219:
152:. Onshore Sembar Formation is the major source rock, responsible for charging the sands of the Goru Formation. Sembar is overlain by Goru Formation. Goru is subdivided into Lower and Upper Goru. Lower Goru is sandy onshore and a proven reservoir. Offshore, however, it shales out. Upper Goru is a massive shale and was deposited during Late Cretaceous. It is overlain by Parh Limestone, Mughalkot (limestone interbedded with shale) and Pab Sandstone Formations, deposited during Late Cretaceous. Deccan volcanics of the Paleocene overlie the Cretaceous Pab Sandstone. These are overlain by Ranikot Formation (majorly sandstone), also Paleocene in age.
31:
105:
crust occurs on the slope in water depths of 1500–3000 m and is characterized by a prominent gravity low and a northeast-southwest-trending chain of seamounts of Late
Cretaceous-Paleocene age. Crust in this region is interpreted to represent thinned continental crust which has been subsequently thickened by the intrusion of thick volcanic rocks by the process of igneous underplating. Further basinwards, the transitional crust is replaced by the oceanic crust characterized by a prominent gravity high and a well-imaged Moho reflection on seismic lines.
140:
112:. Onlap of the Miocene and younger stratigraphy on the southeast side of the ridge confirms the age of the ridge and resultant hanging wall uplift. Motion along the Murray ridge bounding fault has resulted in the development of northwest-southeast-trending faults, folds and shale diapirs in the hanging wall. The Makran accretionary wedge, north of the Murray ridge, developed in response to the subduction of the
181:
80:. Presence of the Middle Eocene sandstones in the distal Indus fan, which contain feldspar grains with an origin in or north of the Indus suture zone, is an evidence to the occurrence of this event. The Indian plate continues to collide with the Eurasian plate as shown by earthquakes in and around the Himalayas.
230:(CLS). These channel-levee systems act as conduits for carrying and depositing sediments into the deeper part of the basin. The coarser grained sediments are deposited in the channel belts whereas the finer grained silts and clays are deposited along the levees. This arrangement of sediments is ideal for
95:
During the early post-rift phase, attached carbonate platforms of
Paleocene and early Eocene age formed along the continental margin and detached platforms on volcanic seamounts within the basin. Between the carbonate banks, coeval pelagic sediment was deposited in the intervening structural lows. As
262:
Presence of seal may be an issue in some areas due to erosional channels. The source rock is questionable, as Sembar
Formation, which is a proven source onshore, is too deep offshore and most likely overmature to charge the reservoirs. Paleocene-Eocene carbonates can be the potential source rocks in
258:
in distal fan facies. Four types of traps have been identified in offshore Indus: an extensional rollover anticline trend in the upper slope, drape structures over the Eocene carbonate banks and seamounts, stratigraphic traps formed by sands pinching out against the Murray Ridge and folds associated
104:
Seismic and gravity data suggest that the underlying crust in the offshore Indus basin is of three types: continental, transitional and oceanic. Continental crust is interpreted for the area below the shelf and upper slope based on the presence of deep rift geometries on seismic lines. Transitional
242:
The offshore Indus basin is significantly under-explored. To-date only 12 wells have been drilled in the offshore Indus basin, out of which only 3 were drilled in the deep sea. All of these have been unsuccessful attempts. Some of these wells encountered high pressures in the
Miocene section. Gas
125:
marking the northern edge of the
Arabian Sea oceanic crust. Two other features have been identified southeast of the Saurashtra Arch, the Laxmi Ridge and the Laxmi Basin. The Laxmi Ridge is interpreted as continental fragment and the Laxmi Basin is considered to be an area of extended continental
126:
crust respectively. The gravity and seismic data suggest that the Laxmi Ridge may represent an area of thinned continental crust which has been subsequently thickened by igneous underplating and the intrusion of thick volcanics similar to the transitional area in the offshore Indus basin.
120:
Arch. It is a volcanic high which extends eastwards into onshore India, coinciding with large outcrop of Deccan volcanics. In the offshore, the arch is cut by steep vertical faults interpreted as extensional faults associated with strike-slip movement along an east-west-trending
96:
the Indian plate drifted northwards away from the
Reunion mantle hotspot, the basin subsided rapidly. This was accompanied by major clastic influx from the Indus river and leading to deposition of up to 9 km of Oligocene to Recent sediments.
83:
Seismic data in the offshore Indus basin show evidence of an early rift geometry below the Deccan volcanics. Imaging is hampered by the presence of volcanics, which partly infill the rifts and by the thick overlying Indus Fan section of
512:
Clift, P.D.; Shimizu, N.; Layne, G.; Gaedicke, C.; Schlüter, H.U.; Clark, M.; Amjad, S. (2001). "Development of the Indus Fan and its significance for the erosional history of the western
Himalaya and Karakoram".
349:
Carmichael, S.M.; Akhter, S.; Bennett, J.K.; Fatimi, M.A.; Hosein, K.; Jones, R.W.; Longacre, M.B.; Osborne, M.J.; Tozer, R.S.J. (2009). "Geology and
Hydrocarbon Potential of the offshore Indus Basin, Pakistan".
27:, the other one being the offshore Makran Basin. The Murray Ridge separates the two basins. The offshore Indus basin is approximately 120 to 140 kilometers wide and has an areal extent of ~20,000 square km.
147:
Wells drilled on the continental shelf of the offshore Indus basin have been drilled down to
Cretaceous rocks. The oldest formation penetrated is the Sembar Formation of Early Cretaceous. It is composed of
781:
Seismic facies, processes, and evolution of
Miocene inner fan channels, Indus submarine fan. in Weimer, P. and Link, M. H. (eds.), Seismic facies and sedimentary processes of submarine fans and turbidite
108:
The northwest of the Murray ridge is a major plate boundary transform fault which formed in the Late Oligocene/Early Miocene in response to plate reorganization following the opening of the
472:
Gaedicke, C.; Schlüter, U.H.; Roeser, H.A. (2002). "Origin of the northern Indus Fan and Murray Ridge, Northern Arabian Sea: interpretation from seismic and magnetic imaging".
712:
Deptuck, M.E.; Steffens, G.S.; Barton, M.; Pirmez, C. (2003). "Architecture and evolution of upper fan channel-belts on the Niger Delta slope and in the Arabian Sea".
312:
393:
Gombos, A.M.; Powell, W.G.; Norton, I.O (1995). "The tectonic evolution of western India and its impact on hydrocarbon occurrences: an overview".
204:. The entire fan extends over an area of 110,000 square kilometers with greater than 9 km of sediment accumulating near the toe-of-slope.
818:
250:
system is concerned, presence and effectiveness of the reservoir and trap are of low risk. The channel and sheet sandstones of Miocene and
833:
218:
60:, the separation of Madagascar from India occurred and was followed by rapid northward movement of the Indian plate. In the early
606:
Naini, B.R.; Talwani, M. (1983). "Structural framework and the evolutionary history of the continental margin of western India".
823:
548:
Jackson, J.; McKenzie, D.; Priestley, K.; Emmerson, B. (2008). "New views on the structure and rheology of the lithosphere".
200:. The Indus fan was deposited in an unconfined setting on the continental slope, rise and basin floor, covering much of the
30:
116:
oceanic crust beneath Eurasia from about 14 Ma onwards. The southern boundary of the offshore Indus basin is marked by the
828:
714:
752:
Kolla, V.; Coumes, F. (1987). "Morphology, internal structure, seismic stratigraphy, and sedimentation of Indus Fan".
197:
591:
Harms, J.C.; Cappel, H.N.; Francis, D.C. (1982). "Geology and petroleum potential of the Makran Coast, Pakistan".
534:
285:
s. m. Shuaib (2) (1982). "Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of Offshore Indus Basin, Pakistan: GEOLOGIC NOTES".
48:
The offshore Indus basin is a rift and passive margin basin which developed following the separation of the
795:
306:
227:
139:
234:
plays and that is why these channel-levee systems are of utmost importance to the petroleum industry.
723:
679:
638:
557:
522:
481:
444:
402:
359:
92:
to Paleocene age and associated with the break up of the Madagascar/Seychelles/Indo-Pakistan plate.
117:
263:
the offshore Indus basin. However, this needs to be proved in terms of both quality and quantity.
573:
375:
765:
298:
243:
shows and non-commercial gas quantities were also reported in the Miocene strata of most wells.
88:
to Recent age. The precise age of the rifts is unknown but is interpreted as most likely a mid-
161:
207:
Fan sedimentation is estimated to have begun at the end of the Oligocene or beginning of the
761:
731:
687:
646:
565:
530:
489:
452:
410:
367:
294:
251:
168:
in age), Gaj (Miocene) and recent sediments, were brought down by the Indus river after the
608:
Studies in Continental Margin Geology. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir
122:
65:
57:
727:
683:
668:"Nature of the crust in the Laxmi Basin (14°–20°N), western continental margin of India"
642:
561:
526:
485:
448:
406:
363:
255:
192:. It is the second largest fan system in the world after the Bengal fan between India,
493:
812:
651:
626:
577:
457:
432:
414:
379:
735:
188:
One of the most significant depositional feature of the offshore Indus basin is the
231:
113:
109:
69:
49:
201:
569:
193:
157:
89:
68:. This event also led to the extrusion of large volcanic rocks, known as the
371:
247:
189:
169:
165:
85:
77:
61:
226:
The upper Indus Fan, both ancient and recent, consists some of the largest
692:
667:
53:
24:
627:"Structure and early evolution of the Arabian Sea and East Somali Basin"
254:
are good potential reservoirs. Oligocene clastic rocks can also act as
212:
208:
433:"Extension across the Indian-Arabian plate boundary: the Murray Ridge"
180:
211:, during a period of faster Himalayan exhumation, possibly linked to
153:
73:
76:, the Indian plate collided with the Eurasian plate, uplifting the
217:
179:
149:
138:
29:
535:
10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1039:dotifa>2.0.co;2
222:
Cartoon sketch of a deep sea fan channel-levee system (CLS)
259:
with the Murray Ridge shear faults and shale diapirs.
164:
lie on top of the Paleocene Ranikot Formation. Nari (
784:. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. pp. 403–413.
431:Edwards, R.A; Minshull, T.A.; White, R.S. (2000).
34:Location map of the Offshore Indus Basin, Pakistan
593:Offshore South East Asia 82 Conference, Singapore
172:uplift and deposited over the Eocene carbonates.
666:Krishna, K.S.; Gopala Rao, D.; Sar, D. (2006).
625:Miles, P.R.; Munschy, M.; Ségoufin, J. (1998).
344:
342:
8:
507:
505:
503:
340:
338:
336:
334:
332:
330:
328:
326:
324:
322:
766:10.1306/94887889-1704-11d7-8645000102c1865d
311:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
299:10.1306/03b5a363-16d1-11d7-8645000102c1865d
176:The Indus fan and its channel-levee systems
707:
705:
703:
691:
650:
550:Journal of the Geological Society, London
456:
426:
424:
747:
745:
280:
278:
276:
272:
100:Crustal structure and tectonic elements
515:Geological Society of America Bulletin
304:
23:is one of the two basins in offshore
7:
64:, the Indian plate passed over the
143:Stratigraphy of the Offshore Indus
14:
631:Geophysical Journal International
437:Geophysical Journal International
652:10.1046/j.1365-246x.1998.00625.x
458:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00163.x
736:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2003.01.004
130:Stratigraphy and sedimentation
1:
494:10.1016/s0040-1951(02)00137-3
715:Marine and Petroleum Geology
415:10.1016/0037-0738(94)00129-i
819:Geology of the Indian Ocean
850:
834:Sedimentary basins of Asia
16:Basin in offshore Pakistan
570:10.1144/0016-76492007-109
52:from Africa in the late
779:McHargue, T.R. (1991).
372:10.1144/1354-079309-826
223:
185:
144:
35:
824:Geography of Pakistan
238:Hydrocarbon potential
228:channel-levee systems
221:
183:
142:
33:
693:10.1029/2004tc001747
352:Petroleum Geoscience
21:offshore Indus Basin
829:Geology of Pakistan
728:2003MarPG..20..649D
684:2006Tecto..25.1006K
643:1998GeoJI.134..876M
562:2008JGSoc.165..453J
527:2001GSAB..113.1039C
486:2002Tectp.355..127G
449:2000GeoJI.142..461E
407:1995SedG...96..119G
395:Sedimentary Geology
364:2009PetGe..15..107C
224:
186:
145:
135:Basin stratigraphy
36:
215:intensification.
841:
803:
802:
800:
792:
786:
785:
776:
770:
769:
749:
740:
739:
722:(6–8): 649–676.
709:
698:
697:
695:
663:
657:
656:
654:
622:
616:
615:
603:
597:
596:
588:
582:
581:
545:
539:
538:
521:(8): 1039–1051.
509:
498:
497:
480:(1–4): 127–143.
469:
463:
462:
460:
428:
419:
418:
401:(1–2): 119–129.
390:
384:
383:
346:
317:
316:
310:
302:
282:
252:Plio-Pleistocene
39:Tectonic setting
849:
848:
844:
843:
842:
840:
839:
838:
809:
808:
807:
806:
798:
794:
793:
789:
778:
777:
773:
751:
750:
743:
711:
710:
701:
665:
664:
660:
624:
623:
619:
605:
604:
600:
590:
589:
585:
547:
546:
542:
511:
510:
501:
471:
470:
466:
430:
429:
422:
392:
391:
387:
348:
347:
320:
303:
284:
283:
274:
269:
256:reservoir rocks
240:
198:Andaman Islands
178:
137:
132:
123:transform fault
102:
66:Reunion hotspot
58:Late Cretaceous
46:
44:Basin formation
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
847:
845:
837:
836:
831:
826:
821:
811:
810:
805:
804:
787:
771:
741:
699:
658:
637:(3): 876–888.
617:
598:
583:
556:(2): 453–465.
540:
499:
474:Tectonophysics
464:
443:(2): 461–477.
420:
385:
358:(2): 107–116.
318:
271:
270:
268:
265:
246:As far as the
239:
236:
177:
174:
136:
133:
131:
128:
101:
98:
45:
42:
40:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
846:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
814:
797:
791:
788:
783:
775:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:AAPG Bulletin
748:
746:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:
708:
706:
704:
700:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:
659:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
618:
613:
609:
602:
599:
594:
587:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
544:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
508:
506:
504:
500:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
468:
465:
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
427:
425:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
389:
386:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
343:
341:
339:
337:
335:
333:
331:
329:
327:
325:
323:
319:
314:
308:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:AAPG Bulletin
281:
279:
277:
273:
266:
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
244:
237:
235:
233:
232:stratigraphic
229:
220:
216:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
184:The Indus Fan
182:
175:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
141:
134:
129:
127:
124:
119:
115:
111:
106:
99:
97:
93:
91:
87:
81:
79:
75:
72:. During the
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:. During the
55:
51:
43:
38:
32:
28:
26:
22:
796:"PPISONLINE"
790:
780:
774:
757:
753:
719:
713:
675:
671:
661:
634:
630:
620:
611:
607:
601:
592:
586:
553:
549:
543:
518:
514:
477:
473:
467:
440:
436:
398:
394:
388:
355:
351:
307:cite journal
290:
286:
261:
245:
241:
225:
206:
187:
156:carbonates,
146:
114:Gulf of Oman
110:Gulf of Aden
107:
103:
94:
82:
70:Deccan Traps
50:Indian Plate
47:
20:
18:
760:: 650–677.
202:Arabian Sea
813:Categories
678:(1): n/a.
614:: 167–191.
267:References
194:Bangladesh
118:Saurashtra
90:Cretaceous
672:Tectonics
578:129189025
380:129290674
248:petroleum
190:Indus Fan
170:Himalayan
166:Oligocene
86:Oligocene
78:Himalayas
62:Paleocene
196:and the
54:Jurassic
25:Pakistan
782:systems
724:Bibcode
680:Bibcode
639:Bibcode
558:Bibcode
523:Bibcode
482:Bibcode
445:Bibcode
403:Bibcode
360:Bibcode
213:Monsoon
209:Miocene
162:Kirthar
595:: 1–9.
576:
378:
158:Ghazij
154:Eocene
150:shales
74:Eocene
799:(PDF)
574:S2CID
376:S2CID
313:link
19:The
762:doi
732:doi
688:doi
647:doi
635:134
566:doi
554:165
531:doi
519:113
490:doi
478:355
453:doi
441:142
411:doi
368:doi
295:doi
815::
758:71
756:.
744:^
730:.
720:20
718:.
702:^
686:.
676:25
674:.
670:.
645:.
633:.
629:.
612:34
610:.
572:.
564:.
552:.
529:.
517:.
502:^
488:.
476:.
451:.
439:.
435:.
423:^
409:.
399:96
397:.
374:.
366:.
356:15
354:.
321:^
309:}}
305:{{
293:.
291:66
289:.
275:^
801:.
768:.
764::
738:.
734::
726::
696:.
690::
682::
655:.
649::
641::
580:.
568::
560::
537:.
533::
525::
496:.
492::
484::
461:.
455::
447::
417:.
413::
405::
382:.
370::
362::
315:)
301:.
297::
160:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
