204:
233:, Liberia, but he managed to escape. In February 1886 a protectorate treaty was concluded between Bonny and Britain. A ruling council was established, and King George Pepple was reestablished on his throne. Oko Jumbo was publicly degraded, his bans on Christianity were repealed and afterwards he was a spent force in Bonny politics. In June 1886, refuting rumours that Oko Jumbo had drowned in the shipwreck, a reporter said he had retired 40 miles into the interior, leaving all his affairs in the hands of his son Herbert. In 1887 Jaja was arrested and exiled to
50:
246:
bare feet. He travelled in a long, fast canoe paddled by twenty four to thirty boys. He was hospitable, and often invited white men to share his excellent cookery. An account published after his fall in 1886 described him as "a grand old pagan of the bygone school, tall and strong, with a fine handsome face and powerful head, with very little attempt at
European dress, or indeed dress of any sort". It noted that his two sons, who resided mostly in England, were civilised gentlemen.
212:
influence. He imposed various bans on the practice of the religion. In 1879 King George visited
England, where he was well received, given great attention in the press and presented with a steam launch. These reports alarmed Oko Jumbo and Jaja, who became concerned that the British were planning to annexe both Bonny and Opobo, although on George's return the British consul managed to calm the situation down. However, on 14 December 1883 the chiefs deposed King George Pepple.
160:
around and about them... leading to immense loss of
British property". When the official leader of the Manilla house died in 1863, Banigo and Oko Jumbo could not agree who was to succeed, and so appointed a figurehead named Warribo while continuing to control the house. In an attempt to restore calm, the British restored William Dappa Pepple I (whom they had exiled in 1854) as king on 18 August 1861, and on his death on 30 September 1866 installed his son
184:, known as Jaja to the British. A truce was agreed in 1865, banning the use of firearms, but on 2 March 1867 a brawl between Manilla Pepple and Anna Pepple supporters engulfed the town, with all the men fighting on one side or other using "matchets and gin bottles, there being no stone in the town". The young King George intervened, armed with a pistol, and managed to calm things down.
216:
In 1884, Oko Jumbo fell out with the other chiefs in Bonny. There were rumours that he wanted to place one of his sons on the throne, although a planned coup attempt in
January 1885 came to nothing. Another son, Herbert Jumbo, who had been educated in England, quarrelled with his father and placed himself under the protection of the British consul.
156:. On the death of King Dappa of Bonny on 13 August 1855, the acting British Consul in the Bight of Biafra, J.W.B. Lynslager, signed a document on 11 September 1855 appointing the chiefs Anne Pepple, Ada Allison, Captain Hart and Manilla Pepple as a regency, required to consult with Banigo and Oko Jumbo, "two gentlemen of the river".
245:
In John
Whitford's book on the region published in 1877, Oko Jumbo was described as "about forty-five years of age, slightly above the middle stature, well built, inclined to portliness; and has bright sparkling eyes and an intelligent face." He was described as an elegant dresser, although preferred
215:
The friendship between Jumbo and Jaja broke down, and both began arming. An 1883 book said that "Oko Jumbo has under his command some 7,000 or 8,000 men, all armed with breech-loading rifles and well supplied with ammunition; and Ja-Ja can put about the same number, similarly armed, into the field".
211:
A peace treaty was concluded between Bonny and Opobo in 1873, and Oko Jumbo visited Jaja and assured him of his friendship. Oko Jumbo soured against
Christianity when he realised that King George was using the influence of the missionaries to undermine the power of the chiefs and increase his own
171:
described Oko Jumbo as the "most sensible and wealthy" man in Bonny, and noted that he had learned to read the first chapter of St. Matthew. The next year he had learned to write, and enrolled thirteen of his children in school. He gave his support to the
Christian missionaries, and on Easter Day
159:
The arrangement, which gave the
Manilla Pepple house control of the regency, caused immediate disputes with the rival Anna (or Annie) Pepple house. When Lynslager's replacement arrived, he reported that "the four regents never lived in unity or unanimity ... consequently civil war was ever ripe
265:
Memoirs of the late
Captain Hugh Crow of Liverpool : comprising a narrative of his life together with descriptive sketches of the western coast of Africa, particularly of Bonny; the manners and customs of the inhabitants, the productions of the soil, and the trade of the
100:
151:
Oko Jumbo was a freed slave who became a lesser chief in Bonny, but managed to amass considerable wealth and thus power through astute trading. He became one of the leaders of a group of chiefs who dominated the ruling
187:
In 1869, after Jaja had decided to relocate outside the city, the dispute flared up into civil warfare, in which the
Manilla Pepples gained the advantage through acquisition of some old 32 lb
195:, which controlled the river that supplied three-quarters of the palm oil of the district. The British trading firm of Stuart & Douglas supported Jaja, as did others, who relocated to Opobo.
744:
629:
191:. Many of the Annie Pepple supporters were killed during and in the aftermath of the main battle, and the town was devastated. Jaja left Bonny and established a rival settlement at
223:
in May accompanied by two of his sons, Herbert and James. The Times described him as "King of Bonny" when reporting the visit. On his return trip, the ship
79:, Nigeria. For many years in the 19th century he was the effective ruler of Bonny. Though not the king in Bonny, and Warribo was the technical head of the
139:, acting as a depot for slaves brought from the interior. In the 19th century, the kingdom was forced by the British to end the slave trade. Trade in
701:"Bonny's King and River. Our old friend Oko Jumbo not yet dead. Limits to the bounds of his territory – Ferocious cannibals and a hideous fetich house"
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269:. Smithsonian Libraries. London ; Liverpool : Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green : And G. and J. Robinson.
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1867 joined King George in declaring that the Monitor Lizard, the traditional deity of Bonny, was no longer "Bonny Juju".
117:
283:
Trade and politics in the Niger Delta, 1830-1885: an introduction to the economic and political history of Nigeria
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Tension continued between the Manilla Pepple house and the Annie Pepple house, which was led by a chief named
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Bonny rose to power beginning in the 15th century with the coming of the Portuguese and the
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The trading states of the oil rivers: a study of political development in Eastern Nigeria
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237:, dying there in 1891, and his old rival Oko Jumbo died around the same time.
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Nineteenth Century Revolutions in the Eastern Delta states and Calabar
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as king. However, Oko Jumbo remained a leading power in the kingdom.
30:
321:. Journal of Historical Society of Nigeria 5(4). pp. 565–570.
303:. Princeton Theological Seminary Library. London : Macmillan.
192:
219:
Later in 1885, Oko Jumbo made a trip to England, arriving in
116:
The Kingdom of Bonny, originally called Ibani or Ubani, is a
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were looked upon by every one as being the rulers of Bonny."
669:
Christian missionary enterprise in the Niger Delta 1864–1918
424:
King Jaja of the Niger Delta: His Life and Times 1821 – 1891
655:. No. 31521. London. 10 August 1885. col C, p. 8.
462:"BLACK AND ASIAN PEOPLE IN VICTORIAN BEXLEY. GEORGE PEPPLE"
794:
Chamber's journal of popular literature, science and arts
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he was travelling on was wrecked at the mouth of the
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21:
128:, Nigeria. The kingdom was inhabited by the
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485:
483:
416:
414:
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388:British and foreign state papers, Volume 47
346:
344:
791:William Chambers, Robert Chambers (1886).
769:Trading life in western and central Africa
29:
18:
53:Royal Canoe of the Kingdom of Bonny, 1890
357:. James Currey Publishers. p. 124.
202:
106:trading states. Bonny on southern coast.
98:
48:
254:
772:. The "Porcupine" Office. p. 289f
535:from the original on 26 September 2010
496:. Taylor & Francis. p. 57ff.
385:Great Britain. Foreign Office (1866).
7:
747:from the original on 4 October 2012
632:from the original on 4 October 2012
207:European sanatorium at Bonny, 1885.
460:Cliff Pereira & Simon McKeon.
441:from the original on 5 August 2020
14:
797:. W & R Chambers. p. 434
717:from the original on 11 July 2021
602:from the original on 12 July 2021
493:Trading in West Africa, 1840–1920
427:. UGR publishing. p. 117ff.
297:Kingsley, Mary Henrietta (1899).
847:People from the Kingdom of Bonny
464:. Bexley Council. Archived from
837:19th-century monarchs in Africa
525:"Traditional States of Nigeria"
143:replaced the trade in slaves.
67:chief of slave descent in the
1:
16:Chief in the Kingdom of Bonny
842:19th-century Nigerian people
832:People from colonial Nigeria
563:. Chapman and Hall. p.
822:Nigerian traditional rulers
651:"Wreck of a Mail Steamer".
878:
109:
28:
490:Peter N. Davies (1976).
666:G. O. M. Tasie (1978).
280:K. Onwuka Dike (1966).
162:George Oruigbiji Pepple
766:John Whitford (1877).
672:. BRILL. p. 108.
586:"Oko Jumbo in England"
421:S.J.S. Cookey (2005).
391:. H.M.S.O. p. 548
208:
107:
54:
737:"Ja-Ja and Oko Jumbo"
710:. 21 September 1886.
206:
120:based on the town of
102:
81:Fubara Manilla Pepple
52:
743:. 7 September 1891.
351:G. I. Jones (2001).
300:West African studies
154:Manilla Pepple house
137:Atlantic slave trade
555:Alfred Burdon Ellis
262:Crow, Hugh (1830).
63:(died 1891) was an
560:The land of fetish
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108:
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167:On 6 March 1866,
118:traditional state
71:, a state in the
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595:. 31 May 1885.
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862:Ibani people
799:. Retrieved
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774:. Retrieved
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749:. Retrieved
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182:Jubo Jubogha
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147:Early career
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126:Rivers State
115:
84:
77:Rivers State
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56:
46:
852:Igbo people
827:1891 deaths
622:"Oko Jumbo"
199:Later years
73:Niger Delta
816:Categories
801:14 October
776:14 October
751:14 October
721:14 October
685:14 October
636:14 October
606:14 October
570:14 October
539:15 October
509:14 October
472:15 October
445:14 October
395:14 October
370:14 October
250:References
241:Appearance
231:River Cess
189:carronades
95:Background
653:The Times
593:The Times
335:163769593
221:Liverpool
176:Civil war
85:Oko Jumbo
61:Oko Jumbo
23:Oko Jumbo
745:Archived
712:Archived
630:Archived
597:Archived
557:(1883).
533:Archived
439:Archived
327:41856884
317:(1971).
235:Tenerife
141:palm oil
83:House, "
266:country
226:Corisco
676:
500:
431:
361:
333:
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715:(PDF)
704:(PDF)
600:(PDF)
589:(PDF)
331:S2CID
323:JSTOR
193:Opobo
122:Bonny
89:Ja Ja
58:Chief
857:Igbo
803:2010
778:2010
753:2010
723:2010
687:2010
674:ISBN
638:2010
608:2010
572:2010
541:2010
511:2010
498:ISBN
474:2010
447:2010
429:ISBN
397:2010
372:2010
359:ISBN
104:Ijaw
87:and
65:Ijaw
41:1891
38:Died
565:120
130:Ijo
124:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
