112:
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usually receive higher salary than onshore workers do. Supplies and waste are transported by ship, and the supply deliveries need to be carefully planned because storage space on the platform is limited. Today, much effort goes into relocating as many of the personnel as possible onshore, where management and technical experts are in touch with the platform by video conferencing. An onshore job is also more attractive for the aging workforce in the
643:
397:
754:
740:
31:
674:, by separating water from oil and re-injecting it rather than pumping it up to a platform, or by flowing to onshore, with no installations visible above the sea. Subsea installations help to exploit resources at progressively deeper waters—locations which had been inaccessible—and overcome challenges posed by sea ice such as in the
685:
Offshore manned facilities also present logistics and human resources challenges. An offshore oil platform is a small community in itself with cafeteria, sleeping quarters, management and other support functions. In the North Sea, staff members are transported by helicopter for a two-week shift. They
99:. These are capable of operating in water depths up to 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). In shallower waters the mobile units are anchored to the seabed; however, in water deeper than 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), the semi-submersibles and drillships are maintained at the required drilling location using
650:
Offshore oil and gas production is more challenging than land-based installations due to the remote and harsher environment. Much of the innovation in the offshore petroleum sector concerns overcoming these challenges, including the need to provide very large production facilities. Production and
694:. The increased use of subsea facilities helps achieve the objective of keeping more workers onshore. Subsea facilities are also easier to expand, with new separators or different modules for different oil types, and are not limited by the fixed floor space of an above-water installation.
317:
It was noticed that the motions at this draught were very small, and Blue Water
Drilling and Shell jointly decided to try operating the rig in the floating mode. The concept of an anchored, stable floating deep-sea platform had been designed and tested back in the 1920s by
283:
that completed its historic Ship Shoal Block 32 well in
October 1947, months before Superior actually drilled a discovery from their Vermilion platform farther offshore. In any case, that made Kerr-McGee's well the first oil discovery drilled out of sight of land.
666:
The ocean can add several thousand meters or more to the fluid column. The addition increases the equivalent circulating density and downhole pressures in drilling wells, as well as the energy needed to lift produced fluids for separation on the platform.
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1304:
662:
system to maintain it on location. While a floating system may be lower cost in deeper waters than a fixed platform, the dynamic nature of the platforms introduces many challenges for the drilling and production facilities.
314:. As the pontoons were not sufficiently buoyant to support the weight of the rig and its consumables, it was towed between locations at a draught midway between the top of the pontoons and the underside of the deck.
1279:
378:
and was built at a cost of $ 3 billion. The deepest operational platform is the
Petrobras America Cascade FPSO in the Walker Ridge 249 field in 2,600 meters (8,500 ft) of water.
230:
built a mile-long wooden trestle with railway tracks into the sea at McFadden Beach on the Gulf of Mexico, placing a derrick at its end – this was later destroyed by a hurricane.
435:
Offshore drilling is usually done from platforms generically known as mobile offshore drilling units (MODU), which can be of one of several formats, depending on the water depth:
367:
As of June 2010, there were over 620 mobile offshore drilling rigs (jackups, semisubs, drillships, barges, etc.) available for service in the worldwide offshore rig fleet.
310:
resulted from an unexpected observation in 1961. Blue Water
Drilling Company owned and operated the four-column submersible Blue Water Rig No.1 in the Gulf of Mexico for
111:
1227:"Contracts let for Marjan oil field development. (Saudi Arabian Oil Co. Bids out offshore development contracts) (Saudi Arabia) – MEED Middle East Economic Digest"
487:
91:), combined drilling and production facilities either bottom founded or floating platforms, and deepwater mobile offshore drilling units (MODU) including
793:
1330:
245:
to issue an
Executive Order unilaterally extending American territory to the edge of its continental shelf, an act that effectively ended the
1314:
271:
erected a drilling and production platform in 20 feet (6.1 m) of water some 18 miles (29 km) off
Vermilion Parish, La. But it was
83:
There are many different types of facilities from which offshore drilling operations take place. These include bottom founded drilling rigs (
287:
When offshore drilling moved into deeper waters of up to 30 metres (98 ft), fixed platform rigs were built, until demands for drilling
1251:
712:
from oil tankers or pipelines transporting oil from the platform to onshore facilities, and from leaks and accidents on the platform (e.g.
509:
788:
1100:
1404:
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162:
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53:
that lies in rock formations beneath the seabed. Most commonly, the term is used to describe drilling activities on the
1399:
713:
220:
77:
616:
261:
257:
333:.. Since then, many semi-submersibles have been purpose-designed for the drilling industry mobile offshore fleet.
322:
for the purpose of operating aircraft with an invention known as the 'seadrome'. The first purpose-built drilling
127:. The wells were developed by small local companies such as Bryson, Riley Oil, German-American and Banker's Oil.
828:
808:
544:
449:
341:
323:
307:
272:
119:
Around 1891, the first submerged oil wells were drilled from platforms built on piles in the fresh waters of the
92:
260:
drilled at a site 18 miles (29 km) off the coast, erecting a platform in 18 feet (5.5 m) of water off
444:
427:
468:
319:
866:
1154:
1054:
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813:
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is also generated, which is water brought to the surface along with the oil and gas; it is usually highly
291:
was needed in the 100 feet (30 m) to 120 metres (390 ft) depth of the Gulf of Mexico, the first
280:
49:
is drilled below the seabed. It is typically carried out in order to explore for and subsequently extract
1340:
691:
679:
631:
517:
166:
135:
890:
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131:
120:
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100:
690:, at least in the western world. These efforts among others are contained in the established term
1208:
818:
773:
687:
276:
72:
Offshore drilling presents environmental challenges, both offshore and onshore from the produced
407: with: More on types of drilling platform and summary descriptions of each. You can help by
682:(means of protecting offshore installations against ice action includes burial in the seabed).
336:
1310:
717:
513:
475:, an artificial island in the Beaufort Sea north of Alaska, is a site of oil and gas drilling.
375:
311:
54:
652:
642:
472:
374:
in the Gulf of Mexico, floating in 2,438 meters (7,999 ft) of water. It is operated by
130:
Around 1896, the first submerged oil wells in salt water were drilled in the portion of the
1364:
173:
is one such example. In the 1920s drilling activities occurred from concrete platforms in
768:
573:
552:
298:
233:
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76:
and the materials used during the drilling operation. Controversies include the ongoing
721:
606:
205:
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178:
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62:
35:
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such as
Safaniya, Manifa and Marjan which belong to Saudi Arabia and are developed by
396:
1388:
1370:
759:
745:
185:
241:
In 1945, concern for
American control of its offshore oil reserves caused President
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798:
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703:
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588:
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387:
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246:
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145:
Other notable early submerged drilling activities occurred on the
Canadian side of
73:
1075:
646:
Being far from land can create many challenges, from logistics to safety concerns.
907:
1230:
675:
610:
559:
548:
499:
193:
953:
142:. The wells were drilled from piers extending from land out into the channel.
115:
Offshore oil well drilling platform, Continental Oil Co., Gulf of Mexico, 1955.
30:
783:
735:
524:
439:
292:
227:
189:
157:
in the 1910s. Shortly thereafter wells were drilled in tidal zones along the
150:
139:
84:
66:
1371:
IODP-USIO: Publications: Proceedings of the
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
778:
739:
709:
495:
481:
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353:
345:
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192:. The well was located on an artificial island in a shallow portion of the
174:
154:
146:
96:
50:
17:
976:"Beyond Sight of Land: A History of Oil Exploration in the Gulf of Mexico"
651:
drilling facilities may be very large and a large investment, such as the
219:
used a fixed platform to develop a field 1 mile (1.6 km) offshore of
1336:
1108:
803:
577:
212:
46:
1252:"Russian Rosneft announces major oil, gas discovery in Arctic Kara Sea"
1186:
659:
599:
563:
503:
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671:
627:
567:
539:
361:
197:
1367:
17Apr2009 DC Appellate Decision stopping offshore Alaska Oil Leases.
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708:
Offshore oil production involves environmental risks, most notably
641:
595:
491:
467:
335:
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297:
232:
158:
110:
88:
58:
1273:"Year 2006 National Assessment – Alaska Outer Continental Shelf"
670:
The trend today is to conduct more of the production operations
295:
began appearing from specialized offshore drilling contractors.
124:
1158:
27:
Mechanical process where a wellbore is drilled below the seabed
391:
891:
History of the Offshore Oil and Gas Development in Louisiana
200:
developed the first mobile steel barges for drilling in the
598:(Mumbai High, K G Basin-East Coast Of India, Tapti Field,
34:
Holstein, an oil drilling platform at Green Canyon in the
893:
at the Mineral Management Services, Dept of the Interior
728:
and may include dissolved or unseparated hydrocarbons.
408:
1365:
Center for Biological Diversity v Dept of the Interior
1130:"Géosciences Montpellier – The project Mohole in 1961"
1155:"RIGZONE – Offshore Rig Data, Onshore Fleet Analysis"
57:, though the term can also be applied to drilling in
523:
the Caspian Sea (notably some major fields offshore
850:
10 Reasons Not to Drill for Oil Offshore of Florida
658:Another type of offshore platform may float with a
678:. One such challenge in shallower environments is
655:standing on a depth of 300 meters (980 ft).
370:One of the world's deepest hubs is currently the
1055:"history of offshore oil wells – Google Search"
1006:"Overview– Convention & Related Agreements"
1182:"UPDATE 1-Shell starts production at Perdido"
583:major offshore oil fields are located in the
8:
1306:Handbook of Offshore Oil and Gas Operations
1103:Offshore at 60: The Blue Water Breakthrough
1030:"Offshore Drilling: History and Overview"
867:"Drilling on Grand Lake St Marys in 1891"
794:Offshore oil and gas in the United States
431:Types of offshore oil and gas structures.
364:project to drill into the Earth's crust.
426:
29:
904:"National Ocean Industries Association"
841:
680:seabed gouging by drifting ice features
188:well, which came on stream in 1923 in
184:One of the oldest subsea wells is the
974:Morton, Michael Quentin (June 2016).
7:
1376:"New Oil from the Deep Ocean Floor."
1278:. Dept Interior BEOM. Archived from
38:, approximately 100 miles from land.
704:Ecological effects of oil platforms
237:Worker on an offshore drilling rig.
223:in 14 feet (4.3 m) of water.
25:
1381:, October 1975, pp. 106–108.
1099:Tyler Priest (October 17, 2014).
789:Offshore geotechnical engineering
465:Notable offshore fields include:
752:
738:
395:
45:is a mechanical process where a
1180:Hays, Kristen (31 March 2010).
302:Offshore drilling rig, c. 1968.
1:
1332:Debate Over Offshore Drilling
520:, part of the Ventura Basin)
714:Deepwater Horizon oil spill
275:, as operator for partners
221:Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana
196:. In the early 1930s, the
78:US offshore drilling debate
1421:
1303:Speight, James G. (2014).
701:
698:Effects on the environment
385:
262:St. Mary Parish, Louisiana
1213:IssolareEnergy Available?
1076:"About Offshore Drilling"
929:"About Offshore Drilling"
829:Vertebrae bend restrictor
809:Semi-submersible platform
450:Semi-submersible platform
445:Submersible drilling rig
340:Comparison of deepwater
329:was launched in 1963 by
320:Edward Robert Armstrong
281:Stanolind Oil & Gas
1405:Natural gas technology
1339:. 2008. Archived from
814:Shallow water drilling
647:
476:
432:
349:
303:
238:
116:
39:
1134:www.gm.univ-montp2.fr
692:integrated operations
645:
632:Northwest Territories
562:most notably west of
518:Santa Barbara Channel
471:
430:
339:
301:
236:
204:coastal areas of the
167:Goose Creek Oil Field
136:Santa Barbara Channel
114:
33:
1395:Petroleum production
1209:"Off-Shore Drilling"
461:Main offshore fields
134:extending under the
121:Grand Lake St. Marys
1400:Drilling technology
954:"Oil in Azerbaijan"
854:The Bradenton Times
572:offshore fields in
558:several fields off
352:The first offshore
251:freedom of the seas
101:dynamic positioning
1335:(internet video).
871:Energy Global News
856:, January 14, 2018
819:Submarine pipeline
774:Deepwater drilling
688:petroleum industry
648:
626:off the coasts of
538:off the coasts of
477:
433:
382:Drilling platforms
360:developed for the
350:
304:
277:Phillips Petroleum
239:
117:
40:
1316:978-0-08-087819-5
718:Ixtoc I oil spill
514:Los Angeles Basin
425:
424:
376:Royal Dutch Shell
312:Shell Oil Company
149:in the 1900s and
93:semi-submersibles
55:continental shelf
43:Offshore drilling
16:(Redirected from
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1229:. Archived from
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1217:
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1199:
1198:
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1177:
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1166:
1157:. Archived from
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906:. Archived from
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848:Compton, Glenn,
846:
762:
757:
756:
748:
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742:
653:Troll A platform
619:north of Siberia
473:Northstar Island
420:
417:
399:
392:
342:semi-submersible
324:semi-submersible
308:semi-submersible
215:and its partner
132:Summerland field
21:
1420:
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1411:
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1385:
1384:
1379:Popular Science
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1161:on 8 April 2015
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1080:www.engenya.com
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1034:Offshore Energy
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769:Deep sea mining
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574:South East Asia
553:Atlantic Canada
463:
421:
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405:needs expansion
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267:In early 1947,
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28:
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386:Main article:
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206:Gulf of Mexico
179:Lake Maracaibo
171:Baytown, Texas
161:and Louisiana
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63:inshore waters
36:Gulf of Mexico
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85:jackup barges
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1378:
1345:. Retrieved
1341:the original
1331:
1325:
1309:. Elsevier.
1305:
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1280:the original
1267:
1256:. Retrieved
1246:
1235:. Retrieved
1231:the original
1221:
1212:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1185:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:the original
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1138:. Retrieved
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1036:. 2010-06-25
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988:. Retrieved
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932:
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912:. Retrieved
908:the original
898:
886:
875:. Retrieved
873:. 2019-06-30
870:
861:
853:
844:
799:Oil platform
707:
684:
669:
665:
657:
649:
624:Arctic Ocean
589:Saudi Aramco
585:Persian Gulf
545:Newfoundland
464:
434:
413:
409:adding to it
404:
388:Oil platform
369:
366:
357:
351:
326:
316:
305:
293:jack-up rigs
286:
269:Superior Oil
266:
255:
247:3-mile limit
243:Harry Truman
240:
225:
217:Superior Oil
210:
183:
144:
129:
118:
82:
74:hydrocarbons
71:
42:
41:
18:Offshore oil
1136:(in French)
1114:October 16,
676:Barents Sea
611:New Zealand
560:West Africa
549:Nova Scotia
500:Mississippi
194:Caspian Sea
67:inland seas
1389:Categories
1347:2008-09-27
1289:2017-08-18
1258:2017-08-18
1237:2011-02-26
1140:2020-08-20
1085:2020-08-24
1040:2020-08-24
1015:2020-08-20
1010:www.un.org
990:8 November
986:(3): 60–63
939:2020-08-24
914:2010-06-14
877:2020-08-20
836:References
784:Jackup rig
710:oil spills
702:See also:
638:Challenges
594:fields in
525:Azerbaijan
510:California
490:(offshore
440:Jackup rig
306:The first
273:Kerr-Magee
253:" regime.
228:Humble Oil
190:Azerbaijan
186:Bibi Eibat
163:gulf coast
151:Caddo Lake
140:California
97:drillships
87:and swamp
779:Drillship
496:Louisiana
482:North Sea
455:Drillship
416:June 2023
354:drillship
346:drillship
289:equipment
256:In 1946,
226:In 1938,
211:In 1937,
175:Venezuela
155:Louisiana
147:Lake Erie
51:petroleum
1337:CBS News
1254:. Platts
1193:20 April
1165:20 April
1109:PennWell
1060:20 April
980:GeoExpro
959:20 April
804:Oil well
732:See also
617:Kara Sea
602:, India)
580:, Russia
578:Sakhalin
512:(in the
356:was the
258:Magnolia
213:Pure Oil
202:brackish
47:wellbore
1187:Reuters
660:mooring
600:Gujarat
564:Nigeria
504:Alabama
372:Perdido
165:. The
107:History
1313:
824:Subsea
726:saline
672:subsea
628:Alaska
568:Angola
540:Brazil
532:Campos
502:, and
362:Mohole
358:CUSS 1
89:barges
1283:(PDF)
1276:(PDF)
596:India
492:Texas
331:ODECO
169:near
159:Texas
59:lakes
1311:ISBN
1195:2015
1167:2015
1116:2021
1062:2015
992:2016
961:2015
716:and
622:the
615:the
605:the
576:and
566:and
547:and
534:and
530:the
516:and
486:the
480:the
344:and
279:and
125:Ohio
65:and
720:).
609:in
411:.
177:'s
153:in
138:in
123:in
95:or
1391::
1211:.
1184:.
1132:.
1107:.
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1008:.
984:30
982:.
978:.
931:.
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852:,
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