3109:
hired to effectively clean the various port structures. Oil spills are relatively regular occurrences in ports, as small spills often happen due to the large volume of boats, and these are not as well documented in the media as larger events are. However, these spills must still be dealt with, and they can still have damaging economic repercussions. Both the incident and the response require expensive and time-consuming management which is disruptive to port activity. Furthermore, special care must be taken during clean-up operations to ensure that the oil does not get stuck under the quayside, as this could act as a continual source of oil contamination. This can also be seen with sea defenses; should the oil penetrate deep into the structures, they may become a source of secondary pollution. Therefore, it is crucial for ports to manage and mitigate any oil spills, in order to limit the damage to ships and shipping operations. Otherwise, should large disruption occur, the economic damage can be extensive due to costly clean-up processes and delayed shipments.
3096:
severe losses that many were forced to shut. Usually, the Gulf sees an average of 106,703 fishing trips per day, equating to 1 million metric tonnes of annual fishery landings. Therefore, the necessary fishing ban following the disaster was highly damaging. Similarly, following the sinking of the
Prestige oil tanker near Galicia, Spain, in November 2002, 77,000 tonnes of crude oil were spilled into the ocean. This disaster has had severe economic consequences, alongside the environmental damage. Large zones were cordoned in which fishing was banned, with these bans lasting for more than eight months. This affected several groups, including fishermen, ship owners, and the companies who bought and sold the fish. Several compensatory actions were introduced, including tax benefits and aid. This resulted in expenses of approximately 113 million euros in an attempt to compensate for the halt in fishing activity. The examples of the Deepwater Horizon and the Prestige clearly illustrate the severe economic consequences when oil spills prevent commercial fishing.
1455:
5832:
1995:
responses, response measures and monitoring strategies for oil-spills. The maps allow experts from varying fields to come together and work efficiently during fast-paced response operations. The process of making an ESI atlas involves GIS technology. The steps involve, first zoning the area that is to be mapped, and secondly, a meeting with local and regional experts on the area and its resources. Following, all the shoreline types, biological, and human use resources need to be identified and their locations pinpointed. Once all this information is gathered, it then becomes digitized. In its digital format, classifications are set in place, tables are produced and local experts refine the product before it gets released.
3100:
cannot be used commercially due to safety reasons. Then, the oil can spread and sink below the water's surface. If fish swallow the oil, they are also inconsumable due to the health risk posed to humans. Therefore, massive economic damage is caused to the fishing industry following an oil spill, as the stock is vastly reduced. Furthermore, the oil can cause damage to the equipment and boats of fishermen. Clean-up operations can also interrupt usual fishing routes, and sometimes fishing bans are imposed. This further illustrates the damaging economic effects of oil spills on commercial fishing, which is particularly detrimental for regions whose economy relies heavily on fishing.
1196:
3087:
beaches were reopened within a week, just a dozen seabirds were affected, and there were no reports of injured sea mammals. Nonetheless, 27 percent of hotels in Ibiza were negatively affected, with two thirds of these being seafront hotels. Thus, 32 claims were made by tourist firms, equating to approximately 1.5 million euros of compensation. This provides a clear example of an oil spill resulting in massive economic disaster. Furthermore, following the world's largest oil spill, the
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in 2010, the U.S. Travel Association estimated 23 billion dollars’ worth of associated costs for affected tourist infrastructure.
1354:. These chemicals can introduce adverse health effects when being inhaled into human body. In addition, these chemicals can be oxidized by oxidants in the atmosphere to form fine particulate matter after they evaporate into the atmosphere. These particulates can penetrate lungs and carry toxic chemicals into the human body. Burning surface oil can also be a source for pollution such as soot particles. During the cleanup and recovery process, it will also generate air pollutants such as nitric oxides and ozone from ships. Lastly, bubble bursting can also be a generation pathway for particulate matter during an oil spill. During the
2071:. Necessary when ranking and selecting species is their vulnerability to the oil spills themselves. This not only includes their reactions to such events but also their fragility, the scale of large clusters of animals, whether special life stages occur ashore, and whether any present species is threatened, endangered or rare. The way in which the biological resources are mapped is through symbols representing the species, and polygons and lines to map out the special extent of the species. The symbols also have the ability to identify the most vulnerable of a species life stages, such as the
3079:
immediate vicinity will have significantly fewer customers. Local car park owners and shopkeepers will be affected too. Then, this decline in tourists will cause further damage to travel agencies, tour guides, and transport companies. The beaches will likely stay shut for several days whilst clean-up operations take place, and there may be disruption caused by an increase in clean-up vehicles. Overall, several businesses will be negatively impacted by the spill in the short term, which can lead to further long-term damage should companies be forced to reduce staff or shut down entirely.
1559:
1051:
1660:
1237:
1525:
2051:
as "elements" and are divided by functional group. Further classification divides each element into species groups with similar life histories and behaviors relative to their vulnerability to oil spills. There are eight element groups: birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, invertebrates, habitats and plants, wetlands, and marine mammals and terrestrial mammals. Element groups are further divided into sub-groups, for example, the ‘marine mammals’ element group is divided into
8390:
995:
1804:. The reaction time for solidification of oil is controlled by the surface area or size of the polymer or dry pellets as well as the viscosity and thickness of the oil layer. Some solidifier product manufacturers claim the solidified oil can be thawed and used if frozen with dry ice or disposed of in landfills, recycled as an additive in asphalt or rubber products, or burned as a low ash fuel. A solidifier called C.I.Agent (manufactured by
3083:
with exaggerated stories of oil on beaches and deserted hotels. This aggravates the economic losses, as people continue to choose to travel elsewhere. Such a scenario is particularly damaging for regions which are very reliant on the tourism industry. For example, the
Brazilian Northeast can be very vulnerable to drops in tourism, thus, they were badly impacted following a 2500 tonne crude oil spill from an unknown tanker in 2019.
1835:: oil can be sucked up along with the water, and then a centrifuge can be used to separate the oil from the water – allowing a tanker to be filled with near pure oil. Usually, the water is returned to the sea, making the process more efficient, but allowing small amounts of oil to go back as well. This issue has hampered the use of centrifuges due to a United States regulation limiting the amount of oil in water returned to the sea.
1640:
nutrient-rich emulsion creates a bloom of local, indigenous, pre-existing, hydrocarbon-consuming bacteria. Those specific bacteria break down the hydrocarbons into water and carbon dioxide, with EPA tests showing 98% of alkanes biodegraded in 28 days; and aromatics being biodegraded 200 times faster than in nature they also sometimes use the hydrofireboom to clean the oil up by taking it away from most of the oil and burning it.
8352:
1544:
1843:
2256:
Tracking the scope of an oil spill may also involve verifying that hydrocarbons collected during an ongoing spill are derived from the active spill or some other source. This can involve sophisticated analytical chemistry focused on finger printing an oil source based on the complex mixture of substances present. Largely, these will be various hydrocarbons, among the most useful being
8400:
1007:
8381:
8373:
1222:
8365:
1999:
in-depth research is then put back into the ESMs to develop their accuracy and allowing for tactical information to be stored in them as well. The finished maps are then used for drills and trainings for clean-up efficiency. Trainings also often help to update the maps and tweak certain flaws that might have occurred in the previous steps.
2075:, nesting, hatching or migration patterns. This allows for more accurate response plans during those given periods. There is also a division for sub-tidal habitats which are equally important to coastal biodiversity including kelp, coral reefs and sea beds which are not commonly mapped within the shoreline ESI type.
3099:
Water pollution due to oil spills can be severe, often resulting in the death or injury of many sea creatures, including birds, sea mammals, fish, algae, and coral. The impact on fish caught in the spill has both immediate and longer-term impacts. Immediately, the fish are tainted with oil, and they
3086:
Similarly, tourism in Ibiza was severely impacted in 2007. Just 20 tonnes of oil were spilled from the Don Pedro in July 2007, a relatively limited volume compared with other spills. Whilst this caused just a small amount of environmental damage, the economic damage was disproportionately large. Most
3082:
Often, this process is intensified by disproportionate media attention. Usually, the affected area returns to normal relatively soon after an oil spill, as the clean-up process is fast. However, media stories will drive future tourists away, as they work to degrade the popular image of a destination
3056:
in 2010. This amount only includes oil discharged directly into the
Persian Gulf by the retreating Iraqi forces from January 19 to 28, 1991. However, according to the U.N. report, oil from other sources not included in the official estimates continued to pour into the Persian Gulf through June, 1991.
3049:
Estimates for the Gulf War oil spill range from 4,000,000 to 11,000,000 barrels (1,700,000 m). The figure of 6,000,000 to 8,000,000 barrels (1,300,000 m) is the range adopted by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency and the United Nations in the immediate aftermath of the war, 1991–1993,
2088:
importance or cultural resource site, high-use recreational areas or shoreline access points, important protected management areas, and resource origins. Some examples include airports, diving sites, popular beach sites, marinas, hotels, factories, natural reserves or marine sanctuaries. When mapped,
1967:
Environmental
Sensitivity Indexes (ESI) are tools used to create Environmental Sensitivity Maps (ESM). ESM's are pre-planning tools used to identify sensitive areas and resources prior to an oil spill event in order to set priorities for protection and plan clean-up strategies. It is to date the most
1571:
on the spill and retrieving the oil-soaked straw manually. Chemical remediation is the norm as of the early 21st century, using compounds that can herd and thicken oil for physical recovery, disperse oil in the water, or facilitate burning the oil off. The future of oil cleanup technology is likely
1140:
in the water. Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. Spills may take weeks, months or even years to
3078:
In the short term, an oil spill will prevent tourists from partaking in usual recreational activities such as swimming, boating, diving, and angling. As such, the area will witness a decline in tourism. This will negatively impact several industries. Firstly, the hotels, restaurants, and bars in the
3039:
Oil spilled from sabotaged fields in Kuwait during the 1991 Persian Gulf War pooled in approximately 300 oil lakes, estimated by the
Kuwaiti Oil Minister to contain approximately 25,000,000 to 50,000,000 barrels (7,900,000 m) of oil. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, this figure does not
2255:
Oil spill model systems are used by industry and government to assist in planning and emergency decision making. Of critical importance for the skill of the oil spill model prediction is the adequate description of the wind and current fields. There is a worldwide oil spill modelling (WOSM) program.
2032:
with oil. The differing substrates between shoreline types vary in their response to oiling, and influence the type of cleanup that will be required to effectively decontaminate the shoreline. Hence ESI shoreline ranking helps committees identify which clean-up techniques are approved or detrimental
2015:
type is classified by rank depending on how easy the target site would be to clean up, how long the oil would persist, and how sensitive the shoreline is. The ranking system works on a 10-point scale where the higher the rank, the more sensitive a habitat or shore is. The coding system usually works
1998:
ESI's current most common use is within contingency planning. After the maps are calculated and produced, the most sensitive areas get picked out and authenticated. These areas then go through a scrutinization process throughout which methods of protection and resource assessments are obtained. This
1981:
worked on the tool allowing ESI to extended maps to lakes, rivers, and estuary shoreline types. ESI maps have since become integral to collecting, synthesizing, and producing data which have previously never been accessible in digital formats. Especially in the United States, the tool has made
1268:
Animals who rely on scent to find their babies or mothers cannot do so due to the strong scent of the oil. This causes a baby to be rejected and abandoned, leaving the babies to starve and eventually die. Oil can impair a bird's ability to fly, preventing it from foraging or escaping from predators.
1153:
An oil spill represents an immediate negative effects on human health, including respiratory and reproductive problems as well as liver, and immune system damage. Oil spills causing future oil supply to decline also effects the everyday life of humans such as the potential closure of beaches, parks,
2050:
Integrated
Biodiversity Assessment Tool. There are varying types of coastal habitats and ecosystems and thus also many endangered species that need to be considered when looking at affected areas post oil spills. The habitats of plants and animals that may be at risk from oil spills are referred to
1976:
ESI is the most frequently used sensitivity mapping tool yet. It was first applied in 1979 in response to an oil-spill near Texas in the Gulf of Mexico. To this time, ESI maps were prepared merely days in advance of one's arrival to an oil spill location. ESMs used to be atlases, maps consisting of
1566:
Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. Physical cleanups of oil spills are also very expensive.
1445:
The reduction in oil spill volume has also been substantial over the years. For instance, the 1990s recorded 1,134,000 tonnes lost, mainly from 10 major spills. This figure decreased to 196,000 tonnes in the 2000s and 164,000 tonnes in the 2010s. In the early 2020s, approximately 28,000 tonnes have
1413:
As of 2007, accidental oil tank vessel spills accounted for approximately 8–13% of all oil spilled into the oceans. The main causes of oil tank vessel spills were collision (29%), grounding (22%), mishandling (14%) and sinking (12%), among others. Oil tanker spills are considered a major ecological
1375:
Oil spills can be caused by human error, natural disasters, technical failures or deliberate releases. It is estimated that 30–50% of all oil spills are directly or indirectly caused by human error, with approximately 20–40% of oil spills being attributed to equipment failure or malfunction. Causes
3851:
Middlebrook, A. M.; Murphy, D. M.; Ahmadov, R.; Atlas, E. L.; Bahreini, R.; Blake, D. R.; Brioude, J.; de Gouw, J. A.; Fehsenfeld, F. C.; Frost, G. J.; Holloway, J. S.; Lack, D. A.; Langridge, J. M.; Lueb, R. A.; McKeen, S. A.; Meagher, J. F.; Meinardi, S.; Neuman, J. A.; Nowak, J. B.; Parrish, D.
3117:
The economic impact of oil spills on tourism, fishing, and ports is substantial and important to assess. Coordinated efforts are necessary to mitigate these impacts, including effective clean-up measures, public relations campaigns to restore the image of affected areas, and support for businesses
3108:
Ports are major hubs for economic activity; thus, an oil spill in or near a port can have significant consequences. During and following a spill, all boats entering or leaving the port must be closely managed in order to prevent further spread. Furthermore, specialist cleaning contractors must be
3029:
Estimates for the amount of oil burned in the
Kuwaiti Oil Fires range from 500,000,000 barrels (79,000,000 m) to nearly 2,000,000,000 barrels (320,000,000 m). Between 605 and 732 wells were set ablaze, while many others were severely damaged and gushed uncontrolled for several months. It
2089:
the human-use resources the need protecting must be certified by a local or regional policy maker. These resources are often extremely vulnerable to seasonal changes due to ex. fishing and tourism. For this category there are also a set of symbols available to demonstrate their importance on ESMs.
2037:
and marshes tend to have higher ESI rankings due to the potentially long-lasting and damaging effects of both oil contamination and cleanup actions. Impermeable and exposed surfaces with high wave action are ranked lower due to the reflecting waves keeping oil from coming onshore, and the speed at
1671:
1441:
The total volume of oil released from these spills in 2023 was approximately 2,000 tonnes. This contributes to a trend of decreased oil spill volumes and frequencies over the decades. Comparatively, the 1970s averaged 79 significant spills per year, which drastically reduced to an average of about
1437:
In 2023, the
International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF) documented a significant oil spill incident of over 700 tonnes and nine medium spills ranging between 7 and 700 tonnes. The major spill occurred in Asia involving heavy fuel oil, and the medium spills were scattered across Asia,
2083:
Human-use resources are also often referred to as socio-economic features, which map inanimate resources that have the potential to be directly impacted by oil pollution. Human-use resources that are mapped within the ESI will have socio-economic repercussions to an oil spill. These resources are
1515:
Oil can reach the oceans as oil and fuel from land-based sources. It is estimated that runoff oil and oil from rivers are responsible for 11% of oil pollution to the oceans. Such pollution can also be oil on roads from land vehicles, which is then flushed into the oceans during rainstorms. Purely
1405:
accidents. As of 2007, operational discharges from vessels were estimated to account for 21% of oil releases from vessels. They occur as a consequence of failure to comply with regulations or arbitrary discharges of waste oil and water containing such oil residues. Such operational discharges are
3947:
Ehrenhauser, Franz S.; Avij, Paria; Shu, Xin; Dugas, Victoria; Woodson, Isaiah; Liyana-Arachchi, Thilanga; Zhang, Zenghui; Hung, Francisco R.; Valsaraj, Kalliat T. (2014). "Bubble bursting as an aerosol generation mechanism during an oil spill in the deep-sea environment: laboratory experimental
3069:
Oil spills can have devastating environmental impacts; however, we cannot allow these to overshadow their often equally detrimental economic consequences. These disasters do not only pose immediate threats to marine ecosystems, but also leave lasting impacts on local and regional economies. This
1392:
Around 40-50% of all oil released into the oceans stems from natural seeps from seafloor rocks. This corresponds to approximately 600,000 tons annually on a global level. While natural seeps are the single largest source of oil spills, they are considered less problematic because ecosystems have
1144:
Oil spills can have disastrous consequences for society; economically, environmentally, and socially. As a result, oil spill accidents have initiated intense media attention and political uproar, bringing many together in a political struggle concerning government response to oil spills and what
3095:
After the Deepwater Horizon crisis, the Gulf of Mexico suffered an estimated 1.9-billion-dollar loss in revenue from fishing. This is because fishing closures were imposed due to fears of the safety of seafood, there was also a decline in demand, as seafood restaurants and markets suffered such
1994:
The ESI depicts environmental stability, coastal resilience to maritime related catastrophes, and the configurations of a stress-response relationship between all things maritime. Created for ecological-related decision making, ESMs can accurately identify sensitive areas and habitats, clean-up
1639:
to the surface of the water, forming gel-like agglomerations. Undetectable levels of hydrocarbons can be obtained in produced water and manageable water columns. By overspraying sheen with bioremediation accelerator, sheen is eliminated within minutes. Whether applied on land or on water, the
1264:
In general, spilled oil can affect animals and plants in two ways: dirесt from the oil and from the response or cleanup process. Oil penetrates into the structure of the plumage of birds and the fur of mammals, reducing their insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature
1297:
protein. The majority of birds affected by oil spills die from complications without human intervention. Some studies have suggested that less than one percent of oil-soaked birds survive, even after cleaning, although the survival rate can also exceed ninety percent, as in the case of the
1634:
Bioremediation Accelerator: a binder molecule that moves hydrocarbons out of water and into gels, when combined with nutrients, encourages natural bioremediation. Oleophilic, hydrophobic chemical, containing no bacteria, which chemically and physically bonds to both soluble and insoluble
2016:
in colour, where warm colours are used for the increasingly sensitive types and cooler colours are used for robust shores. For each navigable body of water, there is a feature classifying its sensitivity to oil. Shoreline type mapping codes a large range of ecological settings including
1478:. While technologies for drilling in deep water have significantly improved in the past 30–40 years, oil companies move to drilling sites in more and more difficult places. This ambiguous development results in no clear trend regarding the frequency of offshore oil platform spills.
1418:. Around 90% of the world's oil transportation is through oil tankers, and the absolute amount of seaborne oil trade is steadily increasing. However, there has been a reduction of the number of spills from oil tankers and of the amount of oil released per oil tanker spill. In 1992,
1410:. Operational releases are frequent, but small in the amount of oil spilled per release, and are often not in the focus of attention regarding oil spills. There has been a steady decrease of operational discharges of oil, with an additional decrease of around 50% since the 1990s.
1384:(land based) were deliberate acts of war. The academic study of sources and causes of oil spills identifies vulnerable points in oil transportation infrastructure and calculates the likelihood of oil spills happening. This can then guide prevention efforts and regulation policies
2272:, are present in many crude oils. As a result, these compounds have great potential to supplement the existing suite of hydrocarbons targets to fine-tune source tracking of petroleum spills. Such analysis can also be used to follow weathering and degradation of crude spills.
1366:
The majority of oil from an oil spill remains in the environment, hence a spill from an operation in the ocean is different from an operation on tundra or wetland. Wetlands are considered one of the most sensitive habitats to oil spills and the most difficult to clean.
1791:
in water, therefore the removal of the solidified oil is easy and the oil will not leach out. Solidifiers have been proven to be relatively non-toxic to aquatic and wildlife and have been proven to suppress harmful vapors commonly associated with hydrocarbons such as
3713:
Wolfaardt, AC; Williams, AJ; Underhill, LG; Crawford, RJM; Whittington, PA (2009). "Review of the rescue, rehabilitation and restoration of oiled seabirds in South Africa, especially African penguins Spheniscus demersus and Cape gannets Morus capegnsis, 1983–2005".
1591:. These bacteria occur naturally and will act to remove oil from an ecosystem, and their biomass will tend to replace other populations in the food chain. The chemicals from the oil which dissolve in water, and hence are available to bacteria, are those in the
5473:
Anderson, E.L., E. Howlett, K. Jayko, V. Kolluru, M. Reed, and M. Spaulding. 1993. The worldwide oil spill model (WOSM): an overview. Pp. 627–646 in Proceedings of the 16th Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program, Technical Seminar. Ottawa, Ontario: Environment
1376:
of oil spills are further distinguished between deliberate releases, such as operational discharges or acts of war and accidental releases. Accidental oil spills are in the focus of the literature, although some of the largest oil spills ever recorded, the
6307:
2097:
By observing the thickness of the film of oil and its appearance on the surface of the water, it is possible to estimate the quantity of oil spilled. If the surface area of the spill is also known, the total volume of the oil can be calculated.
1977:
thousands of pages that could solely work with spills in the oceans. In the past 3 decades, this product has been transformed into a versatile online tool. This conversion allows sensitivity indexing to become more adaptable and in 1995 by the
1957:
development of an additional oil spill recovery method. Oil bees have oleophilic properties in their hair-like protrusions that collect and store oil. This technique has been applied to textiles that can be used to remove oil from sea
3903:
Li, R.; Palm, B. B.; Borbon, A.; Graus, M.; Warneke, C.; Ortega, A. M.; Day, D. A.; Brune, W. H.; Jimenez, J. L.; de Gouw, J. A. (5 November 2013). "Laboratory Studies on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Crude Oil Vapors".
1741:. However, laboratory experiments showed that dispersants increased toxic hydrocarbon levels in fish by a factor of up to 100 and may kill fish eggs. Dispersed oil droplets infiltrate into deeper water and can lethally contaminate
53:
1358:, significant air quality issues were found on the Gulf Coast, which is the downwind of DWH oil spill. Air quality monitoring data showed that criteria pollutants had exceeded the health-based standard in the coastal regions.
1500:
as sources of oil spills are estimated to contribute 1% of oil pollution to the oceans. Reasons for this are underreporting, and many oil pipeline leaks occur on land with only fractions of that oil reaching the oceans.
3014:
5292:
NOAA (2002). Environmental Sensitivity Index Guidelines, version 3.0. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OR&R 11. Seattle: Hazardous Response and Assessment Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
2358:
which can cover beaches with a thin coating of oil. These can kill seabirds, mammals, shellfish and other organisms they coat. Oil spills on land are more readily containable if a makeshift earth dam can be rapidly
8101:
2033:
the natural environment. The exposure the shoreline has to wave energy and tides, substrate type, and slope of the shoreline are also taken into account—in addition to biological productivity and sensitivity.
775:
8326:
1330:. Oil can also blind an animal, leaving it defenseless. The ingestion of oil causes dehydration and impairs the digestive process. Animals can be poisoned, and may die from oil entering the lungs or liver.
954:
8321:
3158:
949:
1752:
Watch and wait: in some cases, natural attenuation of oil may be most appropriate, due to the invasive nature of facilitated methods of remediation, particularly in ecologically sensitive areas such as
1749:
dispersant had increased the toxicity of oil by up to 52 times. In 2019, the U.S. National Academies released a report analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of several response methods and tools.
5418:
NOAA (2008). Introduction to Environmental Sensitivity Index maps. NOAA Technical Manual. Seattle: Hazardous Response and Assessment Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 56p.
5082:
Cherukupally, P.; Sun, W.; Wong, A. P. Y.; Williams, D. R.; Ozin, G. A.; Bilton, A. M.; Park, C. B. (2019). "Surface-engineered sponges for recovery of crude oil microdroplets from wastewater".
6477:
Carlos De Santana Ribeiro, Barreiro De Souza, Paulo Domingues and Souza Magalhães (2020). "Blue water turns black: economic impact of oil spill on tourism and fishing in Brazilian Northeast".
5437:(1994). Sensitivity Mapping for Oil Spill Response. International Maritime Organization/ International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association Report Series, Volume 1. 22p.
4680:
1968:
commonly used mapping tool for sensitive area plotting. The ESI has three components: A shoreline type ranking system, a biological resources section, and a human-use resource category.
3070:
section will explore the multifaceted economic repercussions of oil spills, specifically considering: the decline in tourism, the reduction in fishing, and the impact on port activity.
3040:
include the amount of oil absorbed by the ground, forming a layer of "tarcrete" over approximately five percent of the surface of Kuwait, fifty times the area occupied by the oil lakes.
5943:
3515:
Sarbatly R.; Kamin, Z. & Krishnaiah D. (2016). "A review of polymer nanofibres by electrospinning and their application in oil-water separation for cleaning up marine oil spills".
3030:
took over ten months to bring all of the wells under control. The fires alone were estimated to consume approximately 6,000,000 barrels (950,000 m) of oil per day at their peak.
5271:
Jensen, John R.; Halls, Joanne N.; Michel, Jacqueline (1998). "A Systems Approach to Environmental Sensitivity lndex (ESI) Mapping for Oil Spill Contingency Planning and Response".
1925:
A listing of appropriate protective clothing, safety equipment, and cleanup materials required for spill cleanup (gloves, respirators, etc.) and an explanation of their proper use;
1512:
can spill oil into the ocean because of operational or human error and unpreparedness. The amounts are however small, and such oil spills are hard to track due to underreporting.
6187:
6289:
3011:
1787:. They clean up oil spills by changing the physical state of spilled oil from liquid to a solid, semi-solid or a rubber-like material that floats on water. Solidifiers are
1737:. The oil is then effectively spread throughout a larger volume of water than the surface from where the oil was dispersed. They can also delay the formation of persistent
3057:
The amount of this oil was estimated to be at least several hundred thousand barrels, and may have factored into the estimates above 8,000,000 barrels (1,300,000 m).
1261:
in the US in 1974 which considered impacts to fish, crustaceans and molluscs. The paper was limited to 100 copies and was described as a draft document, not to be cited.
1914:
into vessels, which reduces the risk and severity of a spill in case of a collision or grounding. Existing single-hull vessels can also be rebuilt to have a double hull.
5125:
1982:
impressive advancements in developing tidal bay protection strategies, collecting seasonal information and generally in the modelling of sensitive areas. Together with
6606:
6496:
4977:
3852:
D.; Peischl, J.; Perring, A. E.; Pollack, I. B.; Roberts, J. M.; Ryerson, T. B.; Schwarz, J. P.; Spackman, J. R.; Warneke, C.; Ravishankara, A. R. (28 December 2011).
6264:
6019:
5845:
5751:
1978:
1576:(formerly Fusobacteria), species demonstrate potential for future oil spill cleanup because of their ability to colonize and degrade oil slicks on the sea surface.
1454:
3366:
8339:
959:
6334:
5828:
1904:
1490:. Pipeline oil spills can be caused by trawling of fishing boats, natural disasters, pipe corrosion, construction defects, sabotage, or an attack, as with the
7074:
3010:
One metric ton (tonne) of crude oil is roughly equal to 308 US gallons or 7.33 barrels approx.; 1 oil barrel (bbl) is equal to 35 imperial or 42 US gallons.
8034:
1037:
725:
6887:
4991:
Pezeshki, S. R.; Hester, M. W.; Lin, Q.; Nyman, J. A. (2000). "The effects of oil spill clean-up on dominant US Gulf coast marsh macrophytes: a review".
4076:
1894:
5546:
4734:
1516:
land-based oil spills are different from maritime oil spills in that oil on land does not spread as quickly as in water, and effects thus remain local.
6579:
Ritchie, Crotts, Zehrer and Zolsky (2014). "Understanding the Effects of a Tourism Crisis: The Impact of the BP Oil Spill on Regional Lodging Demand".
1470:. They can go on for months until relief wells have been drilled, resulting in enormous amounts of oil leaked. Notable examples of such oil spills are
6044:
Fiest, David L.; Boehm, Paul D.; Rigler, Mark W.; Patton, John S. (March 1981). "Ixtoc 1 oil spill: flaking of surface mousse in the Gulf of Mexico".
2046:
Within the biological resources, the ESI maps protected areas as well as those with bio-diverse importance. These are usually identified through the
4812:
4106:
Michel, Jacqueline; Fingas, Merv (2016). "Chapter 7: Oil spills: Causes, Consequences, Prevention and Countermeasures". In Crawley, Gerard M (ed.).
1491:
1253:
The threat posed to birds, fish, shellfish and crustaceans from spilled oil was known in England in the 1920s, largely through observations made in
1305:. Oil spills and oil dumping events have been impacting sea birds since at least the 1920s and was understood to be a global problem in the 1930s.
1176:
Spilled oil can also contaminate drinking water supplies. For example, in 2013 two different oil spills contaminated water supplies for 300,000 in
8273:
3610:
2340:
1487:
4688:
2314:, and many other places. The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few hundred tons to several hundred thousand tons (e.g.,
6087:
Patton, John S.; Rigler, Mark W.; Boehm, Paul D.; Fiest, David L. (1981). "Ixtoc 1 oil spill: flaking of surface mousse in the Gulf of Mexico".
1466:
nowadays account for approximately 3% of oil spills in the oceans. Prominent offshore oil platform spills typically occurred as a result of a
8316:
7054:
5951:
4945:
4125:
3128:
2330:), but volume is a limited measure of damage or impact. Smaller spills have already proven to have a great impact on ecosystems, such as the
1599:
1216:
1207:
oil spill impacted beach tourism and fishing along the Gulf Coast, and the responsible parties were required to compensate economic victims.
944:
1338:
In addition, oil spills can also harm air quality. The chemicals in crude oil are mostly hydrocarbons that contains toxic chemicals such as
7604:
7416:
7069:
5406:
Gundlach, E.R. and M.O. Hayes (1978). Vulnerability of Coastal Environments to Oil Spill Impacts. Marine Technology Society. 12 (4): 18–27.
5223:
3989:"Ambient air concentrations exceeded health-based standards for fine particulate matter and benzene during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill"
1195:
218:
8376:
4289:
Burgherr, Peter (2007). "In-depth analysis of accidental oil spills from tankers in the context of global spill trends from all sources".
7569:
7462:
7132:
5679:
5430:
5150:
3133:
345:
265:
6685:
Surís-Regueiro, Garza-Gil and Varela-Lafuente (2007). "The Prestige oil spill and its economic impact on the Galician fishing sector".
6191:
5510:
4246:
1486:
As of 2010, overall, there has been a substantial increase of pipeline oil spills in the past four decades. Prominent examples include
8334:
8311:
7490:
7150:
6293:
4028:
3153:
3138:
2354:
Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land, since they can spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin
939:
853:
295:
3670:
8123:
8009:
7503:
7498:
6635:
Nelson, Grubesic and Rose (2017). "A Geospatial Evaluation of Oil Spill Impact Potential on Coastal Tourism in the Gulf of Mexico".
4787:
4344:
1393:
adapted to such regular releases. For instance, on sites of natural oil seeps, ocean bacteria have evolved to digest oil molecules.
795:
700:
5897:
5047:
If only they'd tried the chilled-soup solution in Alaska" by John Bogert Daily Breeze (Torrance CA) local section page B1 2/17/1994
4859:
4637:
Kasai, Y; et al. (2002). "Predominant Growth of Alcanivorax Strains in Oil-contaminated and Nutrient-supplemented Sea Water".
8443:
8303:
6942:
5694:
1230:
8384:
6162:
2347:. Between 1970 and 2000, there were over 7,000 spills. Between 1956 and 2006, up to 1.5 million tons of oil were spilled in the
8049:
7786:
7176:
6215:
5712:
1351:
1030:
740:
503:
85:
6880:
6855:
3237:
5303:
8453:
8359:
7664:
6994:
1983:
1558:
975:
425:
5746:
1635:
hydrocarbons. The accelerator acts as a herding agent in water and on the surface, floating molecules such as phenol and
1293:
imbalance. Some birds exposed to petroleum also experience changes in their hormonal balance, including changes in their
7835:
7584:
7564:
7316:
6982:
6260:
5620:
3370:
1608:
1258:
513:
365:
340:
135:
6015:
1136:
of mammals, reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less
8428:
7940:
7594:
6987:
6972:
6952:
6338:
5771:
5724:
2568:
2315:
2028:
environments. Floating oil slicks put the shoreline at particular risk when they eventually come ashore, covering the
1825:
1533:
1471:
1426:. This is considered to be a major reason for the reduction of oil tanker spills, alongside other innovations such as
1355:
1163:
624:
375:
5791:
5655:
4586:
4213:
Bertolini, Massimo; Bevilacqua, Maurizio (2006). "Oil pipeline spill cause analysis A classification tree approach".
3485:
Bautista, H.; Rahman, K. M. M. (2016). "Review On the Sundarbans Delta Oil Spill: Effects On Wildlife and Habitats".
1458:
Chemical dispersants may be deployed from boats, planes, and underwater vehicles in response to an offshore oil spill
8268:
8191:
7599:
7429:
7259:
6977:
5852:
3323:
2029:
1986:, ESI integrates their techniques to successfully geographically reference the three different types of resources.
1414:
threat due to the large amount of oil spilled per accident and the fact that major sea traffic routes are close to
1170:
1023:
380:
230:
8071:
8029:
7991:
7556:
7350:
7024:
6873:
4457:
3460:
3169:
2257:
1592:
1580:
1427:
1203:
Contamination can have an economic impact on tourism and marine resource extraction industries. For example, the
755:
720:
680:
333:
300:
150:
1050:
8438:
8066:
7589:
7530:
7441:
7059:
6817:
Sarder, Chad and Richard (2011). "Modeling Logistical & Economical Impact of Oil Spill on the Gulf Coast".
6456:
2696:
1347:
750:
370:
305:
242:
1236:
6137:
5995:
5775:
4430:
Yamada, Yasuhira (October 2009). "The Cost of Oil Spills from Tankers in Relation to Weight of Spilled Oil".
4360:
8433:
8278:
8044:
7574:
7125:
6999:
6927:
2485:
1817:
1627:
1467:
780:
735:
355:
4752:
Mullin, Joseph V; Champ, Michael A (2003-08-01). "Introduction/Overview to in Situ Burning of Oil Spills".
1659:
8237:
7627:
7064:
6557:
2331:
2260:. In addition, both oxygen and nitrogen heterocyclic hydrocarbons, such as parent and alkyl homologues of
1847:
1784:
1718:
1698:
1548:
1415:
1189:
918:
405:
5463:
Metcalf & Eddy. Wastewater Engineering, Treatment and Reuse. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. 98.
4816:
8448:
8207:
8039:
7915:
7823:
7513:
7406:
7206:
6600:
6490:
5721:
Earthshots: Satellite Images of Environmental Change. U.S. Geological Survey. http://earthshots.usgs.gov
4901:"Dispersant makes oil 52 times more toxic – Technology & science – Science – LiveScience – NBC News"
4486:
1738:
1299:
888:
730:
596:
508:
205:
8368:
5834:
Report To Congress United States Gulf Environmental Technical Assistance From January 27 – July 31 1991
3605:
3341:
5814:
4335:
Mu, Lin; Wang, Lizhe; Yan, Jining (2019). "Emergency Response System for Marine Oil Spill Accidents".
3414:
2363:
around the spill site before most of the oil escapes, and land animals can avoid the oil more easily.
8014:
7669:
7365:
6754:
6694:
6644:
6519:
6394:
6096:
6053:
5336:
5091:
4761:
4646:
4298:
4169:
3913:
3723:
3640:
3617:, It can take over 1 year to solve the problem of an oil spill. GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg.
3524:
1821:
1809:
1401:
Vessels can be the source of oil spills either through operational releases of oil or in the case of
430:
163:
6308:"A 14-year-long oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico verges on becoming one of the worst in U.S. history"
3584:"Effects of Crude Oil Pollution in the Tropical Rainforest Biodiversity of Ecuadorian Amazon Region"
1670:
1647:
can effectively reduce the amount of oil in water, if done properly. But it can only be done in low
8423:
8081:
8019:
7986:
7925:
7857:
7722:
7717:
7695:
7269:
7039:
7034:
6937:
2806:
2667:
1805:
1562:
A US Navy oil spill response team drills with a "Harbour Buster high-speed oil containment system".
1524:
765:
710:
675:
601:
528:
478:
473:
458:
115:
3687:
8394:
8355:
8288:
8263:
8258:
8076:
7953:
7747:
7619:
7383:
7254:
7181:
7118:
7049:
7029:
6922:
6112:
6069:
5916:
5870:
5511:
www.scientificamerican.com 20150-04-20 How BP's Blowout Ranks among Top 5 Oil Spills in 1 Graphic
5352:
5205:
5107:
4971:
4959:
4412:
3739:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3052:
2730:
2519:
2281:
1860:
1675:
1584:
1497:
1377:
999:
760:
636:
398:
180:
120:
90:
34:
5571:
2337:
because of the remoteness of the site or the difficulty of an emergency environmental response.
1900:
Secondary containment – methods to prevent releases of oil or hydrocarbons into the environment.
6670:
Gracia, Murawski and Vázquez-Bader (2019). "Impacts of Deep Oil Spills on Fish and Fisheries".
6620:
Gracia, Murawski and Vázquez-Bader (2019). "Impacts of Deep Oil Spills on Fish and Fisheries".
4710:
8283:
8143:
7963:
7872:
7840:
7757:
7710:
7637:
7609:
7378:
7373:
7171:
6962:
6720:
6535:
5748:
Updated Scientific Report on the Environmental Effects of the Conflict between Iraq and Kuwait
5628:
5197:
5008:
4951:
4941:
4662:
4565:
4340:
4314:
4195:
4121:
4058:
4010:
3965:
3929:
3885:
3540:
3209:
2612:
2403:
2299:
1866:
1762:
1616:
1509:
1475:
1381:
1270:
1155:
1055:
648:
571:
564:
518:
385:
175:
170:
80:
5370:
van Bernem, Karl-Heinz (2001). "Chapter 7: Conceptual Models for Ecology-Related Decisions".
3559:"Global Marine Oil Pollution Information Gateway • Facts • Effects of oil on marine wildlife"
8389:
8227:
8128:
8086:
8054:
7948:
7902:
7862:
7769:
7737:
7705:
7690:
7674:
7649:
7434:
7388:
7004:
6896:
6762:
6758:
6710:
6702:
6652:
6588:
6527:
6402:
6398:
6104:
6061:
5493:
5344:
5187:
5099:
5000:
4933:
4871:
4769:
4654:
4623:
4555:
4545:
4439:
4402:
4306:
4222:
4185:
4177:
4113:
4000:
3957:
3921:
3875:
3865:
3731:
3648:
3532:
3494:
3293:
2964:
2923:
2882:
2657:
2320:
1588:
1323:
1074:
994:
908:
805:
745:
631:
584:
533:
493:
468:
453:
435:
410:
350:
235:
185:
4534:"Enrichment of Fusobacteria in Sea Surface Oil Slicks from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill"
1422:
was amended and made it mandatory for large tankers (5,000 dwt and more) to be fitted with
8091:
8001:
7967:
7852:
7806:
7732:
7659:
7579:
7482:
7424:
7279:
7099:
7014:
6312:
5928:
5856:
5755:
5728:
4590:
3674:
3667:
3614:
3284:
Wout Broekema (April 2015). "Crisis-induced learning and issue politicization in the EU".
3180:
3018:
2480:
1274:
1081:. The term is usually given to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or
693:
653:
523:
488:
420:
360:
288:
225:
125:
6767:
6742:
6407:
6382:
5176:"Passive water collection with the integument: mechanisms and their biomimetic potential"
4791:
6698:
6656:
6648:
6523:
6100:
6057:
5973:
5340:
5095:
4879:
4765:
4650:
4302:
4173:
3917:
3727:
3644:
3528:
1745:. Research indicates that some dispersants are toxic to corals. A 2012 study found that
8404:
8138:
8024:
7981:
7975:
7971:
7816:
7801:
7752:
7742:
7654:
7508:
7264:
7235:
7084:
6947:
6000:
5742:
4560:
4533:
4190:
4157:
3984:
3880:
3853:
2890:
2620:
2576:
2295:
2085:
1664:
1573:
1177:
1082:
1011:
815:
715:
670:
663:
658:
415:
110:
5497:
5004:
4773:
8417:
8158:
8059:
7845:
7774:
7546:
7294:
7158:
7009:
6967:
6917:
6706:
6166:
5356:
5304:"Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) Maps and Data | response.restoration.noaa.gov"
5111:
5058:
4963:
4658:
4602:
4416:
3214:
2286:
Crude oil and refined fuel spills from tanker ship accidents have damaged vulnerable
1838:
Beach Raking: coagulated oil that is left on the beach can be picked up by machinery.
1652:
1612:
1442:
6.3 per year in the 2010s, and has maintained a similar level in the current decade.
1310:
1285:
damage. Together with their diminished foraging capacity, this can rapidly result in
1185:
1159:
830:
320:
315:
310:
68:
6531:
6219:
5547:"'Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction"
5209:
3743:
3536:
1706:
1543:
8179:
8153:
8133:
7957:
7920:
7884:
7520:
7467:
7343:
7299:
7284:
7213:
7094:
6912:
6510:
Cirer-Costa, Joan Carles (2015). "Tourism and its hypersensitivity to oil spills".
6116:
6073:
4517:
4112:. Marcus Enterprise LLC, USA & University of South Carolina, USA. p. 160.
2816:
2812:
2739:
2532:
1726:
1463:
1419:
1407:
1106:
1098:
1094:
863:
825:
810:
641:
606:
551:
270:
130:
4550:
4310:
4005:
3988:
3241:
4875:
3735:
8116:
8111:
7796:
7791:
7762:
7727:
7700:
7230:
6907:
4407:
4390:
2931:
2846:
2348:
2326:
1954:
1911:
1842:
1773:
1722:
1686:
1621:
1423:
1327:
1294:
1286:
1226:
1118:
1114:
1070:
785:
483:
463:
100:
6361:
5944:"Internal Documents: BP Estimates Oil Spill Rate up to 100,000 Barrels Per Day"
5522:
5327:
Buckley, R.C. (1982). "Environmental sensitivity mapping – what, why and how".
5025:"A slick idea" by Cara Murphy Beach Reporter Manhattan Beach section ll/14/1992
4443:
4117:
3392:
8293:
7910:
7225:
7218:
7201:
7186:
7079:
6932:
6240:
5103:
4226:
4181:
3826:
3808:
3782:
3558:
2769:
2701:
2307:
2060:
2021:
1832:
1780:
1694:
1682:
1402:
1315:
1290:
1090:
835:
591:
95:
6592:
5632:
4815:. International Tanker Operators Pollution Federation Limited. Archived from
4711:"S-200 | NCP Product Schedule | Emergency Management | US EPA"
4337:
Information Engineering of Emergency Treatment for Marine Oil Spill Accidents
4107:
4062:
3757:
3498:
3435:
8222:
8174:
8148:
7930:
7892:
7642:
7632:
7304:
7166:
7141:
7089:
7019:
6957:
6435:
ITOPF (2011). "Effects of Oil Pollution on social and economic activities".
6268:
6165:. Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations. Archived from
6023:
5849:
5716:
3870:
3310:
3204:
3148:
3143:
2360:
2355:
2311:
2287:
2265:
2261:
2064:
2056:
2047:
2034:
2012:
1788:
1714:
1254:
1241:
1122:
1086:
1078:
1067:
903:
858:
820:
705:
611:
75:
42:
6849:
6812:
6810:
6808:
6724:
6539:
5201:
5012:
4955:
4666:
4569:
4318:
4199:
4014:
3969:
3933:
3889:
3653:
3628:
3544:
6337:. International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF). Archived from
4900:
4837:
4582:
1863:: large floating barriers that round up oil and lift the oil off the water
1221:
1085:, but spills may also occur on land. Oil spills may be due to releases of
7867:
7811:
7472:
7321:
7289:
5523:"oil spill | Definition, Causes, Effects, List, & Facts | Britannica"
3175:
2972:
2853:
2269:
2072:
2025:
1949:
1776:
1756:
1710:
1431:
1319:
1314:
exposed to oil spills are affected in similar ways. Oil coats the fur of
1181:
1137:
1110:
1102:
275:
17:
5656:"Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it"
5243:
1734:
7828:
7331:
7309:
7196:
7191:
6736:
6734:
5348:
5192:
5175:
3961:
3297:
3163:
2344:
2052:
2017:
1903:
Oil Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures (SPCC) program by the
1801:
1793:
1769:
1746:
1730:
1702:
1690:
1644:
1529:
1343:
1339:
1129:
6715:
4029:"Moratorium on Oil and Gas Leasing In Lake Pontchartrain: An Analysis"
3925:
3415:"Kentucky Crude Oil Spill may reach river, contaminate drinking water"
1759:: for oils dispersed with detergents and other oils denser than water.
1567:
Until the 1960s, the best method for remediation consisted of putting
1257:. The subject was also explored in a scientific paper produced by the
52:
8232:
8212:
8106:
7781:
7274:
6108:
6065:
5484:
Wang, Z.; Fingas, M.; Page, D.S. (1999). "Oil spill identification".
5434:
2935:
2775:
2524:
2444:
2408:
2343:
are among the worst on the planet and is often used as an example of
2303:
2291:
1881:
1872:
Sorbents: large absorbents that absorb oil and adsorb small droplets
1797:
1282:
913:
893:
800:
790:
498:
4927:
4515:
Staff (8 October 2022). "Oil on the waters". Notebook—50 years ago.
3583:
6865:
6845:, NOAA/Hazardous Materials and Response Division, Seattle, WA, 1992
6335:"Data & Statistics: Accidental Marine oil Spillages Since 1970"
5848:, Office of Response and Restoration, Emergency Response Division,
4937:
1884:
and other road equipment: typically used to clean up oil on beaches
1729:. They will cause the oil slick to break up and form water-soluble
1117:) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as
8242:
8184:
7525:
7457:
7355:
7247:
6819:
Proceedings of the 2011 Industrial Engineering Research Conference
6141:
6140:. International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation. Archived from
4926:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2019).
4391:"World Seaborne Trade with Oil: One of Main Cause for Oil Spills?"
2068:
1841:
1742:
1669:
1658:
1568:
1557:
1542:
1523:
1453:
1278:
1273:, birds may ingest the oil coating their feathers, irritating the
1235:
1220:
1194:
1049:
923:
868:
260:
5596:
5034:"Zapping Oil Spills with Dry Ice and Ingenuity" by Gordon Dillow
1322:, reducing its insulating effect, and leading to fluctuations in
8217:
7338:
7326:
7242:
5767:
5621:"How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster"
3629:"Oil Pollution and Seabird Populations [and Discussion]"
3264:"Hindsight and Foresight, 20 Years After the Exxon Valdez Spill"
3159:
National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
2735:
2528:
1648:
1636:
898:
145:
140:
105:
57:
7114:
6869:
4840:. journal Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 10 April 2009
3166:(Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank)
4741:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007-06-20.
1133:
3854:"Air quality implications of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill"
3263:
7110:
3367:"Oil spill disrupts water supply – Nation – The Star Online"
1921:
Spill response procedures should include elements such as;
3633:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B
3461:"The Seven Seas are an Open Sewer (oil spill impacts 1974)"
1875:
Chemical and biological agents: helps to break down the oil
1813:
1169:
killed eleven oil rig workers. The fire resulting from the
6551:
6549:
4458:"Construction Requirements for Oil Tankers – Double Hulls"
4245:
Dell'Amore, Christine; Nunez, Christina (March 25, 2014).
4158:"The Threats from Oil Spills: Now, Then and in the Future"
1816:
in granular form, as well as in Marine and Sheen Booms at
1438:
Africa, Europe, and America, involving various oil types.
5244:"NOAA's Ocean Service Office of Response and Restoration"
3762:
Frankston and Somerville Standard (Vic. : 1921–1939)
1979:
US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
1768:
Solidifying: Solidifiers are composed of tiny, floating,
6743:"Studies of fishermen's economic loss due to oil spills"
6383:"Studies of fishermen's economic loss due to oil spills"
5126:"Quebec tragedy unlikely to slow oil shipments via rail"
4681:"Oil and natural gas eating bacteria to clear-up spills"
4339:. Taylor & Francis Group: CRC Press. pp. 1–30.
3510:
3508:
1188:. In 2000, springs were contaminated by an oil spill in
6839:, Elek Scientific, London, 1972; Plenum, New York, 1973
5871:"Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say"
1765:: Requires calm waters at all times during the process.
6747:
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
6387:
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
5708:
5706:
3118:
and communities that must bear the economic downturn.
1953:, mechanism for harvesting flower oils has led to the
5869:
Campbell Robertson; Clifford Krauss (2 August 2010).
3993:
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association
3627:
Dunnet, G.; Crisp, D.; Conan, G.; Bourne, W. (1982).
2778:, 700 nmi (1,300 km; 810 mi) offshore
6450:
6448:
6446:
4247:"3 Surprising Sources of Oil Pollution in the Ocean"
3668:
Untold Seabird Mortality due to Marine Oil Pollution
3393:"Ecuador oil spill threatens Brazilian water supply"
1934:
Disposal containers for spill cleanup materials; and
8302:
8251:
8200:
8167:
8000:
7939:
7901:
7883:
7683:
7618:
7555:
7481:
7450:
7415:
7399:
7364:
7157:
4929:
The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response
4624:"Biological Agents – Emergency Management – US EPA"
3188:, the first intentional deepwater oil and gas spill
1173:killed 47 and destroyed half of the town's centre.
6362:"Black tide: When the British bombed an oil spill"
5650:
5648:
3588:Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences
1878:Vacuums: remove oil from beaches and water surface
4603:"The Environmental Literacy Council – Oil Spills"
4532:Gutierrez T, Berry D, Teske A, Aitken MD (2016).
4361:"MARPOL Annex I – Prevention of Pollution by Oil"
3324:"Memorial service honors 11 dead oil rig workers"
3322:Welch, William M.; Joyner, Chris (May 25, 2010).
3238:"Lingering Lessons of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill"
3232:
3230:
1579:There are three kinds of oil-consuming bacteria.
1265:fluctuations and much less buoyant in the water.
6210:
6208:
5273:Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
5059:"Advances in Oil Spill Cleanup Lag Since Valdez"
4049:"Background on Oil Spills. Cause and Response".
1937:The first aid procedures that might be required.
6360:Bell, Bethan; Cacciottolo, Mario (2017-03-17).
6265:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
6020:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
5974:"Big Oil Plans Rapid Response to Future Spills"
5846:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3858:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1446:been lost, predominantly from major incidents.
1128:Oil spills penetrate into the structure of the
5426:
5424:
4860:"Slick Death: Oil-spill treatment kills coral"
4735:"Emergency Response: Responding to Oil Spills"
4521:(Paper). Vol. 202, no. 7. p. 4.
3240:. Commondreams.org. 2004-03-22. Archived from
1689:. A dispersant is either a non-surface active
1145:actions can best prevent them from happening.
7126:
6881:
5829:United States Environmental Protection Agency
5768:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
5683:Environmental Exposure Report: Oil Well Fires
4838:"Spill Response – Dispersants Kill Fish Eggs"
4215:Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering
2038:which natural processes will remove the oil.
1963:Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) mapping
1905:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1199:Ballsh, Mallakaster, Albania 2019 – Crude Oil
1031:
8:
6605:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6495:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5453:, (IMO/IPIECA report series). Volume 1, p.28
5414:
5412:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5224:"Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) Maps"
4976:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4729:
4727:
4389:Galieriková, Andrea; Materna, Matúš (2020).
3688:"Expert Recommends Killing Oil-Soaked Birds"
1928:Appropriate evacuation zones and procedures;
1721:large amounts of certain oil types from the
1674:Volunteers cleaning up the aftermath of the
5738:
5736:
5697:Kuwait still recovering from Gulf War fires
3831:Telegraph (Brisbane, Qld. : 1872–1947)
3809:"England: The Magic Pipe | #TheOutlawOcean"
3050:and is still current, as cited by NOAA and
1984:Geographic Information System Mapping (GIS)
1931:Availability of fire suppression equipment;
1587:, while general aerobic bacteria (GAB) are
7133:
7119:
7111:
6888:
6874:
6866:
5451:Sensitivity Mapping for Oil Spill Response
5395:Sensitivity mapping for oil spill response
4487:"Oil Tanker Spill Statistics 2023 – ITOPF"
2365:
1895:Offshore oil spill prevention and response
1488:oil spills of pipelines in the Niger Delta
1077:, due to human activity, and is a form of
1038:
1024:
928:
51:
29:
6766:
6714:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6406:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6126:
5191:
4559:
4549:
4406:
4189:
4004:
3987:; Bullard, Robert D. (13 November 2015).
3948:demonstration of the transport pathway".
3879:
3869:
3787:Herald (Melbourne, Vic. : 1861–1954)
3677:, Elements Online Environmental Magazine.
3652:
3311:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10390693/
2084:divided into four major classifications:
27:Release of petroleum into the environment
6741:Alvernia, Utomo and Herdiansyah (2021).
6558:"9 of the Biggest Oil Spills in History"
6381:Alvernia, Utomo and Herdiansyah (2021).
5994:Khatchadourian, Raffi (March 14, 2011).
5719:Iraq and Kuwait: 1972, 1990, 1991, 1997.
5597:"UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making?"
4790:. Library.thinkquest.org. Archived from
2100:
8274:Pollutant release and transfer register
6797:O'Brien (2006). "Oil Spills in ports".
6782:O'Brien (2006). "Oil spills in ports".
5942:Consumer Energy Report (20 June 2010).
4754:Spill Science & Technology Bulletin
4036:The Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation
3582:Bautista, H.; Rahman, K. M. M. (2016).
3226:
3003:
967:
931:
41:
6598:
6488:
5924:
5914:
4969:
4481:
4479:
4477:
3906:Environmental Science & Technology
3262:NOAA Ocean Media Center (2010-03-16).
1917:Thick-hulled railroad transport tanks.
1583:(SRB) and acid-producing bacteria are
1528:A U.S. Air Force Reserve plane sprays
1162:that caused respiratory distress. The
6851:Oil Spills: Background and Governance
5445:
5443:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5260:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4330:
4328:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4101:
4099:
4097:
3129:Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills
1619:to break down or remove oil; such as
1600:Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge
1217:Oil pollution toxicity to marine fish
1121:, or the spill of any oily refuse or
1073:into the environment, especially the
7:
8364:
7605:Electromagnetic radiation and health
7070:Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
6858:, Washington, DC, September 15, 2017
5717:Campbell, Robert Wellman, ed. 1999.
8380:
8372:
7463:Radium and radon in the environment
6657:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.10.001
6333:Information Services (7 May 2010).
6218:. The Mariner Group. Archived from
5816:Gulf Oil Spill Is Bad, but How Bad?
5680:United States Department of Defense
4462:International Maritime Organization
4365:International Maritime Organization
3440:Cairns Post (Qld. : 1909–1954)
3134:Environmental issues with petroleum
2059:(seals, sea lions & walruses),
266:Radium and radon in the environment
6843:Oil Spill Case Histories 1967–1991
5850:Incident News: Arabian Gulf Spills
5792:"California's legendary oil spill"
5038:South Bay section page 1 2/24/1994
4756:. In-Situ Burning of Spilled Oil.
4739:Office of Response and Restoration
4081:Office of Response and Restoration
3154:Low-temperature thermal desorption
3139:Environmental issues with shipping
1947:Adaptation of the oil bee's, e.g.
1572:the use of microorganisms such as
1229:covered in oil as a result of the
25:
3716:African Journal of Marine Science
3065:The economic impact of oil spills
1604:Methods for cleaning up include:
8398:
8388:
8379:
8371:
8363:
8351:
8350:
6943:Environmental impact of shipping
6837:Oil Pollution and Marine Ecology
6707:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.01004.x
5372:Models in Environmental Research
4687:. April 30, 2014. Archived from
4659:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2002.00275.x
4605:. Enviroliteracy.org. 2008-06-25
4585:Patents and patent applications
4395:Transportation Research Procedia
2093:Estimating the volume of a spill
1352:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1231:2007 San Francisco Bay oil spill
1154:fisheries and fire hazards. The
1058:in the Timor Sea, September 2009
1005:
993:
7177:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
6532:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.12.027
5713:United States Geological Survey
5246:. Response.restoration.noaa.gov
5180:Journal of Experimental Biology
3950:Environ. Sci.: Process. Impacts
3537:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.037
3012:Approximate conversion factors.
1705:, to improve the separation of
1240:A bird covered in oil from the
86:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
6856:Congressional Research Service
6768:10.1088/1755-1315/802/1/012002
6437:Technical Information Paper 12
6408:10.1088/1755-1315/802/1/012002
5151:"Oil Spill Response Procedure"
5057:Fountain, Henry (2010-06-24).
4813:"Spill Response – Dispersants"
4291:Journal of Hazardous Materials
3487:International Research Journal
1371:Sources and rate of occurrence
955:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
7665:Electrical resistance heating
5898:"Oil disaster by the numbers"
5572:"Fighting ecocide in Nigeria"
5498:10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00120-X
5374:. Springer. pp. 127–145.
5308:response.restoration.noaa.gov
5174:Comanns, Philipp (May 2018).
5005:10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00244-4
4774:10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00076-8
4551:10.3390/microorganisms4030024
4311:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.07.030
4006:10.1080/10962247.2015.1114044
3983:Nance, Earthea; King, Denae;
3807:Urbina, Ian (April 5, 2019).
2341:Oil spills in the Niger Delta
426:Electrical resistance heating
7317:Persistent organic pollutant
5790:Harvey, Steve (2010-06-13).
5723:, revised 14 February 1999.
5329:Minerals and the Environment
4876:10.1002/scin.2007.5591720502
4583:Oil spill cleanup technology
3783:"Penguin guard stands watch"
3736:10.2989/ajms.2009.31.1.3.774
1846:Bags of oily waste from the
1725:by transferring it into the
1430:, sectioning of vessels and
1259:National Academy of Sciences
136:Persistent organic pollutant
8327:Least polluted cities by PM
6953:Fish diseases and parasites
5819:, last updated 20 May 2010.
5772:Goddard Space Flight Center
5486:Journal of Chromatography A
4685:www.oilandgastechnology.net
4408:10.1016/j.trpro.2020.02.039
4077:"How do oil spills happen?"
3104:The impact on port activity
2316:Deepwater Horizon oil spill
1826:Deepwater Horizon oil spill
1547:Clean-up efforts after the
1492:Caño Limón-Coveñas pipeline
1356:Deepwater Horizon oil spill
1066:is the release of a liquid
8470:
8269:Pollution haven hypothesis
8192:Brain health and pollution
7430:Ecological light pollution
7260:Internal combustion engine
6581:Journal of Travel Research
6241:"Oil Spills and Disasters"
5727:February 19, 2013, at the
5393:IPIECA, IMO, OGP. (2012).
4639:Environmental Microbiology
4589:November 10, 2011, at the
4444:10.5957/mtsn.2009.46.4.219
4118:10.1142/9789814699983_0007
3604:C. Michael Hogan (2008).,
3342:"Lac-Megantic devastation"
2279:
1892:
1597:
1348:poly-aromatic hydrocarbons
1214:
1107:refined petroleum products
8348:
8072:Nonpoint source pollution
7992:War and environmental law
7351:Volatile organic compound
7148:
7025:Nonpoint source pollution
6903:
6512:Marine Pollution Bulletin
6479:Current Issues in Tourism
5104:10.1038/s41893-019-0446-4
4227:10.1108/13552510610667192
4182:10.1007/s13280-010-0085-5
4057:(6): 165–166. June 2010.
3827:"Oil Menace to Sea Birds"
3758:"A Naturalist's Jottings"
3517:Marine Pollution Bulletin
3170:Oil Pollution Act of 1990
2258:polyaromatic hydrocarbons
2108:
2105:
1856:Equipment used includes:
1685:can be used to dissipate
1593:water associated fraction
1581:Sulfate-reducing bacteria
681:War and environmental law
301:Health effects from noise
151:Volatile organic compound
7531:Marine mammals and sonar
7442:Radio spectrum pollution
7060:Plastic pellet pollution
6593:10.1177/0047287513482775
6560:. Encyclopedia Brittania
5685:(updated August 2, 2000)
5397:(OGP Report Number 477).
3833:. 1934-08-23. p. 33
3499:10.18454/IRJ.2016.43.143
3196:(used for degrading oil)
1695:surface-active substance
306:Marine mammals and sonar
8444:Product safety scandals
8377:WikiProject Environment
8335:Most polluted countries
8279:Polluter pays principle
8010:Agricultural wastewater
6928:Cultural eutrophication
6759:2021E&ES..802a2002A
6399:2021E&ES..802a2002A
6292:. ITOPF. Archived from
4993:Environmental Pollution
4156:Jernelöv, Arne (2010).
3871:10.1073/pnas.1110052108
3789:. 1954-07-03. p. 1
3764:. 1925-08-14. p. 7
3467:. 1974-06-01. p. 4
3442:. 1923-03-23. p. 5
3346:Fire Fighting in Canada
2234:Colors are much darker
1972:History and development
1910:Double-hulling – build
1628:Methylocella silvestris
1462:Accidental spills from
1416:Large Marine Ecosystems
1397:Oil tankers and vessels
1171:Lac-Mégantic derailment
1105:, as well as spills of
781:Freshwater salinization
701:Agricultural wastewater
8395:Environment portal
7628:Agricultural pollution
7065:Point source pollution
5948:Consumer Energy Report
5859:, updated 18 May 2010.
4858:Barry Carolyn (2007).
3654:10.1098/rstb.1982.0051
2194:Bright bands of color
1853:
1739:oil-in-water emulsions
1678:
1667:
1563:
1555:
1540:
1539:in the Gulf of Mexico.
1459:
1450:Offshore oil platforms
1406:regulated through the
1281:function, and causing
1245:
1233:
1200:
1190:Clark County, Kentucky
1059:
1000:Environment portal
8050:Industrial wastewater
7916:Clutter (advertising)
7824:Municipal solid waste
7670:Soil guideline values
7514:Sustainable transport
7407:Information pollution
7207:Open burning of waste
6848:Ramseur, Jonathan L.
6144:on September 28, 2007
5777:1991 Kuwait Oil Fires
5084:Nature Sustainability
3286:Public Administration
2731:Nowruz Field Platform
2214:Colors begin to dull
2174:First trace of color
1990:Usage and application
1893:Further information:
1845:
1673:
1662:
1561:
1546:
1527:
1457:
1239:
1224:
1215:Further information:
1211:Environmental effects
1198:
1053:
741:Industrial wastewater
509:Municipal solid waste
431:Soil guideline values
8454:Disasters in Nigeria
8322:Most polluted cities
8015:Biological pollution
7926:Overhead power lines
7075:Silver nanoparticles
5449:IPIECA, IMO (1994).
4051:Congressional Digest
3091:Reduction in fishing
2042:Biological resources
1822:Fort Morgan, Alabama
1810:Louisville, Kentucky
1532:dispersant over the
1520:Cleanup and recovery
950:Most polluted cities
602:Overhead power lines
8385:WikiProject Ecology
8082:Ocean acidification
7987:Unexploded ordnance
7858:Post-consumer waste
7718:Foam food container
7696:Biodegradable waste
7270:Global distillation
7040:Ocean deoxygenation
7035:Ocean acidification
6699:2007Disas..31..201S
6649:2018CEUS...68...26N
6524:2015MarPB..91...65C
6216:"Oil Spill History"
6169:on October 19, 2007
6101:1981Natur.290..235P
6058:1981Natur.290..235P
5896:CNN (1 July 2010).
5341:1982MinEn...4..151B
5096:2019NatSu...3..136C
4766:2003SSTB....8..323M
4651:2002EnvMi...4..141K
4303:2007JHzM..140..245B
4251:National Geographic
4174:2010Ambio..39..353J
3918:2013EnST...4712566L
3912:(21): 12566–12574.
3864:(50): 20280–20285.
3728:2009AfJMS..31...31W
3645:1982RSPTB.297..413D
3529:2016MarPB.106....8S
2807:Castillo de Bellver
2668:Trinidad and Tobago
2441:Kuwaiti Oil Lakes
2383:Tonnes of crude oil
2370:
2079:Human-use resources
1812:) is being used by
1806:C.I.Agent Solutions
1717:. They may rapidly
1434:in narrow straits.
1362:Ecosystems, habitat
1184:; 80,000 people in
1054:Oil slick from the
766:Ocean acidification
676:Unexploded ordnance
597:Advertising clutter
529:Post-consumer waste
474:Foam food container
459:Biodegradable waste
116:Global distillation
8429:Technology hazards
8405:Ecology portal
8289:Waste minimisation
8264:Industrial ecology
8259:Cleaner production
8077:Nutrient pollution
7954:Herbicidal warfare
7748:Construction waste
7384:Introduced species
7255:Indoor air quality
7182:Chlorofluorocarbon
7030:Nutrient pollution
6923:Aquatic toxicology
6784:Ports and Harbours
6457:"Economic Effects"
6188:"Tanker Incidents"
6163:"Atlantic Empress"
6138:"Major Oil Spills"
5954:on 14 October 2012
5927:has generic name (
5875:The New York Times
5855:2010-08-04 at the
5754:2010-07-28 at the
5527:www.britannica.com
5349:10.1007/BF02085976
5193:10.1242/jeb.153130
4907:. 30 November 2012
4083:. February 5, 2019
3962:10.1039/C3EM00390F
3673:2001-02-16 at the
3613:2012-06-07 at the
3607:Magellanic Penguin
3298:10.1111/padm.12170
3200:S-200 (fertilizer)
3193:Pseudomonas putida
3186:Project Deep Spill
3074:Decline in tourism
3053:The New York Times
3017:2014-06-21 at the
2896:September 23, 2004
2520:Gulf War oil spill
2488:, California, USA
2368:Largest oil spills
2366:
2282:List of oil spills
2276:Largest oil spills
1950:Macropis fulvipes'
1854:
1679:
1676:Prestige oil spill
1668:
1564:
1556:
1541:
1510:Recreational boats
1460:
1378:Gulf War Oil Spill
1246:
1234:
1201:
1095:offshore platforms
1060:
1012:Ecology portal
637:Herbicidal warfare
181:Introduced species
121:Indoor air quality
91:Chlorofluorocarbon
60:after an oil spill
8411:
8410:
8284:Pollution control
7964:Nuclear holocaust
7873:Thermal treatment
7841:Plastic pollution
7758:Mercury poisoning
7711:Battery recycling
7610:Radioactive waste
7379:Genetic pollution
7374:Biological hazard
7172:Air quality index
7108:
7107:
6963:Friendly Floatees
6799:Ports and Harbors
6095:(5803): 235–238.
6052:(5803): 235–238.
5796:Los Angeles Times
5700:, 3 January 2003.
5578:. 5 February 2014
5036:Los Angeles Times
4947:978-0-309-47818-2
4432:Marine Technology
4127:978-981-4699-99-0
3926:10.1021/es402265y
3639:(1087): 413–427.
3563:oils.gpa.unep.org
3373:on 4 October 2013
3210:Spill containment
3000:
2999:
2941:November 10, 1988
2930:off the coast of
2570:Deepwater Horizon
2404:Kuwaiti Oil Fires
2300:Galapagos Islands
2253:
2252:
1733:that are rapidly
1617:biological agents
1535:Deepwater Horizon
1472:Deepwater Horizon
1408:MARPOL convention
1382:Kuwaiti Oil Fires
1205:Deepwater Horizon
1165:Deepwater Horizon
1156:Kuwaiti oil fires
1132:of birds and the
1056:Montara oil spill
1048:
1047:
983:
982:
649:Nuclear holocaust
572:Urban heat island
386:Radioactive waste
171:Biological hazard
81:Air quality index
16:(Redirected from
8461:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8393:
8392:
8383:
8382:
8375:
8374:
8367:
8366:
8354:
8353:
8228:Legacy pollution
8087:Oil exploitation
7949:Chemical warfare
7863:Waste management
7770:Industrial waste
7738:Biomedical waste
7706:Electronic waste
7691:Advertising mail
7675:Phytoremediation
7650:Land degradation
7435:Overillumination
7389:Invasive species
7135:
7128:
7121:
7112:
7005:Invasive species
6897:Marine pollution
6890:
6883:
6876:
6867:
6823:
6822:
6814:
6803:
6802:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6738:
6729:
6728:
6718:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6604:
6596:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6556:Rafferty, J. P.
6553:
6544:
6543:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6494:
6486:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6452:
6441:
6440:
6432:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6296:on May 25, 2009.
6290:"Case Histories"
6286:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6267:. Archived from
6257:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6212:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6194:on June 23, 2009
6190:. Archived from
6184:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6134:
6121:
6120:
6109:10.1038/290235a0
6084:
6078:
6077:
6066:10.1038/290235a0
6041:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6022:. Archived from
6012:
6006:
6005:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5976:. Abcnews.go.com
5970:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5950:. Archived from
5939:
5933:
5932:
5926:
5922:
5920:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5877:. New York Times
5866:
5860:
5843:
5837:
5826:
5820:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5787:
5781:
5780:, 21 March 2003.
5765:
5759:
5740:
5731:
5710:
5701:
5692:
5686:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5652:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5576:theecologist.org
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5519:
5513:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5492:(1–2): 369–411.
5481:
5475:
5471:
5465:
5460:
5454:
5447:
5438:
5428:
5419:
5416:
5407:
5404:
5398:
5391:
5376:
5375:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5300:
5294:
5290:
5277:
5276:
5268:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5195:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5155:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5039:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5017:
5016:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4975:
4967:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4878:. Archived from
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4731:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4599:
4593:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4563:
4553:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4512:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4483:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4410:
4386:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4332:
4323:
4322:
4297:(1–2): 245–256.
4286:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4242:
4231:
4230:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4193:
4168:(5–6): 353–366.
4153:
4132:
4131:
4103:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4033:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4008:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3883:
3873:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3684:
3678:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3624:
3618:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3512:
3503:
3502:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3369:. Archived from
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3319:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:on June 13, 2010
3234:
3058:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3008:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2745:February 4, 1983
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2658:Atlantic Empress
2648:
2642:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2543:
2542:January 28, 1991
2539:
2538:January 19, 1991
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2418:November 6, 1991
2415:
2414:January 16, 1991
2371:
2321:Atlantic Empress
2109:Quantity spread
2101:
1824:, to aid in the
1651:, and can cause
1380:(sea based) and
1324:body temperature
1313:
1075:marine ecosystem
1040:
1033:
1026:
1010:
1009:
1008:
998:
997:
929:
632:Chemical warfare
534:Waste management
494:Industrial waste
469:Electronic waste
454:Advertising mail
436:Phytoremediation
411:Land degradation
351:Depleted uranium
236:Overillumination
186:Invasive species
55:
45:
30:
21:
8469:
8468:
8464:
8463:
8462:
8460:
8459:
8458:
8439:Ocean pollution
8414:
8413:
8412:
8407:
8399:
8397:
8387:
8344:
8330:
8298:
8247:
8196:
8163:
8102:Pharmaceuticals
8092:Oil exploration
7996:
7968:Nuclear fallout
7935:
7897:
7879:
7853:Packaging waste
7807:Deep sea mining
7733:Hazardous waste
7679:
7660:Open defecation
7614:
7580:Nuclear fallout
7575:Nuclear fission
7551:
7477:
7446:
7417:Electromagnetic
7411:
7395:
7360:
7280:Ozone depletion
7153:
7144:
7139:
7109:
7104:
7100:Water pollution
7015:Mercury in fish
6899:
6894:
6863:
6861:
6831:
6829:Further reading
6826:
6816:
6815:
6806:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6781:
6780:
6776:
6740:
6739:
6732:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6672:Deep Oil Spills
6669:
6668:
6664:
6637:Deep Oil Spills
6634:
6633:
6629:
6622:Deep Oil Spills
6619:
6618:
6614:
6597:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6563:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6547:
6509:
6508:
6504:
6487:
6476:
6475:
6471:
6461:
6459:
6454:
6453:
6444:
6434:
6433:
6416:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6366:
6364:
6359:
6358:
6354:
6344:
6342:
6332:
6331:
6327:
6318:
6316:
6313:Washington Post
6306:
6305:
6301:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6274:
6272:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6225:
6223:
6214:
6213:
6206:
6197:
6195:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6172:
6170:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6147:
6145:
6136:
6135:
6124:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6029:
6027:
6014:
6013:
6009:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5979:
5977:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5957:
5955:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5923:
5913:
5906:
5904:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5880:
5878:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5857:Wayback Machine
5844:
5840:
5827:
5823:
5813:
5809:
5800:
5798:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5766:
5762:
5758:, 8 March 1993.
5756:Wayback Machine
5741:
5734:
5729:Wayback Machine
5711:
5704:
5693:
5689:
5678:
5674:
5665:
5663:
5654:
5653:
5646:
5637:
5635:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5605:
5603:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5581:
5579:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5556:
5554:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5531:
5529:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5509:
5505:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5457:
5448:
5441:
5429:
5422:
5417:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5392:
5379:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5312:
5310:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5280:
5270:
5269:
5258:
5249:
5247:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5134:
5132:
5130:BostonGlobe.com
5124:
5123:
5119:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5067:
5065:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5020:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4968:
4948:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4910:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4885:
4883:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4843:
4841:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4822:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4797:
4795:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4733:
4732:
4725:
4716:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4694:
4692:
4691:on May 14, 2014
4679:
4678:
4674:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4591:Wayback Machine
4581:
4577:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4514:
4513:
4504:
4495:
4493:
4485:
4484:
4475:
4466:
4464:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4388:
4387:
4378:
4369:
4367:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4288:
4287:
4264:
4255:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4234:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4155:
4154:
4135:
4128:
4105:
4104:
4095:
4086:
4084:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4022:
3985:Wright, Beverly
3982:
3981:
3977:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3836:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3792:
3790:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3767:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3675:Wayback Machine
3666:
3662:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3615:Wayback Machine
3603:
3599:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3567:
3565:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3470:
3468:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3445:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3351:
3349:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3305:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3247:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3181:Penguin sweater
3124:
3115:
3106:
3093:
3076:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3019:Wayback Machine
3009:
3005:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:United States,
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2575:United States,
2558:
2552:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2481:Lakeview Gusher
2470:
2464:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2284:
2278:
2134:Barely visible
2126:gal/sq mi
2106:Film thickness
2095:
2081:
2044:
2010:
2005:
1992:
1974:
1965:
1944:
1897:
1891:
1709:and to prevent
1602:
1522:
1507:
1484:
1452:
1399:
1390:
1373:
1364:
1350:and oxygenated
1336:
1309:
1308:Heavily furred
1275:digestive tract
1251:
1219:
1213:
1151:
1044:
1006:
1004:
992:
985:
984:
884:
876:
875:
849:
841:
840:
776:Pharmaceuticals
756:Nonpoint source
696:
686:
685:
654:Nuclear fallout
627:
617:
616:
587:
577:
576:
567:
557:
556:
547:
539:
538:
524:Packaging waste
489:Hazardous waste
449:
441:
440:
401:
391:
390:
361:Nuclear fallout
356:Nuclear fission
336:
326:
325:
291:
281:
280:
256:
248:
247:
221:
219:Electromagnetic
211:
210:
201:
193:
192:
166:
156:
155:
126:Ozone depletion
71:
61:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8467:
8465:
8457:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8434:Bird mortality
8431:
8426:
8416:
8415:
8409:
8408:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8319:
8317:Law by country
8314:
8308:
8306:
8300:
8299:
8297:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8255:
8253:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8204:
8202:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8194:
8189:
8188:
8187:
8182:
8171:
8169:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8139:Surface runoff
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8114:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8063:
8062:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8025:Eutrophication
8022:
8017:
8012:
8006:
8004:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7982:Scorched earth
7979:
7976:nuclear winter
7972:nuclear famine
7961:
7951:
7945:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7907:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7889:
7887:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7870:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7838:
7833:
7832:
7831:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7817:Uranium mining
7814:
7809:
7804:
7802:Surface mining
7799:
7794:
7784:
7779:
7778:
7777:
7767:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7753:Lead poisoning
7750:
7745:
7743:Chemical waste
7740:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7655:Bioremediation
7652:
7647:
7646:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7624:
7622:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7570:Bioremediation
7567:
7561:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7549:
7544:
7541:
7538:
7535:
7534:
7533:
7523:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:Transportation
7487:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7454:
7452:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7444:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7432:
7421:
7419:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7381:
7376:
7370:
7368:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7265:Global dimming
7262:
7257:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7236:Diesel exhaust
7228:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7163:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7140:
7138:
7137:
7130:
7123:
7115:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7085:Surface runoff
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6983:North Atlantic
6980:
6975:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6948:Eutrophication
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6870:
6860:
6859:
6846:
6840:
6835:Nelson-Smith,
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6804:
6789:
6774:
6730:
6693:(2): 201–215.
6677:
6662:
6627:
6612:
6571:
6545:
6502:
6469:
6442:
6414:
6373:
6352:
6341:on 12 May 2012
6325:
6299:
6281:
6252:
6232:
6204:
6179:
6154:
6122:
6079:
6036:
6007:
6001:The New Yorker
5996:"The Gulf War"
5986:
5965:
5934:
5888:
5861:
5838:
5821:
5807:
5782:
5760:
5743:United Nations
5732:
5702:
5687:
5672:
5644:
5627:. 2011-08-22.
5612:
5588:
5563:
5538:
5514:
5503:
5476:
5466:
5455:
5439:
5420:
5408:
5399:
5377:
5362:
5335:(4): 151–155.
5319:
5295:
5278:
5256:
5235:
5215:
5166:
5156:. Chemstore UK
5142:
5117:
5090:(2): 136–143.
5074:
5063:New York Times
5049:
5040:
5027:
5018:
4999:(2): 129–139.
4983:
4946:
4938:10.17226/25161
4918:
4892:
4850:
4829:
4804:
4779:
4760:(4): 323–330.
4744:
4723:
4702:
4672:
4629:
4615:
4594:
4575:
4538:Microorganisms
4524:
4502:
4473:
4449:
4438:(4): 219–228.
4422:
4376:
4352:
4345:
4324:
4262:
4232:
4221:(2): 186–198.
4205:
4133:
4126:
4093:
4068:
4041:
4020:
3999:(2): 224–236.
3975:
3939:
3895:
3843:
3818:
3799:
3774:
3749:
3705:
3692:Spiegel Online
3679:
3660:
3619:
3597:
3574:
3550:
3504:
3477:
3452:
3436:"Oil For Fuel"
3427:
3406:
3384:
3358:
3333:
3314:
3303:
3292:(2): 381–398.
3276:
3254:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3189:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3092:
3089:
3075:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3042:
3032:
3022:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2978:March 18, 1967
2975:
2969:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2928:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2891:Gulf of Mexico
2887:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2859:March 16, 1978
2856:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:August 6, 1983
2819:
2810:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2697:Fergana Valley
2693:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2663:Aegean Captain
2653:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2630:March 23, 1980
2623:
2621:Gulf of Mexico
2617:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:April 20, 2010
2579:
2577:Gulf of Mexico
2573:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2535:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2496:September 1911
2492:March 14, 1910
2489:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2374:Spill / Tanker
2296:Gulf of Mexico
2280:Main article:
2277:
2274:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:Silvery sheen
2151:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2094:
2091:
2086:archaeological
2080:
2077:
2043:
2040:
2009:
2008:Shoreline type
2006:
2004:
2003:ESI Categories
2001:
1991:
1988:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:: skim the oil
1864:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1829:
1818:Dauphin Island
1766:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1665:Lake Maracaibo
1663:Oil slicks on
1657:
1656:
1641:
1632:
1613:microorganisms
1609:Bioremediation
1574:Fusobacteriota
1521:
1518:
1506:
1503:
1483:
1480:
1451:
1448:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1335:
1332:
1311:marine mammals
1250:
1247:
1212:
1209:
1150:
1147:
1083:coastal waters
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1002:
987:
986:
981:
980:
979:
978:
970:
969:
965:
964:
963:
962:
957:
952:
947:
945:Law by country
942:
934:
933:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
885:
882:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
872:
871:
866:
856:
850:
847:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
816:Surface runoff
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
716:Eutrophication
713:
708:
703:
697:
692:
691:
688:
687:
684:
683:
678:
673:
671:Scorched earth
668:
667:
666:
664:Nuclear winter
661:
659:Nuclear famine
656:
646:
645:
644:
634:
628:
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
588:
583:
582:
579:
578:
575:
574:
568:
563:
562:
559:
558:
555:
554:
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
416:Bioremediation
413:
408:
402:
397:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
346:Bioremediation
343:
337:
332:
331:
328:
327:
324:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
296:Transportation
292:
287:
286:
283:
282:
279:
278:
273:
268:
263:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
243:Radio spectrum
240:
239:
238:
233:
222:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
189:
188:
178:
173:
167:
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
111:Global dimming
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
72:
67:
66:
63:
62:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8466:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8421:
8419:
8406:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8378:
8370:
8361:
8357:
8347:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8309:
8307:
8305:
8301:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8250:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8199:
8193:
8190:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8166:
8160:
8159:Water quality
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8003:
7999:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7962:
7959:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7938:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7921:Traffic signs
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7904:
7900:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7886:
7882:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7847:
7846:Microplastics
7844:
7843:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7836:Nanomaterials
7834:
7830:
7827:
7826:
7825:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7776:
7775:Lead smelting
7773:
7772:
7771:
7768:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7712:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7621:
7617:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7595:Radioactivity
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7554:
7548:
7547:Noise control
7545:
7542:
7539:
7536:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7443:
7440:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7418:
7414:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7398:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7363:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7340:
7337:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7295:Metal working
7293:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7241:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7212:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7147:
7143:
7136:
7131:
7129:
7124:
7122:
7117:
7116:
7113:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7010:Marine debris
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6989:
6988:South Pacific
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6973:Great Pacific
6971:
6970:
6969:
6968:Garbage patch
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6918:Anoxic waters
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6891:
6886:
6884:
6879:
6877:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6864:
6857:
6853:
6852:
6847:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6820:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6800:
6793:
6790:
6785:
6778:
6775:
6769:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6726:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6681:
6678:
6673:
6666:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6631:
6628:
6623:
6616:
6613:
6608:
6602:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6575:
6572:
6559:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6506:
6503:
6498:
6492:
6484:
6480:
6473:
6470:
6458:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6438:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6393:(1): 012002.
6392:
6388:
6384:
6377:
6374:
6363:
6356:
6353:
6340:
6336:
6329:
6326:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6271:on 2008-10-27
6270:
6266:
6262:
6261:"Amoco Cadiz"
6256:
6253:
6242:
6236:
6233:
6222:on 2012-08-05
6221:
6217:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6193:
6189:
6183:
6180:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6155:
6143:
6139:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6083:
6080:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6040:
6037:
6026:on 2012-05-03
6025:
6021:
6017:
6011:
6008:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5990:
5987:
5975:
5969:
5966:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5938:
5935:
5930:
5925:|author=
5918:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5889:
5876:
5872:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5797:
5793:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5737:
5733:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5720:
5714:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5676:
5673:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5589:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5564:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5539:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5507:
5504:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5480:
5477:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5373:
5366:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5320:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5167:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5131:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5075:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4984:
4979:
4973:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4922:
4919:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4882:on 2008-03-02
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4854:
4851:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4819:on 2013-11-14
4818:
4814:
4808:
4805:
4794:on 2007-01-24
4793:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4645:(3): 141–47.
4644:
4640:
4633:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4616:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4346:9780429289101
4342:
4338:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3943:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3899:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3847:
3844:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3800:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3706:
3694:. May 6, 2010
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3594:(2): 249–254.
3593:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3575:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3523:(1–2): 8–16.
3522:
3518:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3493:(43): 93–96.
3492:
3488:
3481:
3478:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3277:
3265:
3258:
3255:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3046:
3043:
3036:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3007:
3004:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2966:Torrey Canyon
2963:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2884:Taylor Energy
2881:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2707:March 2, 1992
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2673:July 19, 1979
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2586:July 15, 2010
2580:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2454:November 1991
2448:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1971:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1772:pellets, and
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1653:air pollution
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1505:Other sources
1504:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:in Colombia.
1493:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:oil platforms
1456:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1388:Natural seeps
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1186:Coca, Ecuador
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1160:air pollution
1157:
1149:Human impacts
1148:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:drilling rigs
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1003:
1001:
996:
991:
990:
989:
988:
977:
974:
973:
972:
971:
966:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
936:
935:
930:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
880:
879:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
845:
844:
837:
834:
832:
831:Water quality
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
695:
690:
689:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
647:
643:
640:
639:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
626:
621:
620:
613:
610:
608:
607:Traffic signs
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
586:
581:
580:
573:
570:
569:
566:
561:
560:
553:
550:
549:
543:
542:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
514:Nanomaterials
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
445:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
400:
395:
394:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
376:Radioactivity
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
335:
330:
329:
322:
321:Soundproofing
319:
317:
316:Noise control
314:
312:
311:Noise barrier
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
290:
285:
284:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
252:
251:
244:
241:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
215:
214:
207:
204:
203:
197:
196:
187:
184:
183:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
165:
160:
159:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
70:
65:
64:
59:
54:
50:
49:
46:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
8449:Road hazards
8238:Point source
8180:Heavy metals
8154:Urban runoff
8134:Sulfur water
8112:Septic tanks
8096:
7958:Agent Orange
7812:Mining waste
7638:Manure waste
7468:Volcanic ash
7344:Black carbon
7300:Oil refining
7285:Particulates
7214:Construction
7095:Urban runoff
7055:Plastic bags
7044:
6978:Indian Ocean
6913:Anoxic event
6862:
6850:
6842:
6836:
6818:
6798:
6792:
6783:
6777:
6750:
6746:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6671:
6665:
6640:
6636:
6630:
6621:
6615:
6601:cite journal
6587:(1): 12–25.
6584:
6580:
6574:
6562:. Retrieved
6518:(1): 65–72.
6515:
6511:
6505:
6491:cite journal
6482:
6478:
6472:
6460:. Retrieved
6436:
6390:
6386:
6376:
6365:. Retrieved
6355:
6343:. Retrieved
6339:the original
6328:
6317:. Retrieved
6311:
6302:
6294:the original
6284:
6273:. Retrieved
6269:the original
6255:
6244:. Retrieved
6235:
6224:. Retrieved
6220:the original
6196:. Retrieved
6192:the original
6182:
6171:. Retrieved
6167:the original
6157:
6146:. Retrieved
6142:the original
6092:
6088:
6082:
6049:
6045:
6039:
6028:. Retrieved
6024:the original
6010:
5999:
5989:
5978:. Retrieved
5968:
5956:. Retrieved
5952:the original
5947:
5937:
5905:. Retrieved
5901:
5891:
5879:. Retrieved
5874:
5864:
5841:
5833:
5824:
5815:
5810:
5799:. Retrieved
5795:
5785:
5776:
5763:
5747:
5718:
5696:
5690:
5682:
5675:
5664:. Retrieved
5662:. 2010-05-29
5660:The Guardian
5659:
5636:. Retrieved
5625:The Guardian
5624:
5615:
5604:. Retrieved
5600:
5591:
5580:. Retrieved
5575:
5566:
5555:. Retrieved
5553:. 2021-04-07
5550:
5541:
5530:. Retrieved
5526:
5517:
5506:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5469:
5462:
5458:
5450:
5402:
5394:
5371:
5365:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5311:. Retrieved
5307:
5298:
5275:: 1003–1014.
5272:
5248:. Retrieved
5238:
5227:. Retrieved
5218:
5183:
5179:
5169:
5158:. Retrieved
5145:
5133:. Retrieved
5129:
5120:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5066:. Retrieved
5062:
5052:
5043:
5035:
5030:
5021:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4928:
4921:
4909:. Retrieved
4904:
4895:
4884:. Retrieved
4880:the original
4867:
4864:Science News
4863:
4853:
4842:. Retrieved
4832:
4821:. Retrieved
4817:the original
4807:
4796:. Retrieved
4792:the original
4788:"Oil Spills"
4782:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4738:
4715:. Retrieved
4705:
4693:. Retrieved
4689:the original
4684:
4675:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4618:
4607:. Retrieved
4597:
4578:
4541:
4537:
4527:
4518:Science News
4516:
4494:. Retrieved
4490:
4465:. Retrieved
4461:
4452:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4398:
4394:
4368:. Retrieved
4364:
4355:
4336:
4294:
4290:
4254:. Retrieved
4250:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4165:
4161:
4109:Fossil Fuels
4108:
4085:. Retrieved
4080:
4071:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4035:
4023:
3996:
3992:
3978:
3956:(1): 65–73.
3953:
3949:
3942:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3861:
3857:
3846:
3835:. Retrieved
3830:
3821:
3812:
3802:
3791:. Retrieved
3786:
3777:
3766:. Retrieved
3761:
3752:
3722:(1): 31–54.
3719:
3715:
3708:
3696:. Retrieved
3691:
3682:
3663:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3606:
3600:
3591:
3587:
3577:
3566:. Retrieved
3562:
3553:
3520:
3516:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3469:. Retrieved
3464:
3455:
3444:. Retrieved
3439:
3430:
3418:. Retrieved
3409:
3397:. Retrieved
3395:. 2013-06-12
3387:
3375:. Retrieved
3371:the original
3361:
3350:. Retrieved
3348:. 2013-09-09
3345:
3336:
3327:
3317:
3306:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3268:. Retrieved
3257:
3246:. Retrieved
3242:the original
3191:
3116:
3107:
3098:
3094:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3068:
3051:
3045:
3035:
3025:
3006:
2965:
2924:
2883:
2845:
2817:Saldanha Bay
2813:South Africa
2805:
2782:May 28, 1991
2768:
2740:Persian Gulf
2662:
2656:
2626:June 3, 1979
2613:
2569:
2533:Persian Gulf
2450:January 1991
2367:
2353:
2339:
2333:Exxon Valdez
2332:
2325:
2319:
2285:
2254:
2096:
2082:
2055:, manatees,
2045:
2011:
1997:
1993:
1975:
1966:
1948:
1920:
1912:double hulls
1855:
1849:Exxon Valdez
1848:
1727:water column
1701:, usually a
1626:
1625:bacteria or
1620:
1603:
1595:of the oil.
1578:
1565:
1550:Exxon Valdez
1549:
1534:
1514:
1508:
1496:
1485:
1461:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1424:double hulls
1412:
1400:
1391:
1374:
1365:
1337:
1307:
1300:
1267:
1263:
1252:
1204:
1202:
1175:
1164:
1152:
1143:
1127:
1063:
1061:
919:Point source
864:Heavy metals
826:Urban runoff
811:Sulfur water
786:Septic tanks
770:
642:Agent Orange
552:Space debris
406:Agricultural
271:Volcanic ash
131:Particulates
8208:Area source
8117:Pit latrine
8040:Groundwater
7797:Gold mining
7792:Coal mining
7763:Toxic waste
7728:Green waste
7701:Brown waste
7684:Solid waste
7231:Exhaust gas
6908:Algal bloom
6564:11 December
4401:: 297–304.
3465:The Tribune
3172:(in the US)
2932:Nova Scotia
2847:Amoco Cadiz
2486:Kern County
2473:–2,100,000
2398:References
2395:(thousands)
2390:(thousands)
2385:(thousands)
2349:Niger Delta
2327:Amoco Cadiz
2114:Appearance
2061:polar bears
1831:Vacuum and
1774:hydrophobic
1723:sea surface
1697:added to a
1683:Dispersants
1643:Controlled
1622:Alcanivorax
1328:hypothermia
1301:MV Treasure
1295:luteinizing
1287:dehydration
1277:, altering
1227:surf scoter
1119:bunker fuel
1115:diesel fuel
1071:hydrocarbon
889:Area source
731:Groundwater
484:Green waste
464:Brown waste
448:Solid waste
206:Information
101:Exhaust gas
8424:Oil spills
8418:Categories
8360:by country
8356:Categories
8294:Zero waste
8175:Pollutants
8129:Stagnation
8067:Monitoring
8035:Freshwater
7911:Air travel
7723:Food waste
7643:Pesticides
7633:Herbicides
7537:Industrial
7366:Biological
7226:Demolition
7219:Renovation
7202:Joss paper
7187:Combustion
7080:Stormwater
6933:Cyanotoxin
6753:: 012002.
6716:11093/3459
6674:: 414–430.
6624:: 414–430.
6462:9 December
6367:2020-01-09
6319:2018-10-22
6275:2008-11-16
6246:2008-11-16
6226:2008-11-02
6198:2009-07-19
6173:2008-11-10
6148:2008-11-02
6030:2008-11-03
5980:2012-08-27
5801:2010-07-14
5666:2022-11-13
5638:2023-07-06
5606:2023-07-06
5582:2023-07-06
5557:2023-07-06
5532:2022-06-09
5313:2021-05-29
5250:2010-06-16
5229:2010-05-27
5160:2014-02-25
5068:2010-07-05
4886:2007-08-31
4844:2010-05-21
4823:2010-05-03
4798:2012-08-27
4717:2010-06-16
4609:2010-06-16
4496:2024-04-12
4467:2021-05-27
4370:2021-05-27
4256:2021-05-27
4087:2021-05-27
3837:2020-04-22
3793:2020-04-22
3768:2020-04-22
3568:2024-04-17
3471:2020-07-02
3446:2020-04-22
3352:2022-06-09
3270:2010-04-30
3248:2012-08-27
3222:References
2898:– Present
2770:ABT Summer
2702:Uzbekistan
2531:, and the
2433:42,000,000
2393:US Gallons
2308:Sundarbans
2288:ecosystems
2240:0.0020000
2237:0.0000800
2220:0.0010000
2217:0.0000400
2200:0.0003000
2197:0.0000120
2180:0.0001500
2177:0.0000060
2160:0.0000760
2157:0.0000030
2140:0.0000380
2137:0.0000015
2065:sea otters
2022:lacustrine
1955:biomimetic
1889:Prevention
1833:centrifuge
1779:that both
1699:suspension
1687:oil slicks
1598:See also:
1403:oil tanker
1316:sea otters
1141:clean up.
976:By country
968:Categories
859:Pollutants
836:Wastewater
806:Stagnation
751:Monitoring
726:Freshwater
592:Air travel
479:Food waste
421:Defecation
231:Ecological
164:Biological
96:Combustion
33:Part of a
8252:Responses
8223:Garbology
8149:Turbidity
8097:Oil spill
8030:Firewater
7931:Vandalism
7893:Satellite
7590:Poisoning
7585:Plutonium
7565:Actinides
7557:Radiation
7305:Wood dust
7167:Acid rain
7142:Pollution
7090:Upwelling
7045:Oil spill
7020:Microbead
6958:Fish kill
6938:Dead zone
6687:Disasters
6016:"IXTOC I"
5917:cite news
5695:CNN.com,
5633:0261-3077
5357:129097590
5112:209381281
4972:cite book
4964:133873607
4870:(5): 67.
4713:. Epa.gov
4544:(3): 24.
4491:itopf.org
4417:216537436
4063:0010-5899
3698:August 1,
3328:USA Today
3205:ShoreZone
3149:Storm oil
3144:LNG spill
2971:England,
2916:–147,000
2649:–147,840
2605:–231,000
2561:–336,000
2471:1,050,000
2428:1,000,000
2361:bulldozed
2356:oil slick
2335:oil spill
2312:Ogoniland
2266:quinoline
2262:carbazole
2057:pinnipeds
2048:UNEP-WCMC
2035:Mangroves
2030:substrate
2018:estuarine
2013:Shoreline
1851:oil spill
1789:insoluble
1753:wetlands.
1707:particles
1611:: use of
1585:anaerobic
1552:oil spill
1537:oil spill
1498:Pipelines
1482:Pipelines
1432:sea lanes
1303:oil spill
1291:metabolic
1255:Yorkshire
1244:oil spill
1242:Black Sea
1167:explosion
1158:produced
1123:waste oil
1109:(such as
1087:crude oil
1079:pollution
1068:petroleum
1064:oil spill
904:Garbology
821:Turbidity
771:Oil spill
721:Firewater
706:Biosolids
612:Vandalism
371:Poisoning
366:Plutonium
341:Actinides
334:Radiation
76:Acid rain
44:Pollution
18:Oil slick
8340:Treaties
8312:Diseases
8124:Shipping
8020:Diseases
7868:Landfill
7543:Abstract
7540:Military
7473:Wildfire
7322:Smelting
7290:Asbestos
7050:Particle
6801:: 34–35.
6786:: 34–35.
6725:17461923
6540:25561004
5881:2 August
5853:Archived
5752:Archived
5725:Archived
5601:unpo.org
5551:NBC News
5210:46893569
5202:29789349
5135:20 April
5013:15092943
4956:32379406
4911:20 April
4905:NBC News
4667:12000314
4587:Archived
4570:27681918
4319:16942835
4200:21053719
4015:26565439
3970:24296745
3934:24088179
3890:22205764
3744:84039397
3671:Archived
3611:Archived
3545:27016959
3420:20 April
3399:20 April
3377:20 April
3176:Oil well
3122:See also
3015:Archived
2973:Cornwall
2854:Brittany
2852:France,
2619:Mexico,
2467:–50,000
2377:Location
2270:pyridine
2053:dolphins
2026:riverine
1942:Research
1867:Skimmers
1828:cleanup.
1777:polymers
1763:Skimming
1757:Dredging
1731:micelles
1719:disperse
1715:clumping
1711:settling
1340:benzenes
1269:As they
1182:Malaysia
1111:gasoline
960:Treaties
940:Diseases
796:Shipping
761:Nutrient
711:Diseases
276:Wildfire
8369:Commons
8144:Thermal
8045:Hypoxia
7829:Garbage
7600:Uranium
7451:Natural
7400:Digital
7332:Aerosol
7310:Welding
7197:Biomass
7192:Biofuel
7151:History
7000:Hypoxia
6755:Bibcode
6695:Bibcode
6645:Bibcode
6520:Bibcode
6455:ITOPF.
6395:Bibcode
6117:4312522
6097:Bibcode
6074:4312522
6054:Bibcode
5958:20 June
5474:Canada.
5337:Bibcode
5092:Bibcode
4762:Bibcode
4695:May 14,
4647:Bibcode
4561:5039584
4299:Bibcode
4191:3357709
4170:Bibcode
4038:. 2010.
3914:Bibcode
3881:3528553
3813:YouTube
3724:Bibcode
3641:Bibcode
3525:Bibcode
3215:Tarball
3164:Ohmsett
3113:Summary
2925:Odyssey
2910:–3,500
2647:139,818
2643:–3,520
2614:Ixtoc I
2603:189,000
2599:–4,900
2559:252,000
2555:–8,000
2549:–1,091
2511:378,000
2461:–6,818
2423:136,000
2388:Barrels
2345:ecocide
2249:19.500
2117:inches
2073:molting
1882:Shovels
1802:naphtha
1794:benzene
1770:dry ice
1747:Corexit
1735:diluted
1703:colloid
1691:polymer
1645:burning
1589:aerobic
1530:Corexit
1476:Ixtoc I
1468:blowout
1344:toluene
1249:Animals
1138:buoyant
1130:plumage
1091:tankers
854:History
736:Hypoxia
565:Thermal
519:Plastic
381:Uranium
255:Natural
200:Digital
176:Genetic
8233:Midden
8213:Debris
8168:Topics
8107:Sewage
8060:debris
8055:Marine
7903:Visual
7787:Mining
7782:Litter
7275:Mining
6723:
6643:: 26.
6538:
6345:18 May
6115:
6089:Nature
6072:
6046:Nature
5907:1 July
5774:News,
5631:
5435:IPIECA
5355:
5208:
5200:
5186:(10).
5110:
5011:
4962:
4954:
4944:
4665:
4568:
4558:
4415:
4343:
4317:
4198:
4188:
4124:
4061:
4013:
3968:
3932:
3888:
3878:
3742:
3543:
3266:. NOAA
2993:36,635
2956:40,704
2936:Canada
2914:63,000
2874:68,684
2837:77,616
2797:80,080
2776:Angola
2760:80,000
2722:87,780
2688:88,396
2525:Kuwait
2465:25,000
2445:Kuwait
2409:Kuwait
2306:, the
2304:France
2298:, the
2294:, the
2292:Alaska
2268:, and
2229:9.700
2209:2.900
2189:1.500
2169:0.730
2149:0.370
2069:whales
2024:, and
1958:water.
1798:xylene
1785:absorb
1781:adsorb
1420:MARPOL
1283:kidney
914:Midden
909:Legacy
894:Debris
848:Topics
801:Sludge
791:Sewage
746:Marine
585:Visual
504:Mining
499:Litter
35:series
8304:Lists
8243:Waste
8185:Paint
8002:Water
7885:Space
7526:Sonar
7521:Urban
7499:Water
7483:Noise
7458:Ozone
7425:Light
7356:Waste
7248:Smoke
6113:S2CID
6070:S2CID
5353:S2CID
5293:129p.
5206:S2CID
5154:(PDF)
5108:S2CID
4960:S2CID
4413:S2CID
4162:Ambio
4032:(PDF)
3740:S2CID
2908:1,500
2904:–490
2869:1,635
2832:1,848
2792:1,907
2755:1,900
2717:2,090
2683:2,105
2641:3,329
2637:–480
2597:4,100
2593:–585
2553:6,000
2506:9,000
2501:1,200
2459:3,409
2246:1332
2243:2000
2223:1000
2129:L/ha
1861:Booms
1743:coral
1693:or a
1569:straw
1320:seals
1279:liver
1271:preen
1103:wells
1089:from
932:Lists
924:Waste
869:Paint
694:Water
546:Space
289:Noise
261:Ozone
226:Light
8218:Dust
8201:Misc
7620:Soil
7509:Rail
7495:Land
7339:Soot
7327:Smog
7243:Haze
6995:GASB
6721:PMID
6607:link
6566:2023
6536:PMID
6497:link
6485:(8).
6464:2023
6347:2010
5960:2010
5929:help
5909:2010
5883:2010
5629:ISSN
5198:PMID
5137:2015
5009:PMID
4978:link
4952:PMID
4942:ISBN
4913:2015
4697:2014
4663:PMID
4566:PMID
4341:ISBN
4315:PMID
4196:PMID
4122:ISBN
4059:ISSN
4011:PMID
3966:PMID
3930:PMID
3886:PMID
3700:2011
3541:PMID
3422:2015
3401:2015
3379:2015
2736:Iran
2529:Iraq
2380:Date
2226:666
2206:200
2203:300
2186:100
2183:150
2067:and
1820:and
1800:and
1783:and
1649:wind
1637:BTEX
1474:and
1326:and
1318:and
1289:and
1178:Miri
1113:and
1101:and
899:Dust
883:Misc
399:Soil
146:Soot
141:Smog
106:Haze
58:Kelp
8329:2.5
7941:War
7504:Air
7159:Air
6763:doi
6751:802
6711:hdl
6703:doi
6653:doi
6589:doi
6528:doi
6403:doi
6391:802
6105:doi
6093:290
6062:doi
6050:290
5902:CNN
5494:doi
5490:843
5431:IMO
5345:doi
5188:doi
5184:221
5100:doi
5001:doi
4997:108
4934:doi
4872:doi
4868:172
4770:doi
4655:doi
4556:PMC
4546:doi
4440:doi
4403:doi
4307:doi
4295:140
4223:doi
4186:PMC
4178:doi
4114:doi
4001:doi
3958:doi
3922:doi
3876:PMC
3866:doi
3862:109
3732:doi
3649:doi
3637:297
3533:doi
3521:106
3495:doi
3294:doi
2988:872
2983:119
2951:968
2946:132
2902:210
2864:223
2827:252
2787:260
2750:260
2712:285
2678:287
2635:454
2591:560
2547:818
2290:in
2166:50
2163:76
2146:25
2143:38
2123:nm
2120:mm
1808:of
1713:or
1615:or
1428:GPS
1334:Air
1134:fur
1062:An
625:War
69:Air
8420::
8362:)
7974:-
7970:-
6854:,
6807:^
6761:.
6749:.
6745:.
6733:^
6719:.
6709:.
6701:.
6691:31
6689:.
6651:.
6641:68
6639:.
6603:}}
6599:{{
6585:53
6583:.
6548:^
6534:.
6526:.
6516:91
6514:.
6493:}}
6489:{{
6483:24
6481:.
6445:^
6417:^
6401:.
6389:.
6385:.
6310:.
6263:.
6207:^
6125:^
6111:.
6103:.
6091:.
6068:.
6060:.
6048:.
6018:.
5998:.
5946:.
5921::
5919:}}
5915:{{
5900:.
5873:.
5831:,
5794:.
5770:,
5745:,
5735:^
5715:,
5705:^
5658:.
5647:^
5623:.
5599:.
5574:.
5549:.
5525:.
5488:.
5442:^
5423:^
5411:^
5380:^
5351:.
5343:.
5331:.
5306:.
5281:^
5259:^
5204:.
5196:.
5182:.
5178:.
5128:.
5106:.
5098:.
5086:.
5061:.
5007:.
4995:.
4974:}}
4970:{{
4958:.
4950:.
4940:.
4932:.
4903:.
4866:.
4862:.
4768:.
4737:.
4726:^
4683:.
4661:.
4653:.
4641:.
4564:.
4554:.
4540:.
4536:.
4505:^
4489:.
4476:^
4460:.
4436:46
4434:.
4411:.
4399:44
4397:.
4393:.
4379:^
4363:.
4327:^
4313:.
4305:.
4293:.
4265:^
4249:.
4235:^
4219:12
4217:.
4194:.
4184:.
4176:.
4166:39
4164:.
4160:.
4136:^
4120:.
4096:^
4079:.
4055:89
4053:.
4034:.
4009:.
3997:66
3995:.
3991:.
3964:.
3954:16
3952:.
3928:.
3920:.
3910:47
3908:.
3884:.
3874:.
3860:.
3856:.
3829:.
3811:.
3785:.
3760:.
3738:.
3730:.
3720:31
3718:.
3690:.
3647:.
3635:.
3631:.
3590:.
3586:.
3561:.
3539:.
3531:.
3519:.
3507:^
3489:.
3463:.
3438:.
3344:.
3326:.
3290:94
3288:.
3229:^
2934:,
2815:,
2738:,
2661:/
2628:–
2584:–
2540:–
2527:,
2494:–
2452:–
2416:–
2351:.
2324:,
2318:,
2310:,
2302:,
2264:,
2063:,
2020:,
1814:BP
1796:,
1346:,
1342:,
1225:A
1192:.
1180:,
1125:.
1097:,
1093:,
37:on
8358:(
7978:)
7966:(
7960:)
7956:(
7134:e
7127:t
7120:v
6889:e
6882:t
6875:v
6821:.
6771:.
6765::
6757::
6727:.
6713::
6705::
6697::
6659:.
6655::
6647::
6609:)
6595:.
6591::
6568:.
6542:.
6530::
6522::
6499:)
6466:.
6439:.
6411:.
6405::
6397::
6370:.
6349:.
6322:.
6278:.
6249:.
6229:.
6201:.
6176:.
6151:.
6119:.
6107::
6099::
6076:.
6064::
6056::
6033:.
6004:.
5983:.
5962:.
5931:)
5911:.
5885:.
5804:.
5669:.
5641:.
5609:.
5585:.
5560:.
5535:.
5500:.
5496::
5433:/
5359:.
5347::
5339::
5333:4
5316:.
5253:.
5232:.
5212:.
5190::
5163:.
5139:.
5114:.
5102::
5094::
5088:3
5071:.
5015:.
5003::
4980:)
4966:.
4936::
4915:.
4889:.
4874::
4847:.
4826:.
4801:.
4776:.
4772::
4764::
4758:8
4720:.
4699:.
4669:.
4657::
4649::
4643:4
4626:.
4612:.
4572:.
4548::
4542:4
4499:.
4470:.
4446:.
4442::
4419:.
4405::
4373:.
4349:.
4321:.
4309::
4301::
4259:.
4229:.
4225::
4202:.
4180::
4172::
4130:.
4116::
4090:.
4065:.
4017:.
4003::
3972:.
3960::
3936:.
3924::
3916::
3892:.
3868::
3840:.
3815:.
3796:.
3771:.
3746:.
3734::
3726::
3702:.
3657:.
3651::
3643::
3592:8
3571:.
3547:.
3535::
3527::
3501:.
3497::
3491:1
3474:.
3449:.
3424:.
3403:.
3381:.
3355:.
3330:.
3300:.
3296::
3273:.
3251:.
1907:.
1655:.
1631:.
1554:.
1039:e
1032:t
1025:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
