 71–78.
2814:
Halbfinger, David M.; Kershner, Isabel (19 July 2018).
2556:
The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
511:
national language of Australia, while Australia has no
27:
Language given special status in a country or territory
2558:. Ministry of Law, The People's Republic of Bangladesh
2183:
Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics
1835:
for mutual understanding and was also the language of
1571:
is the most common language used in government. After
3585:
2843:, No. 898 of 29 June 1939, Supplement 2, pp. 464–465.
2602:[Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987].
1680:, spoken by approximately 20% of the population, has
1501:
and native Russian-language speakers are a minority.
1316:, are spoken in specific regions of the Netherlands.
52:
official only in 1999, and some nations (such as the
3461:"La langue croate, serbe, bosniaque et monténégrine"
1300:
is the most often spoken language on Bonaire, while
1195:
is protected as "a historic variant of Latvian" and
578:
adopted the policy of 'one state one language'. The
2927:. Latvian Language Agency. 2017. pp. 229–230.
1997:
List of official languages by country and territory
1878:upon Montenegro's declaration of independence from
680:Following the Constitution Act, 1982 the (federal)
462:
List of official languages by country and territory
2605:Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs
2462:Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies
2053:, Ed. Tom McArthur, Oxford University Press, 1998.
2980:Ruth Dyson. 2 April 2006. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
929:are most commonly used in Hong Kong and form the
3418:Serbokroatisk grammatik: substantivets morfologi
2966:New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
2637:Constitution of the Republic Bulgaria, article 3
2288:
2286:
2051:Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language
1839:, as official in four republics and taught as a
3009:"NZ First Bill: English set to become official"
2977:NZ Sign Language to be third official language.
1620:hold "working language" status in the country.
1191:as the sole official language of Latvia, while
1074:Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People
3623:Countries and territories by official language
2507:The Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan
2375:Follen, Charles; Mehring, Frank (2007-01-01).
1604:According to the constitution of Timor-Leste,
696:has four official languages: English, French,
599:. The government of Bangladesh introduced the
3293:
3291:
1576:people group of Taiwan", which also includes
1333:has three official languages. English is the
826:have those same rights in their native area (
8:
2294:"Language in South Africa: An official mess"
2894:"Minority education: statistics and trends"
456:Official languages by country and territory
173:are among the exceptions to this tendency.
3185:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3134:"HAKKA NOW AN OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF TAIWAN"
2248:
2246:
1858:likewise defined its official language as
1042:The official language of Indonesia is the
1001:Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution
415:List of multilingual countries and regions
2720:. anthony8988. 7 May 2014. Archived from
2626:Belgium, a federal state: The communities
2535:
2473:
2432:The Routledge Handbook of Multilingualism
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2002:List of official languages by institution
1249:The official language of Malaysia is the
601:Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987
3513:"What Languages Are Spoken In Zimbabwe?"
3355:"New York State Voter Registration Form"
2718:"War between Traditional and Simplified"
1357:and New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006.
948:
558:designates the official language of the
3592:
3422:Serbo-Croatian Grammar: Noun Morphology
2921:Language situation in Latvia: 2010–2015
2042:
979:Languages with official status in India
805:According to the Finnish constitution,
3178:
2949:"Welke erkende talen heeft Nederland?"
2578:
2568:
2328:"Political Theory and Language Policy"
595:according to the third article of the
244:The following languages are official (
3254:"Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011"
2898:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia
1187:The Official Language Law recognizes
96:An official language that is also an
7:
2597:"Bangla Bhasha Procholon Ain, 1987"
2405:Representation and Democratic Theory
1686:official status, alongside English.
688:is also officially bilingual, as is
2963:New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006.
1368:introduced a bill to parliament to
591:, is the sole official language of
360:3 UN states (counting Fijian Hindi)
77:national language usually evolves.
3050:McGuire, Casper (20 August 2023).
1866:defined three official languages:
515:official language, English is the
330:3 UN states (4 counting Afrikaans)
115:indigenous (endoglossic) languages
25:
3501:from the original on 1 June 2012.
3362:New York State Board of Elections
2736:"Disclaimer and Copyright Notice"
2240:Records of the Grand Historian, 6
2217:"ARAMAIC – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1854:, while the confederate union of
1374:2023 New Zealand general election
662:is the sole official language in
523:, and has been entrenched as the
312:4 UN states (5 counting Comorian)
3595:
2084:from the original on 12 May 2015
1524:Pan South African Language Board
1485:is the official language of the
1312:, languages acknowledged by the
1268:is the official language of the
755:The Province of Quebec with the
264:28 UN states and 11 dependencies
258:58 UN states and 31 dependencies
104:, one that is not indigenous is
3132:languagehat (January 4, 2018).
3078:Xaba, Vusi (2 September 2011).
2552:"Article 3. The state language"
1829:. Serbo-Croatian served as the
1664:Languages of the United Kingdom
1540:The four national languages of
708:has eleven official languages:
676:Official bilingualism in Canada
1704:Languages of the United States
1522:have been leveled against the
927:Traditional Chinese characters
909:are the official languages of
761:Charter of the French Language
757:Official Language Act (Quebec)
639:has three official languages:
521:the majority of the population
294:5 UN and 4 unrecognized states
1:
3080:"Language board to be probed"
2698:. Ministry of Justice. s 2(1)
2402:Laycock, David (2011-11-01).
1797:", will nevertheless emerge.
935:Simplified Chinese characters
397:, and India gives primacy to
346:Standard Chinese (Mandarin):
276:20 UN states and 1 dependency
3309:. Scholastic. Archived from
2326:Alan Patten (October 2011).
1731:allows people to take their
1582:Taiwanese variety of Hokkien
1464:is the official language of
1440:Languages of the Philippines
1100:British Mandate of Palestine
899:Official Languages Ordinance
847:is the official language of
624:have official status in the
324:3 UN states and 1 dependency
318:3 UN states and Vatican City
306:4 UN states and 1 dependency
282:9 UN states and 1 dependency
3467:. In Madelain, Anne (ed.).
2854:Laws of the State of Israel
2770:. Government of India. 2022
2761:"THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA"
2664:The Constitution of Finland
2599:বাংলা ভাষা প্রচলন আইন, ১৯৮৭
2347:10.1177/0090591701029005005
1874:became standardized as the
1793:official language, or the "
1412:Norwegian language conflict
1376:, New Zealand First leader
483:Constitution of Afghanistan
3639:
3307:The New York Times upfront
2608:. Government of Bangladesh
2475:10.5130/pjmis.v16i1-2.6510
2258:constitutionalcourt.org.za
1890:Since the adoption of the
1775:
1739:, Khmer, Korean, Laotian,
1701:
1661:
1638:Language policy in Ukraine
1627:
1533:
1508:
1475:
1454:
1437:
1420:
1405:
1387:
1353:official status under the
1323:
1242:
1146:
1057:
1035:
972:
886:
837:
770:
673:
610:
597:Constitution of Bangladesh
547:
470:
459:
412:
29:
2537:10.1186/s40468-019-0085-8
2196:Shahbazi, Shapur (1994),
1646:The official language of
1511:Languages of South Africa
1345:New Zealand Sign Language
1229:constitutional referendum
205:was widely employed from
193:, he chose a form of the
3214:10.1177/1473779518773642
2598:
2524:Language Testing in Asia
1634:Russification of Ukraine
1592:an official language of
1536:Languages of Switzerland
1326:Languages of New Zealand
953:Trilingual signboard in
556:Azerbaijani Constitution
473:Languages of Afghanistan
405:(only for some extent).
30:Not to be confused with
3202:Common Law World Review
2867:"Official Language Law"
2142:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
1716:and all five inhabited
1355:Māori Language Act 1987
550:Languages of Azerbaijan
497:as official languages.
3416:Mørk, Henning (2002).
2856:, Vol. I (1948) p. 10.
2768:Legislative Department
2169:OxfordDictionaries.com
1864:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1807:breakup in early 1990s
1699:
1227:. In 2012 there was a
1184:
1102:, as amended in 1939:
970:
895:Basic Law of Hong Kong
889:Languages of Hong Kong
560:Republic of Azerbaijan
489:gives equal status to
409:Political alternatives
348:2 UN states and Taiwan
3444:retrieved 20 Oct 2010
3333:"Available Languages"
3264:The National Archives
2841:The Palestine Gazette
2456:Ward, Rowena (2019).
2221:www.iranicaonline.org
2049:"Official Language",
2007:Medium of instruction
1880:Serbia and Montenegro
1856:Serbia and Montenegro
1778:English-only movement
1697:
1423:Languages of Pakistan
1396:British colonial rule
1347:both have restricted
1282:Caribbean Netherlands
1156:
1064:On 19 July 2018, the
985:Constitution of India
973:Further information:
952:
925:standard. Similarly,
773:Languages of Ethiopia
706:Northwest Territories
613:Belarusian since 1991
576:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
479:Chapter 1, Article 16
387:22 official languages
3575:Languages by country
3313:on February 19, 2015
3151:Timor-Leste (2015).
2648:Shaban, Abdurahman.
2202:Encyclopedia Iranica
2198:"Darius I the Great"
1876:Montenegrin language
1630:Languages of Ukraine
1390:Languages of Nigeria
840:Languages of Germany
682:Government of Canada
564:Azerbaijani Language
365:Some countries—like
222:First Emperor of Qin
209:in the southwest to
181:Around 500 BC, when
3015:. 15 February 2018.
2997:. 15 February 2018.
2740:Legislative Council
2671:Ministry of Justice
1478:Languages of Russia
1457:Languages of Poland
1408:Languages of Norway
1149:Languages of Latvia
1060:Languages of Israel
1044:Indonesian language
1038:Indonesian language
626:Republic of Belarus
534:European settlement
98:indigenous language
3618:Official languages
3580:The World Factbook
3259:legislation.gov.uk
2821:The New York Times
2801:2016-06-04 at the
2215:electricpulp.com.
2078:Italian Parliament
1896:official languages
1894:, Zimbabwe has 16
1843:in the other two.
1700:
1578:Formosan languages
1487:Russian Federation
1185:
975:Languages of India
971:
853:minority languages
815:national languages
69:national languages
3483:978-2-35270-036-4
3301:; Cecilia Muñoz.
3164:978-989-611-449-7
3085:SowetanLive.co.za
3031:www.parliament.nz
2934:978-9984-829-47-0
2693:Sámi Language Act
2027:Regional language
2017:National language
2012:Minority language
1892:2013 Constitution
1795:national language
1362:New Zealand First
1181:Cyrillic alphabet
893:According to the
585:national language
530:national language
487:Afghan government
226:Classical Chinese
108:. An instance is
39:official language
32:national language
18:Official Language
16:(Redirected from
3630:
3600:
3599:
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3541:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3475:
3466:
3457:Kordić, Snježana
3453:
3447:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3389:James Crawford.
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3364:. Archived from
3359:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3335:. California DMV
3329:
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2335:Political Theory
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2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2047:
2032:Working language
1718:U.S. territories
1491:federal subjects
1366:Clayton Mitchell
1314:European Charter
1092:Order in Council
1076:, which defines
1072:under the title
1048:Bahasa Indonesia
298:Serbo-Croatian:
232:developed on an
199:Official Aramaic
195:Aramaic language
183:Darius the Great
21:
3638:
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3631:
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3550:
3548:Further reading
3545:
3536:
3535:
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3522:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3498:
3484:
3473:
3470:Au sud de l'Est
3464:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3441:
3437:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3397:. pp. 9–22
3388:
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3338:
3336:
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3326:
3316:
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3299:James M. Inhofe
3297:
3296:
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3282:
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3268:
3266:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3234:on 16 June 2016
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2808:
2803:Wayback Machine
2790:
2786:
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2190:
2185:. Vol 14, No 2.
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2072:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2022:Official script
1992:Language policy
1988:
1888:
1841:second language
1803:
1784:
1708:English is the
1706:
1692:
1666:
1660:
1644:
1626:
1602:
1566:
1538:
1532:
1513:
1507:
1480:
1474:
1459:
1453:
1442:
1436:
1425:
1419:
1414:
1406:Main articles:
1404:
1398:ended in 1960.
1392:
1386:
1328:
1322:
1263:
1247:
1241:
1151:
1145:
1062:
1056:
1040:
1034:
981:
947:
891:
885:
851:. However, its
842:
836:
803:
775:
769:
678:
672:
657:
634:
615:
609:
572:
552:
546:
505:English is the
503:
475:
469:
464:
458:
421:multilingualism
417:
411:
242:
197:(the so-called
179:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3636:
3634:
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3609:
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3583:
3570:
3569:External links
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3111:law.moj.gov.tw
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2752:
2727:
2724:on 2016-01-05.
2709:
2684:
2655:
2652:. Africa News.
2640:
2629:
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2588:
2579:|website=
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2387:
2381:. Peter Lang.
2367:
2341:(5): 691–715.
2311:
2300:. July 5, 2013
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2106:. 20 May 2018.
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2014:
2009:
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1815:Serbo-Croatian
1811:SFR Yugoslavia
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1691:
1688:
1678:Welsh language
1659:
1658:United Kingdom
1656:
1625:
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1565:
1562:
1534:Main article:
1531:
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1509:Main article:
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1476:Main article:
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1455:Main article:
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1438:Main article:
1435:
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1421:Main article:
1418:
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1388:Main article:
1385:
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1378:Winston Peters
1341:Māori language
1324:Main article:
1321:
1318:
1294:Sint Eustatius
1262:
1259:
1251:Malay language
1245:Malay language
1243:Main article:
1240:
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1147:Main article:
1144:
1141:
1121:public schools
1117:
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1096:14 August 1922
1058:Main article:
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1036:Main article:
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969:state of India
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887:Main article:
884:
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838:Main article:
835:
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824:Sámi languages
822:. Speakers of
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771:Main article:
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710:Chipewyan/Dené
674:Main article:
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611:Main article:
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554:Article 21 of
548:Main article:
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517:first language
502:
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471:Main article:
468:
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460:Main article:
457:
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452:to outsiders.
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3562:0-8048-1654-9
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3392:
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3371:on 2018-01-27
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3208:(1): 77–102.
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2900:. 5 June 2018
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2468:(1/2): 83–4.
2467:
2463:
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2442:9780415496476
2438:
2435:. Routledge.
2434:
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2415:9780774841009
2411:
2408:. UBC Press.
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3394:
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3366:the original
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3337:. Retrieved
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3232:the original
3222:
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3113:(in Chinese)
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2712:
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2687:
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2555:
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2112:
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2068:
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2050:
2045:
1889:
1845:
1837:the military
1830:
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1785:
1782:English Plus
1745:
1733:driving test
1727:
1707:
1681:
1667:
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1603:
1573:World War II
1567:
1539:
1516:South Africa
1514:
1505:South Africa
1481:
1460:
1443:
1426:
1393:
1359:
1348:
1334:
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1264:
1254:
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1186:
1175:(above) and
1125:
1118:
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1086:
1063:
1047:
1041:
998:
982:
930:
922:
921:, forms the
892:
843:
827:
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814:
804:
776:
754:
746:South Slavey
742:North Slavey
738:Inuvialuktun
679:
658:
635:
616:
579:
573:
553:
524:
512:
506:
504:
478:
476:
418:
391:South Africa
364:
358:Hindustani:
280:Portuguese:
249:
245:
243:
233:
219:
180:
105:
101:
95:
72:
66:
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38:
36:
3138:languagehat
3091:28 February
2774:11 November
2263:18 February
2161:endoglossic
1809:, although
1714:U.S. states
1600:Timor-Leste
1542:Switzerland
1530:Switzerland
1489:and in all
1434:Philippines
1370:statutorily
1331:New Zealand
1320:New Zealand
1270:Netherlands
1261:Netherlands
1179:(below, in
919:Hongkongers
730:Inuinnaqtun
702:Inuinnaqtun
538:Australians
467:Afghanistan
445:Switzerland
437:Philippines
354:3 UN states
342:3 UN states
288:6 UN states
187:Mesopotamia
163:New Zealand
102:endoglossic
3612:Categories
3523:2024-02-29
3517:WorldAtlas
3401:August 26,
3375:2017-09-05
3317:August 25,
3036:2020-05-28
2827:2018-07-24
2612:2019-05-15
2562:2019-05-15
2360:August 25,
2304:August 25,
2165:exoglossic
2147:2016-03-28
2123:2016-03-28
2088:2 December
2038:References
1898:, namely
1872:Montenegro
1823:Macedonian
1801:Yugoslavia
1776:See also:
1729:California
1702:See also:
1662:See also:
1628:See also:
1614:Indonesian
1610:Portuguese
1520:corruption
1310:Limburgish
1298:Papiamento
1225:Belarusian
1221:Lithuanian
1098:, for the
618:Belarusian
593:Bangladesh
570:Bangladesh
544:Azerbaijan
477:Following
447:, and the
413:See also:
240:Statistics
143:Madagascar
106:exoglossic
100:is called
3602:Languages
3538:"newsday"
3492:182916790
3430:471591123
3181:cite book
3173:951960238
3107:"國家語言發展法"
3063:20 August
2904:9 January
2878:9 January
2872:likumi.lv
2581:ignored (
2571:cite book
2481:language.
2355:143178621
1882:in 2006.
1862:in 1992.
1652:Ukrainian
1495:republics
1360:In 2018,
1306:Low Saxon
1274:Friesland
1213:Ukrainian
1193:Latgalian
1159:name sign
1157:A former
1089:Palestine
1070:basic law
1068:passed a
1032:Indonesia
1022:Malayalam
915:Cantonese
911:Hong Kong
883:Hong Kong
734:Inuktitut
698:Inuktitut
660:Bulgarian
501:Australia
367:Australia
322:Persian:
316:Italian:
310:Swahili:
292:Russian:
274:Spanish:
256:English:
159:Greenland
131:Australia
62:Australia
3556:(1990),
3496:Archived
3459:(2007).
3157:. Díli.
2799:Archived
2530:(1): 9.
2226:14 April
2082:Archived
1986:See also
1943:Shangani
1908:Chibarwe
1886:Zimbabwe
1852:Croatian
1827:Albanian
1790:de facto
1747:New York
1737:Japanese
1710:de facto
1569:Mandarin
1499:Russians
1445:Filipino
1417:Pakistan
1336:de facto
1239:Malaysia
1217:Estonian
1197:Livonian
1119:In most
1010:Sanskrit
931:de facto
923:de facto
897:and the
855:include
820:official
813:are the
791:Tigrinya
767:Ethiopia
726:Gwich’in
664:Bulgaria
655:Bulgaria
581:de facto
526:de facto
508:de facto
373:and the
334:Somali:
286:German:
268:Arabic:
262:French:
250:de facto
230:Mandarin
215:Sogdiana
185:annexed
171:Paraguay
147:Ethiopia
127:Americas
74:de facto
43:language
2995:Newshub
1938:Ndebele
1918:Kalanga
1913:English
1868:Bosnian
1860:Serbian
1848:Croatia
1819:Slovene
1767:Spanish
1759:English
1755:Chinese
1751:Bengali
1741:Persian
1723:Spanish
1683:de jure
1670:English
1648:Ukraine
1624:Ukraine
1618:English
1558:Romansh
1554:Italian
1483:Russian
1384:Nigeria
1350:de jure
1302:English
1286:Bonaire
1278:Frisian
1233:Russian
1201:Russian
1189:Latvian
1177:Russian
1173:Latvian
1132:Yiddish
1128:Amharic
1066:Knesset
1014:Kannada
989:part 17
959:English
939:Chinese
907:English
903:Chinese
901:, both
857:Sorbian
849:Germany
834:Germany
811:Swedish
807:Finnish
801:Finland
779:Amharic
750:Tłı̨chǫ
718:English
694:Nunavut
637:Belgium
632:Belgium
622:Russian
607:Belarus
589:Bengali
513:de jure
481:of the
441:Belgium
425:citizen
399:English
395:Spanish
379:Bolivia
352:Tamil:
340:Sotho:
328:Dutch:
304:Malay:
246:de jure
211:Bactria
189:to the
177:History
155:Somalia
151:Eritrea
139:Lesotho
135:Oceania
119:Eurasia
110:Nigeria
91:Spanish
79:English
50:Italian
3588:Portal
3560:
3490:
3480:
3428:
3269:30 May
3238:22 May
3171:
3161:
3117:22 May
3057:1 News
2931:
2745:25 May
2702:7 June
2677:7 June
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1969:Tswana
1928:Nambya
1923:Koisan
1763:Korean
1676:, the
1640:, and
1594:Taiwan
1580:, the
1564:Taiwan
1550:French
1546:German
1472:Russia
1466:Poland
1462:Polish
1451:Poland
1402:Norway
1223:, and
1209:Hebrew
1205:Polish
1169:Latvia
1163:Soviet
1143:Latvia
1136:Ladino
1082:Arabic
1078:Hebrew
1054:Israel
1018:Telugu
967:Odisha
873:Danish
869:Romani
845:German
793:, and
787:Somali
748:, and
722:French
704:. The
670:Canada
649:German
645:French
532:since
491:Pashto
485:, the
435:, the
433:Canada
429:Taiwan
369:, the
234:ad hoc
125:, the
123:Africa
89:, and
87:French
83:Arabic
60:, and
58:Mexico
3499:(PDF)
3474:(PDF)
3465:(PDF)
3420:[
3369:(PDF)
3358:(PDF)
3013:Scoop
2925:(PDF)
2796:]
2764:(PDF)
2696:(PDF)
2667:(PDF)
2351:S2CID
2331:(PDF)
1979:Xhosa
1974:Venda
1964:Tonga
1959:Sotho
1948:Shona
1903:Chewa
1846:When
1674:Wales
1672:. In
1606:Tetum
1590:Hakka
1586:Hakka
1266:Dutch
1006:Tamil
993:Hindi
963:Hindi
945:India
783:Oromo
690:Yukon
641:Dutch
403:Hindi
385:with
383:India
207:Egypt
167:Samoa
41:is a
3558:ISBN
3488:OCLC
3478:ISBN
3426:OCLC
3403:2013
3341:2014
3319:2013
3271:2016
3240:2016
3187:link
3169:OCLC
3159:ISBN
3119:2019
3093:2018
3065:2023
2929:ISBN
2906:2018
2880:2018
2776:2023
2747:2019
2704:2024
2679:2024
2583:help
2437:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2362:2013
2306:2013
2265:2018
2228:2018
2163:and
2090:2014
1933:Ndau
1825:and
1780:and
1765:and
1616:and
1608:and
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1556:and
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1410:and
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1024:and
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