551:
446:
31:
331:
104:
820:
153:
216:
4407:
4417:
806:
501:
There is a biennial trade fair in
Istanbul. In 2022, 28 billion litres of diesel and 4 billion litres of petrol were sold in Turkey. Seventy percent of cars registered in 2022 were petrol, 18% diesel and 9% hybrid; and of cars on the road that year, 37% were diesel, 35% LPG and 27% petrol. In mid
615:
are claimed to have done this with SOCAR and TĂĽpraĹź, although there is no proof the purchased products were refined from
Russian crude. Crude from different countries is often blended at refineries so as of 2023, it is not possible to tell where a barrel of diesel originated from; NGO
436:
transit Turkey because their light oil fetches a premium price on the world market. A small amount is shipped to the BTC pipeline from
Kazakhstan. In 2024 protesters against the war in Gaza called for transit of crude and refined products to Israel to be stopped.
385:(EU) has banned direct imports of oil products from Russia since 2023, but indirect imports continue as of 2024. As of 2023, Turkey consumes large quantities of cheap Russian diesel, which may be freeing up diesel from Turkish refineries to be exported to the EU.
3822:
3498:
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are such Turkey continues to buy both commodities from Russia. Turkey can consume discounted
Russian diesel, and also buys discounted Russian crude, which it refines and sells legally as of 2022 as Turkish at the global price. For example,
235:
is about 600 million barrels, and about 3 million tons are produced each year, about seven percent of Turkey's annual consumption. The country imports around 25 to 30 million tons a year, mostly from Russia and Iraq.
3275:
2700:
2591:
2082:
2026:
489:, which may be cut from 0.5% to 0.1%, possibly in 2025. Together, the five refineries have a capacity of over 400 million tons a year (815,000 mbd) as of 2022. Although refineries prefer to produce diesel rather than
3403:
3108:
301:—which is used to make cement—and as of 2020, the country's energy import bill closely tracks the price of crude oil. TPAO, which does most of the oil and gas exploration, increased offshore exploration in 2020.
2337:
1501:
Countries report their emissions through what is known as a 'bottom up' approach, where national emissions are estimated by combining data on types of activity with the emissions typically produced by those
756:
1456:
1522:
3490:
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was a part—were lost and since then, Turkey has had to rely on imports. In 1926, the
Turkish government took over oil exploration rights. In 2001 natural gas was legally separated from oil. The
662:(KDP) would have to agree for a new pipeline to take the shortest route because oil would come from wells in the PUK-controlled area and pass through a KDP-controlled area. In 2022, the Iranian
2558:
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2503:
3139:
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2139:
1027:
2367:
2108:
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1063:
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270:
averages 28, and this medium-weight oil is suitable for the
Turkish market. In 2023, reserves of about one billion barrels with API gravity of 41 were discovered near Mt Gabar in
766:
and resulting travel restrictions. Also in 2022, Middle
Eastern crude imports were displaced by imports of discounted Russian crude, which tripled in the period from before the
2018:
1099:
3049:
965:
3008:
293:
but the process of granting them takes a long time and requires political influence. The
Petroleum Market Law provides incentives for investors to explore and produce. Some
3912:
506:
of a litre of petrol was 24 lira (a tad under 1 USD at that time so slightly less than the USA price) and diesel cost slightly less. The government says that it varies the
3395:
1598:
1488:
2161:
795:
In
February 2023, however, an EU ban on direct importation of products refined from Russian crude started; products of Russian crude refined in other countries are legal.
3098:
243:
172:
3717:
673:
ruled Turkey could not import from Iraqi
Kurdistan without the consent of the Iraqi central government. Sales from Iraq have been affected by discounted Russian crude.
3243:
2827:
3881:
3201:
2329:
3170:
767:
2473:
2191:
1446:
732:, became the modern countries Turkey and Iraq. In 1912, D'Arcy and other European partners founded the Turkish Petroleum Company, which was later renamed the
3337:
1996:
283:
3314:
3781:
2909:
1566:
599:
2415:
891:
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that taxes on diesel and petrol should be more-closely aligned with each other to minimise imports, because Turkey has enough petrol-refining capacity.
3647:
2550:
2274:
2495:
1367:
762:
Between 2000 and 2020, Turkey's share of imported energy increased from just over 50% to 70%. In 2022, Turkey's oil consumption decreased due to the
3131:
2430:
1901:
1316:"Source identification of exhaust and non-exhaust traffic emissions through the elemental carbon fractions and Positive Matrix Factorization method"
4321:
3934:
3592:
3521:
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1825:
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4453:
2621:
2393:
1655:
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2733:
2613:
2131:
1017:
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3622:
2359:
2104:
2052:
1205:
503:
429:
3740:
1867:
1628:
1053:
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134:
will eventually reduce the import bill. In 2021, Turkey's consumption of diesel—both domestic and export—was over six times that of petrol.
4048:
2977:
2785:
1695:
1209:
644:
1289:
569:
198:
4006:
290:
3425:
516:
cost the equivalent of 55 US cents a litre at that time. Over one hundred thousand barrels of jet fuel are sold in a typical year. Less
3076:
2221:
1393:
1624:
1420:
923:
670:
147:
3844:
2857:
1089:
4823:
3816:
1966:
1961:
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223:
and Iraq and some is shipped from Russia to larger refineries (R) in the west. Azerbaijani oil is mostly re-exported by tanker from
3031:
1746:
955:
3685:
3000:
540:
from Russia because it is cheaper than oil from other countries. Russian oil is refined and the refined products are sold abroad.
3904:
433:
325:
305:
220:
84:
3998:
1588:
4372:
3712:
1478:
693:
30:
3561:
425:
394:
359:
3707:
1390:"Analysing shipping emissions of Turkish ports in the Black Sea and investigating their contributions to Black Sea emissions"
370:. In 2005, an oil-spill response law was passed in Turkey, and in 2022, oil-tanker insurance was made compulsory. As well as
56:. Because the country produces very little oil, it is almost completely dependent on imports of oil and oil products such as
3235:
2817:
1527:
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3193:
210:
131:
65:
2251:
4382:
3162:
2947:
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655:
88:
1782:"Nanoparticle-stabilized CO2 foam to improve conventional CO2 EOR process and recovery at Batı Raman oil field, Turkey"
603:
92:
2763:
2496:"Kazakhstan's First Batch of Oil through BTC Pipeline Shipped from Turkey's Ceyhan Port | Pipeline Technology Journal"
2463:
1121:
927:
855:
845:
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521:
378:
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859:
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2187:
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4341:
2887:
2693:"IMO 2020 – cutting sulphur oxide emissions: Mediterranean ECA Will Lead to a 77% Drop in Sox Emissions From Ships"
1902:"Russia's Feb diesel exports to Turkey hit record high -traders, Refinitiv data | Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide"
682:
659:
445:
242:, the state-owned exploration and production company, drills between 100 and 200 exploratory wells each year. Most
3236:"Turkey eyes risky energy partnership with Algeria – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East"
1988:
118:, and is forecast to slowly increase until 2040. Over half of Turkey's imported oil and oil products are used for
4716:
127:
3298:
4529:
4063:
4041:
3772:
1558:
635:
said in 2022 Turkey could not join sanctions on Russia because of import dependency. TPAO hopes to explore for
194:
4777:
4554:
4131:
4377:
881:
405:. In October 2022, almost half of Russia's Black Sea crude was sent to Turkey but it was unclear whether the
4792:
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4336:
4241:
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632:
507:
478:
450:
259:
143:
123:
76:
69:
3073:"The effect of Oil Prices on Economic Growth, Inflation and Stock Market: an application on Turkey Economy"
2075:"Financing Putin's war: Fossil fuel exports from Russia in the first six months of the invasion of Ukraine"
4749:
4601:
4346:
1593:
725:
4754:
4291:
4211:
1236:"Air quality improvement and its relation to mobility during COVID-19 lockdown in Marmara Region, Turkey"
4701:
4439:
4181:
4176:
4071:
825:
721:
701:
636:
486:
294:
263:
107:
22:
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271:
4782:
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4266:
4261:
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1781:
1315:
410:
297:
is carried out at Batı Raman. As well as crude oil, the country imports oil products, diesel, LPG and
4802:
4787:
4734:
4686:
4681:
4656:
4514:
4331:
4281:
4216:
4106:
1793:
1327:
1302:
There is a significant relationship between mobility decrease and NO2 concentrations in large cities.
1247:
697:
624:
339:
251:
4711:
4661:
4621:
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4479:
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4306:
4221:
4201:
4086:
4076:
3099:"Exclusive: Urals oil supplies to Turkey jump in Feb as STAR refinery resumes Russian crude imports"
2389:
4797:
4739:
4696:
4676:
4651:
4646:
4626:
4596:
4564:
4549:
4524:
4361:
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309:
119:
103:
4772:
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4311:
4271:
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4226:
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4126:
3614:
2304:
2048:
1931:
704:
saved Turkey seven billion dollars on gas imports in the preceding 12 months. It is hoped further
4231:
4196:
4151:
4146:
3369:
2162:"A Kremlin pit stop: EU imports EUR 3 bn of oil products from Turkish ports handling Russian oil"
1859:
1817:
1620:
1359:
918:
752:
555:
171:
is not an emission control area; air pollution is emitted from ships in Turkish Black Sea ports.
4003:
2969:
1198:
819:
421:
568:
In Turkey, tax levied on diesel is lower than that on petrol, and it has been suggested by the
510:
to try and smooth out retail price variations due to oil price and exchange rate fluctuations.
4494:
4081:
3978:
3812:
3345:
3306:
3041:
2409:
1809:
1351:
1343:
1281:
1263:
886:
580:
561:
533:
454:
80:
3396:"Shell & Vitol bring Russian-origin diesel into Europe, despite swearing off Russian oil"
481:, which is also in AliaÄźa and has over half the market for petroleum products. Turkish oil's
4606:
3678:"Türki̇ye's International Energy Strategy / Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs"
3072:
2435:
2213:
1801:
1389:
1335:
1271:
1255:
651:
592:
406:
161:
53:
3977:(Report). Sabanci University Istanbul International Center for Energy and Climate (IICEC).
1416:
759:
was formed. The first oil imports from Russia arrived in 1986 and from Azerbaijan in 2007.
4236:
4206:
3848:
3381:
2849:
747:
and later to Ahmet Necati Bey. With the fall of the Ottoman Empire, oil and gas fields in
705:
247:
3132:"Keeping the lights on: The EU's energy relationships since Russia's invasion of Ukraine"
2586:
1956:
1650:
279:
3677:
2244:"BlackSeaNews | Russia's crude oil exports from the Black Sea in April–October 2022 (2)"
1797:
1738:
1331:
1251:
330:
152:
114:
During the 2010s, demand for oil considerably increased, mainly due to increased use of
3876:
1276:
744:
717:
617:
550:
517:
417:. Most Russian diesel exports go to Turkey because the EU has sanctioned such imports.
414:
382:
176:
3266:"Turkish drilling activities in the Eastern Mediterranean: Council adopts conclusions"
532:
According to some analysts, the cost of imported oil and gas is a key weakness in the
4817:
4666:
4410:
4251:
3745:
1821:
1363:
1094:
811:
748:
740:
708:, of sectors such as road transport will reduce Turkey's dependency on imported oil.
313:
190:
186:
2330:"Turkey and Morocco Are Emerging as Demand Sources for Russian Diesel Before EU Ban"
215:
4111:
3553:
3491:"Libya-Turkey exploration deal to fuel long-standing political, regional rivalries"
2526:"Protest in front of SOCAR: 'Shut off the valves, do not be complicit in genocide'"
1451:
1442:
390:
232:
42:
3808:
The Legal Dimensions of Oil and Gas in Iraq | Current Reality and Future Prospects
474:
304:
Diesel fuel imported from Russia is shipped to Turkey from the Black Sea ports of
1805:
1517:
1339:
1018:"Turkey's current account deficit at $ 4.1 bln in November; $ 48 billion in 2022"
4420:
1058:
628:
462:
363:
267:
115:
61:
1259:
3462:
3458:"Russia Ukraine conflict: France raises Russian sanctions-busting with Turkey"
3430:
2468:
2243:
1090:"EU Gas Swings as Russia-Turkey Flows Resume While Risks Loom – BNN Bloomberg"
801:
690:
466:
386:
335:
34:
21:
This article is about petroleum and petroleum products. For cooking oils, see
4021:
3741:"Turkey Launches Its First Homegrown Automotive Company & It's Electric!"
3349:
3338:"Shell and Vitol accused of prolonging Ukraine war with sanctions 'loophole'"
3310:
3045:
2939:
1813:
1347:
1267:
1235:
1159:
1417:"Ship Emission estimation for Izmir and Mersin international Ports – Turkey"
1415:
Ekmekçioğlu, Araks; Ünlügençoğlu, Kaan; Buğra Çelebi, Uğur (December 2019).
608:
537:
371:
347:
343:
275:
168:
164:
and other gasses. Air pollution from diesel is worse than that from petrol.
75:
Because Turkey produces only 7% of the oil it consumes, the country's total
49:
3969:
Difiglio, Prof. Carmine; GĂĽray, Bora Ĺžekip; Merdan, Ersin (November 2020).
2755:
1447:"Oil and gas facilities could profit from plugging methane leaks, IEA says"
1355:
1285:
620:
said the EU should ban products from refineries that refine Russian crude.
398:
849:
595:
objected to the Turkish drilling activities in the eastern Mediterranean.
2822:
513:
490:
402:
367:
351:
38:
2879:
282:
but well-waste fluids would need to be properly handled to minimize the
160:
Fossil-fuelled road-vehicle exhaust emissions pollute large cities with
3526:
3522:"Analysis: Kurdish tensions stymie Iraqi region's gas export ambitions"
3103:
2132:"Explainer: Europe set to import banned Russian diesel without knowing"
1022:
298:
3935:"Turkey is faced with a serious energy crisis, says engineers chamber"
1314:
Demir, Tuğçe; Karakaş, Duran; Yenisoy-Karakaş, Serpil (1 March 2022).
3939:
2275:"Azerbaijan's SOCAR halts Russian crude supplies to Turkish refinery"
960:
482:
255:
224:
180:
57:
3970:
3336:
Lawson, Alex; correspondent, Alex Lawson Energy (19 February 2023).
1054:"China, India and Turkey to siphon more Russian oil ahead of EU ban"
1000:
998:
985:
983:
3648:"The EU Ban on Russian Oil: Crude Implications for the Middle East"
3163:"Breakingviews – A post-Erdogan Turkey could come in from the cold"
485:
content is generally high so refineries are being upgraded to meet
4011:
612:
549:
458:
444:
329:
214:
151:
102:
29:
3615:"Iraq wins landmark case against Turkey over Kurdish oil exports"
2305:"The Turkish terminal helping disguised Russian oil reach Europe"
1932:"The Turkish terminal helping disguised Russian oil reach Europe"
461:(the state-owned oil company of Azerbaijan), and produces mostly
4431:
1483:
1122:"Russia top energy supplier to Turkey despite Western sanctions"
689:
in the national energy mix. According to a May 2022 report from
239:
4435:
4030:
362:
has a capacity of 1.6 million barrels a day (mbd). Russian and
110:
is about a quarter each from coal, oil, gas, and other sources.
4026:
2464:"Turkey and Azerbaijan cement relations with new oil refinery"
2019:"Turkish Tanker Move Adds Teeth to EU Sanctions on Russia Oil"
175:
have resulted in oil spills. Air pollution from ships burning
2940:"🇹🇷 JP54, price in Turkey 86.4 bbl/$ [26.06.2023]"
2105:"Turkey Becomes New Route for Russian Oil to EU – Think Tank"
1993:
International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd. (ITOPF)
520:
was sold in 2022, because of the decline in shipping due the
3652:
Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University | SIPA
3585:"Iraq at a crossroads: Kurdish energy competition with Iran"
739:
In late Ottoman times, permission to explore for oil in the
4016:
3426:"Turkey, Russia gas ties grow contentious amid Ukraine war"
3032:"Turkey's Lira Crisis Exposes Reliance on Imported Energy"
1160:"Turkey plans to create domestic car with electric engine"
956:"Russia-Ukraine war: How will it affect Turkey's economy?"
728:
to explore oil fields in its territories which, after the
377:
Turkey's oil imports from Russia increased after the 2022
266:; other fields produce much-lighter domestic crude, whose
2360:"Turkey Is Guzzling Russian Diesel That Europe Can't Buy"
2188:"Turkey is guzzling Russian diesel that Europe can't buy"
316:. Only China and India buy more Russian oil than Turkey.
3194:"Turkey bringing in another drillship for Black Sea ops"
1780:
Safran, S. Esra; Kok, Mustafa Versan (1 January 2022).
1589:"Turkey's oil imports up 42.4 percent in December 2021"
757:
General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration
197:
standard is production-based, this is accounted for in
3001:"Turkish Supplier CYE Petrol in Restructuring Process"
600:
stopped buying oil and gas from Russia or were cut off
583:
would create a joint oil-and-gas-exploration company.
289:
Oil exploration licenses in Turkey are granted by the
3299:"Turkey Is Strengthening Its Energy Ties With Russia"
2910:"Turkey to stabilize consumer fuel tax with new rule"
2726:"Turkey May Soon Return as Big Buyer of Russian Oil"
1479:"How do countries measure greenhouse gas emissions?"
579:
In 2022 the Turkish Energy Minister said Turkey and
570:
Istanbul International Centre for Energy and Climate
4763:
4725:
4467:
4360:
4320:
4062:
3222:
2649:
1888:
1846:
1767:
1724:
1681:
1146:
1134:
1004:
989:
493:, half of the country's diesel has to be imported.
409:would affect Turkey. Some Russian oil goes through
291:
General Directorate of Mining and Petroleum Affairs
3708:"Turkey: Wind and solar saved $ 7 bn in 12 months"
1696:"Turkey Makes Huge 1-Billion-Barrel Oil Discovery"
1052:Bakheit, Nesreen; Imahashi, Rurika (9 June 2022).
3905:"Turkey-Russia Energy Cooperation on Natural Gas"
2431:"What lies behind Turkish support for Azerbaijan"
2273:Edwards, Rowena; Payne, Julia (8 December 2022).
179:near cities is a problem in some places, such as
1962:United States Energy Information Administration
193:into the atmosphere. Because the international
3520:Ismail, Amina; Dahan, Maha El (13 June 2022).
4447:
4042:
3554:"Iran File: Iran and Turkey face off in Iraq"
477:with four refineries. The newest refinery is
95:are such that it supplies most such imports.
8:
1786:Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering
602:after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,
284:environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing
122:, and Turkey is the world's largest user of
87:, several European countries stopped buying
4022:Greenhouse gas from production and refining
3811:. Cambridge University Press. p. 360.
2970:"Turkey Jet fuel consumption – data, chart"
2166:Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air
2079:Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air
254:in the southeast, and there is a little in
156:Some ships burn heavy fuel oil near cities.
130:and other road vehicles from the country's
4454:
4440:
4432:
4049:
4035:
4027:
1737:Consultancy, Pi Legal (28 February 2023).
338:, like this one, sometimes carry oil from
126:(LPG) for road transport. It is hoped the
1275:
598:Unlike several European countries, which
173:Maritime incidents in the Turkish Straits
1523:Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources
681:Turkey intends to increase the share of
68:. Turkey is the world's largest user of
1240:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
837:
779:
366:oil is transported by ship through the
77:imports are worth more than its exports
3947:from the original on 20 September 2022
3872:"The geopolitics of Turkish inflation"
3688:from the original on 19 September 2012
3377:
3367:
3204:from the original on 20 September 2022
3192:Kulovic, Nermina (14 September 2020).
2720:
2718:
2703:from the original on 20 September 2022
2673:from the original on 20 September 2022
2551:"SOCAR opens Turkish refining complex"
2414:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2407:
1656:U.S. Energy Information Administration
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
882:"Energy consumption by source, Turkey"
3915:from the original on 28 February 2023
3884:from the original on 28 February 2023
3845:"IPC – History and early development"
3642:
3640:
3470:from the original on 28 February 2023
3438:from the original on 28 February 2023
3406:from the original on 20 February 2023
3356:from the original on 20 February 2023
3317:from the original on 14 December 2022
3246:from the original on 29 December 2022
3052:from the original on 19 December 2021
2766:from the original on 29 December 2022
2736:from the original on 31 December 2022
2029:from the original on 18 November 2022
1870:from the original on 28 February 2023
1512:
1510:
1206:Industrial Development Bank of Turkey
1102:from the original on 28 February 2023
1083:
1081:
1047:
1045:
968:from the original on 25 February 2022
935:from the original on 28 February 2023
913:
911:
909:
7:
3564:from the original on 15 October 2022
3534:from the original on 6 December 2022
2818:"Road Motor Vehicles, December 2022"
2561:from the original on 30 October 2023
2370:from the original on 30 October 2023
2340:from the original on 2 February 2023
2254:from the original on 7 December 2022
2224:from the original on 8 December 2022
2142:from the original on 12 January 2023
2085:from the original on 4 December 2022
1663:from the original on 9 December 2022
1631:from the original on 30 October 2023
1621:TURKISH PETROLEUM MARKET REPORT 2021
1370:from the original on 30 October 2023
1292:from the original on 30 October 2023
677:Reducing fossil fuel share of energy
487:Mediterranean shipping sulfur limits
64:, over half of which is consumed in
18:Overview of petroleum in the country
3297:Cohen, Patricia (9 December 2022).
2582:"S&P Global Commodity Insights"
2443:from the original on 6 October 2020
2130:Edwards, Rowena (7 December 2022).
1828:from the original on 8 January 2023
1530:from the original on 17 August 2022
1030:from the original on 8 January 2023
716:During the early 20th century, the
401:, near Turkey's third-biggest city
4012:Energy Market Regulatory Authority
3870:KarataĹź, Abdullah (28 June 2022).
3805:J. Zedalis, Rex (September 2009).
3787:from the original on 25 March 2020
3658:from the original on 20 March 2023
3625:from the original on 25 March 2023
3489:Gupte, Eklavya (10 October 2022).
3173:from the original on 19 March 2023
3111:from the original on 20 March 2023
2850:"USA gasoline prices, 19-Jun-2023"
2786:"AYLIK PETROL BĂśLTENÄ° ARALIK 2022"
2462:O'Byrne, David (23 October 2018).
2396:from the original on 20 March 2023
2285:from the original on 18 March 2023
2111:from the original on 10 March 2023
2049:"Investor's Guide For Natural Gas"
1969:from the original on 9 August 2022
1912:from the original on 28 March 2023
1749:from the original on 20 March 2023
1601:from the original on 17 March 2022
1491:from the original on 16 April 2023
1215:from the original on 20 April 2023
1170:from the original on 27 March 2019
924:International Trade Administration
851:Turkey 2021 – Energy Policy Review
671:International Court of Arbitration
650:The two main political parties in
430:Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline
428:has a capacity of 1.6 mbd and the
148:Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey
128:locally manufactured electric cars
14:
4007:tr:Türkiye Sınai Kalkınma Bankası
3825:from the original on 15 July 2021
3583:Wilkenfeld, Yoni (14 June 2022).
3501:from the original on 29 June 2023
3030:Wallace, Joe (29 November 2021).
3011:from the original on 26 June 2023
2980:from the original on 26 June 2023
2950:from the original on 26 June 2023
2920:from the original on 26 June 2023
2890:from the original on 26 June 2023
2860:from the original on 26 June 2023
2594:from the original on 26 July 2022
2055:from the original on 7 March 2023
1739:"Oil Market Activities in Turkey"
1066:from the original on 9 March 2023
954:Adal, Hikmet (25 February 2022).
894:from the original on 1 April 2023
862:from the original on 7 March 2022
730:dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
664:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
420:There is a port at AliaÄźa called
199:Russia's greenhouse gas emissions
41:, are one way to export oil from
4415:
4406:
4405:
3753:from the original on 7 July 2022
3720:from the original on 24 May 2022
3595:from the original on 29 May 2023
3278:from the original on 12 May 2023
3161:Dixon, Hugo (27 February 2023).
3142:from the original on 20 May 2023
3079:from the original on 24 May 2023
2631:from the original on 5 June 2022
2622:TĂĽrkiye Petrol Rafinerileri A.Ĺž.
2506:from the original on 19 May 2023
2476:from the original on 22 May 2021
2429:Fraser, Suzan (2 October 2020).
2194:from the original on 24 May 2023
1706:from the original on 21 May 2023
1569:from the original on 31 May 2023
1459:from the original on 2 June 2022
1423:from the original on 8 June 2021
1396:from the original on 16 May 2022
818:
804:
473:Turkey's largest oil refiner is
434:petroleum industry in Azerbaijan
326:Category:Oil pipelines in Turkey
85:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
2830:from the original on 7 May 2023
2798:from the original on 7 May 2023
2663:"Renewables projects in Europe"
1999:from the original on 4 May 2022
1694:Charles, Kennedy (4 May 2023).
1088:Dezem, Vanessa (28 June 2022).
666:struck to stop a new pipeline.
374:, there are two seismic ships.
138:Health and environmental impact
4373:British Indian Ocean Territory
4017:SHURA Energy Transition Center
1234:Efe, Bahtiyar (7 March 2022).
623:It is sometimes difficult for
93:Turkey's relations with Russia
89:Russian oil, petrol and diesel
1:
3271:Council of the European Union
3130:KardaĹ›, Szymon (4 May 2023).
2580:Turner, Elza (26 July 2022).
786:Source incorrectly says tons.
432:1 mbd. Most exports from the
211:Category:Oil fields in Turkey
201:rather than those of Turkey.
4829:Petroleum industry in Turkey
1906:www.hellenicshippingnews.com
1806:10.1016/j.petrol.2021.109547
1340:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112399
656:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
637:oil and gas in Libyan waters
3909:Eurasian Research Institute
2214:"Russian crude oil tracker"
928:U.S. Department of Commerce
856:International Energy Agency
641:memorandum of understanding
522:Russian invasion of Ukraine
379:Russian invasion of Ukraine
66:the country's road vehicles
52:supplies over a quarter of
4845:
3739:Field, Kyle (5 May 2022).
3223:DifiglioGĂĽrayMerdan (2020)
2650:DifiglioGĂĽrayMerdan (2020)
1889:DifiglioGĂĽrayMerdan (2020)
1847:DifiglioGĂĽrayMerdan (2020)
1768:DifiglioGĂĽrayMerdan (2020)
1725:DifiglioGĂĽrayMerdan (2020)
1682:DifiglioGĂĽrayMerdan (2020)
1559:"Oil Production in Turkey"
1260:10.1007/s10661-022-09889-7
1147:DifiglioGĂĽrayMerdan (2020)
1135:DifiglioGĂĽrayMerdan (2020)
1005:DifiglioGĂĽrayMerdan (2020)
990:DifiglioGĂĽrayMerdan (2020)
660:Kurdistan Democratic Party
627:to fully report on energy
562:offshore deep-sea drilling
426:Kirkuk–Ceyhan oil pipeline
360:Kirkuk–Ceyhan oil pipeline
350:to supply refineries near
323:
208:
141:
72:(LPG) for road transport.
20:
4401:
2756:"Petroleum Istanbul 2023"
643:has been agreed with the
79:, which is a problem for
4824:Climate change in Turkey
4122:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3774:ILEI-Oil-and-Gas-Law.pdf
3071:Aka, Kemal (July 2020).
2500:www.pipeline-journal.net
745:Grand Vizier Kamil Pasha
743:area was granted to the
278:may be extractable from
195:greenhouse gas inventory
187:Oil production in Russia
4383:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3903:Kanapiyanova, Zhuldyz.
508:special consumption tax
346:, and pass through the
144:Air pollution in Turkey
124:liquefied petroleum gas
70:liquefied petroleum gas
37:, like this one in the
4510:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2854:GlobalPetrolPrices.com
2697:Hellenic Shipping News
2667:Hellenic Shipping News
1860:"Turkey – Oil and Gas"
1320:Environmental Research
919:"Oil and Gas – Turkey"
734:Iraq Petroleum Company
565:
497:Retail and consumption
470:
441:Processing and storage
355:
246:and production are in
228:
157:
111:
46:
3975:iicec.sabanciuniv.edu
3971:Turkey Energy Outlook
2880:"Current fuel prices"
2699:. 12 September 2022.
1487:. 13 September 2022.
826:Global Warming portal
631:. Turkey's President
604:relations with Russia
553:
448:
333:
295:enhanced oil recovery
264:extra heavy crude oil
218:
155:
108:Primary energy supply
106:
33:
23:Agriculture in Turkey
4297:United Arab Emirates
3999:National Energy Plan
3654:. 15 February 2023.
3466:. 6 September 2022.
3242:. 15 November 2022.
2974:TheGlobalEconomy.com
2732:. 23 December 2022.
2614:"2021 annual report"
2107:. 16 November 2022.
2081:. 6 September 2022.
2025:. 17 November 2022.
1743:Pi Legal Consultancy
1597:. 24 February 2022.
1445:(23 February 2022).
854:(Technical report).
633:Recep Tayyip ErdoÄźan
4726:States with limited
4324:limited recognition
4004:Energy Outlook 2022
3943:. 7 February 2022.
3851:on 1 September 2014
3037:Wall Street Journal
2730:Energy Intelligence
2557:. 25 October 2018.
2555:Oil and Gas journal
2336:. 31 January 2023.
1849:, pp. 199–200.
1798:2022JPSE..20809547S
1594:HĂĽrriyet Daily News
1332:2022ER....20412399D
1252:2022EMnAs.194..255E
1199:2022 energy outlook
770:to 1 January 2023.
726:William Knox D'Arcy
546:Subsidies and taxes
244:proven oil reserves
231:Turkey's estimated
132:automotive industry
3380:has generic name (
3303:The New York Times
3240:www.al-monitor.com
1026:. 6 January 2023.
574:Sabancı University
566:
471:
356:
252:Adıyaman Provinces
229:
219:Oil is piped from
158:
112:
47:
4811:
4810:
4429:
4428:
4366:other territories
3984:978-605-70031-9-5
3621:. 25 March 2023.
3005:Ship & Bunker
2884:Turkish Petroleum
1208:. December 2022.
1166:. 23 March 2019.
887:Our World in Data
764:COVID-19 pandemic
645:Libyan government
534:economy of Turkey
4836:
4764:Dependencies and
4468:Sovereign states
4456:
4449:
4442:
4433:
4419:
4409:
4408:
4378:Christmas Island
4064:Sovereign states
4051:
4044:
4037:
4028:
3988:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3847:. Archived from
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3779:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3558:Critical Threats
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3495:www.spglobal.com
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3434:. 28 July 2022.
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3274:. 15 July 2019.
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3107:. 1 March 2023.
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
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2930:
2929:
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2899:
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2895:
2876:
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2869:
2867:
2865:
2846:
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2839:
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2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
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2797:
2790:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2669:. 27 July 2022.
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2618:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2587:S & P Global
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2436:Associated Press
2426:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2366:. 4 April 2023.
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1555:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1326:(Pt D): 112399.
1311:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1279:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1214:
1203:
1195:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1014:
1008:
1002:
993:
987:
978:
977:
975:
973:
951:
945:
944:
942:
940:
915:
904:
903:
901:
899:
878:
872:
871:
869:
867:
842:
828:
823:
822:
814:
809:
808:
807:
796:
793:
787:
784:
768:Ukraine invasion
593:European Council
411:Dörtyol terminal
407:EU oil price cap
162:nitrogen dioxide
4844:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4765:
4759:
4745:Northern Cyprus
4727:
4721:
4642:North Macedonia
4463:
4460:
4430:
4425:
4397:
4365:
4356:
4337:Northern Cyprus
4323:
4316:
4058:
4055:
3995:
3985:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3950:
3948:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3852:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3819:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3716:. 24 May 2022.
3706:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3646:
3645:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3619:Financial Times
3613:
3612:
3608:
3598:
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3582:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3552:
3551:
3547:
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3487:
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3393:
3389:
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3296:
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3281:
3279:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3198:Offshore Energy
3191:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3012:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2944:jet-a1-fuel.com
2938:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2863:
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2843:
2833:
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2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2724:
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2704:
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2674:
2661:
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2648:
2644:
2634:
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2616:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2390:"Archived copy"
2388:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1891:, pp. 201.
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1770:, pp. 198.
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1727:, pp. 226.
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1557:
1556:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1494:
1492:
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1472:
1462:
1460:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1295:
1293:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1007:, pp. 206.
1003:
996:
992:, pp. 203.
988:
981:
971:
969:
953:
952:
948:
938:
936:
917:
916:
907:
897:
895:
880:
879:
875:
865:
863:
844:
843:
839:
835:
824:
817:
810:
805:
803:
800:
799:
794:
790:
785:
781:
776:
714:
706:electrification
679:
625:media in Turkey
589:
548:
530:
499:
443:
328:
322:
233:reserves of oil
213:
207:
167:As of 2022 the
150:
140:
101:
54:Turkey's energy
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4842:
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4809:
4808:
4806:
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4800:
4795:
4790:
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4780:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4766:other entities
4761:
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4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
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4717:United Kingdom
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
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4609:
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4599:
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4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4530:Czech Republic
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
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4179:
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4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
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4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4060:
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4054:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4001:
3994:
3993:External links
3991:
3990:
3989:
3983:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3926:
3895:
3877:Anadolu Agency
3862:
3836:
3817:
3797:
3764:
3731:
3699:
3682:www.mfa.gov.tr
3669:
3636:
3606:
3575:
3545:
3512:
3481:
3449:
3417:
3400:Global Witness
3387:
3328:
3289:
3257:
3227:
3225:, p. 202.
3215:
3184:
3153:
3122:
3090:
3063:
3022:
2999:Jordan, Jack.
2991:
2961:
2931:
2901:
2871:
2841:
2809:
2777:
2747:
2714:
2684:
2654:
2652:, p. 238.
2642:
2605:
2572:
2542:
2517:
2487:
2454:
2421:
2381:
2351:
2321:
2296:
2265:
2235:
2205:
2179:
2153:
2122:
2096:
2066:
2040:
2010:
1980:
1948:
1923:
1893:
1881:
1851:
1839:
1772:
1760:
1729:
1717:
1686:
1684:, p. 223.
1674:
1642:
1612:
1580:
1541:
1506:
1470:
1434:
1407:
1381:
1306:
1226:
1181:
1151:
1149:, p. 212.
1139:
1137:, p. 205.
1127:
1113:
1077:
1041:
1009:
994:
979:
946:
905:
873:
848:(March 2021).
836:
834:
831:
830:
829:
815:
798:
797:
788:
778:
777:
775:
772:
718:Ottoman Empire
713:
710:
678:
675:
618:Global Witness
588:
585:
547:
544:
536:. Turkey buys
529:
526:
498:
495:
442:
439:
383:European Union
321:
318:
206:
203:
177:heavy fuel oil
139:
136:
120:road transport
100:
97:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4841:
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4779:
4778:Faroe Islands
4776:
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4771:
4770:
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4762:
4756:
4753:
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4750:South Ossetia
4748:
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4602:Liechtenstein
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4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4462:Oil in Europe
4457:
4452:
4450:
4445:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4404:
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4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
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4350:
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4347:South Ossetia
4345:
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4333:
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4325:
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4280:
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4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3972:
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3966:
3962:
3946:
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3824:
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3818:9780521766616
3814:
3810:
3809:
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3798:
3783:
3776:
3775:
3768:
3765:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3746:CleanTechnica
3742:
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3709:
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3700:
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3188:
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3168:
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3157:
3154:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3094:
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3078:
3074:
3067:
3064:
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3026:
3023:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2992:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2919:
2915:
2914:www.aa.com.tr
2911:
2905:
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2889:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2794:
2791:. p. 2.
2787:
2781:
2778:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2702:
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2694:
2688:
2685:
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2668:
2664:
2658:
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2646:
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2627:
2624:
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2615:
2609:
2606:
2593:
2589:
2588:
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2576:
2573:
2560:
2556:
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2546:
2543:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2465:
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2455:
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2437:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2369:
2365:
2364:Bloomberg.com
2361:
2355:
2352:
2339:
2335:
2334:Bloomberg.com
2331:
2325:
2322:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2266:
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2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2168:. 15 May 2024
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2141:
2137:
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2123:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2028:
2024:
2023:Bloomberg.com
2020:
2014:
2011:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1885:
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1869:
1865:
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1560:
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1519:
1513:
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1503:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1443:Harvey, Fiona
1438:
1435:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1095:BNN Bloomberg
1091:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
986:
984:
980:
967:
963:
962:
957:
950:
947:
934:
930:
929:
925:
920:
914:
912:
910:
906:
893:
889:
888:
883:
877:
874:
861:
857:
853:
852:
847:
841:
838:
832:
827:
821:
816:
813:
812:Turkey portal
802:
792:
789:
783:
780:
773:
771:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
749:Mosul vilayet
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
711:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
692:
688:
687:nuclear power
684:
676:
674:
672:
669:In 2023, the
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:Northern Iraq
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
614:
610:
605:
601:
596:
594:
591:In 2019, the
586:
584:
582:
577:
575:
571:
563:
559:
558:
552:
545:
543:
541:
539:
535:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
509:
505:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
468:
464:
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447:
440:
438:
435:
431:
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423:
418:
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412:
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400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
327:
319:
317:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
234:
226:
222:
217:
212:
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
191:methane leaks
188:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
154:
149:
145:
137:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
109:
105:
98:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
16:
4755:Transnistria
4706:
4362:Dependencies
4292:Turkmenistan
4286:
4257:Saudi Arabia
3974:
3949:. Retrieved
3938:
3929:
3917:. Retrieved
3908:
3898:
3886:. Retrieved
3875:
3865:
3853:. Retrieved
3849:the original
3839:
3827:. Retrieved
3807:
3800:
3789:, retrieved
3773:
3767:
3755:. Retrieved
3744:
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3711:
3702:
3690:. Retrieved
3681:
3672:
3660:. Retrieved
3651:
3627:. Retrieved
3618:
3609:
3597:. Retrieved
3588:
3578:
3566:. Retrieved
3557:
3548:
3536:. Retrieved
3525:
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3503:. Retrieved
3494:
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3472:. Retrieved
3461:
3452:
3440:. Retrieved
3429:
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3408:. Retrieved
3399:
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3378:|last2=
3358:. Retrieved
3342:The Guardian
3341:
3331:
3319:. Retrieved
3302:
3292:
3280:. Retrieved
3269:
3260:
3248:. Retrieved
3239:
3230:
3218:
3208:18 September
3206:. Retrieved
3197:
3187:
3175:. Retrieved
3166:
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3135:
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3102:
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3066:
3054:. Retrieved
3035:
3025:
3013:. Retrieved
3004:
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2982:. Retrieved
2973:
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2952:. Retrieved
2943:
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2922:. Retrieved
2913:
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2892:. Retrieved
2883:
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2862:. Retrieved
2853:
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2832:. Retrieved
2821:
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2780:
2768:. Retrieved
2759:
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2738:. Retrieved
2729:
2707:17 September
2705:. Retrieved
2696:
2687:
2677:17 September
2675:. Retrieved
2666:
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2633:. Retrieved
2620:
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2585:
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2563:. Retrieved
2554:
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2533:. Retrieved
2529:
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2499:
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2478:. Retrieved
2467:
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2445:. Retrieved
2434:
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2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2363:
2354:
2342:. Retrieved
2333:
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2308:
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
2278:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2248:BlackSeaNews
2247:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2217:
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2182:
2170:. Retrieved
2165:
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2760:PetrolPlaza
2740:31 December
2635:28 February
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2115:28 February
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1400:28 February
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2530:bianet.org
2469:Eurasianet
2344:1 February
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2793:Archived
2764:Archived
2734:Archived
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2252:Archived
2222:Archived
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2083:Archived
2053:Archived
2027:Archived
1997:Archived
1989:"Turkey"
1967:Archived
1957:"Turkey"
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1868:Archived
1826:Archived
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1704:Archived
1700:OilPrice
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4505:Belgium
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