1010:- (or UV-) curable, and electron beam- (or EB-) curable. Heat-set inks are the most common variety and are "set" by applying heat and then rapid cooling to catalyze the curing process. They are used in magazines, catalogs, and inserts. Cold-set inks are set simply by absorption into non-coated stocks and are generally used for newspapers and books but are also found in insert printing and are the most economical option. Energy-curable inks are the highest-quality offset litho inks and are set by application of light energy. They require specialized equipment such as inter-station curing lamps, and are usually the most expensive type of offset litho ink.
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the dryer too hot for the folding and cutting that are typically downstream procedures, a set of "chill rolls" positioned after the dryer lowers the paper temperature and sets the ink. The speed at which the ink dries is a function of dryer temperature and length of time the paper is exposed to this temperature. This type of printing is typically used for magazines, catalogs, inserts, and other medium-to-high volume, medium-to-high quality production runs.
842:
39:
632:. Wet offset lithography uses a mix of wetting fluids (dampening solutions) to manage ink adhesion and to protect non-image areas. Waterless offset lithography employs a different method where a plate's non-image areas are protected via a layer of ink-repellent silicon. Waterless offset lithography is newer, invented in the 1960s by 3M. It was later sold and commercialized by Toray.
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decreasing the amount of ink applied to the roller in certain areas. This consequently modifies the density of the color in the respective area of the image. On older machines one adjusts the screws manually, but on modern machines the screw keys are operated electronically by the printer controlling the machine, enabling a much more precise result.
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lower cost preparation so that good paper is not wasted while setting up the press, for plates and inks. Waste sheets do bring some disadvantages as often there are dust and offset powder particles that transfer on to the blankets and plate cylinders, creating imperfections on the printed sheet. This method produces the highest quality images.
688:
535:—a press that used a metal cylinder instead of a flat stone. The offset cylinder was covered with specially treated cardboard that transferred the printed image from the stone to the surface of the metal. Later, the cardboard covering of the offset cylinder was changed to rubber, which is still the most commonly used material.
554:, were using the low-cost lithograph process to produce copies of photographs and books. Rubel discovered in 1901—by forgetting to load a sheet—that printing from the rubber roller, instead of the metal, made the printed page clearer and sharper. After further refinement, the Potter Press printing Company in
815:(CTF) technology, and that allows the imaging of metal or polyester plates without the use of film. By eliminating the stripping, compositing, and traditional plate making processes, CTP altered the printing industry, which led to reduced prepress times, lower costs of labor, and improved print quality.
712:
Blanket-to-blanket presses are also called perfecting or duplex presses because they print on both sides of the sheet at the same time. There is no impression cylinder because the opposite blanket cylinders act as impression cylinders to each other during print production. This method is most used on
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Web-fed presses, on the other hand, are much faster than sheet-fed presses, with speeds up to 80,000 cut-offs per hour (a cut-off is the paper that has been cut off a reel or web on the press; the length of each sheet is equal to the cylinder's circumference). The speed of web-fed presses makes them
911:
The
Printing Unit consists of many different systems. The dampening system is used to apply dampening solution to the plates with water rollers. The inking system uses rollers to deliver ink to the plate and blanket cylinders to be transferred to the substrate. The plate cylinder is where the plates
822:
Thermal CTP involves the use of thermal lasers to expose or remove areas of coating while the plate is being imaged. This depends on whether the plate is negative, or positive working. These lasers are generally at a wavelength of 830 nm, but vary in their energy usage depending on whether they
1029:
Offset lithography became the most popular form of commercial printing from the 1950s ("offset printing"). Substantial investment in the larger presses required for offset lithography was needed, and had an effect on the shape of the printing industry, leading to fewer, larger, printers. The change
981:
Sheet-fed presses offer several advantages. Because individual sheets are fed through, a large number of sheet sizes and format sizes can be run through the same press. In addition, waste sheets can be used for make-ready (which is the testing process to ensure a quality print run). This allows for
963:
This subset of web offset printing uses inks which dry by evaporation in a dryer typically positioned just after the printing units; it is typically done on coated papers, where the ink stays largely on the surface, and gives a glossy high contrast print image after the drying. As the paper leaves
937:
Web-fed refers to the use of rolls (or "webs") of paper supplied to the printing press. Offset web printing is generally used for runs in excess of five or ten thousand impressions. Typical examples of web printing include newspapers, newspaper inserts or ads, magazines, direct mail, catalogs, and
864:
to apply ink to a printing plate, as explained previously. Sheet-fed litho is commonly used for printing of short-run magazines, brochures, letter headings, and general commercial (jobbing) printing. In sheet-fed offset, "the printing is carried out on single sheets of paper as they are fed to the
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Web offset presses are beneficial in long run printing jobs, typically press runs that exceed 10,000 or 20,000 impressions. Speed is a determining factor when considering the completion time for press production; some web presses print at speeds of 3,000 feet (910 meters) per minute or faster. In
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offset web presses, the difference being how the inks dry. Cold web offset printing dries through absorption into the paper, while heat-set utilizes drying lamps or heaters to cure or "set" the inks. Heat-set presses can print on both coated (slick) and uncoated papers, while cold-set presses are
818:
Most CTP systems use thermal CTP or violet technologies. Both technologies have the same characteristics in terms of quality and plate durability (for longer runs). However, the violet CTP systems are often cheaper than thermal ones, and thermal CTP systems do not need to be operated under yellow
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possible, as this had previously been much more expensive. Subsequent improvements in plates, inks, and paper have further refined the technology of its superior production speed and plate durability. Today, lithography is the primary printing technology used in the U.S. and most often as offset
656:
ability to adjust the amount of ink on the fountain roller with screw keys. Most commonly, a metal blade controls the amount of ink transferred from the ink duct to the fountain roller. By adjusting the screws, the operator alters the gap between the blade and the fountain roller, increasing or
595:
Offset lithography is one of the most common ways of creating printed materials. A few of its common applications include: newspapers, magazines, brochures, stationery, and books. Compared to other printing methods, offset printing is best suited for economically producing large volumes of high
683:
Every printing technology has its own identifying marks, and offset printing is no exception. In text reproduction, the type edges are sharp and have clear outlines. The paper surrounding the ink dots is usually unprinted. The halftone dots can be hexagonal though there are different screening
720:
A printing method similar to a sheet offset press; except that the plate and cylinder pressures are quite precise. Actual squeeze between plate and blanket cylinder is optimal at 0.005″; as is the squeeze or pressure between the blanket cylinder and the substrate. Blanket-to-steel presses are
972:
This is also a subset of web offset printing, typically used for lower quality print output. It is typical of newspaper production. In this process, the ink dries by absorption into the underlying paper. A typical coldset configuration is often a series of vertically arranged print units and
920:
The delivery system is the final destination in the printing process while the paper runs through the press. Once the paper reaches delivery, it is stacked for the ink to cure in a proper manner. This is the step in which sheets are inspected to make sure they have proper ink density and
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peripherals. As newspapers seek new markets, which often imply higher quality (more gloss, more contrast), they may add a heatset tower (with a dryer) or use UV (ultraviolet) based inks which "cure" on the surface by polymerization rather than by evaporation or absorption.
713:
offset presses designed for envelope printing. There are also two plate cylinders per colour on the press. Web and sheet-fed offset presses are similar in that many of them can also print on both sides of the paper in one pass, making it easier and faster to print duplex.
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restricted to uncoated paper stock, such as newsprint. Some cold-set web presses can be fitted with heat dryers, or ultraviolet lamps (for use with UV-curing inks), thus enabling a newspaper press to print color pages heat-set and black & white pages cold-set.
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longer printing plate life than on direct litho presses because there is no direct contact between the plate and the printing surface. Properly developed plates used with optimized inks and fountain solution may achieve run lengths of more than a million
894:. Offset duplicators are made for fast and quick printing jobs; printing up to 12,000 impressions per hour. They are able to print business forms, letterheads, labels, bulletins, postcards, envelopes, folders, reports, and sales literature.
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considered one-color presses. In order to print the reverse side, the web is turned over between printing units by means of turning bars. The method can be used to print business forms, computer letters and direct mail advertising.
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The feeder system is responsible for making sure paper runs through the press correctly. This is where the substrate is loaded and then the system is correctly set up to the certain specifications of the substrate to the press.
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instead of a press. Offset duplicators are used for fast, good quality reproduction of one-color and two-color copies in sizes up to 12 in × 18 in (300 mm × 460 mm). Popular models were made by
1005:
There are many types of paste inks available for utilization in offset lithographic printing and each have their own advantages and disadvantages. These include heat-set, cold-set, and energy-curable (or EC), such as
707:
A printing method in which both sides of a sheet of paper are printed simultaneously, with two blanket cylinders per colour; a sheet of paper is passed between them, with each cylinder printing on one side of
860:
Sheet-fed refers to individual sheets of paper or rolls being fed into a press via a suction bar that lifts and drops each sheet onto place. A lithographic ("litho" for short) press uses principles of
512:
Lithography was initially created to be an inexpensive method of reproducing artwork. This printing process was limited to use on flat, porous surfaces because the printing plates were produced from
733:
A printing process that is based on the concept of using fresh ink for each revolution by removing residual inks on the inking drum after each revolution. It is suitable for printing newspapers.
469:
The modern "web" process feeds a large reel of paper through a large press machine in several parts, typically for several meters, which then prints continuously as the paper is fed through.
676:
propensity for anodized aluminum printing plates to become sensitive (due to chemical oxidation) and print in non-image–background areas when developed plates are not cared for properly;
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Waterless inks are heat-resistant and are used to keep silicone-based plates from showing toning in non-image areas. These inks are typically used on waterless Direct
Imaging presses.
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are used to expose or ablate material. Violet CTP lasers have a much shorter wavelength, 405 nm–410 nm. Violet CTP is "based on emulsion tuned to visible light exposure".
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Polyester plates, which are much cheaper and can be used in place of aluminum plates for smaller formats or medium quality jobs, as their dimensional stability is lower.
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The Harris
Automatic Press Company also created a similar press around the same time. Charles and Albert Harris modeled their press "on a rotary letter press machine".
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containing all of the imaging are mounted. Finally, the blanket and impression cylinders are used to transfer the image to the substrate running through the press.
500:(1904), holder of a patent for an offset disc machine (two rubber transfer rollers facing each other) – rolling-press. In 1907, he successfully started printing in
430:
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Single Fluid Inks are newer inks that use a process allowing lithographic plates on a lithographic press without using a dampening system during the process.
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to relate each sheet to one another to ensure that they are reproduced with the same imagery in the same position on every sheet running through the press.
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time and cost associated with producing plates and printing press setup. As a result, very small quantity printing jobs may now use digital offset machines.
466:) image carrier. Ink rollers transfer ink to the image areas of the image carrier, while a water roller applies a water-based film to the non-image areas.
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Another process is the computer-to-conventional plate (CTCP) system in which conventional offset plates can be exposed, making it an economical option.
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In the United States, an offset press with paper size up to 12 in × 18 in (300 mm × 460 mm), is classified as a
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production. This stage makes sure that all files are correctly processed in preparation for printing. This includes converting to the proper
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ideal for large runs such as newspapers, magazines, and comic books. However, web-fed presses have a fixed cut-off, unlike rotogravure or
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The plates used in offset printing are thin, flexible, and usually larger than the paper size to be printed. Two main materials are used:
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image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket and then to the printing surface. When used in combination with the
2396:
1160:
Carter, Rob, Ben Day, Philip Meggs. Typographic Design: Form and
Communication, Third Edition. (2002) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 11
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Letterset inks are mainly used with offset presses that do not have dampening systems and use imaging plates that have a raised image.
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A printing process that uses removable printing units, inserts, or cassettes for one-sided and blanket-to-blanket two-sided printing.
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addition to the benefits of speed and quick completion, some web presses have the inline ability to cut, perforate, and fold.
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technology instead of illustration, became the primary aesthetic of the era. Many printers, including Ira
Washington Rubel of
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1900:
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1981:
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516:. In fact the word "lithograph", which comes from Greek (λιθογραφία), means "an image from stone" or "written in stone".
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consistent high image quality. Offset printing produces sharp and clean images and type more easily than, for example,
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and patented in 1875 by Robert
Barclay. This development combined mid-19th century transfer printing technologies and
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cost. Offset printing is the cheapest method for producing high quality prints in commercial printing quantities;
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Side view of the offset printing process. Multiple ink rollers are used to distribute and homogenize the ink.
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Offset printing uses inks that, compared to other printing methods, are highly viscous. Typical inks have a
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Metal plates, usually aluminum, although sometimes they are made of multi-metal, paper, or plastic.
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quality prints in a manner that requires little maintenance. Many modern offset presses use
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invented the
Vanguard web offset press for newspaper printing, which he unveiled in 1954 in
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lithography, which is "responsible for over half of all printing using printing plates".
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Development of the offset press came in two versions: in 1875 by Robert
Barclay of
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Commercial Color Offset
Printing – A Compendium of Commercial Printing Terminology
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Disadvantages of offset printing compared to other printing methods include:
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1268:"What is Offset Printing? Differences Between Offset and Digital Printing"
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Advantages of offset printing compared to other printing methods include:
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1605:. Retrieved March 22, 2004, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.
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produced a press in 1903. By 1907 the Rubel offset press was in use in
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1238:"Staley McBrayer, 92; Inventor of Offset Press for Newspaper Printing"
759:. This method is used for printing on injection moulded rigid plastic
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1940:
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printing where the ink is transferred directly from the plate to the
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Production or impact of double image in printing is known as slur.
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1097:"Ofsetová tisková technika: Přišla na svět díky zapomnětlivosti?"
1140:(Third ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 146–150.
42:
31:
1640:
834:"Sheetfed" redirects here. For the type of image scanner, see
542:
became popular, many lithographic firms went out of business.
455:
447:
938:
books. Web-fed presses are divided into two general classes:
811:
Computer-to-plate (CTP) is a newer technology which replaced
1546:
Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods
1395:
Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods
1295:
Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods
584:
One of the important functions in the printing process is
1365:
Johansson, Kaj; Lundberg, Peter; Ryberg, Robert (2007).
865:
press one at a time". Sheet-fed presses use mechanical
628:
There are two types of offset printing: wet offset and
1428:
Michael Bruno, Frank Romano, Michael
Riordan (2003).
1398:(Illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. 130–144.
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were the largest in the world when installed in 2000
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700:Several variations of the printing process exist:
1181:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 140–148.
1549:(Illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 137.
1431:Pocket Pal - A Graphic Arts Production Handbook
1298:(Illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 354.
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488:for printing on paper. Rubel's contemporary in
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739:A printing process which uses a metal backed
646:quick and easy production of printing plates;
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1444:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
665:slightly inferior image quality compared to
454:process, which is based on the repulsion of
446:is a common printing technique in which the
890:, and the Chief and Davidson lines made by
1859:
1659:
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1637:
1345:"Printing Process Explained - Lithography"
1207:HistoryWired: A few of our favorite things
431:
417:
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23:Web-fed offset lithographic press at speed
1178:The book: the life story of a technology
1095:Stejskalova, Helena (14 November 2016).
1371:(second ed.). Wiley. p. 353.
1061:
462:, the offset technique employs a flat (
56:
2402:Category:Self-publishing online stores
2322:List of English language small presses
1437:
1434:. INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO. p. 137.
1070:"offset printing (printing technique)"
504:on his Triumph sheetfed offset press.
78:
1506:DeJidas & Destree, 2005, p. 55-57
519:The first rotary offset lithographic
7:
780:Negative lithographic printing plate
620:The 910-ton printing presses at the
45:colors of offset printing on a paper
34:four color offset printing on fabric
1515:DeJidas & Destree, 2005, p. 143
1368:A guide to graphic print production
496:, the author of the offset machine
2397:Category:Self-publishing companies
1227:"Short History of Offset Printing"
14:
2332:List of self-publishing companies
2063:Tate Publishing & Enterprises
1203:"Rubel Offset Lithographic Press"
2367:Predatory open access publishing
1030:made a greatly increased use of
600:systems as opposed to the older
2056:International Library of Poetry
2021:American Biographical Institute
1320:"History of Waterless Printing"
538:As the 19th century closed and
1611:Offset Lithographic Technology
1:
2392:Category:Self-published books
2257:Association of Little Presses
1583:Bruno, Romano and Riordan 137
1488:Bruno, Romano and Riordan 126
990:presses, which are variable.
836:Image scanner § Sheetfed
357:
132:
117:
1467:Romano & Riordan 139–141
1138:A History of Graphic Design
743:relief plate, similar to a
2526:
2327:List of literary magazines
2277:British small press comics
856:Ryobi 4 color offset press
833:
804:
2469:
2252:Article processing charge
2247:Amateur press association
1613:. Tinley Park, Illinois:
1609:Hird, Kenneth F. (2000).
1497:"What is Offset Printing"
1209:. Smithsonian Institution
378:Thermal-transfer printing
2426:Small Press Distribution
1906:Kindle Direct Publishing
1775:Kindle Direct Publishing
1574:Romano & Riordan 160
1543:Kipphan, Helmut (2001).
1392:Kipphan, Helmut (2001).
1292:Kipphan, Helmut (2001).
622:Las Vegas Review-Journal
253:Photostat and rectigraph
2232:3D printing marketplace
1885:Barnes & Noble Nook
1602:Encyclopædia Britannica
1175:Howard, Nicole (2005).
1075:Encyclopædia Britannica
52:Part of a series on the
2451:Variable data printing
2387:Self Publish, Be Happy
1729:Self Publish, Be Happy
1050:Variable data printing
907:Printing–inking system
857:
849:
848:sheet-fed offset press
781:
724:Variable-size printing
692:
625:
580:Modern offset printing
546:, a process that used
103:Intaglio (printmaking)
46:
35:
24:
2505:Planographic printing
2237:Accessible publishing
2114:Espresso Book Machine
977:Sheet-fed vs. web-fed
855:
844:
779:
690:
619:
533:rotary printing press
223:Hot metal typesetting
41:
30:
22:
2041:Famous Poets Society
641:letterpress printing
568:Newspaper publisher
482:Ira Washington Rubel
243:Daisy wheel printing
2134:Trafford Publishing
2036:Dorrance Publishing
1892:(aka Fiction Press)
1739:Trafford Publishing
1615:Goodheart - Willcox
968:Cold-set web offset
959:Heat-set web offset
846:Roland Favorit RF01
747:plate, but, unlike
736:Dry offset printing
283:Dot matrix printing
58:History of printing
2500:1903 introductions
2347:Mass customization
2302:Dynamic publishing
2287:Desktop publishing
2099:America Star Books
2016:America Star Books
1880:Archive of Our Own
1786:Barnes & Noble
884:A. B. Dick Company
873:Offset duplicators
858:
850:
782:
704:Blanket-to-blanket
696:Process variations
693:
626:
570:Staley T. McBrayer
490:Continental Europe
368:Solid ink printing
83:Woodblock printing
47:
36:
25:
16:Printing technique
2487:
2486:
2317:Independent music
2272:Bootleg recording
2242:Alternative media
1996:Vanity publishers
1990:
1989:
1936:PocketBook Reader
1896:Google Play Books
1801:Kobo Writing Life
1624:978-1-56637-621-1
1597:"Offset Printing"
1533:Spectrum Printers
1378:978-0-471-76138-9
1254:Los Angeles Times
1147:978-0-471-29198-5
1103:. No. Podzim
1000:dynamic viscosity
807:Computer-to-plate
801:Computer-to-plate
763:, tubs, cups and
617:
598:computer-to-plate
574:Fort Worth, Texas
529:Richard March Hoe
441:
440:
406:
405:
273:Spirit duplicator
183:Chromolithography
2517:
2352:Mimeo Revolution
2337:Literary presses
2292:Digital printing
2119:Lightning Source
2031:Author Solutions
2003:books published)
1999:(authors pay to
1875:Apple Book Store
1860:
1806:Lightning Source
1766:e-book platforms
1709:Lightning Source
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1002:of 40–100 Pa·s.
830:Sheet-fed offset
813:computer-to-film
717:Blanket-to-steel
630:waterless offset
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602:computer-to-film
590:CMYK color model
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2456:Web-to-print
2446:Vanity press
2441:Vanity label
2431:Vanity award
2356:
2282:Custom media
2150:products and
1965:Discontinued
1911:Kindle Store
1851:distribution
1724:Notion Press
1704:FriesenPress
1610:
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1349:. Retrieved
1339:
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1287:
1276:. Retrieved
1274:. 2020-10-20
1271:
1262:
1252:– via
1246:. Retrieved
1232:
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
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1105:. Retrieved
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464:planographic
452:lithographic
443:
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193:Rotary press
93:Movable type
2461:Web fiction
2421:Small press
2342:Magnitizdat
2307:Fan fiction
2262:Author mill
2227:3D printing
2191:Spreadshirt
2154:merchandise
2104:AuthorHouse
2078:Xulon Press
2026:AuthorHouse
2011:CreateSpace
1972:Sony Reader
1836:Xulon Press
1754:Xulon Press
1479:Kipphan 209
1248:October 19,
1107:30 December
1025:In industry
1008:ultraviolet
862:lithography
749:letterpress
745:letterpress
667:rotogravure
540:photography
388:3D printing
361: 1972
173:Lithography
136: 1515
121: 1440
2510:Typography
2494:Categories
2474:Publishing
2206:Vistaprint
2186:Shutterfly
2166:Custom Ink
2051:Poetry.com
2001:have their
1946:Smashwords
1926:NoiseTrade
1821:Smashwords
1734:Smashwords
1699:FastPencil
1351:2012-11-15
1278:2022-07-09
1101:EpochaPlus
1081:2013-11-24
1056:References
1045:Spot color
879:duplicator
765:flowerpots
552:New Jersey
293:Xerography
233:Mimeograph
203:Hectograph
75:Techniques
2267:Bill Bird
2196:TeePublic
2171:Redbubble
2161:CafePress
2088:Print on
2046:iUniverse
1956:Wikibooks
1931:OverDrive
1855:platforms
1781:App Store
1677:companies
1524:AMAN-2008
1440:cite book
1329:5 January
888:Multilith
785:Materials
757:substrate
753:substrate
684:methods.
673:printing;
514:limestone
498:prototype
143:Mezzotint
2382:Samizdat
2109:DiggyPOD
1849:digital
1796:Bookmate
1694:DiggyPOD
1689:Darkside
1136:(1998).
1039:See also
948:heat-set
940:cold-set
586:prepress
556:New York
548:halftone
531:'s 1843
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2312:Fanzine
2181:Shopify
2139:Xlibris
2073:Xlibris
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1831:Xlibris
1826:Wattpad
1773:Amazon
1749:Xlibris
1744:Wattpad
819:light.
761:buckets
525:England
508:History
502:Germany
484:of the
474:England
128:Etching
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2201:Spring
2152:custom
2090:demand
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1941:Scribd
1863:Active
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772:Plates
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2092:books
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460:water
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1921:Lulu
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1811:Lulu
1719:Lulu
1619:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1446:link
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1373:ISBN
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1300:ISBN
1250:2017
1215:2012
1183:ISBN
1142:ISBN
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994:Inks
942:(or
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492:was
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392:1986
382:1981
372:1972
347:1969
337:1957
327:1950
317:1949
307:1940
297:1938
287:1925
277:1923
267:1911
257:1907
247:1889
237:1885
227:1884
217:1875
207:1860
197:1843
187:1837
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167:1772
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