22:
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498:. In the story, the protagonist's eccentric behavior is considered less reprehensible than her repulsive natural appearance, and a maiden describes her completely unplucked eyebrows as "hairy caterpillars" and her undyed teeth as "skinless caterpillars", while a captain of the guard who shows attraction to her is repelled by her lack of makeup and, above all, by her teeth which "shone horribly when she smiled."
951:
1240:, where it was considered a demonstration of maturity and readiness for marriage after puberty. It was also a demonstration of civilization, as there was an idea that white teeth belonged to animals, savages, and evil spirits, especially because of the presence of large protruding canines in all of them. The majority ethnic group in Vietnam, the
1171:
807:
as "an abhorrent
Japanese custom that disfigured their women", whom, in fact, many of them considered to be of great beauty until they smiled. Alcock surmised that its purpose would be chastity by intentionally making women unattractive, which would prevent potential extramarital affairs and his view
1032:
used as insulation at the beginning of the extension of electrical wiring throughout
Japanese cities was actually composed in part of the blood of virgins, an idea that became associated with the Westerners who were originally in charge of installing the wires. To avoid being attacked and have their
920:
Take three pints of water and, having heated it, add half a cup of wine (sake). Put into this mixture a certain amount of red-hot iron; let it stand from five to six days, after which there will be a residue on the surface of the mixture which you should then pour into a small teacup and place it by
631:
Our allies stacked the severed heads they had obtained in this part of the castle. We put a label on each of the heads so that we could identify them properly, then we dyed their teeth black repeatedly. Why did we do this? Long ago blackened teeth were admired as a symbol of a distinguished man. So
555:
it was more often among nobles as a sign of the passage into puberty and was done on boys and especially girls entering that stage, around the age of 13. In the celebration of marriages, those relatives of the bride who were responsible for assisting her in the process and introducing her to others
1228:
In more modern times, tooth blackening can be observed among many minority groups in
Southeast Asia. It is found preferentially among older women, although the practice still exists among some young girls. Sometimes artificial teeth were used to obtain black teeth although it is also very common
381:
are still unclear: simple dental care has been proposed, as well as the differentiation between humans and demons depicted with large white fangs, just as in other
Southeast Asian cultures; the fact that teeth are the only visible part of the skeleton, which links them to death and makes them
1018:
to form an adhesive surface for the dye. According to
Freeman-Mitford, the dye should be applied at most every two days, because even after the first day without a new coat, the teeth lost their lacquered shine and pieces of gray were mixed with those that maintained the desired black color,
921:
the fire. When it is hot, you should add gall powder and iron filings, and you have to heat the mixture again. Then the teeth are painted with the liquid by means of a soft feather brush with more iron and gall powder and after a few applications, the desired color will be obtained.
419:– and the dyeing of teeth creating a masklike appearance. The current Japanese female custom of covering the mouth when smiling derives to a greater or lesser degree from this consideration and from the preference until the 19th century for black-toothed rather than white mouths.
812:
Once they have renewed the black varnish on their teeth and plucked every last hair from their eyebrows, Japanese married women could assert their unparalleled preeminence in artificial ugliness over the rest of their sex. Their mouths thus disfigured are like open sepulchers
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is produced. Covering the teeth with this liquid prevented decay of the teeth and enamel and was also said to ease the pain of dental ailments almost immediately. The dye faded quickly and had to be applied once a day or every few days to keep the dark shade even.
645:
During the Edo period, only men who were part of the
Imperial Family and the aristocracy had their teeth blackened. Because of the strong odor and the effort required for the process, in addition to the impression among young women that it made them look older,
931:
In kabuki theatrical performances, actors painted their teeth black whenever they played married women, courtesans, and with some noblemen, for which they traditionally used a mixture of brown sugar and pine resin. The mixture used in kabuki was given the name
422:
Among the samurai, its origin is associated with the idea of loyalty expressed by the color black. When a samurai dyed his teeth black, it reflected his decision not to serve another lord for the rest of his life, and, from the time of the
1906:
The teeth that bite the cloth have been blackened with a dye called ohaguro, made from iron filings. Blackened teeth were considered attractive, possibly because teeth are a visible part of the skeleton which as a symbol of death was
1248:
men painted their teeth red, while women painted their teeth black. These traditions declined in the 20th century, decade by decade with each new generation, although colonial medical reports from the 1930s stated that 80 percent of
1200:
In China there has been knowledge of the custom of teeth blackening throughout history, although it was not practiced in the domains of the Middle
Kingdom, nor did the majority of its ethnic groups. As early as the 4th century BC's
505:
aristocracy between the 9th and 11th centuries, which was soon followed by women of all social classes. It began as a rite of maturity among adolescent girls that by the end of this period had spread to noblemen. During the later
514:, other samurai, and almost all nobles came of age, they dyed their teeth. In the particular case of samurai and members of the nobility of these periods it was customary to dye their teeth for the first time upon passing their
1124:. When she then wanted to rinse her mouth she found no water anywhere nearby, so she clapped her hands and water began to gush out of the ground. That is the reason why the Hyoshimizu spring at Himekoso shrine is also called
21:
1619:
Other
Westerners were not so severe in their appraisals, and some even mention having become accustomed to it and being able to observe without aversion, but among the testimonials none show appreciation for the
829:, when they accepted their responsibility as a wife and mother, Watanabe posits that this was a social ritual by which both society and the young woman affirmed the determination of the woman who had matured.
594:
at odds with each other and led to the wars of the
Sengoku period, samurai would take the heads of their enemies and collect them as trophies after battle to enhance their reputation in the eyes of their
1575:
of the 12th century began to make up in the manner of women because of his desire to appear more feminine. Eventually it would have spread through the court and from there to the followers of the
1033:
blood drawn, many young women decided to change their appearance to look like married women: they dyed their teeth black, painted their eyebrows, wore simple kimono, and styled their hair in the
1552:
There is another hypothesis, also related to the very white makeup that covered the entire face, which states that such tonality highlighted the usual yellowish color of the teeth. With the
823:
Japanese sociologist Kyouji
Watanabe disagrees with this theory. Considering that Japanese girls were allowed a high degree of social and sexual freedom until the moment of receiving the
2714:
2422:
364:
existed in Japan in one form or another for hundreds of years, and was considered a symbol of beauty for much of this time. Objects with a deep black color, such as those
905:
2323:
107:. In addition to Japanese society's preference for black teeth, it was also considered beneficial to health, as it prevented tooth decay by acting as a
2558:
Westerners continued to lament the traditional practices of tooth- blackening and eyebrow plucking; these greatly reduced the Japanese women's appeal.
526:. Although its specific use by elites was soon diluted and came to be considered acceptable among commoner women, especially among married women and
1265:
522:
or initiation ceremony, at the age of fifteen or sixteen. This was also how it was done in the court of the Imperial Family until the end of the
2460:
2923:
2897:
2573:
A Diplomat in Japan: The Inner History of the Critical Years in the Evolution of Japan When the Ports Were Opened and the Monarchy Restored
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279:
literally mean "iron juice", alluding to the liquid used in the process. This alternative spelling also has a separate pronunciation,
3008:
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2264:
2190:
2069:
2011:
1951:
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2104:
2739:
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2443:. For instance, the maiko I knew best before Mamehana, Yukako and Makiko, both told me how proud they were to wear ohaguro during
1101:, dressed and made up in the old Japanese women's fashion, but on her made-up face appears only a large mouth full of black teeth.
99:
led to its gradual disappearance. It was a tradition practiced mainly by married women and some men, almost always members of the
2180:
127:
2968:
Among post-1975 refugee communities, the older ladies, especially those from Tonkín, can still be found with blackened teeth...
1968:
987:, a thin tray to hold the elements with which the dye was applied. The set of smaller items was kept inside a larger case: the
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For the treatment, preservation and application of the dye, various containers and tools were used. Among these were the
95:
periods, from the 10th century until the late 19th century, but the opening of the country to Western customs during the
3158:
2847:
2539:
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nut, which gives a dark red shade instead of black, in addition to all sorts of plants collected mainly in the jungle.
2924:"To Strengthen the Teeth and Harden the Gums - Teeth blackening as medical practice in Asia, Micronesia and Melanesia"
742:, both traditionally characteristic of Japanese newlyweds, is a symbol of their "marriage" to the arts they practice.
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was only performed on women who were getting married or engaged, prostitutes, and geisha. There are also mentions of
2686:
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1860:
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3153:
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2043:
As the girl's grandmother was a very conservative woman, she didn't pluck her eyebrows or dye her teeth black....
1533:
904:
Among foreigners who knew of the custom, a rumor, never proven, spread that the ingredients also included urine.
794:
769:(1815). A geisha is seen making use of the complete set of traditional elements for blackening, most notably the
677:
on men, and the tradition gradually became obsolete, especially from 1873 among married and noblewomen, when the
3028:
2225:
1835:
1829:
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1939:
1974:
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750:
2361:
Things Japanese: Being Notes on Various Subjects Connected With Japan for the Use of Travellers and Others
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to a glossy black, were considered to be of great beauty, and many shades of black were used in dyeing
1447:
2715:"Blacking the Teeth (Kanetsuke), No. 3 from the series Twelve Rituals of Marriage (Konrei jûni-shiki"
2468:
1570:
1055:
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cultures holding a preference for concealing the public display of feelings with the combination of
111:. The practice of dyeing one's teeth black was also a known and widespread practice in southeastern
1396:
1357:
660:
139:
1400:
398:(white makeup), the complete plucking of the eyebrows, and their repainting – a practice known as
2931:
2905:
2132:
1781:
The Industries of Japan: Together with an Account of Its Agriculture, Forestry, Arts and Commerce
1558:
the problem would be avoided by "hiding" and camouflaging the teeth in the darkness of the mouth.
1451:
1388:
1143:
in the country between the 17th century and the prohibition of prostitution in Japan in 1958 was
1140:
790:
701:
2182:
The Heart of the Warrior: Origins and Religious Background of the Samurai System in Feudal Japan
1308:
238:
872:, created by dissolving iron filings in vinegar. When the solution was combined with vegetable
642:
It was towards the end of this period that the men engaging in the practice became a minority.
447:
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2007:
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1785:
1723:
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474:
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1528:
1523:
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1115:
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84:
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1510:
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1423:
507:
1576:
1300:
1161:, literally 'Black Tooth Canal', because of the abundance of prostitutes with dyed teeth.
1014:
Each time the procedure was repeated, the teeth were carefully rubbed with the peel of a
607:
after decapitation to enhance the combatant's glory in defeating a notable enemy. In the
681:
decided to appear in public with white teeth. Until the last years of the Meiji period,
3096:. Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. Vol. 9. Asiatic Society of Japan.
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or tea, it turned black and ceased to be soluble in water, the same method by which
2504:
1861:"Overview of Japanese Cosmetics and a History of Japanese Beauty to the Edo Period"
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1415:
1392:
1380:
1376:
1365:
1312:
1273:
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502:
88:
87:
with a solution of iron filings and vinegar. It was especially popular between the
2105:"The memory of the women's white faces: Japaneseness and the ideal image of women"
2729:
2528:
Kyouji Watanabe, "Yukishi Yono Omokage", ISBN 4582765521, published by Heibonsha.
2359:
2286:
The Taming of the Samurai: Honorific Individualism and the Making of Modern Japan
1717:
912:
a recipe which he claimed had been described to him by a reputable apothecary in
586:
Throughout these convulsive centuries, which saw the emergence of a multitude of
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1761:
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1342:
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we were asked to apply a generous coat of ohaguro to any head with white teeth.
100:
96:
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1765:
1277:
1256:
Peoples who practiced some form of tooth blackening outside of Japan include:
523:
511:
459:
233:
92:
2128:
1192:
Vietnamese old woman selling chewing gum. Her teeth have the dark red hue of
3136:
3118:
3101:
2953:
From the City Inside the Red River: A Cultural Memoir of Mid-century Vietnam
1372:
1281:
1144:
756:
737:
711:
691:
onwards it virtually disappeared except among elderly women in rural areas.
533:
31:
2512:
1221:) appears, which some associate with Japan itself and most others with the
687:
was still a popular custom among the middle and lower classes but from the
589:
434:
3084:
The Capital of the Tycoon: A Narrative of a Three Years Residence in Japan
1170:
720:
have their teeth blackened during the last stage of their apprenticeship,
1349:
1088:
1029:
789:
in the 1860s, a large number of Westerners who visited Japan – including
762:
455:
412:
399:
387:
37:
2544:
Interracial Intimacy in Japan: Western Men and Japanese Women, 1543-1900
2815:
The Night Parade of One Hundred Demons: a Field Guide to Japanese Yokai
1582:
1427:
1237:
517:
451:
426:
393:
365:
297:
204:
135:
104:
1599:
1463:
1361:
1261:
1250:
1175:
873:
786:
723:
705:
527:
369:
301:
3015:
Avid betel-nut chewers, the women believe black teeth are beautiful.
942:, red pigment, rice honey, and lamp oil, all softened over a flame.
2810:
808:
of this custom hardly changed during his three-year stay in Japan:
1567:
Freeman-Mitford mentions a supposed origin of male use in which a
1502:
1404:
1187:
949:
938:, and in more complex formulations could include wax, pine resin,
717:
383:
276:
213:
voices to become a "g" sound, and the compound term is pronounced
126:
112:
80:
20:
2854:(2nd, revised ed.). Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 274.
2346:
the fox saw the farmer's wife, applying tooth black to her teeth.
1944:
Faces Around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face
1323:
1296:
1241:
1152:
913:
877:
551:
was common among adults, although even before the advent of the
1891:
Yoshitoshi's Women: The Woodblock-print Series Fūzoku Sanjūnisō
1865:
The Emerging Monoculture: Assimilation and the "model Minority"
1610:, who adopted the customs and manners of the women of the time.
2761:
Civilization and Monsters: Spirits of Modernity in Meiji Japan
1506:
1244:, practiced this custom, as did various minority populations.
1148:
1104:
A legend from the island of Himeshima tells that when Himegami
1229:
outside Japan to achieve this result by continuously chewing
2435:
Also, Mamehana is the only Maiko I have photographed during
2061:
The World of the Shining Prince: Court Life in Ancient Japan
1225:
area due to its extent in the region and greater antiquity.
2795:. Electric power lines insulated with the blood of virgins.
2000:"Chapter 1: Introduction to Concepts in Esthetic Dentistry"
1151:. The district was surrounded on all four sides by a small
242:
or "women's language", as a shift from the much-older term
2493:
The Leisure Hour; an Illustrated Magazine for Home Reading
1028:
During the Meiji period, an urban legend spread that the
1011:, a small porcelain bowl for gargling after the process.
728:, before graduating to geisha status. The application of
439:, the nobles applied it with similar regard for loyalty.
2570:
Mason Satow, Ernest (2007). "XVI First Visit to Ozaka".
2423:"Good-bye and hello to the geisha Mamehana of Gion Kobu"
501:
The tradition first appeared among men and women of the
2898:"The Ethnobotany of Teeth Blackening in Southeast Asia"
601:. The heads were identified and in many cases received
1605:
1597:
1580:
1568:
1553:
1156:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1094:
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1043:
1034:
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695:
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530:, it was a forbidden practice for the marginalized or
515:
491:
479:
467:
432:
424:
391:
376:
359:
258:
220:
214:
202:
151:
29:
1210:
1202:
1052:, there is a story about Fukushima prefecture called
981:, a large bowl with handles on which was placed the
372:, with different shades holding different meanings.
2983:
China's Last but one matriarchy: The Jino of Yunnan
1596:Also among the men who practiced prostitution, the
1118:, she stopped for a moment on her journey to apply
2731:Traditional Japanese Furniture: A Definitive Guide
1209:, the description of a 'black-toothed country' or
510:, when aristocrats such as those belonging to the
2259:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 181.
1236:The practice of teeth dyeing was very ancient in
837:The main ingredient was a dark brown solution of
304:extracted from the galls for use in this mixture)
1967:Van Steenberghe, Daniel; Rosenberg, Mel (1996).
1587:of the Kamakura shogunate, as a sign of loyalty.
1053:
1023:Superstitions, legends, and popular expressions
1005:, with which the dye was administered; and the
918:
887:
842:
810:
629:
557:
410:
337:
322:
307:
284:
243:
187:
172:
157:
47:
2398:Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture
2288:. Harvard University Press. pp. 100–102.
1894:. University of Washington Press. p. 26.
1753:
1107:
1062:
849:
671:In 1870 the government banned the practice of
564:
404:
344:
329:
314:
291:
270:
264:
250:
194:
179:
164:
56:
3126:Wagatsuma, Hiroshi (1967). "Color and Race".
2917:
2915:
2891:
1719:Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Human Health
1216:
8:
3129:The Social Perception of Skin Color in Japan
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
1644:De Garis, Frederic; Sakai, Atsuharu (2013).
2524:
2522:
2230:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 109.
2152:
2150:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
1068:
1050:Journey through the ghost stories of Tohoku
855:
801:, who visited Edo-period Japan – described
462:in which her dark teeth are distinguishable
232:arose among upper-class women in the early
62:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2227:Japanese Women: Constraint and Fulfillment
1867:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 53.
623:narrates this process after surviving the
2986:. Papers of the White Dragon. p. 75.
2651:
2649:
2647:
2053:
2051:
1684:. Digireads.com Publishing. p. 203.
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1114:fled from Prince Tsunuga Arashito of the
490:, from the 12th century, included in the
466:The first written references in Japan to
201:. Due to a phonological process called
2804:
2802:
2576:. Stone Bridge Press, Inc. p. 200.
1970:Bad Breath: A Multidisciplinary Approach
1169:
749:
538:, vagrants and the poorest of the poor.
446:
132:Geisha blackening her teeth at 1:00 p.m.
3094:Japanese cosmetics and teeth-blackening
2789:"Urban legends from Meiji-period Japan"
2734:. Kodansha International. p. 129.
2004:Esthetic Dentistry in Clinical Practice
1639:
1637:
1633:
1545:
269:, but there is an alternative spelling
16:Old Japanese custom of teeth blackening
1722:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 448.
999:or small box for the gall powder; the
2945:
2943:
2941:
2387:
2385:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1019:resulting in a repulsive appearance.
144:24 hours in Shinbashi and Yanagibashi
7:
3113:(in Japanese). Ningen no kagakusya.
2829:"拍子水 Hyoushi-mizu Hyoshimizu Spring"
2693:. Courier Corporation. p. 126.
2664:. Courier Corporation. p. 275.
2662:The Art of Kabuki: Five Famous Plays
2064:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
1823:
1821:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
767:Three beauties making up their faces
156:is composed of the honorific prefix
2439:who did not blacken her teeth with
2006:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 5.
1758:(Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition)
1678:Freeman-Mitford, Algernon (2010) .
119:, although with different recipes.
2251:Thomas, Louis; Ito, Tommy (2008).
1828:Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002) .
1155:with water that received the name
14:
2358:Chamberlain, Basil Hall (2014) .
2031:. Penguin Classics. p. 130.
969:Picture book of a hundred stories
375:The reasons for the invention of
334:, literally 'putting on + metal')
319:, literally 'metal + putting on')
2846:Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian (2011).
2685:Scott, Adolphe Clarence (1955).
2621:. Paraverse Press. p. 157.
2257:Samurai: The Code of the Warrior
2159:"Teeth color as a cultural form"
785:Following the ending of Japan's
694:Nowadays, the only places where
2540:"Admiration for Japanese women"
2027:Shikibu, Murasaki (2001). "6".
1778:Rein, Johannes Justus (1995) .
1716:Lewis, Arthur H. (2003). "12".
1501:In the Pacific, the islands of
1268:prefecture, the ethnic groups:
1178:girl with black painted teeth,
716:(geisha districts), where some
619:, the daughter of a servant of
3135:. Daedalus. Vol. 96. The
3033:. Lonely Planet. p. 356.
2980:Ceinos Arcones, Pedro (2014).
2852:Historical Dictionary of Tokyo
2546:. A&C Black. p. 132.
2342:"Lonely Fox (The Former Part)"
2224:Sugiyama Lebra, Takie (1984).
1946:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 288–289.
1093:, more specifically a type of
876:from sources such as powdered
42:Mirrors of the modern boudoir.
1:
2641:Freeman-Mitford, 1871, p. 203
1784:. Curzon Press. p. 181.
1179:
746:Social consideration and role
2324:"Beautiful Blackened Smiles"
2179:Blomberg, Cathalina (2013).
2084:Wagatsuma, 1967, pp. 408-409
1253:farmers had darkened teeth.
781:as a support for the others.
494:Tsutsumi Chūnagon Monogatari
386:; or the Japanese and other
3092:Casal, Ugo Alfonso (1966).
3081:Alcock, Rutherford (1863).
2691:The Kabuki Theatre of Japan
2253:"Chapter 5: Samurai at War"
2121:10.1080/0955580032000077739
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989:
983:
977:
961:
955:
934:
888:
843:
825:
803:
777:
771:
755:
736:
734:and the hairstyle known as
730:
722:
710:
696:
683:
673:
654:
648:
609:
603:
597:
588:
579:
577:, literally "godmother" of
573:
558:
547:
532:
516:
492:
480:
472:appear in the 11th century
468:
433:
425:
411:
392:
377:
360:
338:
323:
308:
285:
259:
244:
221:
215:
203:
188:
173:
158:
152:
48:
30:
3180:
2956:. McFarland. p. 116.
2656:Leiter, Samuel L. (1999).
2366:Cambridge University Press
1998:Geissberger, Marc (2010).
1859:Kramer, Eric Mark (2003).
488:The Lady Who Loved Insects
300:water', so called for the
142:, number 13 in the series
2950:Nguyễn, Đình Hoà (1999).
2755:Figal, Gerald A. (1999).
2400:. Routledge. p. 90.
2103:Ashikari, Mikiko (2003).
1754:
1650:. Routledge. p. 33.
1579:, whose leaders were the
1534:Culture of Southeast Asia
1217:
1108:
1063:
993:, in which were kept the
926:Algernon Freeman-Mitford
850:
795:Philipp Franz von Siebold
565:
405:
345:
330:
315:
292:
271:
265:
251:
195:
180:
165:
57:
3109:Hara, Mitsumasa (1984).
3054:Cunningham, Lawrence J.
2728:Koizumi, Kazuko (1986).
2487:Macaulay, James (1868).
2392:Buckley, Sandra (2006).
2282:"Early Medieval Warfare"
1888:Stevenson, John (1995).
1836:Harvard University Press
1264:province, especially in
1166:Other parts of East Asia
906:Algernon Freeman-Mitford
658:in fairy tales, such as
40:, 1820, from the series
2809:Meyer, Matthew (2013).
2687:"The actor's Technique"
2615:Gill, Robin D. (2004).
2505:2027/nyp.33433081682993
2214:Wagatsuma, 1967, p. 409
2205:Wagatsuma, 1967, p. 438
1975:Leuven University Press
1938:DeMello, Margo (2012).
1813:Wagatsuma, 1967, p. 436
1078:full of blackened teeth
1042:In Yamada Norio's book
583:(blackening of teeth).
3027:Lonely Planet (2002).
2997:Lonely Planet (2013).
2928:ethnobotanyjournal.org
2902:ethnobotanyjournal.org
2538:Leup, Gary P. (2003).
2280:Ikegami, Eiko (1995).
2058:Morris, Ivan (2013) .
1197:
1185:
972:
929:
910:Tales of Ancient Japan
821:
782:
704:, in period films, in
640:
463:
147:
85:blackening one's teeth
44:
2922:Zumbroich, Thomas J.
2896:Zumbroich, Thomas J.
2765:Duke University Press
2433:on 13 December 2014.
2322:Collia-Suzuki, Gina.
1191:
1173:
1045:Tohoku Kaidan no Tabi
963:Ehon Hyaku Monogatari
953:
787:self-isolation policy
753:
700:can be seen are some
482:Mushi Mezuru Himegimi
450:
349:, 'tooth blackening')
255:, 'tooth blackening')
130:
79:is the name given in
24:
3164:History of cosmetics
2934:on 11 December 2014.
2908:on 11 December 2014.
2757:"Bakumatsu Bakemono"
2605:Alcock, 1863, p. 192
2471:on 13 December 2014.
2157:Fukagawa, Masahiko.
2143:on 13 December 2014.
1838:. pp. 152–153.
1698:on 13 December 2014.
625:Battle of Sekigahara
556:were given the name
283:. Synonyms include
263:is normally spelled
3159:Southeast (Vietnam)
3000:Lonely Planet China
2459:Yamaguchi, Sherry.
2421:Foster, John Paul.
2344:. 1 November 2014.
1358:Peninsular Malaysia
908:transcribed in his
661:Gon, the Little Fox
140:Tsukioka Yoshitoshi
2835:. 31 January 2007.
2461:"Essence of Kyoto"
2427:johnpaulfoster.com
1831:Japan Encyclopedia
1681:Tales of Old Japan
1198:
1186:
1141:red-light district
1112:, Divine Princess)
973:
818:Rutherford Alcock
791:Engelbert Kaempfer
783:
765:, from the series
702:Japanese festivals
464:
431:or regents of the
355:Origin and meaning
148:
45:
3111:Ohaguro no kenkyū
2811:"Ohaguro-bettari"
2596:Alcock, 1863, 193
2029:The Tale of Genji
1333:In Thailand, the
799:Rutherford Alcock
718:apprentice geisha
478:and in the story
83:to the custom of
3171:
3154:Culture of Japan
3140:
3134:
3122:
3105:
3088:
3068:
3067:
3066:on 9 March 2012.
3062:. Archived from
3056:"Mariana's Past"
3051:
3045:
3044:
3030:South-West China
3024:
3018:
3017:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2947:
2936:
2935:
2930:. Archived from
2919:
2910:
2909:
2904:. Archived from
2893:
2866:
2865:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2793:Pinktentacle.com
2785:
2779:
2778:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2653:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2618:Topsy-turvy 1585
2612:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2484:
2473:
2472:
2467:. Archived from
2456:
2450:
2449:
2429:. Archived from
2418:
2412:
2411:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2326:. Archived from
2319:
2300:
2299:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2139:. Archived from
2100:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1940:"Teeth Painting"
1935:
1910:
1909:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1825:
1814:
1811:
1796:
1795:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1745:
1734:
1733:
1713:
1700:
1699:
1694:. Archived from
1675:
1662:
1661:
1641:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1550:
1529:Culture of Japan
1524:Teeth blackening
1291:In Vietnam, the
1220:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1184:
1181:
1160:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1116:Gaya confederacy
1113:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1092:
1085:. It is about a
1084:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1047:
1038:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
966:
958:
937:
927:
895:
894:
891:
871:
869:
866:
865:iron juice water
863:
860:
857:
853:
852:
846:
828:
819:
806:
780:
774:
763:Utagawa Kunisada
760:
741:
733:
727:
715:
699:
686:
676:
657:
651:
638:
621:Ishida Mitsunari
617:The Story of Oan
614:
606:
600:
593:
582:
576:
570:
568:
567:
561:
550:
543:Muromachi period
537:
521:
497:
485:
471:
438:
430:
418:
416:
408:
407:
397:
380:
363:
350:
348:
347:
341:
335:
333:
332:
326:
320:
318:
317:
311:
305:
295:
294:
288:
274:
273:
268:
267:
262:
256:
254:
253:
247:
224:
218:
208:
200:
198:
197:
191:
185:
183:
182:
176:
170:
168:
167:
161:
155:
78:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
60:
59:
53:
38:Utagawa Kunisada
35:
26:Teeth blackening
3179:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3144:
3143:
3132:
3125:
3108:
3091:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2949:
2948:
2939:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2895:
2894:
2869:
2862:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2833:nippon-kichi.jp
2827:
2826:
2822:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2655:
2654:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2499:. London: 262.
2489:"Life in Japan"
2486:
2485:
2476:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2330:on 13 May 2013.
2321:
2320:
2303:
2296:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2102:
2101:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2039:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2014:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1977:. p. 226.
1966:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1937:
1936:
1913:
1902:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1827:
1826:
1817:
1812:
1799:
1792:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1760:(in Japanese),
1752:
1747:
1746:
1737:
1730:
1715:
1714:
1703:
1692:
1677:
1676:
1665:
1658:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1595:
1591:
1566:
1562:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1520:
1511:Mariana Islands
1223:Southeast Asian
1182:
1168:
1105:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1060:
1056:ohaguro bettari
1025:
956:Ohaguro-bettari
948:
928:
925:
892:
885:
867:
864:
861:
858:
847:
835:
820:
817:
748:
639:
636:
562:
508:Kamakura period
445:
402:
357:
342:
327:
312:
289:
248:
192:
186:, and the term
177:
162:
125:
74:
71:
68:
65:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3123:
3106:
3089:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3046:
3039:
3019:
3010:978-1743216408
3009:
2989:
2972:
2962:
2937:
2911:
2867:
2861:978-0810874893
2860:
2838:
2820:
2798:
2780:
2773:
2767:. p. 34.
2747:
2740:
2720:
2706:
2699:
2677:
2670:
2643:
2634:
2627:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2583:978-0893469610
2582:
2562:
2552:
2530:
2518:
2474:
2451:
2413:
2406:
2381:
2374:
2368:. p. 45.
2350:
2333:
2301:
2294:
2272:
2266:978-1402763120
2265:
2243:
2236:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2192:978-1134240333
2191:
2171:
2146:
2086:
2077:
2071:978-0345803917
2070:
2047:
2037:
2019:
2013:978-1118694930
2012:
1990:
1983:
1959:
1953:978-1598846171
1952:
1911:
1900:
1880:
1873:
1851:
1844:
1815:
1797:
1790:
1770:
1735:
1728:
1701:
1690:
1663:
1657:978-1136183676
1656:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1589:
1560:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1499:
1408:
1369:
1346:
1345:ethnic groups.
1331:
1320:
1319:ethnic groups.
1289:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1137:
1102:
1040:
1024:
1021:
947:
944:
923:
834:
831:
815:
747:
744:
708:, and in some
679:Empress Shōken
666:Niimi Nankichi
634:
611:Oan Monogatari
553:Sengoku period
444:
441:
356:
353:
124:
121:
117:Southeast Asia
109:dental sealant
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3176:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3138:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3065:
3061:
3060:offisland.com
3057:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2741:9780870117220
2737:
2733:
2732:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2700:9780486406459
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2628:9780974261812
2624:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2375:9781108073851
2371:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2185:. Routledge.
2184:
2183:
2175:
2172:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2038:0-14-243714-X
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1691:9781420937527
1687:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1330:ethnic group.
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:Xishuangbanna
1263:
1260:In China, in
1259:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1205:Shan Hai Jing
1195:
1190:
1177:
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689:Taishō period
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637:Eiko Ikegami
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3064:the original
3059:
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2992:
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2932:the original
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2431:the original
2426:
2416:
2397:
2360:
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2328:the original
2285:
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2162:. Retrieved
2141:the original
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2108:
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2060:
2042:
2028:
2022:
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1969:
1962:
1943:
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1890:
1883:
1864:
1854:
1830:
1780:
1773:
1748:
1718:
1696:the original
1680:
1646:
1615:
1592:
1563:
1548:
1255:
1235:
1227:
1199:
1158:Ohaguro-dobu
1127:ohaguro mizu
1049:
1013:
1002:haguro-tsugi
974:
968:
940:carbon black
930:
919:
909:
903:
839:iron acetate
836:
822:
811:
784:
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693:
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630:
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239:nyōbō kotoba
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97:Meiji period
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3087:. Longmanz.
2848:"Yoshiwara"
2394:"Cosmetics"
2109:Japan Fórum
1907:regarded...
1647:We Japanese
1452:Minangkabau
1412:Philippines
1212:Hei-chi-guo
1183: 1905
1016:pomegranate
1008:ugai-chawan
990:haguro-bako
984:watashigane
946:Application
778:watashigane
541:During the
458:caring for
388:Far Eastern
236:as part of
171:, the term
101:aristocracy
72:black teeth
3148:Categories
3040:186450370X
2963:0786404981
2774:0822324180
2671:0486408728
2658:"Glossary"
2553:0826460747
2407:1134763530
2295:0674868080
2237:0824810252
2164:7 December
1984:9061867797
1901:0295974311
1874:0275973123
1845:0674017536
1791:0700703519
1766:Shogakukan
1755:国語大辞典（新装版）
1729:0471628824
1628:References
1509:, and the
1364:, and the
1356:, both in
1097:noppera-bō
996:fushi-bako
524:Edo period
512:Taira clan
275:where the
234:Edo period
199:, 'black')
184:, 'tooth')
3137:MIT Press
2465:NHK.or.jp
2137:144510689
2129:0955-5803
1577:Hōjō clan
1492:Sondanese
1468:Kankanaey
1448:Achinense
1373:Indonesia
1251:Tonkinese
1145:Yoshiwara
1139:The main
978:mimidarai
772:mimidarai
757:Nishiki-e
712:hanamachi
627:in 1600:
580:kanetsuke
534:burakumin
366:lacquered
324:tsukegane
309:kanetsuke
286:fushimizu
228:The term
150:The word
123:Etymology
32:Nishiki-e
3119:23310601
3102:31812278
1571:sadaijin
1518:See also
1496:Javanese
1484:Makassar
1480:Ilongote
1424:Bicolano
1350:Malaysia
1196:chewers.
1136:water').
1036:marumage
1030:coal tar
935:hayagane
924:—
844:kanemizu
816:—
635:—
456:Yama-uba
413:hikimayu
400:hikimayu
339:hagurome
245:hagurome
222:*ohakuro
2513:1604220
2441:ohaguro
1620:custom.
1583:shikken
1555:ohaguro
1476:Gaddang
1436:Mandaya
1432:Mansaka
1428:Mangyan
1238:Vietnam
1133:ohaguro
1121:ohaguro
1072:
1064:お歯黒べったり
880:of the
874:tannins
859:
841:called
826:ohaguro
804:ohaguro
731:ohaguro
697:ohaguro
684:ohaguro
674:ohaguro
655:ohaguro
649:ohaguro
604:ohaguro
559:kaneoya
548:ohaguro
518:genpuku
469:ohaguro
460:Kintarō
452:Ukiyo-e
443:History
427:shikken
394:oshiroi
378:ohaguro
361:Ohaguro
302:tannins
298:nutgall
260:Ohaguro
230:ohaguro
216:ohaguro
205:rendaku
153:ohaguro
136:Ukiyo-e
105:samurai
66:
50:Ohaguro
3117:
3100:
3037:
3007:
2960:
2858:
2771:
2738:
2697:
2668:
2625:
2580:
2550:
2511:
2445:sakkou
2437:sakkou
2404:
2372:
2292:
2263:
2234:
2189:
2135:
2127:
2068:
2035:
2010:
1981:
1950:
1898:
1871:
1842:
1788:
1726:
1688:
1654:
1600:kagema
1488:Ifugao
1472:Igorot
1464:Bagobo
1460:Tausug
1456:Ivatan
1440:Manobo
1414:, the
1403:, and
1397:Kedang
1375:, the
1362:Borneo
1352:, the
1341:, and
1326:, the
1315:, and
1284:, and
1262:Yunnan
1176:Tonkin
1174:Young
1039:style.
971:, 1841
724:erikae
706:kabuki
598:daimyō
590:daimyō
528:geisha
435:shōgun
370:kimono
336:, and
281:tesshō
219:, not
3133:(PDF)
2133:S2CID
1762:Tōkyō
1540:Notes
1503:Palau
1444:Yakan
1416:Isnag
1405:Batak
1401:Ngada
1393:Alfur
1381:Dayak
1377:Dusun
1366:Jakun
1354:Malay
1313:Mnong
1293:Si la
1274:Blang
1246:Si la
1231:betel
1194:betel
1147:, in
1089:yōkai
959:from
889:fushi
884:plant
878:galls
738:sakkō
664:, by
384:taboo
277:kanji
113:China
89:Heian
81:Japan
3115:OCLC
3098:OCLC
3035:ISBN
3005:ISBN
2958:ISBN
2856:ISBN
2769:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2695:ISBN
2666:ISBN
2623:ISBN
2578:ISBN
2548:ISBN
2509:OCLC
2402:ISBN
2370:ISBN
2290:ISBN
2261:ISBN
2232:ISBN
2187:ISBN
2166:2014
2125:ISSN
2066:ISBN
2033:ISBN
2008:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1749:1988
1724:ISBN
1686:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1607:yarō
1494:and
1420:Aeta
1389:Kodi
1385:Karo
1360:and
1343:Lisu
1339:Akha
1335:Lahu
1328:Khmu
1324:Laos
1317:Rade
1305:Nung
1297:Kinh
1286:Lisu
1270:Jino
1242:Kinh
1153:moat
1069:lit.
914:Yedo
856:lit.
797:and
775:and
331:つけがね
316:鉄漿付け
293:五倍子水
211:kuro
189:kuro
115:and
103:and
91:and
63:lit.
2501:hdl
2117:doi
1604:or
1507:Yap
1410:In
1371:In
1348:In
1322:In
1309:Maa
1301:Thổ
1278:Dai
1218:黒歯国
1149:Edo
851:鉄奨水
833:Dye
761:by
571:or
566:鉄漿親
454:of
346:歯黒め
296:, '
266:お歯黒
252:歯黒め
138:by
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