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Underground Water
Conservation District, has struggled in its attempts to impose metering requirements and pumping limits. North Plains officials "just were a little further ahead of the curve", said David Brauer, who manages the Ogallala Aquifer program for a United States Department of Agriculture research laboratory in the Panhandle town of Bushland. A group from the Middle Trinity Groundwater Conservation District, southwest of Fort Worth, went to see Grall's demonstration field last year and came away impressed. "I know my board president said it'd be nice to be able to do something like that here at home", said Joe Cooper, the general manager of the Middle Trinity district.
227:, or the ability for a fluid (water) to move through porous material, ranges from 25 to 300 feet (7.6 to 91.4 m) per day. Water quality within the Ogallala varies with the highest quality for drinking and irrigation in the northern region while the southern region had the poorest. Human and natural processes over the past 60 to 70 years, including irrigation density, climate, and nitrogen applications, have caused higher concentrations of contaminants including nitrates. Nitrate levels generally meet USGS water quality standards, but continue to gradually increase over time. This trend can impact the future groundwater sustainability for portions of the aquifer.
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Pivot sprinklers are used in the project, rather than the more expensive drip irrigation. According to district manager Steve
Walthour, conservation is essential considering declining levels of the aquifer. The local non-profit organization Ogallala Commons, named for the aquifer itself, which not only collaborates and supports the local communicates, also works to conserve the Ogallala Aquifer and the surrounding area.
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water needed four decades ago. Still, losses to the aquifer between 2001 and 2011 equated to a third of its cumulative depletion during the entire 20th century. The
Ogallala is recharged primarily by rainwater, but only about one inch of precipitation actually reaches the aquifer annually. Rainfall in most of the Texas High Plains is minimal, evaporation is high, and infiltration rates are slow.
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irrigation, nearly three million acres of land were irrigated. In some places in the Texas
Panhandle, the water table has been drained (dewatered). "Vast stretches of Texas farmland lying over the aquifer no longer support irrigation. In west-central Kansas, up to a fifth of the irrigated farmland along a 100-mile swath (160 km) of the aquifer has already gone dry."
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Department of State's Office of the
Inspector General conducted an investigation of the potential conflict of interest. The February 2012 report of that investigation states no conflict of interest existed either in the selection of the contractor or in the preparation of the environmental impact statement.
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Eleven farmers in 2013 participated in the conservation program, with some planting in dry earth, rather than watered soil. They are leaving more space between plants, a technique that retains moisture for a longer period of time. Soil sensors permit farmers to gather accurate information about the
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in the United States accelerated in the late 1940s and continued at an almost steady linear rate through the end of the century. In addition to widely recognized environmental consequences, groundwater depletion also adversely impacts the long-term sustainability of groundwater supplies to help meet
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estimated that total water storage was about 2,925,000,000 acre-feet (3,608 km) in 2005. Withdrawals from the
Ogallala Aquifer for irrigation amounted to 26 km (21,000,000 acreâ‹…ft) in 2000. Since major groundwater pumping began in the late 1940s, overdraft from the High Plains Aquifer
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Pipeline industry spokesmen have noted that thousands of miles of existing pipelines carrying crude oil and refined liquid hydrocarbons have crossed over the
Ogallala Aquifer for years, in southeast Wyoming, eastern Colorado and New Mexico, western Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. The Pioneer
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using huge center-pivot irrigators has emptied parts of the High Plains
Aquifer. Hundreds to thousands of years of rainfall would be needed to replace the groundwater in the depleted aquifer. In Kansas in 1950, irrigated cropland covered 250,000 acres (100,000 ha); with the use of center-pivot
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During the 1990s, the aquifer held some three billion acre-feet of groundwater used for crop irrigation as well as drinking water in urban areas. The demand for the water outstrips its replenishment. The water level is particularly on the decline in Texas and New Mexico. Continued long-term use of
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Counties, has offered a $ 300,000 annual demonstration project to conserve water that farmers pump from the
Ogallala Aquifer. Participating farmers grow corn with just over half of the water that they would normally require to irrigate the fields, or they plant several weeks later than customary.
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for other proposed TransCanada projects. Although it is "common for companies applying to build government projects to be involved in assigning and paying for the impact analysis", several opponents of the project suggested there could be a conflict of interest. In response to that concern, the
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Since the 1940s, pumping from the
Ogallala has drawn the aquifer down by more than 300 feet (90 m) in some areas. Producers have taken steps to reduce their reliance on irrigated water. Streamlined operations allow them to produce significantly greater yield using roughly the same amount of
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The water-saturated thickness of the Ogallala Formation ranges from a few feet to more than 1,000 feet. Its deepest part is 1200 ft. (300 m) and is generally greater in the Northern Plains. The depth of the water below the surface of the land ranges from almost 400 feet (120 m) in
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The North Plains district first imposed pumping limits in 2005 and tightened them in 2009. In 2005, it also began phasing in requirements for some wells to have meters. Both moves were controversial at the time. A larger groundwater district just south of North Plains, the 16-county High Plains
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is different and not lined with caliche, making these some of the few areas where the aquifer can recharge. The destruction of playas by farmers and development decreases the available recharge area. The prevalence of the caliche is partly due to the ready evaporation of soil moisture and the
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and to the adaptation of automotive engines to power groundwater wells. Today about 27% of the irrigated land in the entire United States lies over the aquifer, which yields about 30% of the ground water used for irrigation in the United States. The aquifer is at risk of over-extraction and
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Gutentag, E. D, Heimes, F. J, Krothe, N. C, Luckey, R. R, Weeks, J. B. (1984). "Geohydrology of the High Plains Aquifer in parts of Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming". U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1400-B. Retrieved from
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The depth of the Ogallala varies with the shape of then-prevailing surface, being deepest where it fills ancient valleys and channels. The Ogallala Formation consists mostly of coarse sedimentary rocks in its deeper sections, which transition upward into finer-grained material.
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sediment that filled the ancient channels and eventually covered the entire area of the present-day aquifer, forming the water-bearing Ogallala Formation. In that respect, the process is similar to those currently prevailing in other modern rivers of the area, such as the
678:
U.S. President Barack Obama "initially rejected the Keystone XL pipeline in January 2012, saying he wanted more time for an environmental review." On February 17, 2013, a rally at the National Mall drew an estimated 40,000 in protest of Keystone XL. In January 2014, the
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The depletion between 2001 and 2008, inclusive, is about 32% of the cumulative depletion during the entire 20th century. In the United States, the biggest users of water from aquifers include agricultural irrigation and oil and coal extraction. "Cumulative total
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Ground water levels decline when the rate of extraction by irrigation exceeds the rate of recharge. At places, the water table was measured to drop more than 5 ft (1.5 m) per year at the time of maximum extraction. In extreme cases, the deepening of
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parts of the north to between 100 and 200 feet (30 and 61 m) throughout much of the south. Present-day recharge of the aquifer with fresh water occurs at an exceedingly slow rate, suggesting that much of the water in its
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Early in his presidency, U.S President Donald Trump overturned U.S. President Barack Obama's decision by signing executive memos in support of the Keystone XL pipeline in January 2017. On January 20, 2021, President
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pollution. Since 1950, agricultural irrigation has reduced the saturated volume of the aquifer by an estimated 9%. Once depleted, the aquifer will take over 6,000 years to replenish naturally through rainfall.
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United States Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors Office of Inspector General Office of Audits. February 2012. Special Review of the Keystone XL Pipeline Permit Process. Report Number
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efficiency of the center-pivot irrigator improved over the years, farmers chose to plant more intensively, irrigate more land, and grow thirstier crops rather than reduce water consumption--an example of the
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semiarid climate; the aridity increases the amount of evaporation, which in turn increases the amount of caliche in the soil. Both mechanisms reduce the amount of recharge water that reaches the water table.
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was required to reach the steadily falling water table. In the 21st century, recognition of the significance of the aquifer has led to increased coverage from regional and international journalists.
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in practice. One approach to reducing the amount of groundwater used is to employ treated recycled water for irrigation; another approach is to change to crops that require less water, such as
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Gustavson, T. C, Winkler, D. A. (1988). Depositional facies of the Miocene-Pliocene Ogallala Formation, northwestern Texas and eastern New Mexico. Geology, 16(3), 203–206. Retrieved from:
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Gurdak, J. J, McMahon, P. B, Dennehy, K, Qi, S. L. (2009). "Water quality in the High Plains Aquifer, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming".
1896:"Authorizing TransCanada Keystone Pipeline, L.P., To Construct, Connect, Operate, and Maintain Pipeline Facilities at the International Boundary Between the United States and Canada"
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Diffendal, R. F. (1984). Comments on the geologic history of the Ogallala Formation in the southern panhandle of Nebraska. Papers in Natural Resources. Paper 116. Retrieved from
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Saturated thickness of the Ogallala Aquifer in 1997 after several decades of intensive withdrawals. The breadth and depth of the aquifer generally decrease from north to south.
446:, run below the water level of the aquifer. Because of this, the rivers receive groundwater flow (baseflow), carrying it out of the region rather than recharging the aquifer.
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397:), and reduced area under irrigation have helped to slow depletion of the aquifer, but levels are generally still dropping in areas including southwestern Kansas and the
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Regions where the water level has declined in the period 1950–2015 are shown in yellow and red; regions where it has increased are shown in shades of blue. Data from the
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Recharge in the aquifer ranges from 0.024 inches (0.61 mm) per year in parts of Texas and New Mexico to 6 inches (150 mm) per year in south-central Kansas.
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in the United States. As one of the world's largest aquifers, it underlies an area of approximately 174,000 sq mi (450,000 km) in portions of eight
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647:, which crosses the Ogallala Aquifer in Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas, was being converted as of 2013 from natural gas to crude oil, under a permit from the
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The aquifer system supplies drinking water to 82% of the 2.3 million people (1990 census) who live within the boundaries of the High Plains study area.
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became available, was the land mass of the High Plains aquifer system transformed into one of the most agriculturally productive regions in the world.
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Manjula V. Guru, Agricultural Policy Specialist and James E. Horne, President & CEO, The Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Poteau, Oklahoma
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were still tectonically active. From the uplands to the west, rivers and streams cut channels in a generally west to east or southeast direction.
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moisture level of their crops. The motivation to save water comes from the district's regulations on extracting water from the aquifer. The
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Geohydrology of the High Plains Aquifer in parts of Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming
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The center-pivot irrigation system is considered to be a highly efficient system which helps conserve water. However, by 2013, as the
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article, "Wells Dry, Fertile Plains Turn to Dust" recounting the relentless decline of parts of the Ogallala Aquifer. Sixty years of
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279:, with steady winds that hasten evaporation of surface water and precipitation. In many locations, the aquifer is overlain, in the
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1434:(Report). Scientific Investigations Report. Reston, Virginia: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. p. 63.
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Farmers on their own land may draw water from the aquifer without charge. Pumping costs are low because the fuel used,
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635:; opponents of the route cite the risk to the Ogallala Aquifer posed by the possibility of contamination from spilled
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The regions overlying the Ogallala Aquifer are some of the most productive regions in the United States for ranching
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Logan Layden, "If you Want to Build a New Lake in Oklahoma, Forget History", March 28, 2013, StateImpact Oklahoma
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for the Keystone XL Pipeline (Phase 4). On June 9, 2021, TC Energy abandoned plans for the Keystone XL Pipeline.
670:, a company that assisted both the Department of State and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission in preparing
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Help add sources such as review articles, monographs, or textbooks. Please also establish the relevance for any
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Perkin, Joshuah; Gido, Keith; Falke, Jeffrey; Crockett, Harry; Johnson, Eric; Sanderson, John (July 11, 2017).
291:; this limits the amount of water able to recharge the aquifer from the land surface. However, the soil of the
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has amounted to 332,000,000 acre-feet (410 km), 85% of the volume of Lake Erie. Many farmers in the Texas
53:
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990:"The Historically Evolving Impact of the Ogallala Aquifer: Agricultural Adaptation to Groundwater and Drought"
929:"Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian"
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concluded that the project posed little threat of "adverse environmental impacts", the report was drafted by
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determined the water level in the aquifer has dropped more in Texas than in any other state in the basin.
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Since 2010, the North Plains Groundwater Conservation District, which encompasses eight counties north of
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Groundwater within the Ogallala generally flows from west to east at an average rate of a foot per day.
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The rate at which groundwater is recharged is limited by several factors. Much of the plains region is
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Rapid Recharge of Parts of the High Plains Aquifer Indicated by a Reconnaissance Study in Oklahoma
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1864:"Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science To Tackle the Climate Crisis"
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Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Keystone XL Project Executive Summary
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was rendered useless when the dropping level of the aquifer drastically reduced flow of the
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Early settlers of the semiarid High Plains were plagued by crop failures due to cycles of
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Saturday Magazine Issue no 48,446 (dated 5 March 2011) pp 26-32 "High and Dry" Report by
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as pumping costs have risen and as they have become aware of the hazards of overpumping.
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899:"Changes in Water Levels and Storage in the High Plains Aquifer, Predevelopment to 2005"
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1670:, December 2001, Association of Oil Pipe Lines and American Petroleum Institute, p.8-9.
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http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1117&context=natrespapers
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the nation’s water needs." According to Matthew Sanderson, a professor of sociology at
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1466:"Farmers are depleting the Ogallala Aquifer because the government pays them to do it"
1464:
Griggs, Burke; Miller-Klugesherz, Jacob A.; Sanderson, Matthew R. (November 9, 2020).
1084:"High Plains regional ground-water study: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-091-00"
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The deposition of aquifer material dates back two to six million years, from the late
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239:. While groundwater is a renewable source, reserves replenish relatively slowly. The
1188:"Groundwater declines are linked to changes in Great Plains stream fish assemblages"
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1267:. Gutentag, E. D.; Heimes, F. J.; Krothe, N. C.; Luckey, R. R.; Weeks, J. B. 1984.
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How Pipelines Make the Oil Market Work – Their Networks, Operation and Regulation
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the aquifer is "troublesome and in need of major reevaluation," according to the
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Column - Mansel Phillips: "Too many thirsty industries, not nearly enough water"
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to streams), and what the net changes in storage are (rise, fall or no change).
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1839:"Trump signs executive actions to advance Keystone XL, Dakota Access pipelines"
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879:, the salt-water strait that once covered the area of today's Ogalalla Aquifer.
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Rex C. Buchanan; B. Brownie Wilson; Robert R. Buddemeier; James J. Butler Jr.
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has performed several studies of the aquifer, to determine what is coming in (
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140:. The aquifer is part of the High Plains Aquifer System, and resides in the
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1507:"Caprock Chronicles: The Ogallala Aquifer's long history, uncertain future"
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Kansas Geological Survey information on the High Plains / Ogallala Aquifer
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A map showing aquifer thickness of the Ogallala Aquifer with the proposed
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cited. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.
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for diversion has depended heavily on pumping groundwater for irrigation.
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1400:"The Lessons of History No Longer Apply when it comes to Building Lakes"
339:. The success of large-scale farming in areas that do not have adequate
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watered from the Ogallala Aquifer with center pivot irrigation systems
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631:. The proposed route of the pipeline crosses the eastern part of the
495:, along with increased restrictions on water use at the state level.
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263:, which rely particularly on groundwater, are now turning away from
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commissioned an environmental-impact assessment as required by the
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that encourage overinvestment in water-using technology due to a
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Water table aquifer beneath the Great Plains in the United States
2026:. 59–60. Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. 2003: 109
1734:"U.S. report clears way for TransCanada's Keystone XL pipeline".
315:
image of a roughly 557 mi area of fields (1443 km) in
255:
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1028:. United States Department of Agriculture. 2011. Archived from
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and its tributaries. The major differences are time and depth.
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Large-scale extraction for agricultural purposes started after
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surrounded by sand, silt, clay, and gravel located beneath the
1963:"Keystone XL pipeline nixed after Biden stands firm on permit"
1135:
High Plains Underground Water Conservation District #1 (Texas)
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Kansas Geological Survey, Public Information Circular (PIC) 18
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As the lead agency in the transboundary pipeline project, the
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crude oil pipeline crosses east-west across Nebraska, and the
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1447:"Drop in U.S. underground water levels has accelerated: USGS"
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National Water-Quality Assessment Program, USGS Circular 1337
144:, which is the principal geologic unit underlying 80% of the
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proposed the construction of the 1,661-mile (2,673 km)
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Groundwater withdrawal rates (fresh water, all sources) by
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Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954
2658:
Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States
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from the surface), what is leaving (water pumped out and
2069:. States News Service. February 18, 2013. Archived from
1492:
Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. Retrieved 2/10/14.
393:), more efficient irrigation methods (center pivot and
3734:
Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996
3729:
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
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1429:
Groundwater Depletion in the United States (1900–2008)
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Early history of food regulation in the United States
1701:
Myth vs. Fact: KXL will Threaten the Ogallala Aquifer
1422:
1420:
1290:. September 24, 2006. Last accessed October 24, 2006.
235:
An aquifer is a groundwater storage reservoir in the
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1994:"In Texas, a push to show farmers how to save water"
1056:"Where the world's running out of water, in one map"
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California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975
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1797:"Thousands rally in D.C. against Keystone Pipeline"
1766:Pipeline Review Is Faced With Question of Conflict
1329:, October 8, 2006. Last accessed November 20, 2012
1313:. October 4, 2006. Last accessed October 24, 2006.
1277:"Shrinking aquifer looms as big problem for farms"
988:Hornbeck, Richard; Pinar Keskin (September 2012).
1824:Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement
1483:Texas Water Report: Going Deeper for the Solution
1112:http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/16/3/203.short
2128:A Legal Fight in Texas over the Ogallala Aquifer
2095:. lajuntatribunedemocrat.com. September 20, 2015
1929:"Keystone XL Oil Project Abandoned by Developer"
1388:, 2 October 2006. Last accessed October 24, 2006
1628:Map of Pipelines and the Ogallala Aquifer, 2012
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1192:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
595:Environmental risks of the Keystone XL pipeline
1721:Smaller oil pipeline to cross Ogallala Aquifer
837:Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal
2543:
2158:
8:
1582:
1580:
1175:http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1337/pdf/C1337.pdf
2653:Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains
2123:USGS High Plains Regional Groundwater Study
1534:"TransCanada Proposes Second Oil Pipeline".
2641:List of food plants native to the Americas
2550:
2536:
2528:
2165:
2151:
2143:
1382:Jeremy P. Meyer, "Farmers' tower of power"
3714:Children's Act for Responsible Employment
1323:"Another sign of long-term water worries"
1221:
1211:
1165:
1163:
1019:"Ogallala Aquifer Initiative 2011 Report"
699:to revoke the permit that was granted to
660:National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
576:Learn how and when to remove this message
412:was described as the "villain" in a 2013
3662:National Agricultural Statistics Service
1650:Lincoln (NE) Journal Star, 12 July 2011.
1365:"Wells Dry, Fertile Plains Turn to Dust"
1156:http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1400b/report.pdf
3699:Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000
3657:United States Department of Agriculture
2619:Indentured servitude in British America
1987:
1985:
1983:
1837:DiChristopher, Tom (January 24, 2017).
1648:Guest View: We need crude oil pipelines
997:Harvard Environmental Economics Program
889:
461:, the lake's intended source of water.
2048:
2037:
1790:
1788:
1026:Natural Resources Conservation Service
465:Accelerated decline in aquifer storage
405:, water levels have risen since 1980.
479:, these trends are exacerbated by an
128:). It was named in 1898 by geologist
7:
3970:Regions of the Western United States
2093:"Grant awarded for youth engagement"
1732:O'Meara, Dina, and Sheldon Alberts.
1246:"Ogallala aquifer - Water hot spots"
649:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
3667:United States Census of Agriculture
1445:Zabarenko, Deborah (May 20, 2013).
3868:United Food and Commercial Workers
3772:Agricultural workers mental health
25:
3639:Pacific Northwest oyster industry
1992:Gailbraith, Kate (July 1, 2013).
1755:2011-08-27. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
1602:2011-08-27. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
1586:Morton, Joseph, and Paul Hammel.
343:and do not always have perennial
2700:
2559:Agriculture in the United States
2511:
2510:
1588:"Report: Sand Hills route best".
805:
791:
777:
763:
749:
534:
354:, culminating in the disastrous
3853:Farm Labor Organizing Committee
2409:Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System
1961:Brown, Matthew (June 9, 2021).
1363:Wines, Michael (May 19, 2013).
730:United States Geological Survey
683:released its Keystone pipeline
672:environmental impact statements
619:pipeline to carry oil from the
61:in 2000. Source: National Atlas
1927:Puko, Timothy (June 9, 2021).
935:. Government Printing Office.
664:Environmental Impact Statement
1:
3960:Aquifers in the United States
2472:Aquifers in the United States
1646:Andrew Black and David Holt,
589:Proposed Keystone XL Pipeline
551:secondary or tertiary sources
370:Change in groundwater storage
3873:Woman's Land Army of America
2602:Eastern Agricultural Complex
2587:Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture
2477:Aquifer storage and recovery
2224:Buried Valley Aquifer System
1803:. National Broadcast Company
1723:, Omaha.com, 23 August 2012.
1555:"Keystone Pipeline Project".
1404:StateImpact Oklahoma website
493:Conservation Reserve Program
442:Several rivers, such as the
2648:Native American in Virginia
2000:. Lubbock Avalanche-Journal
526:Environmental controversies
4026:
3754:Taylor Grazing Act of 1934
3744:Packers and Stockyards Act
3609:Southwestern United States
2698:
2274:Santa Clara valley aquifer
1706:February 25, 2014, at the
1690:, accessed 8 October 2013.
1681:Refined products pipelines
1666:December 28, 2013, at the
1633:December 18, 2014, at the
1541:2008-06-12. Reproduced at
1488:February 22, 2014, at the
933:USGS Professional Paper 17
897:Mcguire, V.L. (May 2007).
592:
283:, with a shallow layer of
3787:Genetically modified food
3724:Food Security Act of 1985
3572:Northern Mariana Islands
3031:genetically modified food
2809:Connecticut shade tobacco
2505:
2244:Kirkwood–Cohansey aquifer
1827:. 1 March 2013, p.4.16-2.
1560:November 9, 2012, at the
1543:Downstream Today website.
1512:Lubbock Avalanche-Journal
1288:Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
971:"The High Plains Aquifer"
903:USGS Fact Sheet 2007-3029
607:pipeline route laid over.
558:primary research articles
358:of the 1930s. Only after
1908:: 13,101. March 29, 2019
1876:: 7037. January 20, 2021
1144:retrieved April 9, 2007.
187:of the Rockies provided
3980:Geology of South Dakota
2193:Laurentian River System
1686:April 14, 2014, at the
1612:"Keystone XL Pipeline".
1213:10.1073/pnas.1618936114
877:Western Interior Seaway
613:TransCanada Corporation
489:treadmill of production
477:Kansas State University
364:center-pivot irrigation
179:ages when the southern
167:General characteristics
157:center pivot irrigation
3936:36.99056°N 101.44778°W
3749:Pure Food and Drug Act
2425:Yarkon-Taninim Aquifer
2404:Lotikipi Basin Aquifer
2284:Southern Hills Aquifer
2117:"The Ogallala Aquifer"
2047:Cite journal requires
1699:Oil Sands fact Check,
1659:Allegro Energy Group,
1305:June 15, 2013, at the
1082:Dennehy, K.F. (2000).
927:Darton, N. H. (1903).
608:
485:United States tax code
410:center-pivot irrigator
320:
225:Hydraulic conductivity
220:and probably earlier.
62:
50:
39:
4010:Geology of New Mexico
3820:California nut crimes
2832:or territory-specific
2188:Arkell Spring Grounds
1821:U.S. Dept. of State,
1617:Retrieved 2011-08-27.
1615:Friends of the Earth.
1574:Retrieved 2011-08-27.
1545:Retrieved 2011-08-27.
1538:Lincoln Journal-Star.
827:Environmental science
701:TC Energy Corporation
681:U.S. State Department
656:U.S. State Department
645:Pony Express pipeline
602:
516:Texas Tech University
472:groundwater depletion
310:
303:Groundwater discharge
265:irrigated agriculture
231:Aquifer water balance
216:, dating back to the
56:
45:
37:
3941:36.99056; -101.44778
2830:State, commonwealth,
2357:Great Artesian Basin
2347:Botany Sands Aquifer
2073:on February 20, 2016
1427:Konikow, Leonard F.
1339:Daily Telegraph (UK)
1327:Lincoln Star Journal
862:Laurentide Ice Sheet
813:United States portal
481:agricultural subsidy
287:that is practically
271:Groundwater recharge
245:groundwater recharge
4005:Geology of Colorado
3985:Geology of Nebraska
3975:Geology of Oklahoma
3932: /
3863:United Farm Workers
3709:Capper–Volstead Act
3689:Agricultural policy
2492:Sole Source Aquifer
2279:Snake River Aquifer
2264:San Diego Formation
2239:Fox Hills Formation
1933:Wall Street Journal
1599:Omaha World-Herald.
1311:Amarillo Globe News
1309:. Mansel Phillips,
1204:2017PNAS..114.7373P
1054:Plumer, B. (2012).
627:to refineries near
621:Athabasca oil sands
449:The $ 46.1-million
218:most recent ice age
3995:Geology of Wyoming
2597:Columbian exchange
2367:Yarragadee Aquifer
2198:Oak Ridges Moraine
2024:"Outdoor Oklahoma"
1998:lubbockonline.com/
1795:Rafferty, Andrew.
1772:, October 7, 2011.
1750:2011-08-31 at the
1739:2011-11-26 at the
1637:, 20 January 2012.
1570:2011-09-02 at the
1282:2009-02-04 at the
1140:2007-05-14 at the
771:Environment portal
633:Nebraska Sandhills
609:
512:professor-emeritus
383:Water conservation
321:
142:Ogallala Formation
138:Ogallala, Nebraska
63:
51:
40:
3990:Geology of Kansas
3914:
3913:
3739:Grain Futures Act
3614:Black Dirt Region
2525:
2524:
2497:Surficial aquifer
2451:Upper Rhine Plain
2399:Bas Saharan Basin
1505:(June 22, 2019).
1453:. Washington, DC.
1198:(28): 7373–7378.
1173:. Retrieved from
586:
585:
578:
545:needs additional
428:water consumption
420:intensive farming
155:due partially to
136:near the town of
16:(Redirected from
4017:
4000:Geology of Texas
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3815:Adulterated food
3797:Ogallala Aquifer
2704:
2575:African-American
2552:
2545:
2538:
2529:
2514:
2513:
2487:Artesian aquifer
2467:List of aquifers
2460:Related articles
2383:Waiwhetu Aquifer
2254:Ogallala Aquifer
2234:Floridan aquifer
2214:Biscayne Aquifer
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787:
785:Geography portal
782:
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69:Ogallala Aquifer
21:
18:Ogallala aquifer
4025:
4024:
4020:
4019:
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4016:
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4014:
3950:
3949:
3940:
3938:
3934:
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3926:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3910:
3877:
3848:Convict leasing
3843:Bracero Program
3829:
3803:
3764:
3758:
3681:
3675:
3649:
3643:
3597:
3500:Virgin Islands
3430:South Carolina
2831:
2825:
2705:
2696:
2685:Native American
2636:New World crops
2580:Black land loss
2561:
2556:
2526:
2521:
2501:
2455:
2446:Schwyll Aquifer
2441:Alnarpsströmmen
2429:
2413:
2387:
2371:
2335:
2326:Guarani Aquifer
2314:
2298:
2269:Sankoty Aquifer
2249:Mahomet Aquifer
2229:Edwards Aquifer
2219:Bishop Subbasin
2202:
2176:
2171:
2113:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
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1759:
1752:Wayback Machine
1745:Calgary Herald.
1741:Wayback Machine
1731:
1727:
1718:
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1708:Wayback Machine
1698:
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1688:Wayback Machine
1678:
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1572:Wayback Machine
1562:Wayback Machine
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1503:Paul H. Carlson
1501:
1500:
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1490:Wayback Machine
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963:
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951:
926:
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895:
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887:
882:
847:Guarani Aquifer
811:
806:
804:
797:
792:
790:
783:
778:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
745:
709:
697:executive order
597:
591:
582:
571:
565:
562:
555:
539:
535:
528:
508:Paul H. Carlson
467:
453:dam in western
399:Texas Panhandle
372:
305:
273:
233:
181:Rocky Mountains
169:
81:) is a shallow
75:
65:
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3825:Cattle raiding
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3784:
3782:Farmer suicide
3779:
3777:Climate change
3774:
3768:
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3757:
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3525:West Virginia
3523:
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3521:
3516:
3508:
3507:
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3498:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3483:
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3347:
3339:
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3337:
3330:North Carolina
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3267:New Hampshire
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3240:
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3238:
3233:
3225:
3224:
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3199:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
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3163:
3157:Massachusetts
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3114:Louisiana wine
3108:
3107:
3106:
3096:
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2362:Jandakot Mound
2359:
2354:
2352:Gnangara Mound
2349:
2343:
2341:
2337:
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2333:
2328:
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2316:
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3965:Great Plains
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3792:Water supply
3387:Pennsylvania
3202:Mississippi
2727:Blackcurrant
2629:Pennsylvania
2509:
2482:Aquifer test
2310:Lake Texcoco
2253:
2097:. Retrieved
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2071:the original
2061:
2040:cite journal
2028:. Retrieved
2018:
2009:
2002:. Retrieved
1997:
1970:. Retrieved
1966:
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1944:. Retrieved
1932:
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1807:February 21,
1805:. Retrieved
1800:
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1728:
1715:
1710:20 May 2012.
1695:
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1565:TransCanada.
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1532:Hovey, Art.
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
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1094:. Retrieved
1077:
1065:. Retrieved
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1037:. Retrieved
1030:the original
1025:
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1001:. Retrieved
996:
983:
974:
964:
952:. Retrieved
941:10.3133/pp17
932:
922:
910:. Retrieved
902:
892:
852:Hydrogeology
832:Fossil water
757:Water portal
734:
726:
715:, including
710:
707:Conservation
689:
684:
677:
663:
653:
641:
610:
572:
563:
544:
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497:
468:
459:Beaver River
448:
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413:
407:
381:
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360:World War II
349:
322:
298:
274:
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234:
222:
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202:
198:Kansas River
170:
162:
153:World War II
150:
130:N. H. Darton
98:South Dakota
90:Great Plains
68:
66:
29:
3939: /
3927:101°26′52″W
3765:environment
3648:Government
3624:Cotton Belt
3510:Washington
3399:Puerto Rico
3309:New Mexico
3277:New Jersey
3124:aquaculture
2947:Connecticut
2856:aquaculture
2418:Middle-East
2376:New Zealand
2331:Hamza River
2099:December 3,
2077:December 3,
2030:December 3,
1912:January 24,
1880:January 24,
1386:Denver Post
999:. Cambridge
872:Water table
842:Groundwater
737:natural gas
617:Keystone XL
605:Keystone XL
451:Optima Lake
385:practices (
293:playa lakes
289:impermeable
281:vadose zone
261:High Plains
237:water cycle
146:High Plains
83:water table
3954:Categories
3924:36°59′26″N
3904:Dude ranch
3763:Health and
3629:Fruit Belt
3450:Tennessee
3192:Minnesota
3110:Louisiana
2903:California
2710:Industries
2673:Sheep wars
1067:August 18,
1039:October 2,
1003:October 2,
954:August 14,
949:2346/61709
912:August 12,
885:References
857:Irrigation
695:signed an
593:See also:
437:sunflowers
214:paleowater
212:spaces is
122:New Mexico
3889:Corn maze
3858:H-2A visa
3719:Farm bill
3634:Rice Belt
3619:Corn Belt
3602:By region
3536:Wisconsin
3485:Virginia
3361:Oklahoma
3242:Nebraska
3212:Missouri
3172:Michigan
3049:Illinois
2963:Delaware
2887:Arkansas
2668:Range war
2340:Australia
2004:August 1,
1941:0099-9660
693:Joe Biden
611:In 2008,
566:July 2019
547:citations
505:historian
387:terracing
356:Dust Bowl
325:livestock
175:to early
132:from its
3682:politics
3576:cannabis
3566:cannabis
3552:Wyoming
3514:cannabis
3504:Cannabis
3489:cannabis
3474:cannabis
3470:Vermont
3419:cannabis
3404:Cannabis
3380:cannabis
3313:cannabis
3298:cannabis
3293:New York
3281:cannabis
3256:cannabis
3231:cannabis
3227:Montana
3216:cannabis
3181:cherries
3176:cannabis
3161:cannabis
3146:cannabis
3141:Maryland
3129:cannabis
3099:Kentucky
3053:cannabis
3000:Georgia
2967:cannabis
2952:cannabis
2940:cannabis
2930:Colorado
2913:cannabis
2881:cannabis
2872:Arizona
2861:cannabis
2732:Cannabis
2690:Colonial
2624:Virginia
2516:Category
2294:Wekepeke
2174:Aquifers
1972:June 10,
1801:NBC News
1748:Archived
1737:Archived
1704:Archived
1684:Archived
1664:Archived
1631:Archived
1591:Archived
1568:Archived
1558:Archived
1518:June 25,
1486:Archived
1303:Archived
1280:Archived
1250:BBC News
1232:28652354
1138:Archived
743:See also
713:Amarillo
455:Oklahoma
337:soybeans
277:semiarid
249:baseflow
189:alluvial
177:Pliocene
118:Oklahoma
110:Colorado
102:Nebraska
3680:Law and
3371:Oregon
3252:Nevada
3088:Kansas
3065:Indiana
2979:Florida
2918:walnuts
2908:almonds
2839:Alabama
2804:Tobacco
2789:Spinach
2779:Poultry
2680:Slavery
2567:History
1967:AP News
1946:June 9,
1451:Reuters
1409:June 1,
1252:. 2003.
1223:5514705
1200:Bibcode
822:Aquifer
625:Alberta
520:Lubbock
362:, when
352:drought
285:caliche
193:aeolian
185:Erosion
173:Miocene
106:Wyoming
86:aquifer
3899:Cowboy
3582:Texas
3409:Coffee
3120:Maine
3016:coffee
3011:Hawaii
2989:tomato
2851:Alaska
2759:Cotton
2744:Cherry
2717:Banana
2434:Europe
2392:Africa
2303:Mexico
2181:Canada
1939:
1230:
1220:
1096:May 7,
721:Dallam
662:. The
444:Platte
335:, and
317:Kansas
124:, and
114:Kansas
94:states
74:oh-gÉ™-
59:county
3894:Ranch
3882:Other
3835:Labor
3808:Crime
3562:Guam
3541:dairy
3460:Utah
3351:Ohio
3318:chile
3038:Idaho
3021:sugar
2994:mango
2816:Wheat
2794:Sugar
2769:Dairy
2764:Cider
1432:(PDF)
1087:(PDF)
1033:(PDF)
1022:(PDF)
993:(PDF)
717:Moore
514:from
377:wells
333:wheat
313:ASTER
311:NASA
126:Texas
3591:wine
3586:rice
3556:wine
3546:wine
3529:wine
3519:wine
3494:wine
3479:wine
3464:wine
3454:wine
3444:wine
3434:wine
3424:wine
3392:wine
3375:wine
3365:wine
3355:wine
3345:wine
3335:wine
3323:wine
3303:wine
3286:wine
3271:wine
3261:wine
3246:wine
3236:wine
3221:wine
3206:wine
3196:wine
3186:wine
3166:wine
3151:wine
3134:wine
3104:wine
3092:wine
3082:wine
3077:Iowa
3070:wine
3058:wine
3043:wine
3026:wine
3004:wine
2984:wine
2972:wine
2957:wine
2935:wine
2923:wine
2896:wine
2891:rice
2876:wine
2866:wine
2844:wine
2821:Wine
2784:Rice
2754:Corn
2737:Hemp
2663:Wine
2101:2015
2079:2015
2053:help
2032:2015
2006:2013
1974:2021
1948:2021
1937:ISSN
1914:2021
1882:2021
1850:2020
1843:CNBC
1809:2013
1520:2019
1411:2015
1228:PMID
1098:2008
1091:USGS
1069:2014
1041:2016
1005:2016
956:2022
914:2009
907:USGS
719:and
408:The
395:drip
389:and
329:corn
256:USGS
254:The
241:USGS
210:pore
191:and
67:The
48:USGS
2799:Tea
2774:Hop
2722:Bee
1768:",
1218:PMC
1208:doi
1196:114
945:hdl
937:doi
623:of
549:to
518:in
78:-lÉ™
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2042:}}
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