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areas on our
Mildred Lake and Aurora sites into our waterfowl protection plan. We're committed to being a responsible operator and this has strengthened our resolve to reduce the impact of our operations on wildlife." On 22 October 2010 Syncrude was found guilty under the provincial and federal Acts and was fined $ 3-million, which at that time represented the "largest environmental penalty in Alberta history." In 2008, 1,606 ducks died in Syncrude's tailings ponds, which at that time covered an area of 12-square-kilometres, because "cannons, effigies and other deterrents", intended for use to deter migratory birds, had not been deployed. Syncrude's trial lawyer at that time, Robert White, had urged his client to challenge the guilty verdict. But Syncrude spokeswoman said that they would plead guilty and pay the fine as, "At Syncrude, we're eager to move forward. The incident haunted us and we regret that it ever happened."
745:
Lookout represents only one percent of tailings ponds in 2011 but Pond One was the first effluent pond in the oil sands industry in 1967 and was used until 1997. By 2011 only 65 square kilometres were cleaned up and about one square kilometre was certified by
Alberta as a self-sustaining natural environment. Wapisiw Lookout has not yet been certified. Closure operations of Pond One began in 2007. The jello-like mature fine tails (MFT) were pumped and dredged out of the pond and relocated to another tailings pond for long-term storage and treatment. The MFT was then replaced with 30 million tonnes clean sand and then topsoil that had been removed from the site in the 1960s. The 1.2 million cubic meters of topsoil over the surface, to a depth of 50 centimetres, was placed on top of the sand in the form of hummocks and swales. It was then planted with reclamation plants.
308:
closure and liability, said that with the rules in place in 2018, fossil fuel companies could put off setting aside enough money to cover the costs of cleaning up their sites, until their business could "no longer afford to pay anything". He warned that even though weaknesses in the flawed programs were known, there was no "proactive change to the liability programs." Until about 2018, the "implications of our flawed system had not been not realized". He cautioned that if the industry did not respond, it would be the public that felt the impact and called on the industry representatives to retain the liabilities so they are "not passed on to
Albertans". In response to the report, then Environment Minister of Alberta
537:, the province was promoting "Alberta as a responsible energy producer." The government had pledged that the "turbid tailings ponds containing the byproducts of bitumen production will soon be a thing of the past." In April 2013, Premier undertook a trade mission to Washington, D.C., in which she said that, "tailings ponds disappear from Alberta's landscape in the very near future." She said that there would be new environmental rules that will force "companies who do use mines and tailings" to "completely halt the growth of fluid tailings ponds by 2016."
292:, was undertaken by "the largest ever collaboration of journalists in Canada". The investigation revealed that the security collected from companies to cover the costs of shutting down and cleaning up mining sites including tailings ponds and pipelines was $ 1.4 billion; and the previous calculated liability was $ 27.80 billion. The clean-up of tailings ponds, which "have sprawled to cover an area the size of Kelowna", which is 211.8 km (81.8 sq mi), represents a "significant part of the liability." The journalists working on the
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511:—which was the first of its kind. Directive 074 set out the "industry-wide requirements for tailings management," requiring "operators to commit resources to research, develop, and implement fluid tailings reduction technologies and to commit to tailings management and progressive reclamation as operational priorities that are integrated with mine planning and bitumen production activities."
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574:(ABCA) dismissed the AER and OWA's appeal in a landmark decision, affirming the May 2016 decision of the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta in favour of Redwater Energy Corporation's receiver, Grant Thornton Limited, in Redwater's bankruptcy proceedings. The ABCA found that Grant Thornton Limited "entitled to disclaim Redwater's non-producing oil wells and sell its producing ones".
649:, an oil firm that had purchased "licences for 2,300 wells" in 2016 from Perpetual Energy Inc., had notified AER that it was ceasing operations "imminently" and were unable to maintain "almost 200 facilities and nearly 700 pipeline segments". Sequoia Resources Ltd had defaulted on its "municipal tax payments" and could not reclaim its properties. According to
428:(MFT) in their tailings ponds. However COSIA argues that CNRL's Horizon External Tailings Facility (ETF) is a relatively young pond with a configuration that minimizes the "Pond Centre (PC) depositional environment". It has a "side hill" facility with a three-sided dyke impounding fluid against the natural ground that rises away from the containment dyke."
581:, with a 289-page report. Syncrude's had submitted their request regarding the Mineral Surface Lease MSL352 in 30 June 2017. The AER decision allows Syncrude to use more public lands to develop oil sands on oil sands leases 17 and 22, under section 20 of the Public Lands Act, with a number of conditions, related to relevant laws, including the
980:, a Calgary billionaire who died on 15 September 2018. Clayton Riddell remained as Chairman of Perpetual Energy Inc. from its inception in 2002 until Riddell's passing in 2018. Riddell owned 41.7% of Perpetual Energy Inc. and his daughter, Susan Riddell Rose, who is Perpetual's CEO, owns a 4.8%. In August 2018, Perpetual Energy Inc. had a
544:(AER), with Jim Ellis, as CEO. The AER's mandate included overseeing the "development of hydrocarbon resources over their entire life cycle", which included "allocating and conserving water resources, and managing public lands." The AER was also tasked with "protecting the environment while providing economic benefits for all Albertans."
522:, cautioned that oil sands operators failed to convert their tailings ponds into deposits suitable for reclamation in a timely fashion, as proposed in their project applications. "The volume of fluid tailings, and the area required to hold fluid tailings, continued to grow, and the reclamation of tailings ponds was further delayed."
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Directive 85 was issued on 14 July 2016, by the
Alberta Energy Regulator, following consultations with "consultations with First Nations, local communities, environmental groups and industry itself". Directive 85 with new guidelines and a phased-in approach on oil sands producers' management of their
2811:
Albakistani, Emad A.; Nwosu, Felix C.; Furgason, Chantel; Haupt, Evan S.; Smirnova, Angela V.; Verbeke, Tobin J.; Lee, Eun-Suk; Kim, Joong-Jae; Chan, Amelia; Ruhl, Ilona A.; Sheremet, Andriy; Rudderham, Sarah B.; Lindsay, Matthew B. J.; Dunfield, Peter F. (8 February 2022). Glass, Jennifer B. (ed.).
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In March 2012 an alliance of oil companies called Canada’s Oil Sands
Innovation Alliance (COSIA) was launched with a mandate to share research and technology to decrease the negative environmental impact of oil sands production focusing on tailings ponds, greenhouse gases, water and land. Almost all
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This often-cited example of reclamation is challenged by environmental groups, who point out that the pond is not reclaimed, as the actual harmful tailings fluids were just moved somewhere else. Indeed, the pond's content was drained, and the tailings fluids were transported to other ponds. The pond
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and also to remove toxic components. The identification of individual acids has for many years proved to be impossible but a breakthrough in 2011 in analysis began to reveal what is in the oil sands tailings ponds. Theoretically, as much as ninety percent of the water in the tailings could be reused
93:
of compounds. In his oft-cited 2008 journal article, E. W. Allen wrote that typically tailings ponds consist of c. 75% water, c. 25% sand, silt and clay, c.2% of residual bitumen, as well as dissolved salts, organics, and minerals. Although many of the components of TPW "occur naturally in adjacent
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By 2010 Suncor had transformed their first tailings pond, Pond One, into
Wapisiw Lookout, the first reclaimed settling basin in the oil sands. In 2007 the area was a 220-hectare pond of toxic effluent but several years later there was firm land planted with black spruce and trembling aspen. Wapisiw
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In an AER presentation in
February 2018, the AER's "vice-president of closure and liability" said that "based on "a hypothetical worst-case scenario", the cleanup cost would be $ 260-billion based on "internal AER calculations". The oil industry's "accumulated environmental liability" estimate of $
52:
and managing these tailings is one of the most difficult environmental challenges facing the oil sands industry. An
October 2021 Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) report said that in 2020 the tailings ponds increased by another 90 million cubic meters and contained 1.36 billion cubic metres of fluids.
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Syncrude Ltd. has a full-scale, operational EPL known as Base Mine Lake, which has been under reclamation since 2012. Originally West-In Pit, a tailings pond, Base Mine Lake contains 45 meters of fluid tailings are weighted down by 5 meters of water, compressing the tailings so much that the water
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At
Canadian federal government level, in May 2023, passing of Bill S-5 to update the Canadian Environmental Protection Act was reported as having slowed because of Liberal Party support for an amendment proposed by the New Democratic Party. The amendment stipulated that "... the federal government
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said that this appears to be the "first attempt by a bankruptcy trustee in
Alberta to have a previous oil and gas transaction unwound." It could "introduce major new risks to the industry’s ability to buy and sell assets and could also deliver a severe blow to Perpetual." The lawsuit alleges that
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in Calgary. Wadsworth warned that "the true costs of cleaning up the oils sands" could be $ 260 billion and a significant part of the costs include the clean-up of toxic tailings ponds. In his outline of the financial liabilities in Alberta's oil patch, Wadsworth, who was the AER vice president of
229:
According to an October 2021 Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) report, in 2020 in spite of a decrease in oil production, oil sands tailings ponds grew another 90 million cubic meters in 2020 containing 1.36 billion cubic metres of fluids. This represents a surface comparable to "1.7 times the size of
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An engineered water body, located below grade in an oil sands post-mining pit. It may contain oil sands by-product material and will receive surface and groundwater from surrounding reclaimed and undisturbed landscapes. EPLs will be permanent features in the final reclaimed landscape, discharging
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in August 2015 at the MLSB. At the time the MLSB inactive sump "was not covered by Syncrude's waterfowl protection plan to deter birds from landing at tailings areas". Doreen Cole, who has been Managing Director of Syncrude Canada since December 2017, "We immediately took steps to bring all these
803:. Algae and invertebrates populate the water column, and the bacterial communities are distinct from those of tailings ponds. However, as an oil sheen does remain on the surface of the lake, Syncrude does not plan to connect this EPL with natural water bodies, or release any water from the site.
679:
In a public statement released on 8 August 2018, AER CEO Jim Ellis, who had been CEO since AER's creation in 2013, took the "unusual step" of admitting that the Sequoia "situation has exposed a gap in the system" that needed to be fixed and "raised questions" about how to proceed in the future.
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The oil sands industry may build a series of up to thirty lakes by pumping water into old mine pits when they have finished excavation leaving toxic effluent at their bottoms and letting biological processes restore it to health. It is less expensive to fill abandoned open pit mines with water
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suggested that the huge investments by many companies in Canadian oil sands was leading to increased production results in excess bitumen with no place to store it. It added that by 2022 a month's output of waste-water could result in an 11-feet deep toxic reservoir the size of New York City's
994:
From 2012 to 2017, the increase in insolvencies has led to an increase in the number of orphan wells to increase from 100 to 3,200. In 2017 there were 450,000 wells registered in Alberta with about 155,000 "no longer producing but not yet fully remediated". In their 2017 report, the C.D. Howe
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used the older composite tailings (CT) technology to capture fines at its Mildred Lake project. Syncrude had a lower-than-expected fines capture performance in 2011/2012 but exceeded expectations in 2010/2011. Shell used atmospheric fines drying (AFD) technology combined "fluid tailings and
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held a hearing centering on Alberta's lower courts' findings in favour of Redwater Energy's creditors, to determine if Canada's bankruptcy laws are in conflict with Alberta's regulatory regime – and if those federal laws are paramount to the province's environmental rules".
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in 2016, launched a lawsuit against Perpetual Energy Inc. in an "unprecedented bid to void" the 2016 sale of Perpetual Energy Inc.'s subsidiary called Perpetual Energy Operating Corp. (PEOC) now known as Sequoia Resources Ltd to Chinese investors. An article in
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of about $ 40-million. It is alleged in a court filing that in 2016 Susan Riddell Rose "engineered the sale of a subsidiary called Perpetual Energy Operating Corp. (PEOC), later renamed Sequoia" to Chinese investors. In March 2018 Sequoia filed for bankruptcy
154:(PAHs), in the list of organic compounds in TPW. Allen names aromatic hydrocarbons , naphthenic acids (NAs) and dissolved solids, as those that were most harmful to humans, fish, and birds. As well as toxic metals considered to be priority pollutants such as
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and spread over a "beach" with a shallow grade where the tailings would dewater and dry under ambient conditions. The dried MFT can then be reclaimed in situ or moved to another location for final reclamation. Suncor hoped this would reduce the time for
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from the "five major facilities in the AOSR: Syncrude Mildred Lake (SML), Suncor Energy OSG (SUN), Canadian Natural Resources Limited Horizon (CNRL), Shell Albian Muskeg River and Jackpine (SAJ) and Syncrude Aurora (SAU)." 2018 report published in the
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The Alberta Energy Regulator has confirmed that no tailings have ever been certified reclaimed to date. In fact, across the entire oil sands region, only one square km of the total area disturbed by mining operations has ever been certified reclaimed.
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In 2012, the Government of Alberta set up a Tailings Management Framework (TMF) to complement and expand Directive 074's policies to "ensure that fluid fine tailings are reclaimed as quickly as possible and that current inventories are reduced."
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2713:
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For metal concentrations, some studies of metal contaminants in Peace-Athabasca Delta lake sediments in 2014 to 2018 showed "... little to no evidence of recent oil sands-derived metals enrichment in sediment of lakes" in the region.
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The Government of Alberta released the 2012 "Tailings Management Framework for Mineable Oil Sands" as part of Alberta's Progressive Reclamation Strategy for the oil sands to ensure that tailings are reclaimed as quickly as possible.
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in the AOSR came from Mildred Lake Settling Basin and the Syncrude Mildred Lake West In-Pit (WIP) pond and Suncor Energy OSG's Ponds 2–3 (P23). MLSB "was found to be responsible for over 70% of tailings ponds emissions of methane
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In 2008 Syncrude Canada Ltd. began construction of Sandhill Fen project, a 57-hectare research watershed- creating a mix of forest and wetland- on top of sand-capped composite tailings at its former 60-metre deep East Mine.
859:
PAHs were substantially higher than guidelines for lake sedimentation set by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment in 1999. The team discovered that the contamination spread farther than previously thought.
3120:
2493:
636:—sites that had been licensed by AER with combined liabilities of over $ 110 million. From 2014 to 2018 the industry-led organization's Orphan Well Association's (OWA) inventory, increased from 1,200 to over 3,700.
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into the oil sands plant. Suncor claimed the mature fines tailings process would reduce the number of tailing ponds and shorten the time to reclaim a tailing pond from 40 years at present to 7–10 years, with
683:
On 1 November 2018 AER CEO Jim Ellis apologized for failing to report "that cleaning up after the province's oil and gas industry would cost $ 260 billion". On 2 November he announced his retirement as CE0.
492:(EII/EUB MOU), requirements set out in approval conditions for each oil sands mining and processing plant scheme, operator's ERCB-approved S-23 production accounting manual, Interim Directive (ID) 2001-07:
1703:
Baray, S.; Darlington, A.; Gordon, M.; Hayden, K. L.; Leithead, A.; Li, S.-M.; Liu, P. S. K.; Mittermeier, R. L.; Moussa, S. .; O'Brien, J.; Staebler, R.; Wolde, M.; Worthy, D.; McLaren, R. (28 May 2018).
1527:
211:
The lack of knowledge and identification of individual compounds has become a major hindrance to the handling and monitoring of oil sands tailings. A better understanding of the chemical makeup, including
547:
In March 2015, in response to the ERCB's "Tailings Management Framework for Mineable Oil Sands", AER suspended Directive 074: Tailings Performance Criteria and Requirements for Oil Sands Mining Schemes.
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Dam Safety Accord, Agreement Between Alberta Employment, Immigration and Industry and the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board Respecting the Coordination of Services for Coal and Oil Sands Mine Projects
472:, and other professionals. The ERCB was created to replace the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (EUB) and the Alberta Utilities Commission. The ERCB's first major publication was the December 2008,
608:. The "TMF under the Lower Athabasca Regional Plan (LARP) provides direction to the AER and industry on the management of fluid tailings during and after mine operation. AER Directive 085, under the
707:, commonly used in water treatment plants to improve removal of total organic content (TOC), to speed their drying into more easily reclaimable matter. Mature tailings dredged from a pond bottom in
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continuously following 7 to 10 years behind the mining operations. For the reporting periods from 2010 to 2012, Suncor had a lower-than-expected fines capture performance from this technology.
288:—revealed that the estimated liability for the clean up cost for "oilsands mining operations facilities" was about $ 130 billion. The investigation, which resulted in the news coverage series,
2389:
296:
series were told by experts that the liabilities in the oilsands, mainly tailings ponds, represent almost 50% of the $ 130 billion in the AER mining category, the total estimated liability.
1246:"The absorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into the skin to elicit cutaneous inflammation: The establishment of structure–permeation and in silico–in vitro–in vivo relationships"
69:
In Canada there are three major oil sand deposits, primarily located in the province of Alberta, with some also located in the neighbouring province of Saskatchewan. They are known as
3976:
3030:"Use of pre-industrial floodplain lake sediments to establish baseline river metal concentrations downstream of Alberta oil sands: a new approach for detecting pollution of rivers"
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invested $ 1.2 billion in their Tailings Reduction Operations (TROTM) method that treats mature fine tails (MFT) from tailings ponds with chemical flocculant, an anionic
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flocculants and deposits the mixture in a sloped area to allow the water to drain and the deposit to dry" and had a lower-than-expected fines capture performance.
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supersedes the provincial requirements that companies must clean up wells." "ankrupt companies can avoid their liabilities and leave them as a public obligation."
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Documents released through the freedom of information legislation as requested for the joint investigation of Alberta Energy Regulator internal documents included
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2009:
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filed for bankruptcy protection in March "without decommissioning and cleaning up 4,000 wells, pipelines and other facilities", as required of all oil companies,
3087:"Use of pre-industrial baselines to assess sources and pathways of metals in surface sediment of floodplain lakes in the Peace-Athabasca Delta (Alberta, Canada)"
3188:
2579:
1331:
Rowland SJ, Scarlett AG, Jones D, West CE, Frank RA (2011), "Diamonds in the Rough: Identification of Individual Naphthenic Acids in Oil Sands Process Water.",
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article, by September 2017, the tailings ponds held c."1.2 trillion litres of contaminated water" and covered about 220 square kilometres (85 sq mi).
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was then filled with coarser materials and vegetation was added on top. The site is not usable or accessible to the public, and the peatland was not restored.
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58.65 billion was the amount that the AER had publicly reported. Of that cost, "tailings ponds make up the largest but unknown portion of this AER estimate".
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In 2008 tailings ponds held 732 billion litres of tailings. By 2009, as tailing ponds continued to proliferate and volumes of fluid tailings increased, the
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The ERCB's 2013 "Tailings Management Framework for Mineable Oil Sands" "challenged a "key plank" of the Conservative provincial government, under Premier
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By 2013, the Government of Alberta reported that tailings ponds covered an area of about 77 square kilometres (30 sq mi). According to a
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the water used to produce crude oil using steam methods of production ends up in tailings ponds. Recent enhancements to this method include
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Directive 073: Requirements for Inspection and Compliance of Oil Sands Mining and Processing Plant Operations in the Oil Sands Mining Area
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Directive 073: Requirements for Inspection and Compliance of Oil Sands Mining and Processing Plant Operations in the Oil Sands Mining Area
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that would operate with "conventional shovel and truck mining technology". The Mildred Lake Extension (MLX east), located west of the
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tailings ponds. Under Directive 85 "fluid tailings" must be "ready to reclaim" within ten years of the closing of an oil sands mine.
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4120:
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888:
380:
378:. The MLSB, which is the oldest tailings pond in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR), was found in a 2018 report published in the
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include the Southwest Sand Storage (SWSS), which is the third largest dam in the world by volume of construction material after the
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2229:"Fight over bankrupt oil company lands at Supreme Court. Who gets paid first? Creditors, or the cleanup efforts on orphaned wells?"
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1985:
1586:"Alberta regulator privately estimates oilpatch's financial liabilities are hundreds of billions more than what it told the public"
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Perpetual and its CEO Susan Riddell Rose "knew the deal would sink the buyer". Perpetual says that "the claim is without merit".
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960:(FMFN) lands. These two new mines would extend Syncrude's mining activity using old technologies by about 14 years (AER 2019:2).
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1900:
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Wiklund, Johan A; Hall, Roland I; Wolfe, Brent B; Edwards, Thomas WD; Farwell, Andrea J; George Dixon, D (1 December 2014).
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De Souza, Mike; Jarvis, Carolyn; McIntosh, Emma; News, David Bruser; Energy; November 1st 2018, Politics (1 November 2018).
1135:"Evidence of low toxicity of oil sands process-affected water to birds invites re-evaluation of avian protection strategies"
1016:
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As of 2010, according to the "Mature Fine Tailings Inventory from mine operator tailings plans submitted in October 2009,
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published a report analyzing lake sediments in the Athabasca region over the past fifty years. They found that levels of
36:. Oil sand tailings contain a mixture of salts, suspended solids and other dissolvable chemical compounds such as acids,
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Decision 2019 ABAER 006: Syncrude Canada Ltd. Mildred Lake Extension Project and Mildred Lake Tailings Management Plan
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instead of dirt. In 2012, the Cumulative Environmental Management Association (CEMA) defined End Pit Lakes (EPLs) as
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2390:"Conservatives pull support for Environmental Protection Act after Liberals back NDP MP's tailings pond amendment"
1528:"Oilsands waste is collected in sprawling toxic ponds. To clean them up, oil companies plan to pour water on them"
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said that Wadsworth's estimates represented a “worst-case scenario” in which the industry shuts down overnight."
3305:, Fort McMurray, Alberta: Cumulative Environmental Management Association (CEMA), 4 October 2012, archived from
2712:, Fort McMurray, Alberta: Cumulative Environmental Management Association (CEMA), 4 October 2012, archived from
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requirements. Syncrude has until January 2023 to submit an "updated Tailings Management Plan" that aligns with
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The concentrations of chemicals are harmful to fish, and oil on the surface of the ponds is harmful to birds.
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2042:"AER suspends Directive 074: Tailings Performance Criteria and Requirements for Oil Sands Mining Schemes"
1706:"Quantification of methane sources in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region of Alberta by aircraft mass balance"
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of Alberta issued Directive 074 to force oil companies to manage tailings based on aggressive criteria.
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1189:"Process water treatment in Canada's oil sands industry: I. Target pollutants and treatment objectives"
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Oil sand tailings or oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), have a highly variable composition and a
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1645:, Gallivare: Swedish Mining Association, Natur Vards Verket, European Commission, 19–20 September 2001
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Soaring number of abandoned wells will see industry levies jump to $ 45M this year – triple from 2014
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Sequoia Resources ceasing operations 'imminently' and won't be able to maintain wells and pipelines
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597:. The AER found that Syncrude's Mildred Lake Extension (MLX) project was in the "public interest."
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48:, fine silts and water. Large volumes of tailings are a byproduct of bitumen extraction from the
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Alalaiwe, Ahmed; Yin-Ku, Lin; Chih-Hung, Lin; Pei-Wen, Wang; Jie-Yu, Lin; Jia-You, Fang (2020).
533:, who served from October 2011 until her resignation on 23 March 2014. During the tenure of the
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847:(PAHs) had increased as much as 23-fold since bitumen extraction began in the 1960s. Levels of
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On 31 December 2018, Syncrude was fined $ 2.75 million after pleading guilty under the federal
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1094:"Enviro groups want feds to step in after report reveals Alberta's tailings ponds are growing"
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Syncrude Canada Ltd. Mildred Lake Extension Project and Mildred Lake Tailings Management Plan
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612:(OSCA), "sets out requirements for managing fluid tailings for oil sands mining projects."
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Operating Criteria: Resource Recovery Requirements for Oil Sands Mine and Processing Plants
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3891:
3886:
3816:
3784:
3695:
3411:
2277:"Orphan well clean-up costs could sting Alberta taxpayers if regulator loses court battle"
2121:
Varcoe, Chris. "Tailings ponds and pipeline leaks keep heat on Alberta Energy Regulator".
1927:
Directive 074: Tailings Performance Criteria and Requirements for Oil Sands Mining Schemes
1616:
977:
941:
534:
453:
362:
artificial lake within it are constructed and maintained as part of ongoing operations by
339:
213:
115:
3208:"Legacy of a half century of Athabasca oil sands development recorded by lake ecosystems"
2935:"Legacy of a half century of Athabasca oil sands development recorded by lake ecosystems"
1416:, Calgary, Alberta: Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB), June 2013, archived from
836:. These allow the extraction plants to recover well over 90% of the bitumen in the sand.
3226:
3054:
3045:
3029:
2953:
2829:
2414:
1992:
1721:
1560:"What would it cost to clean up Alberta's oilpatch? $ 260 billion, a top official warns"
1344:
1261:
61:
4627:
4547:
4537:
4527:
4468:
4443:
4152:
4093:
4024:
3911:
3896:
3705:
3643:
3388:
3245:
2972:
2854:
2813:
2204:
1159:
1134:
704:
530:
335:
242:
3152:
2531:
1269:
4873:
4695:
4652:
4617:
4246:
4127:
4100:
4034:
3426:
2440:
2177:(Report). Calgary, Alberta: Alberta Energy Regulator (AER). 16 July 2019. p. 289
1285:
909:
892:
journal to be "responsible for the majority of tailings ponds emissions of methane."
384:
journal to be "responsible for the majority of tailings ponds emissions of methane."
343:
2757:"2019 Base Mine Lake Monitoring and Research Summary Report: Results from 2013-2018"
2415:"Ponds of toxic waste in Alberta's oilsands are bigger than Vancouver — and growing"
1133:
Beck, Elizabeth M.; Smits, Judit E. G.; St Clair, Colleen Cassady (3 October 2015).
4755:
4685:
4577:
4567:
4562:
4552:
4542:
4428:
4408:
4353:
4137:
4105:
4044:
3941:
3843:
3749:
3626:
3560:
3071:
1215:
945:
848:
772:
712:
408:
256:
41:
21:
4647:
1558:
McIntosh, Emma; Bruser, David; De Souza, Mike; Jarvis, Carolyn (1 November 2018).
2814:"Seasonal Dynamics of Methanotrophic Bacteria in a Boreal Oil Sands End Pit Lake"
2328:"Oil companies are required to return the lands they develop to a natural state."
1906:(Report). Calgary, Alberta: Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB). June 2013
1024:
4725:
4597:
4418:
4388:
4333:
4323:
4029:
4009:
3688:
3671:
3589:
3451:
3421:
3416:
856:
465:
375:
262:
135:
119:
107:
3215:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3206:
Kurek, J.; Kirk, J.L.; Muir, D.C.G.; Wang, X.; Evans, M.S.; Smol; J.P. (2013).
2942:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2933:
Kurek, J.; Kirk, J.L.; Muir, D.C.G.; Wang, X.; Evans, M.S.; Smol; J.P. (2013).
4775:
4642:
4632:
4398:
4236:
4142:
953:
899:
833:
486:
EUB/AEP Memorandum of Understanding on the Regulation of Oil Sands Development
469:
461:
190:
131:
3063:
2845:
2095:
2010:"Alberta Energy Regulator Operations Continue During Southern Alberta Floods"
1730:
1705:
1150:
1105:
688:
has the power to compel the production of information about tailings ponds".
94:
landscapes, the mining process increases their concentrations", for example,
4770:
4501:
4448:
4393:
4383:
4293:
4241:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4147:
3828:
3456:
3383:
3235:
2962:
2368:"Facing the liability challenge in Alberta: AER president and CEO Jim Ellis"
1671:, Public Disclosure Document, Syncrude Canada Ltd, July 2008, archived from
903:
852:
800:
457:
436:
From its establishment in January 2008, until it was disbanded in 2013, the
143:
49:
3254:
2981:
2863:
2468:
Planning, Construction and Operational Challenges of Suncor's 1st Sand Dump
1360:
1277:
1168:
456:
industry, which included oils sands tailings ponds. Board members included
205:
has been seen to have higher cytotoxicity then PM containing heavy metals.
2305:"Oil firm ceasing operations, leaving thousands of untended Alberta wells"
995:
estimated the cost of clean up of orphan wells was as high as $ 8 billion.
4765:
4745:
4740:
4720:
4715:
4491:
4481:
4403:
4338:
4110:
3838:
3794:
3789:
3653:
2837:
1472:
Alberta government is 'cracking down' on oil sector, energy minister says
1017:"Canada, United States: SOLAR Power Process Transform Oil Sands Tailings"
917:
817:
813:
732:
720:
from tailings to weeks rather than years, with the recovered water being
641:
540:
In 2013, the Alberta government replaced the ERCB with the newly created
437:
371:
363:
359:
355:
217:
198:
186:
183:
155:
103:
99:
33:
3221:(5). National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: 1–6.
2948:(5). National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: 1–6.
2026:. Edmonton, Alberta: Government of Alberta. 12 June 2013. Archived from
4433:
4423:
4303:
4298:
4213:
2632:
Q & A: Syncrude scientist talks about wetlands reclamation research
2069:
Dachis, Benjamin; Shaffer, Blake; Thivierge, Vincent (September 2017).
825:
821:
441:
347:
167:
159:
147:
139:
123:
111:
45:
37:
1352:
602:
Directive 085: Fluid Tailings Management for Oil Sands Mining Projects
334:
The Syncrude Tailings Dam or Mildred Lake Settling Basin (MLSB) is an
4750:
4637:
4622:
4612:
4572:
4486:
3341:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1901:
2012 Tailings Management Assessment Report: Oil Sands Mining Industry
1465:
1463:
1410:
2012 Tailings Management Assessment Report: Oil Sands Mining Industry
700:
600:
The AER found that Mildred Lake Extension Project (MLX) did not meet
520:
2012 Tailings Management Assessment Report: Oil Sands Mining Industry
351:
342:
in the world in 2001. It is located 40 km (25 mi) north of
171:
163:
127:
95:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1375:"Oilsands tailing ponds are a nasty challenge that can't be ignored"
1207:
3086:
2343:"Perpetual Energy shares slump after trustee of bankrupt firm sues"
1639:
Safe dam constructions - Seminar on safe tailings dam constructions
872:
According to the 2018 study by Baray et al, ninety-six per cent of
370:. Other tailings dams constructed and operated in the same area by
4532:
4506:
4476:
4438:
4378:
4373:
4368:
2761:
Canadian Conservation and Land Management (CCLM) Knowledge Network
407:
325:
20:
2138:"Alberta Court of Appeal upholds decision on Redwater bankruptcy"
16:
Engineered dam and dyke systems used to capture oil sand tailings
4760:
4700:
4453:
3931:
796:
194:
179:
175:
3345:
1932:(Report). Calgary, Alberta: Energy Resources Conservation Board
1872:(Report). Calgary, Alberta: Energy Resources Conservation Board
795:
cap is now 12 meters in depth. The addition of a water cap and
81:. The Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) has 19 tailings ponds.
4592:
4458:
4231:
2735:"The science beneath the surface of Base Mine Lake – Syncrude"
606:
Tailings Management Framework for the Mineable Oil Sands (TMF)
303:'s speaking notes at a February 28, 2018, presentation to the
3323:"Ambitious plans for oil sands would create lakes from waste"
3271:"Oil Sand Industry in Canada Tied to Higher Carcinogen Level"
3004:"Oil Sand Industry in Canada Tied to Higher Carcinogen Level"
2683:"Ambitious plans for oil sands would create lakes from waste"
2250:
1443:"Tailings ponds a critical part of Alberta's oilsands legacy"
420:'s (CNRL) mine, Horizon mine had 48,000,000 cubic metres (1.7
182:, OSPW also contains "common, low-toxicity metals" including
32:
are engineered dam and dyke systems used to capture oil sand
1553:
1551:
1549:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
4221:
3302:
CEMA Delivers Oilsands Mine End Pit Lake Guidance Document
2709:
CEMA Delivers Oilsands Mine End Pit Lake Guidance Document
2635:, Fort McMurray, Alberta: Edmonton Journal, archived from
1991:. The Alberta Energy Regulator (AER). 2013. Archived from
1751:"Syncrude fined $ 2.75M in deaths of 31 great blue herons"
338:
that was, by volume of construction material, the largest
2474:. Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste 2011. Vancouver, BC
2336:
2334:
2194:
2192:
354:, at the northern end of the Mildred Lake lease owned by
2200:"Alberta Energy Regulator CEO resigns effective January"
948:
are about 35 kilometres (km) north of Fort McMurray the
114:. Citing research from the 1978 onwards, Allen included
3189:"Reclaimed Dump Sparks Oil Sands Sustainability Debate"
2580:"Reclaimed Dump Sparks Oil Sands Sustainability Debate"
2299:
2297:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1182:
1180:
1178:
507:
In 2009, the ERCB published an industry wide directive—
498:
Sulphur Recovery Guidelines for the Province of Alberta
3285:
Toxic Lakes From Tar-Sand Projects Planned for Alberta
2660:
Toxic Lakes From Tar-Sand Projects Planned for Alberta
2370:(Press release). Calgary, Alberta: AER. 8 August 2018
944:, and Mildred Lake Extension (MLX west), west of the
201:. The exposure to particulate matter (PM) containing
4822:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
881:)." The study collected data on emission rates of CH
816:
Oil Recovery (TOR) units which recover oil from the
502:
Directive 019: ERCB Compliance Assurance—Enforcement
448:(ERCB)—an independent, quasi-judicial agency of the
4799:
4665:
4515:
4467:
4255:
4212:
4197:
4188:
4073:
3990:
3872:
3758:
3652:
3580:
3523:
3482:
3475:
3397:
1838:AMEC Environment & Infrastructure (June 2013),
1087:
1085:
1083:
952:(RMWB) and about 10 km north of the hamlet of
2116:
2114:
2112:
1526:McIntosh, Emma; Bruser, David (23 November 2018).
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
664:, the trustee for Chinese investors who purchased
2604:"Debunking Four Oil Sands Tailings "Ponds" Myths"
632:By February, 2018, there were 1,800 abandoned or
2909:Oil sands tailings technology deployment roadmap
2051:, Press Release, Calgary, Alberta, 13 March 2015
1196:Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science
216:, it may make it possible to monitor rivers for
2307:. CBC News via The Canadian Press. 8 March 2018
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
1745:
1743:
1741:
781:
2012:. Calgary, Alberta: Marketwired. 22 June 2013.
3357:
2341:Jones, Jeffrey; Lewis, Jeff (6 August 2018).
8:
2024:"Strong team leads Alberta Energy Regulator"
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
587:Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act
393:Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act
2251:"Orphan Well Association, Calgary, Alberta"
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
4209:
4194:
3479:
3364:
3350:
3342:
3167:Vanderklippe, Nathan (23 September 2010),
2552:Vanderklippe, Nathan (23 September 2010),
1960:"Oil sands firms warned on tailings ponds"
65:The extent of oil sands in Alberta, Canada
3244:
3234:
3121:"Suncor speeds tailings-pond reclamation"
3053:
2971:
2961:
2853:
2784:"Pit Lakes: A Surface Mining Perspective"
2494:"Suncor speeds tailings-pond reclamation"
1729:
1474:(Report). Special Report:The Price of Oil
1158:
616:AER on cost of clean-up of tailings ponds
484:(OSCR), Informational Letter (IL) 96-07:
3091:Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
2439:Alberta, Government of (13 March 2010).
1622:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
60:
4284:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
3321:Vanderklippe, Nathan (3 October 2012),
2681:Vanderklippe, Nathan (3 October 2012),
1008:
929:
4158:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
3917:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
3110:"Tailings Ponds: What they're made of"
2818:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1811:"Tailings, A Lasting Oil Sands Legacy"
1785:"Syncrude to pay $ 3M for duck deaths"
1612:
1602:
1333:Environmental Science & Technology
1307:"Tailings Ponds: What they're made of"
577:In July 2019, the AER announced their
85:Components of oil sands tailings ponds
4905:Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo
3282:van Loon, Jeremy (22 November 2013),
2657:van Loon, Jeremy (22 November 2013),
1092:Bulowski, Natasha (18 October 2021).
972:was created in 2002 as a spin out of
950:Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo
7:
4289:China National Petroleum Corporation
956:. Most of Fort McKay is situated on
784:water to the downstream environment.
752:
3169:"Suncor scores environmental first"
2629:Howell, David (22 September 2014),
2554:"Suncor scores environmental first"
1470:McIntosh, Emma (27 November 2018).
1023:, 26 September 2014, archived from
446:Energy Resources Conservation Board
235:Energy Resources Conservation Board
4349:National Iranian South Oil Company
4065:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
1783:Wingrove, Josh (22 October 2010).
1665:South West Sand Storage Conversion
1441:Kent, Gordon (28 September 2017).
938:two new open-pit mining operations
799:successfully cleared the water of
254:A 2018 joint investigation by the
14:
4817:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
4706:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
4359:Oil & Gas Development Company
2878:"The oil sands story: extraction"
2465:Ali, Zulfiqar (9 November 2011).
2275:Seskus, Tony (21 February 2018).
2227:Seskus, Tony (21 February 2018).
2208:. Postmedia News. 2 November 2018
2136:Brown, Jennifer (26 April 2017).
1958:Cryderman, Kelly (12 June 2013).
1710:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1270:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126955
889:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
839:In January 2013, scientists from
553:Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta
482:Oil Sands Conservation Regulation
381:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
4854:
4853:
2906:Sobkowicz, John (22 June 2012),
1062:, September 2013, archived from
902:
845:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
395:in relation to the deaths of 31
203:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
152:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
4915:Environmental issues in Alberta
4364:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
3187:Schor, Elana (16 August 2011),
3085:Owca, Tanner (1 January 2019).
2578:Schor, Elana (16 August 2011),
1373:McNeill, Jodi (29 April 2018).
753:Syncrude's Sandhill Fen project
739:
4832:Society of Petroleum Engineers
4603:Port Harcourt Refining Company
4269:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
3269:Austen, Ian (7 January 2013).
3034:Environmental Research Letters
3002:Austen, Ian (7 January 2013).
1986:"The Alberta Energy Regulator"
559:, "confirmed that the federal
389:Migratory Birds Convention Act
286:University of British Columbia
272:, and four journalism schools—
1:
3778:Production sharing agreements
3055:10.1088/1748-9326/9/12/124019
561:Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act
4812:Canadian petroleum companies
4807:American Petroleum Institute
4344:National Iranian Oil Company
4329:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
221:for further oil extraction.
4827:International Energy Agency
3812:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
3148:Wapisiw Lookout Reclamation
2527:Wapisiw Lookout Reclamation
1494:"The Price of Oil coverage"
366:in extracting oil from the
4931:
4414:PTT Public Company Limited
4015:East Midlands Oil Province
4000:List of natural gas fields
3600:Integrated asset modelling
3175:, Wapisiw Lookout, Alberta
2882:Oil Sands Discovery Centre
2560:, Wapisiw Lookout, Alberta
1590:Canada's National Observer
824:Recovery Units to recover
711:were mixed with a polymer
610:Oil Sands Conservation Act
583:Oil Sands Conservation Act
572:Court of Appeal of Alberta
478:Oil Sands Conservation Act
418:Canadian Natural Resources
319:
4849:
4786:Weatherford International
4319:Iraq National Oil Company
3379:
2071:All's Well that Ends Well
1865:ERCB (17 December 2008).
1841:Beach Fines Capture Study
692:Reduction and reclamation
518:The ECRB report entitled
432:Regulations and oversight
305:Petroleum History Society
2142:Canadian Lawyer Magazine
2049:Alberta Energy Regulator
1925:ERCB (3 February 2009).
1731:10.5194/acp-18-7361-2018
1534:. Fort McMurray, Alberta
1021:Mena Report via HighBeam
740:Suncor's Wapisiw Lookout
624:On 15 February 2018 the
542:Alberta Energy Regulator
30:Oil sands tailings ponds
25:Oil sands tailings ponds
4837:World Petroleum Council
4711:China Oilfield Services
3768:Petroleum fiscal regime
3467:Western Canadian Select
3462:West Texas Intermediate
3236:10.1073/pnas.1217675110
2963:10.1073/pnas.1217675110
2255:Orphan Well Association
1139:Conservation Physiology
958:Fort McKay First Nation
830:Inclined Plate Settlers
639:In late February 2018,
626:Supreme Court of Canada
424:10 cu ft) of
4314:Indian Oil Corporation
3800:Submersible pump (ESP)
3745:Underbalanced drilling
3566:of gasoline and diesel
2608:CPAWS Northern Alberta
2076:(Report). Commentary.
1151:10.1093/conphys/cov038
792:
662:PricewaterhouseCoopers
570:On 25 April 2017, the
413:
331:
66:
26:
4691:Cameron International
4133:Petrodollar recycling
4116:fossil fuel phase-out
3679:Differential sticking
3632:Reflection seismology
3605:Petroleum engineering
3447:OPEC Reference Basket
3126:Oil & Gas Journal
2499:Oil & Gas Journal
2441:"OSIP - Data Library"
1187:Allen, E. W. (2008).
1060:Government of Alberta
1053:"Fact Sheet Tailings"
982:market capitalization
970:Perpetual Energy Inc.
936:The project includes
666:Sequoia Resources Ltd
655:Sequoia Resources Ltd
647:Sequoia Resources Ltd
645:and CP reported that
452:—regulated Alberta's
450:Government of Alberta
411:
391:(MBCA) and Alberta's
330:Syncrude tailings dam
329:
322:Syncrude Tailings Dam
316:Syncrude Tailings Dam
79:Peace River oil sands
64:
24:
4588:Occidental Petroleum
3902:1990 oil price shock
3728:Shale oil extraction
3701:Drilling engineering
3684:Directional drilling
3610:Reservoir simulation
3151:, nd, archived from
3131:PennWell Corporation
2838:10.1128/aem.01455-21
2639:on 24 September 2014
2530:, nd, archived from
2504:PennWell Corporation
2078:C. D. Howe Institute
426:mature fine tailings
412:Horizon tailings dam
404:Horizon tailings dam
356:Syncrude Canada Ltd.
282:University of Regina
274:Concordia University
4736:Naftiran Intertrade
4681:Amec Foster Wheeler
4608:Reliance Industries
4497:Naftiran Intertrade
4309:Hindustan Petroleum
3907:2000s energy crisis
3288:, Bloomberg Markets
3227:2013PNAS..110.1761K
3046:2014ERL.....9l4019W
2954:2013PNAS..110.1761K
2830:2022ApEnM..88E1455A
2663:, Bloomberg Markets
2125:. Calgary, Alberta.
1818:WWF-World Wide Fund
1722:2018ACP....18.7361B
1678:on 26 February 2014
1500:. 30 September 2017
1423:on 25 February 2014
1345:2011EnST...45.3154R
1262:2020Chmsp.255l6955A
1225:on 21 December 2018
974:Paramount Resources
727:land rehabilitation
368:Athabasca Oil Sands
75:Cold Lake oil sands
71:Athabasca Oil Sands
4890:Unconventional oil
4885:Petroleum industry
4583:Marathon Petroleum
4005:List of oil fields
3615:Reservoir modeling
3373:Petroleum industry
3329:, Calgary, Alberta
3327:The Globe and Mail
3275:The New York Times
3193:The New York Times
3173:The Globe and Mail
3155:on 31 October 2014
3008:The New York Times
2689:, Calgary, Alberta
2687:The Globe and Mail
2584:The New York Times
2558:The Globe and Mail
2534:on 31 October 2014
1964:The Globe and Mail
1789:The Globe and Mail
1615:has generic name (
841:Queen's University
672:The Globe and Mail
476:, which was based
414:
332:
278:Ryerson University
67:
27:
4900:Mining in Alberta
4867:
4866:
4845:
4844:
4731:Nabors Industries
4661:
4660:
3859:Well intervention
3834:Petroleum product
3733:Ljungström method
3637:Seismic inversion
3622:Petroleum geology
3576:
3575:
3133:. 23 October 2009
2506:. 23 October 2009
2087:978-1-987983-43-2
1998:on 21 April 2014.
1716:(10): 7361–7378.
1353:10.1021/es103721b
874:methane emissions
768:Pembina Institute
718:water reclamation
660:On 7 August 2018
551:In May 2016, the
397:great blue herons
269:National Observer
4922:
4880:Bituminous sands
4857:
4856:
4558:Hess Corporation
4279:Bharat Petroleum
4210:
4195:
3882:1967 Oil Embargo
3718:Lost circulation
3556:Posted oil price
3480:
3437:Isthmus-34 Light
3366:
3359:
3352:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3309:on 13 April 2014
3296:
3295:
3293:
3278:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3248:
3238:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3116:
3095:
3094:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3057:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2975:
2965:
2939:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2888:on 25 March 2009
2884:, archived from
2874:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2737:. 1 October 2021
2731:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2716:on 13 April 2014
2704:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2338:
2329:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2075:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2046:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2030:on 24 June 2013.
2020:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1955:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1897:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1815:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1780:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1757:. 2 January 2019
1747:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1700:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1644:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1555:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1532:The Price of Oil
1523:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1498:The Price of Oil
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1405:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1339:(7): 3154–3159,
1328:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1218:. Archived from
1193:
1184:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1098:The Toronto Star
1089:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1069:on 25 March 2014
1068:
1057:
1049:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1027:on 29 March 2015
1013:
996:
992:
986:
967:
961:
934:
912:
907:
906:
828:from the froth,
790:
595:Public Lands Act
423:
358:The dam and the
310:Shannon Phillips
290:The Price of Oil
250:Cost of clean-up
214:naphthenic acids
118:(NAs), bitumen,
116:naphthenic acids
4930:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4895:Dams in Alberta
4870:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4841:
4795:
4791:John Wood Group
4781:Valaris Limited
4674:
4671:
4668:
4657:
4523:APA Corporation
4511:
4463:
4262:
4259:
4251:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4190:
4184:
4085:Classification
4069:
3992:
3986:
3922:Nationalization
3892:1979 oil crisis
3887:1973 oil crisis
3868:
3854:Water injection
3822:Steam injection
3817:Gas reinjection
3785:Artificial lift
3754:
3696:Drill stem test
3648:
3572:
3519:
3471:
3393:
3375:
3370:
3340:
3332:
3330:
3320:
3312:
3310:
3299:
3291:
3289:
3281:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3210:
3205:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3178:
3176:
3166:
3158:
3156:
3145:
3136:
3134:
3119:
3108:
3104:
3102:Further reading
3099:
3098:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2891:
2889:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2824:(3): e0145521.
2810:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2719:
2717:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2666:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2642:
2640:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2588:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2563:
2561:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2537:
2535:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2445:osip.alberta.ca
2438:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2088:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1739:
1702:
1701:
1690:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1525:
1524:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1313:, 19 March 2013
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1208:10.1139/s07-038
1191:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1132:
1131:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
999:
993:
989:
978:Clayton Riddell
968:
964:
942:Athabasca River
935:
931:
926:
908:
901:
898:
884:
880:
870:
832:(IPS) and disc
809:
791:
788:
764:
755:
742:
694:
618:
535:Redford cabinet
454:energy resource
434:
421:
406:
340:earth structure
324:
318:
252:
227:
91:complex mixture
87:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4928:
4926:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4872:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4628:Surgutneftegas
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4548:Eneos Holdings
4545:
4540:
4538:ConocoPhillips
4535:
4530:
4528:Cenovus Energy
4525:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4469:Energy trading
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4155:
4153:Swing producer
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4025:Gulf of Mexico
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3912:2010s oil glut
3909:
3904:
3899:
3897:1980s oil glut
3894:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3764:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3706:Drilling fluid
3703:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3644:Seismic source
3641:
3640:
3639:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3442:Japan Cocktail
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3389:Primary energy
3386:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3346:
3339:
3338:
3318:
3297:
3279:
3266:
3203:
3184:
3164:
3143:
3117:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3077:
3040:(12): 124019.
3020:
2994:
2925:
2898:
2869:
2803:
2774:
2748:
2726:
2699:
2673:
2649:
2621:
2610:. 13 July 2022
2595:
2570:
2544:
2517:
2485:
2457:
2431:
2406:
2394:The Hill Times
2381:
2359:
2347:Globe and Mail
2330:
2321:
2293:
2267:
2242:
2219:
2205:Calgary Herald
2188:
2154:
2128:
2123:Calgary Herald
2108:
2086:
2080:. p. 22.
2061:
2033:
2015:
2001:
1977:
1943:
1917:
1883:
1857:
1830:
1820:, October 2010
1802:
1768:
1737:
1688:
1655:
1629:
1576:
1545:
1511:
1485:
1459:
1447:Calgary Herald
1433:
1391:
1379:Calgary Herald
1365:
1323:
1298:
1236:
1202:(2): 123–138.
1174:
1118:
1079:
1037:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
987:
962:
928:
927:
925:
922:
921:
920:
914:
913:
897:
894:
882:
878:
869:
866:
808:
805:
786:
763:
760:
754:
751:
741:
738:
705:Polyacrylamide
693:
690:
617:
614:
531:Alison Redford
496:, ID 2001-03:
433:
430:
405:
402:
336:embankment dam
320:Main article:
317:
314:
251:
248:
243:Calgary Herald
226:
225:Size and scope
223:
86:
83:
58:
55:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4927:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4910:Tailings dams
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4860:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4664:
4654:
4653:Valero Energy
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:Suncor Energy
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4254:
4248:
4247:TotalEnergies
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4196:
4193:
4191:organisations
4189:Companies and
4187:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4128:Petrocurrency
4126:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:Oil shale gas
4099:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4081:Abbreviations
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4040:Permian Basin
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3977:United States
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:Seven Sisters
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Core sampling
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:Indian Basket
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2911:
2910:
2902:
2899:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2807:
2804:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2662:
2661:
2653:
2650:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2622:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2470:
2469:
2461:
2458:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1831:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1674:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1606:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1419:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:(1): cov038.
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1002:
991:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
933:
930:
923:
919:
916:
915:
911:
910:Energy portal
905:
900:
895:
893:
891:
890:
875:
867:
865:
861:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
806:
804:
802:
798:
785:
780:
776:
774:
769:
762:End Pit Lakes
761:
759:
750:
746:
737:
734:
730:
728:
723:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
674:
673:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:
637:
635:
630:
627:
622:
615:
613:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
568:
564:
562:
558:
557:2016 ABQB 278
554:
549:
545:
543:
538:
536:
532:
527:
523:
521:
516:
512:
510:
509:Directive 074
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
431:
429:
427:
419:
410:
403:
401:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
382:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:Fort McMurray
341:
337:
328:
323:
315:
313:
311:
306:
302:
301:Rob Wadsworth
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:
265:
264:
259:
258:
249:
247:
245:
244:
238:
236:
231:
224:
222:
219:
215:
209:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
84:
82:
80:
76:
72:
63:
56:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
23:
19:
4756:Schlumberger
4686:Baker Hughes
4578:Marathon Oil
4568:Imperial Oil
4563:Husky Energy
4553:Galp Energia
4543:Devon Energy
4429:Saudi Aramco
4409:Petrovietnam
4354:NNPC Limited
4258:National oil
4138:Petrofiction
4106:Orphan wells
4074:Other topics
4045:Persian Gulf
3972:Saudi Arabia
3942:Standard Oil
3750:Well logging
3627:Petrophysics
3331:, retrieved
3326:
3311:, retrieved
3307:the original
3301:
3290:, retrieved
3284:
3274:
3258:. Retrieved
3218:
3214:
3196:, retrieved
3192:
3177:, retrieved
3172:
3157:, retrieved
3153:the original
3147:
3135:. Retrieved
3124:
3113:
3090:
3080:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3011:. Retrieved
3007:
2997:
2985:. Retrieved
2945:
2941:
2928:
2917:, retrieved
2908:
2901:
2890:, retrieved
2886:the original
2881:
2872:
2821:
2817:
2806:
2794:. Retrieved
2790:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2763:. 1 May 2022
2760:
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2729:
2718:, retrieved
2714:the original
2708:
2702:
2691:, retrieved
2686:
2676:
2665:, retrieved
2659:
2652:
2643:22 September
2641:, retrieved
2637:the original
2631:
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2607:
2598:
2587:, retrieved
2583:
2573:
2562:, retrieved
2557:
2547:
2536:, retrieved
2532:the original
2526:
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2497:
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2467:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2444:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2418:
2409:
2397:. Retrieved
2393:
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2362:
2350:. Retrieved
2346:
2324:
2316:
2309:. Retrieved
2288:
2281:. Retrieved
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2254:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2203:
2179:. Retrieved
2145:. Retrieved
2141:
2131:
2122:
2099:. Retrieved
2064:
2053:, retrieved
2048:
2036:
2028:the original
2018:
2004:
1993:the original
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1963:
1934:. Retrieved
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1874:. Retrieved
1860:
1849:, retrieved
1840:
1833:
1822:, retrieved
1817:
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1788:
1759:. Retrieved
1754:
1713:
1709:
1680:, retrieved
1673:the original
1664:
1658:
1647:, retrieved
1638:
1632:
1613:|last4=
1593:. Retrieved
1589:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1563:
1536:. Retrieved
1502:. Retrieved
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1450:. Retrieved
1446:
1436:
1425:, retrieved
1418:the original
1409:
1382:. Retrieved
1378:
1368:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1315:, retrieved
1310:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1253:
1249:
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1220:the original
1199:
1195:
1142:
1138:
1109:. Retrieved
1097:
1071:, retrieved
1064:the original
1059:
1029:, retrieved
1025:the original
1020:
1011:
990:
965:
946:Mackay River
932:
887:
871:
862:
849:carcinogenic
838:
810:
793:
782:
777:
773:Central Park
765:
756:
747:
743:
731:
699:
695:
686:
682:
678:
670:
659:
650:
640:
638:
634:orphan wells
631:
623:
619:
609:
605:
601:
599:
594:
590:
589:(EPEA), the
586:
585:(OSCA), the
582:
578:
576:
569:
565:
556:
550:
546:
539:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
508:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:, IL 94-19:
485:
481:
477:
473:
435:
415:
386:
379:
333:
298:
294:Price of Oil
293:
289:
267:
261:
257:Toronto Star
255:
253:
241:
239:
232:
230:Vancouver".
228:
210:
207:
136:fulvic acids
88:
68:
42:hydrocarbons
29:
28:
18:
4726:Halliburton
4598:Phillips 66
4419:QatarEnergy
4389:Petrobangla
4324:KazMunayGas
4214:Supermajors
4163:heavy crude
4050:Prudhoe Bay
4030:Niger Delta
4010:Caspian Sea
3773:Concessions
3723:Measurement
3689:Geosteering
3672:Squeeze job
3582:Exploration
3531:Consumption
3490:Consumption
3483:Natural gas
3412:Bonny Light
3129:. Houston:
2502:. Houston:
2419:The Narwhal
2374:20 December
2352:20 December
2311:20 December
2283:20 December
2235:20 December
2212:20 December
2147:20 December
2101:20 December
1649:25 February
1538:20 December
1478:20 December
1250:Chemosphere
1229:20 December
985:protection.
976:, owned by
857:teratogenic
834:centrifuges
466:technicians
376:Tarbela Dam
263:Global News
120:asphaltenes
108:bicarbonate
4874:Categories
4776:Transocean
4643:Tullow Oil
4633:TechnipFMC
4399:PetroChina
4237:ExxonMobil
4143:Shale band
4020:East Texas
3993:and fields
3807:Downstream
3760:Production
3667:Completion
3595:Geophysics
3536:Production
3495:Production
3432:Indonesian
3407:Argus Sour
3399:Benchmarks
3137:23 October
3013:2 December
2919:2 December
2796:14 October
2767:15 October
2741:15 October
2510:23 October
2279:. CBC News
2231:. CBC News
2181:28 January
1970:18 January
1851:2 December
1824:2 December
1791:. Edmonton
1682:2 December
1317:2 December
1031:2 December
1003:References
954:Fort McKay
713:flocculant
709:suspension
593:, and the
555:(ABQB) in
470:economists
462:geologists
191:molybdenum
144:phthalates
4771:TC Energy
4672:companies
4502:Trafigura
4449:Sonatrach
4394:Petrobras
4384:Pertamina
4294:Ecopetrol
4260:companies
4204:companies
4202:petroleum
4178:tight oil
4173:oil shale
4168:oil sands
4148:Shale gas
4089:sweet oil
4060:Venezuela
4035:North Sea
3991:Provinces
3982:Venezuela
3829:Midstream
3524:Petroleum
3384:Petroleum
3260:9 January
3159:11 August
3064:1748-9326
2987:9 January
2846:0099-2240
2538:11 August
2096:0824-8001
1966:. Calgary
1795:2 January
1761:2 January
1605:cite news
1569:2 January
1452:2 January
1384:2 January
1286:218669658
1106:0319-0781
868:Emissions
853:mutagenic
801:turbidity
789:CEMA 2012
591:Water Act
480:(OSCA),
458:engineers
50:oil sands
44:residual
4859:Category
4766:Subsea 7
4746:Petrofac
4741:NOV Inc.
4721:GE Power
4716:Enbridge
4670:services
4492:Mercuria
4482:Glencore
4444:Sonangol
4404:Petronas
4339:Naftogaz
4111:Peak oil
4094:sour oil
3849:Upstream
3844:Refining
3839:Pipeline
3795:Pumpjack
3790:Gas lift
3711:invasion
3654:Drilling
3541:Reserves
3500:Reserves
3333:12 April
3313:12 April
3292:12 April
3255:23297215
3198:12 April
3179:12 April
2982:23297215
2864:34818104
2720:12 April
2693:12 April
2667:12 April
2589:12 April
2564:12 April
2478:12 April
2055:22 April
1755:CBC News
1595:29 March
1564:The Star
1427:12 April
1361:21391632
1278:32416390
1169:27293723
1111:28 March
1073:12 April
918:Tailings
896:See also
818:tailings
814:Tailings
807:Research
787:—
733:Syncrude
722:recycled
653:, after
651:The Star
642:CBC News
438:Edmonton
372:Syncrude
364:Syncrude
360:tailings
218:leachate
199:vanadium
187:aluminum
184:titanium
156:chromium
124:creosols
104:sulphate
100:chloride
57:Location
34:tailings
4434:Sinopec
4424:Rosneft
4304:Gazprom
4299:Equinor
4227:Chevron
3874:History
3740:Tracers
3662:Blowout
3551:Exports
3546:Imports
3510:Exports
3505:Imports
3246:3562817
3223:Bibcode
3072:4873545
3042:Bibcode
2973:3562817
2950:Bibcode
2915:, COSIA
2892:9 April
2855:8824210
2826:Bibcode
2782:COSIA.
2614:25 July
2450:25 July
2424:25 July
1936:3 March
1910:11 June
1876:3 March
1847:, COSIA
1718:Bibcode
1504:10 June
1341:Bibcode
1291:27 July
1258:Bibcode
1216:1394752
1160:4778453
826:naphtha
822:Diluent
444:-based
442:Alberta
348:Alberta
168:cadmium
160:arsenic
148:toluene
140:benzene
128:phenols
112:ammonia
46:bitumen
38:benzene
4800:Others
4751:Saipem
4648:TĂĽpraĹź
4638:TNK-BP
4623:Sunoco
4613:Repsol
4573:Lukoil
4516:Others
4487:Gunvor
4121:timing
4055:Russia
3967:Norway
3952:France
3947:Canada
3253:
3243:
3114:Suncor
3070:
3062:
2980:
2970:
2862:
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