866:
621:. The Cherokee were recorded to have inhabited the basin until the late 18th century. The Cherokee village of Kawa'na, which translates into "Duck Town" in English, is believed to have been located on the Ocoee River in the basin and was documented in Cherokee annuity distribution rolls in 1799. The village is believed to have been named after a Cherokee chief named Duck, although this has never been confirmed. Copper from the basin was reportedly used by the Cherokee on a limited basis. The basin became part of the Ocoee District, which mostly consisted of what is now Polk County. While most Cherokees in the area were forced out as part of the
681:, most of the shareholders of the mines were Unionists, who closed the mines and fled the area. In January 1862 the Confederacy seized control of the mines, halting private operations, and began using the copper from the basin solely to produce weapons for the war effort. Shares from the Burra Burra Copper Company and the Union Consolidated Mining Company were then sold at public auctions to Confederate sympathizers. By 1863 mining operations had largely ceased in the basin, partially because many of the miners had joined the Confederate army. Between November 25 and 27, 1863, during the
810:. The second election was won by the CIO, but this failed to resolve the dispute. As a result, a strike, organized by the IUMMSW, began on July 14, 1939. The strike mostly ended in late August when the TCC reopened the mines and the NLRB rejected a petition by the AFL for a third vote. Members of the IUMMSW gradually returned to work, but continued to demand that the TCC join the IUMMSW, and the conflict continued. On April 1, 14, and 24, 1940, a total of six explosions, perpetrated by striking miners, damaged three separate transmission lines operated by the
723:
746:-based Ducktown Sulphur, Copper and Iron Company (DCS&I) reopened the Mary Mine in 1890, and the following year the open-roast heap smelting process was first used in the basin. In 1899, the Tennessee Copper Company, which had been founded earlier that year and had purchased most of the mining operations in the Copper Basin, constructed a smelter at Copperhill and began work on the Burra Burra Mine at Ducktown. This mine would eventually become the most productive mine in the basin. The company's open roast smelting method released large amounts of
133:
634:
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903:
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Company, the Burra Burra Copper
Company, and the Ducktown Copper Company, were formed to operate different mines in the basin and consolidate the small companies that operated these mines. A total of nine separate ore deposits were discovered and worked within the basin. In 1860, several additional small-scale mining operations in the basin were consolidated into the Burra Burra Copper Company, which was placed under the direction of mining engineer
434:
853:
locals, especially those who did not support the strikes. The
Tennessee Copper Company was purchased by a group of investors in September 1982, and the name was changed to the Tennessee Chemical Company. The Tennessee Chemical Company immediately began contesting its property tax requirements, which resulted in Polk County laying off 20% of its government employees, resulting in further turmoil amongst local residents.
844:
decline in the Copper Basin in the 1950s. The Burra Burra mine, which had grown into the largest mine, closed in 1958. In 1960 the
Central Mine, the last major mine in the Copper Basin, began operation. The Tennessee Copper Company was purchased by Cities Services Corporation in 1963. A strike in 1969 resulted in an eight percent pay increase for employees and an increase in paid benefits. During the
54:
650:, about 70 miles (110 km) away, where the nearest railroad was located at that time. The first purchase of land in the Copper Basin for mining activities occurred in 1849 when a British agent bought 400 acres (160 ha) for a price of $ 30,000 (equivalent to $ 869,218 in 2024). The Hiwassee Mine, the first deep underground mine in the basin, was opened in 1850.
834:
and dust inhalation, and 17 of the survivors were treated for symptoms caused by these same conditions. The survivors who were trapped were able to open a compressed air line that provided an adequate supply of oxygen until they were rescued. This was the worst mining-related accident to occur in the
910:
The state of
Georgia began suing the Tennessee Copper Company in the mid-1880s, claiming that the mining operations were causing damage to forests and crops in northern Georgia. In 1904, smokestacks were constructed to disperse the pollution; this, however, only worsened the problem. That same year,
843:
World War II brought a brief increase in demand for products from the Copper Basin. A sulfuric acid plant was constructed in
Copperhill in 1942, and by 1949 liquid sulfuric acid was being produced. Faced with decreasing demand and increasing foreign competition, however, the mining industry began to
645:
who was reportedly panning for gold. This discovery sparked interest among regional entrepreneurs and opportunists, although the lack of major roads in and out of the basin complicated early mining operations. The first mining operations began in 1847, and that same year the first shipment of copper
852:
in
Chattanooga. At the beginning of the 1970s, the company announced plans to expand but faced financial problems into the decade. Two strikes, in 1974 and 1977, the latter of which lasted four months, also led to the decline in mining activities in the basin, as well as anger and division amongst
665:
was constructed onsite in 1854, and began operations two years later. This was done in an effort to reduce transportation costs. By 1857, four additional mines, the
Tennessee, Mary's, Isabella, and Eureka were in operation in the Copper Basin. In 1858 three companies, the Union Consolidated Mining
481:
flows through the southwestern section of the Copper Basin, entering from
Georgia, where it is known as the Toccoa, and exiting via a scenic gorge between Big Frog Mountain and Little Frog Mountain to the west. The river's Copper Basin segment is located at just over 35 miles (56 km) upstream
931:
that the state of
Georgia could order the Tennessee Copper Company, via injunction, to mitigate the pollution from the mining activities. The following year, facilities were constructed to condense the fumes into sulfuric acid, and as a result, this injunction was never enforced. Two 1910 Supreme
894:
into the Ocoee River and surrounding tributaries killed most aquatic life. This also resulted in erosion of the topsoil, much of which ended up in the Ocoee. The reddish-brown landscape that resulted, which consisted mostly of iron and copper ore, was often compared to a desert and the surface of
829:
On
January 5, 1943, an explosion in the Boyd Mine killed 9, injured 11, and left 34 workers trapped for several hours. The explosion was the result of a detonation of dust and sulfur fumes in the mine that had been dispersed by a routine blasting operation. The explosion stopped a ventilation fan
979:
was established in 1978 by a group of local citizens intent on preserving the legacy of the Copper Basin. The museum was moved to the building that formerly housed the headquarters of the Tennessee Copper Company at the Burra Burra Mine in 1982. It features exhibits on the history of the mining
987:
in 1983. Many of the structures from the mining operations still remain. The basin was the site of a large flood in 1990 that inundated most of the business districts of Copperhill and McCaysville, resulting in a years-long legal battle between the two cities and forcing Copperhill into
856:
The company announced plans to shut down all mining operations in January 1985, and the final mine closed on August 27, 1987. The Tennessee Chemical Company filed for bankruptcy in 1989. The sulfuric acid plant continued to operate until 2000, with raw materials acquired elsewhere.
873:
In the early years of the mining operations, the forests in the Copper Basin were logged to fuel the smelters. As early as 1861 trees were becoming scarce, and in 1876 the companies began importing logs from Fannin County, Georgia. The smelting process released
750:
into the air, killing off all vegetation in the Copper Basin region. After being sued by local farmers and the state of Georgia over damage caused by the pollution, the Tennessee Copper Company began to recapture the sulfur dioxide in 1907 and convert it into
670:. In 1861 a rolling mill was constructed in Cleveland to process copper ore. This early mining was accomplished with the use of picks and shovels, and mules were used transport copper ore out of the mines in carts. Mules and oxen were also used to power
762:
after the company fired workers who had formed the Copper Mine Workers Union. After the intervention of law enforcement, the strike was settled three months later when the DCS&I reaffirmed their policy of not hiring union members.
782:
concentrates were also produced. The DCS&I was reorganized into the Ducktown Chemical and Iron Company (DC&I) in 1925. In 1936, TCC took over the DC&I, and by this time the cities of Ducktown and Copperhill were mostly
1007:
714: kg) of copper ore. By the late 1870s, however, the mines, lacking a cost-effective method of transporting the ore out of the basin, were forced out of business. As a result, the last mines were idle by 1879.
473:
to the southwest, some more than 4,000 feet (1,200 m) above sea level. A series of hills rise above the basin to the south. The basin has an average elevation of 1,650 feet (500 m) above sea level.
814:(TVA) that supplied power to the basin, briefly cutting power to the basin and forcing the closure of the mines. The following year eight members of the IUMMSW were convicted in federal court for
758:
Despite the revival of the mining industry, many problems ensued. Beginning in September 1899 several employees of the DCS&I, which had a policy of not employing unionized members, formed a
1288:
693:
in Chattanooga, resulted in restoration of the mines to Union control. This proved a major blow to the Confederate war effort, as about 90% of their copper came from the Copper Basin.
2487:
2482:
2497:
795:
819:
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to the west, which had been completed that same year. This road, which became known as the Old Copper Road, was completed in 1853, and is now part of U.S. Route 64. The first
830:
which brought fresh air into the mine, resulting in a reversal of the air current. As a result, the cause of death of the eight miners killed initially was a combination of
766:
The Tennessee Copper Company eventually merged with the DCS&I, and the merged company began to diversify. Along with copper and sulfuric acid, the company built a
1821:
641:
Copper was first discovered by a European American in the Copper Basin in August 1843 in a creek southwest of what would eventually become the Burra Burra Mine by a
742:
to the south, and mining operations resumed the following year. A railroad station was constructed in McCay's, and the name was changed to Copperhill in 1908. The
2359:
835:
Copper Basin. Despite this, the mines in the Copper Basin had a much better safety record than most mining operations, with very few deadly accidents occurring.
704:
were first used in the mining operations during this time, making the mines more productive. Between 1866 and 1878, the mines produced 24 million pounds (11
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71:
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1897:
976:
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In 1937, during a dispute between the three unions representing the miners, the TCC employees were essentially divided when two of the unions joined the
422:
418:
that left the surrounding landscape barren for more than a century. Several mines, the largest of which was the Burra Burra Mine, operated in the basin.
363:
ore and covers approximately 60,000 acres (24,000 hectares). Located in the southeastern corner of Tennessee, small portions of the basin extend into
865:
731:
1064:
526:
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and the Tennessee Copper Company began a joint effort to plant replacement trees, and the soil was treated with lime to remove the acidity. A
2423:
787:. J.N. Houser, the head of the TCC at this time, further expanded the products produced in the basin and allowed the employees to unionize.
2260:
984:
815:
799:
2059:
2089:
923:
that would have forced a cessation of the mining operations until the pollution was mitigated. The lawsuits culminated in 1907, when the
1293:
654:
944:
In both of these cases, the court held that jurisdiction on the part of the plaintiffs was improper, as they were not residents of the
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raided Cleveland, destroying portions of the railroad and the copper rolling mill. This raid, as well as the Confederate defeat at the
2467:
2415:
2398:
2325:
1926:
1512:
1078:
1002:
2452:
1539:
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Copper was first discovered in the basin in 1843, and by the 1850s large mining operations, spearheaded by German-born businessman
2457:
959:
camp was established in the basin in 1941 to aid in the reforestation efforts. By the 2000s, the area had been mostly reclaimed.
2163:
1993:
1334:
1091:
1086:
945:
934:
849:
368:
2333:
1055:
803:
2344:
826:
in 1943. The strike officially lasted until May 5, 1940, when members of the IUMMSW agreed at a meeting to end the strike.
2462:
2183:
1918:
1886:
940:
517:. Other communities include Postelle in the northwest section of the basin, Isabella in the eastern portion, and Harbuck,
395:
31:
2472:
2363:
2064:
1706:
791:
339:
64:
956:
823:
722:
421:
By the 1950s, mining operations in the Copper Basin began to decline, with the final mine closing in 1987. Today, the
220:
952:
811:
690:
506:
491:
465:, is surrounded on all sides by mountains, including Pack Mountain to the east, Stansbury Mountain to the north,
2356:
History of Tennessee Copper Company and Successor Firms at the Copperhill Plant and the Ducktown Mining District
502:
372:
2119:
1848:
1728:
1701:
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916:
544:. The metamorphic rocks are part of the Great Smoky formation. About two thirds of this metamorphic rock is
403:
2355:
1771:
1758:
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1504:
802:(CIO). The unions fought for control of the entire company, and two subsequent elections were held by the
553:
415:
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in the area. Combined with the logging of nearby forests to fuel the smelters, this resulted in a massive
364:
356:
1054:
Tennessee Department of Transportation Long Range Planning Division Office of Data Visualization (2018).
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of 1838, some managed to avoid detection and would later aid in road construction and mining operations.
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lands until 1836, when the Cherokee relinquished control of the basin to the U.S. government through the
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1826:
518:
510:
446:
380:
201:
170:
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is located on the southern portion of the basin near the Tennessee-Georgia border and directly borders
2203:
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operations in the basin and the geology of the area, as well as artifacts from the mining activities.
997:
735:
682:
667:
658:
618:
589:
514:
466:
458:
442:
391:
384:
273:
205:
174:
156:
1880:
Major Disasters at Metal and Nonmetal Mines and Quarries in the United States (Excluding Coal Mines)
1879:
633:
376:
310:
197:
166:
110:
967:
2390:
2208:
924:
806:. The first election was won by the AFL but was dismissed after allegations of mismanagement and
678:
637:
Boiler chimney marking the location where copper was first discovered in the Copper Basin in 1843
399:
318:
294:
2419:
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1922:
1535:
1508:
1170:
902:
739:
522:
487:
470:
306:
289:
209:
622:
592:. The rocks in the Copper Basin are some of the oldest rocks that were deposited during the
533:
462:
302:
261:
255:
951:
Reforestation and reclamation efforts in the Copper Basin began in the 1930s. In 1939, the
700:
during the war, reopened the mines. Refining operations began in the Copper Basin in 1871.
653:
In 1851, work began on a road through the Ocoee Gorge to connect the Copper Basin with the
1914:
Tennessee Tragedies: Natural, Technological, and Societal Disasters in the Volunteer State
767:
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Mining operations resumed shortly after the war ended, and in 1866, Raht, who had fled to
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495:
298:
285:
268:
2256:"National Register Information System – Burra Burra Mine (#83003059)"
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2189:
2169:
2137:
1320:
891:
875:
807:
771:
747:
597:
483:
454:
152:
2255:
2446:
2435:
Origin of the Copper Deposits of the Ducktown Type in the Southern Appalachian Region
1529:
883:
759:
752:
734:
and the Knoxville Southern Railroad built a rail line connecting the Copper Basin to
671:
138:
2288:
2001:
425:
chronicles the geological record and history of the mining operations in the basin.
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701:
541:
2411:
Ducktown Smoke: The Fight over One of the South's Greatest Environmental Disasters
2434:
2409:
2384:
1912:
1498:
1315:
879:
845:
642:
561:
478:
243:
17:
1368:
Reflections Past and Present: A Pictorial History of Bradley County, Tennessee
920:
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and was distinctly visible from space. A total of 32,000 acres were affected.
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577:
569:
120:
86:
73:
890:. This subsequently killed the majority of the vegetation in the basin, and
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334:
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out of the basin took place. This consisted of 90 casks shipped by mule to
580:
period, when igneous rocks were advancing into the area. During this time,
501:
Ducktown is located in the center of the Copper Basin near the juncture of
1967:
1830:. Victoria, Texas. United Press International. January 6, 1943. p. 1
831:
775:
686:
662:
614:
537:
327:
1445:
971:
Mining machine parts and tools scattered about the Burra Burra Mine site
406:. After the Civil War, smelting operations, which were used to separate
1008:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Polk County, Tennessee
280:
1942:
743:
585:
573:
557:
549:
407:
360:
106:
2373:
Geology and Ore Deposits of the Ducktown Mining District, Tennessee
1393:
1391:
1389:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1878:
Hyvarinen, John; Johnson, Leland H.; Kennedy, D. O. (April 1949).
1534:. Memphis, Tennessee: Memphis State University Press. p. 63.
1289:"Civil War anniversary: The East Tennessee & Georgia Railroad"
966:
901:
864:
721:
632:
565:
525:
just north of the basin. The Copper Basin is also included in the
432:
848:, sulfuric acid produced in the Copper Basin was supplied to the
1102:
896:
779:
461:. The basin, actually an area of low hills rather than a true
1797:"8 Killed, 12 Injured, in Ducktown Blast; 34 Others Rescued"
402:
and were the source of about 90% of the copper used by the
2437:(Report). U.S. Geological Survey – via Google Books.
2289:"Feuding Border Towns Bury The Hatchet -- and Strike Gold"
1553:
1551:
2349:(Thesis). University of Tennessee Honors Thesis Projects.
1468:
1466:
498:
created a reservoir that extends into the Copper Basin.
27:
Geological area in southeastern Tennessee, United States
2060:"Copper Basin restoration work earns engineering award"
1710:. Chattanooga, Tennessee. September 10, 1939. p. 5
1681:
1679:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1217:
1215:
1025:
1023:
726:
Copper mine and sulfuric acid plant in Copperhill, 1939
2115:
Madison v. Ducktown Sulphur, Copper & Iron Company
1079:"OMB Designates 49 New Metropolitan Statistical Areas"
913:
Madison v. Ducktown Sulphur, Copper & Iron Company
1666:
1664:
1662:
796:
International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers
674:, which were used to raise the ore out of the mines.
441:
The Copper Basin is located in a broad valley in the
1735:. Chattanooga, Tennessee. August 27, 1939. p. 5
1349:
1347:
820:
United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
333:
317:
279:
267:
254:
249:
239:
234:
226:
216:
193:
185:
180:
162:
144:
126:
116:
102:
63:
41:
1778:. Chattanooga, Tennessee. May 6, 1940. p. 1,2
1397:
1250:
1206:
1194:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1041:
576:. The first copper ores were deposited during the
394:, were taking place. The mines were seized by the
588:. Additional ore was formed after the end of the
2192: (U.S. Supreme Court November 28, 1910).
2172: (U.S. Supreme Court November 28, 1910).
1696:
1694:
1446:"Mining the Copper Basin in Southeast Tennessee"
906:Satellite image showing the Copper Basin in 1984
596:era. The copper is located in three paralleling
1314:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023).
818:for this, which was subsequently upheld by the
2360:Science Applications International Corporation
355:, is a geological region located primarily in
2488:Tourist attractions in Fannin County, Georgia
2483:Tourist attractions in Polk County, Tennessee
932:Court cases were related to this injunction,
572:. The igneous rock consists predominantly of
8:
2498:Environmental disasters in the United States
2140: (U.S. Supreme Court May 13, 1907).
1772:"Miners Decide to End Strike at Copperhill"
1994:"Ducktown Museum and the Burra Burra Mine"
1898:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1366:Bradley County Historical Society (1992).
532:Most of the rocks in the Copper Basin are
52:
2000:. Georgia Mineral Society. Archived from
1617:
1605:
1557:
1500:The Cavalry of the Army of the Cumberland
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1380:
1171:"Minerals and Mining of the Copper Basin"
2371:Emmons, William H.; Laney, F.B. (1926).
2122: (Tennessee Supreme Court 1904).
1370:. Taylor Publishing Company. p. 31.
822:. This conviction was overturned by the
613:The Copper Basin was officially part of
2354:Dubé, Tom; Otteman, Ruth (March 2008).
2346:Polk County: An Appalachian Perspective
1581:
1484:
1472:
1262:
1233:
1019:
983:The Burra Burra Mine was listed on the
2084:
2082:
2045:
2033:
2021:
1968:"Remembering the golden age of copper"
1911:Coggins, Allen R. (January 15, 2012).
1873:
1871:
1869:
1822:"Copper Mine Blast Claims Eight Lives"
1685:
1653:
1641:
1593:
1569:
1414:
1274:
1221:
1065:Tennessee Department of Transportation
527:Cleveland, Tennessee metropolitan area
260:Sedimentary depression, rather than a
38:
1761: (6th Cir. December 4, 1941).
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
732:Marietta & North Georgia Railroad
7:
2343:Brooks, Jeanne M. (April 17, 1990).
2261:National Register of Historic Places
2149:
1670:
1629:
1353:
1029:
985:National Register of Historic Places
861:Environmental issues and remediation
816:conspiracy against the United States
800:Congress of Industrial Organizations
755:, which they successfully marketed.
2478:Geography of Polk County, Tennessee
2287:Bhatt, Sanjay (November 20, 1996).
2133:Georgia v. Tennessee Copper Company
1849:"Ninth Victim Dies from Mine Blast"
1729:"Final Talk Fails at Copper Plants"
1287:Jenkins, Robert (October 9, 2010).
929:Georgia v. Tennessee Copper Company
655:East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad
584:in the area was metamorphosed into
2493:Copper mining in the United States
2416:University of North Carolina Press
2408:Maysilles, Duncan (May 30, 2011).
2362:. 06-5124-04-2241-180 – via
2326:University of North Carolina Press
2202:Dixon, Chris (December 14, 2007).
1702:"NLRB Denies Plea of Copper Union"
1497:Belcher, Dennis W. (May 2, 2016).
1090:(Press release). Washington, D.C.
1003:Copper mining in the United States
685:, Union cavalrymen led by Colonel
25:
1450:The Tellico Plains Mountain Press
482:from the river's mouth along the
410:from the copper ore, resulted in
371:. The basin is surrounded by the
2204:"Up From the Mines in Tennessee"
131:
58:Copper train in the basin (1939)
2414:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina:
2378:(Report). U.S. Geologic Survey.
2324:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina:
2164:Wetmore v. Tennessee Copper Co.
1335:Gross Domestic Product deflator
1092:Office of Management and Budget
1087:Office of Management and Budget
935:Wetmore v. Tennessee Copper Co.
850:Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant
369:Cherokee County, North Carolina
2433:Ross, Clarence Samuel (1935).
2389:. Charleston, South Carolina:
2386:Tennessee's Great Copper Basin
2090:"The Greening of Copper Basin"
804:National Labor Relations Board
718:Expansion of mining operations
1:
2322:Ducktown: Back in Raht's Time
2184:Ladew v. Tennessee Copper Co.
1919:University of Tennessee Press
1887:United States Bureau of Mines
1855:. January 18, 1943. p. 7
1503:. Jefferson, North Carolina:
1316:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"
941:Ladew v. Tennessee Copper Co.
2364:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
2096:. Tennessee Valley Authority
2065:Chattanooga Times Free Press
1943:"Frequently asked questions"
1803:. January 6, 1943. p. 1
792:American Federation of Labor
548:, and it is also made up of
359:, that contains deposits of
1862:– via Newspapers.com.
1810:– via Newspapers.com.
1785:– via Newspapers.com.
1742:– via Newspapers.com.
1717:– via Newspapers.com.
1452:. Tellico Plains, Tennessee
957:Civilian Conservation Corps
882:in the atmosphere, forming
730:In the summer of 1889, the
2514:
2058:Benton, Ben (2020-01-01).
953:Tennessee Valley Authority
812:Tennessee Valley Authority
794:(AFL), and the other, the
691:Battle of Missionary Ridge
556:, greywacke conglomerate,
492:Tennessee Valley Authority
387:are located in the basin.
230:60,000 acres (240 km)
29:
2468:Geology of North Carolina
2428:– via Google Books.
2403:– via Google Books.
1931:– via Google Books.
1754:Anderson v. United States
1177:. Georgia Mineral Society
51:
46:
2453:Copper Basin (Tennessee)
2068:. Chattanooga, Tennessee
1917:. Knoxville, Tennessee:
1837:– via Google News.
1528:Lillard, Roy G. (1980).
878:gas, which reacted with
869:The Copper Basin in 1939
677:At the beginning of the
503:Tennessee State Route 68
373:Cherokee National Forest
2458:Geography of Appalachia
2294:The Wall Street Journal
2237:. Ducktown Basin Museum
2235:ducktownbasinmuseum.com
1974:. Ducktown Basin Museum
1972:ducktownbasinmuseum.com
1949:. Ducktown Basin Museum
1947:ducktownbasinmuseum.com
1889:. p. 21. I.C. 7493
1853:Chattanooga Daily Times
1801:Chattanooga Daily Times
1776:Chattanooga Daily Times
1733:Chattanooga Daily Times
1707:Chattanooga Daily Times
1505:McFarland & Company
1398:Emmons & Laney 1926
1251:Emmons & Laney 1926
1207:Emmons & Laney 1926
1195:Emmons & Laney 1926
1140:Emmons & Laney 1926
1128:Emmons & Laney 1926
1116:Emmons & Laney 1926
1042:Emmons & Laney 1926
917:Tennessee Supreme Court
445:, part of the southern
313:(Paleozoic and younger)
2383:Frye, Harriet (2017).
2320:Barclay, R.E. (1946).
972:
907:
870:
727:
638:
540:but also include some
469:to the northwest, and
438:
416:environmental disaster
365:Fannin County, Georgia
357:Polk County, Tennessee
2266:National Park Service
1827:The Victoria Advocate
977:Ducktown Basin Museum
970:
905:
886:and precipitating as
868:
798:(IUMMSW), joined the
725:
636:
538:Lower Cambrian period
536:deposited during the
447:Appalachian Mountains
436:
429:Geography and geology
423:Ducktown Basin Museum
381:Copperhill, Tennessee
311:Alleghenian orogenies
171:Copperhill, Tennessee
2463:Geology of Tennessee
2190:218 U.S. 357
2170:218 U.S. 369
2138:206 U.S. 230
1921:. pp. 126–127.
1507:. pp. 179–180.
998:Geology of Tennessee
683:Chattanooga campaign
659:Cleveland, Tennessee
629:Early mining history
619:Treaty of New Echota
590:Carboniferous period
515:McCaysville, Georgia
467:Little Frog Mountain
449:near the borders of
443:Blue Ridge Mountains
392:Julius Eckhardt Raht
385:McCaysville, Georgia
375:, and the cities of
351:, also known as the
206:Little Frog Mountain
175:McCaysville, Georgia
30:For other uses, see
2473:Mining in Tennessee
2120:83 S.W. 658
1759:124 F.2d 58
1337:figures follow the
83: /
2391:Arcadia Publishing
2268:. November 2, 2013
2209:The New York Times
973:
925:U.S. Supreme Court
908:
871:
824:U.S. Supreme Court
728:
679:American Civil War
639:
600:within the basin.
496:Ocoee Dam Number 3
439:
400:American Civil War
202:Stansbury Mountain
2425:978-0-8078-7793-7
1294:The Daily Citizen
1103:National Archives
740:Marietta, Georgia
738:to the north and
609:Pre-mining period
564:, garnet schist,
534:metamorphic rocks
488:Benton, Tennessee
471:Big Frog Mountain
345:
344:
290:Middle Ordovician
221:Appalachian Basin
210:Big Frog Mountain
16:(Redirected from
2505:
2438:
2429:
2404:
2379:
2377:
2367:
2366:Digital Library.
2350:
2339:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1875:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1674:
1668:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1608:, p. 39-40.
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1441:
1418:
1412:
1401:
1395:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1166:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1118:, p. 14-15.
1113:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1083:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1032:, p. 95-96.
1027:
710:
709:
623:Cherokee removal
404:Confederate Army
340:Burra Burra Mine
262:structural basin
137:
135:
134:
98:
97:
95:
94:
93:
88:
84:
81:
80:
79:
76:
56:
39:
21:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2407:
2401:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2353:
2342:
2336:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2300:
2298:
2297:. New York City
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2213:
2212:. New York City
2201:
2200:
2196:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2071:
2069:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2007:
2005:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1677:
1669:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1421:
1413:
1404:
1396:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1345:
1326:
1324:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1265:, p. 8-11.
1261:
1257:
1249:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1168:
1167:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1097:
1095:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1021:
1016:
994:
965:
946:circuit court's
863:
841:
768:flotation plant
720:
707:
705:
648:Dalton, Georgia
631:
611:
606:
431:
293:
181:Characteristics
132:
130:
91:
89:
87:35.02°N 84.36°W
85:
82:
77:
74:
72:
70:
69:
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Old Copper Road
15:
12:
11:
5:
2511:
2509:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2430:
2424:
2405:
2400:978-1540216342
2399:
2380:
2368:
2351:
2340:
2334:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2279:
2247:
2222:
2194:
2174:
2154:
2142:
2124:
2106:
2078:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2014:
1992:Breisch, Rob.
1984:
1959:
1934:
1928:978-1572338296
1927:
1903:
1865:
1840:
1813:
1788:
1763:
1745:
1720:
1690:
1675:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1618:Maysilles 2011
1610:
1606:Maysilles 2011
1598:
1586:
1584:, p. 176.
1574:
1562:
1558:Maysilles 2011
1547:
1540:
1531:Bradley County
1520:
1514:978-0786494804
1513:
1489:
1477:
1462:
1444:Waters, Jack.
1419:
1402:
1385:
1381:Maysilles 2011
1373:
1358:
1343:
1339:MeasuringWorth
1333:United States
1321:MeasuringWorth
1306:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1238:
1236:, p. 4-5.
1226:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1169:Cochran, Kim.
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1094:. June 6, 2003
1070:
1046:
1034:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
993:
990:
964:
963:Recent history
961:
948:jurisdiction.
892:surface runoff
876:sulfur dioxide
862:
859:
840:
837:
808:election fraud
774:in the 1920s.
772:copper sulfate
748:sulfur dioxide
719:
716:
630:
627:
610:
607:
605:
604:Mining history
602:
509:. The city of
484:Hiwassee River
455:North Carolina
430:
427:
353:Ducktown Basin
343:
342:
337:
331:
330:
321:
315:
314:
283:
277:
276:
274:North American
271:
265:
264:
258:
252:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
232:
231:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
195:
191:
190:
187:
183:
182:
178:
177:
164:
160:
159:
153:North Carolina
146:
142:
141:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
104:
100:
99:
67:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
47:Ducktown Basin
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2510:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2152:, p. 25.
2151:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2048:, p. 38.
2047:
2042:
2039:
2036:, p. 36.
2035:
2030:
2027:
2024:, p. 34.
2023:
2018:
2015:
2004:on 2012-02-11
2003:
1999:
1998:gamineral.org
1995:
1988:
1985:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1688:, p. 33.
1687:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1673:, p. 59.
1672:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1656:, p. 30.
1655:
1650:
1647:
1644:, p. 29.
1643:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1620:, p. 37.
1619:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1596:, p. 25.
1595:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1572:, p. 23.
1571:
1566:
1563:
1560:, p. 55.
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:0-87870-099-4
1537:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1490:
1487:, p. 92.
1486:
1481:
1478:
1475:, p. 87.
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1417:, p. 21.
1416:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1400:, p. 31.
1399:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1277:, p. 19.
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1253:, p. 30.
1252:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1224:, p. 17.
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1209:, p. 23.
1208:
1203:
1200:
1197:, p. 28.
1196:
1191:
1188:
1176:
1175:gamineral.org
1172:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1142:, p. 27.
1141:
1136:
1133:
1130:, p. 22.
1129:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1047:
1044:, p. 13.
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
991:
989:
986:
981:
978:
969:
962:
960:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
942:
937:
936:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
904:
900:
898:
893:
889:
885:
884:sulfuric acid
881:
877:
867:
860:
858:
854:
851:
847:
838:
836:
833:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
785:company towns
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
761:
756:
754:
753:sulfuric acid
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
724:
717:
715:
713:
703:
702:Steam engines
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
644:
635:
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
608:
603:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:igneous rocks
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:U.S. Route 64
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
475:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
435:
428:
426:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
341:
338:
336:
332:
329:
325:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
287:
284:
282:
278:
275:
272:
270:
266:
263:
259:
257:
253:
248:
245:
242:
238:
233:
229:
225:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:Pack Mountain
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
147:
143:
140:
139:United States
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
96:
92:35.02; -84.36
68:
66:
62:
55:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2410:
2385:
2345:
2321:
2313:Bibliography
2299:. Retrieved
2292:
2282:
2272:February 29,
2270:. Retrieved
2259:
2250:
2239:. Retrieved
2234:
2225:
2214:. Retrieved
2207:
2197:
2182:
2177:
2162:
2157:
2145:
2132:
2127:
2114:
2109:
2098:. Retrieved
2093:
2070:. Retrieved
2063:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2006:. Retrieved
2002:the original
1997:
1987:
1976:. Retrieved
1971:
1962:
1951:. Retrieved
1946:
1937:
1913:
1906:
1896:– via
1891:. Retrieved
1857:. Retrieved
1852:
1843:
1832:. Retrieved
1825:
1816:
1805:. Retrieved
1800:
1791:
1780:. Retrieved
1775:
1766:
1753:
1748:
1737:. Retrieved
1732:
1723:
1712:. Retrieved
1705:
1649:
1637:
1632:, p. 4.
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1582:Barclay 1946
1577:
1565:
1530:
1523:
1499:
1492:
1485:Barclay 1946
1480:
1473:Barclay 1946
1454:. Retrieved
1449:
1383:, p. 8.
1376:
1367:
1361:
1356:, p. 7.
1338:
1327:November 30,
1325:. Retrieved
1319:
1309:
1298:. Retrieved
1292:
1282:
1270:
1263:Barclay 1946
1258:
1234:Barclay 1946
1229:
1202:
1190:
1179:. Retrieved
1174:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1101:– via
1096:. Retrieved
1085:
1073:
1056:
1049:
1037:
982:
974:
950:
939:
933:
928:
919:reversed an
912:
909:
872:
855:
842:
828:
789:
765:
757:
729:
711:
695:
676:
652:
640:
612:
554:conglomerate
531:
500:
476:
440:
420:
389:
352:
349:Copper Basin
348:
346:
42:Copper Basin
36:
32:Copper Basin
2046:Brooks 1990
2034:Brooks 1990
2022:Brooks 1990
1686:Brooks 1990
1654:Brooks 1990
1642:Brooks 1990
1594:Brooks 1990
1570:Brooks 1990
1415:Brooks 1990
1275:Brooks 1990
1222:Brooks 1990
1057:Polk County
988:bankruptcy.
880:water vapor
846:Vietnam War
839:Later years
770:to produce
668:Julius Raht
562:mica schist
479:Ocoee River
398:during the
396:Confederacy
244:Ocoee River
186:On/Offshore
90: /
65:Coordinates
2447:Categories
2358:(Report).
2335:0807868493
2301:2020-02-21
2241:2020-02-29
2231:"Exhibits"
2216:2020-02-21
2100:2020-02-29
2072:2020-02-29
2008:2008-05-30
1978:2020-02-22
1953:2020-04-28
1893:2020-04-28
1885:(Report).
1859:2020-04-28
1834:2020-04-28
1807:2020-04-28
1782:2020-04-18
1739:2020-04-18
1714:2020-04-18
1456:2008-05-30
1300:2020-02-22
1181:2008-05-30
1098:2019-10-06
1014:References
921:injunction
698:Cincinnati
643:prospector
578:Ordovician
570:staurolite
519:Turtletown
511:Copperhill
437:Copper ore
295:Caledonian
256:Basin type
194:Boundaries
121:Appalachia
2150:Dubé 2008
1671:Dubé 2008
1630:Dubé 2008
1354:Frye 2017
1030:Ross 1935
927:ruled in
888:acid rain
736:Knoxville
594:Paleozoic
582:limestone
546:greywacke
451:Tennessee
412:acid rain
324:Paleozoic
307:Hercynian
235:Hydrology
149:Tennessee
103:Etymology
1341:series.
992:See also
832:asphyxia
687:Eli Long
615:Cherokee
377:Ducktown
335:Field(s)
328:Holocene
303:Ouachita
240:River(s)
167:Ducktown
145:State(s)
111:Ducktown
2094:tva.gov
1063:(Map).
663:smelter
459:Georgia
299:Acadian
286:Taconic
281:Orogeny
250:Geology
217:Part of
189:Onshore
157:Georgia
127:Country
78:84°22′W
75:35°01′N
2422:
2397:
2332:
2188:,
2168:,
2136:,
2118:,
1925:
1757:,
1538:
1511:
915:, the
760:strike
744:London
586:marble
574:gabbro
568:, and
558:schist
550:arkose
523:Farner
521:, and
490:. The
457:, and
408:sulfur
383:, and
367:, and
361:copper
309:&
208:(NW),
163:Cities
136:
117:Region
107:Copper
2376:(PDF)
1883:(PDF)
1082:(PDF)
1061:(PDF)
672:whims
598:veins
566:slate
486:near
463:basin
269:Plate
204:(N),
200:(E),
2420:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2330:ISBN
2274:2020
1923:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1329:2023
975:The
938:and
897:Mars
780:zinc
778:and
776:Iron
505:and
477:The
379:and
347:The
227:Area
212:(SW)
173:and
169:and
911:in
657:in
494:'s
326:to
319:Age
2449::
2418:.
2393:.
2328:.
2291:.
2264:.
2258:.
2233:.
2206:.
2092:.
2081:^
2062:.
1996:.
1970:.
1945:.
1868:^
1851:.
1824:.
1799:.
1774:.
1731:.
1704:.
1693:^
1678:^
1661:^
1550:^
1465:^
1448:.
1422:^
1405:^
1388:^
1346:^
1318:.
1291:.
1241:^
1214:^
1173:.
1147:^
1084:.
1022:^
708:10
560:,
552:,
529:.
453:,
305:,
301:,
297:,
155:,
151:,
109:,
2338:.
2304:.
2276:.
2244:.
2219:.
2103:.
2075:.
2011:.
1981:.
1956:.
1900:.
1544:.
1517:.
1459:.
1331:.
1303:.
1184:.
1105:.
1067:.
712:^
706:Ă—
292:)
288:(
34:.
20:)
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