1215:
807:
40:
1227:
1140:. The changes in the phonology and the morphology of the literary language ended in the previous period. Only the spoken language continued its development in the country. As a consequence of strong isolation, the differences between dialects were deepened. Especially, the Moravian and Silesian dialects developed divergently from Common Czech.
268:
The spirantisation of Slavic /g/ to /h/ is an areal feature shared by
Ukrainian (and some southern Russian dialects), Belarusian, Slovak, Czech, Sorbian (but not Polish) and minority of Slovene dialects. This innovation appears to have travelled from east to west, and is sometimes attributed to
1328:'grammar school'). Social changes after World War II (1945) led to gradual diminishing of differences between dialects. Since the second half of the 20th century, Common Czech elements have also been spreading to regions previously unaffected, as a consequence of the media's influence.
1186:) caused migration of country inhabitants to towns. It enabled the implementation of the ideas of the Czech national awakeners for the renewal of the Czech language. However, the people's language and literary genres of the previous period were strange to the
1390:в славянском языке // Проблемы индоевропейского языкознания. М., 1964, 115—121. Эдельман Д. И. К происхождению ирано-славянских диахронических паралелей // Славянская языковая и этноязыковая системы в контакте с неславянским окружением. М., 2002, 76—77.
937:
The period of the mature literary language from the 16th to the beginning of the 17th century. The orthography in written texts is not still unified, digraphs are used predominantly in various forms. After the invention of book-printing, the so-called
265:), and vice versa. The consonants were divided into hard (b, p, v, m, t, d, r, l, n, c, z, s, k, g, ch) and soft – palatal or palatalized (t’, d’, ř, l’, n’, c’, s’, z’, č, š, ž, j, ň). This division was cardinal for the later development.
1315:
During the 20th century, elements of the spoken language (of Common Czech especially) penetrated literary Czech. The orthography of foreign words was changed to reflect their German pronunciation, especially writing
1128:, who also reigned as king of Bohemia, the use of Czech was discouraged due to its association with Protestantism, and relegated to a spoken peasant tongue. However, puppeteers continued to use Czech for public
1135:
Meanwhile, prestigious literary styles were cultivated by Czech expatriates abroad. The zenith and, simultaneously, the end of the florescence of prestigious literary styles are represented by the works of
558:
are interchangeable. The vowel length is not usually denoted, doubled letters are used rarely. Obligatory regulations did not exist. This is why the system was not always applied precisely. After 1340, the
1307:
Literary Czech has not been an exclusive matter of the intellectual classes since the 1840s. Journalism was developing and artistic works got closer to the spoken language, especially in syntax. In 1902,
1190:
intelligentsia. The literary language of the end of the 16th century and of
Komenský’s work became the starting point for the new codification of literary Czech. Of the various attempts at codification,
1498:Červená, V. a Mejstřík, V. Slovník spisovné češtiny pro školu a veřejnost: s Dodatkem Ministerstva školství, mládeže a tělovýchovy České republiky. Vyd. 4. Praha: Academia, 2005, 647 s.
1299:
The artistic literature often resorted to archaisms and did not respect the natural development of the spoken language. This was due to attempts to reach the prestige literal styles.
1124:. The function of the literary language was limited; it left the scientific field first, the discerning literature later, and the administration finally. Under the rule of
1120:
The period from the second half of the 17th century to the second third of the 18th century was marked by confiscations and emigration of the Czech intelligentsia after the
538:
In the 14th century, Czech began to penetrate various literary styles. Official documents in Czech exist at the end of the century. The digraph orthography is applied. The
250:
took place later, thus the frequency of occurrence of palatalized consonants was lowered, but it strengthened the palatalization contrast at the same time. The change of
1296:. Thus, the orthography became close to its contemporary appearance. According to the German model, the punctuation leaves the pause principle and respects the syntax.
150:
Within West Slavic, Czech and Slovak separated from Polish around the 10th to 12th centuries. Some other changes took place during roughly the 10th century:
1542:
854:
is cancelled. The suggestion is a work of an individual person, therefore this graphic system was accepted slowly, the digraph orthography was still in use.
1769:
1312:
published the first Rules of Czech
Orthography, which also contained an overview of the morphology. These rules still preferred older forms in doublets.
1211:(1830–1835) contributed to the renewal of Czech vocabulary. Thanks to the enthusiasm of Czech scientists, Czech scientific terminology was created.
950:, became the pattern of the literary Czech language. The orthography was predominantly diacritic; the dot in soft consonants was replaced by the
1214:
806:
1514:
710:). The voicedness became the main contrastive feature of consonants after the disappearance of palatalization. The original pronunciation of
838:. For recording of soft consonants, digraphs are replaced by a dot above letters. The acute is used to denote the vowel length. The digraph
790:
are applied. As a consequence of this, aorist and imperfect start disappearing little by little and are replaced by the perfect (now called
61:
2081:
2143:
1951:
1755:
1719:
630:, initiated in the 13th century, was finished. Palatalized (softened) consonants either merged with their hard counterparts or became
273:. It is approximately dated to the 12th century in Slovak, the 12th to 13th century in Czech and the 14th century in Upper Sorbian.
1862:
1745:
1606:
1503:
1489:
1478:
83:
2065:
2033:
1852:
1827:
1693:
1673:
1535:
1219:
1125:
416:
Large changes take place in Czech phonology in the 12th and 13th centuries. Front and back variants of vowels are removed, e.g.
343:
The earliest written records of Czech date to the 12th to 13th century, in the form of personal names, glosses and short notes.
2086:
2005:
1899:
1857:
1811:
1765:
1740:
1714:
1698:
1935:
1894:
1878:
1806:
1775:
1158:
The first ideas of the
National Revival were in so-called defences of the Czech language. The most likely first such work is
1984:
1979:
1642:
1637:
1611:
1586:
1183:
1038:'strange'). The complicated syntax, influenced by Latin texts, required some improvement of the punctuation. However, the
121:
782:'I will have called'). The contrastive feature of imperfectiveness was also stabilized. The perfectivization function of
2015:
1528:
1073:
still remained in graphics). In initial positions, it was used in lesser prestige or specialized styles only. Written
1234:
Step by step, the orthography was liberated from the relics of the
Brethren orthography. According to the etymology,
54:
48:
365:
Pavel dal jest Ploškovcích zeḿu. Vlach dal jest Dolás zeḿu i sv́atému Ščepánu se dvěma dušníkoma Bogučeja a
Sedlatu.
1760:
242:). The contrast of the vowel quantity (length) was also strengthened. The depalatalization of consonants preceding
28:
873:(the widespread Bohemian interdialect). There are also some other changes in this period: the diphthongization of
916:
The contrast of animateness in masculine inflection is not still fully set, as it is not yet applied to animals (
65:
1667:
1121:
924:'I see a dog'). Aorist and imperfect have disappeared from literary styles before the end of the 15th century.
827:
501:
2138:
1473:
Karlík P., Nekula M., Pleskalová J. (ed.). Encyklopedický slovník češtiny. Nakl. Lidové noviny. Praha 2002.
1200:
2112:
2107:
2010:
1551:
1177:
493:
1452:
1433:
913:). The ring has been regarded as a diacritic mark denoting the length since the change in pronunciation.
1801:
1688:
1337:
731:
402:
117:
101:
311:
is not fixed yet; the present tense is often used instead. The contrast of perfective and imperfective
2102:
1601:
1576:
1187:
499:
491:
438:'nice'). In the morphology, these changes deepened the differences between hard and soft noun types (
324:
1735:
1250:. Antiqua was introduced instead of fractura in printing, and it led to the removal of the digraph
1047:
1039:
261:
The vowels were front (ä, e, i, ě) and back (a, o, u), and the front ones had their back variants (
946:(1579–1593), the first complete Czech translation of the Bible from the original languages by the
1920:
1785:
1678:
1658:
1616:
1591:
1555:
1132:
shows, and popular legend has it that this preserved the Czech language from extinction at home.
715:
631:
285:
270:
235:
1192:
1165:
315:
is not fully developed yet, there are also biaspectual and no-aspectual verbs. The Proto-Slavic
161:
280:, the traditional division according to the word-stem ending was progressively replaced by the
2049:
1989:
1972:
1904:
1663:
1596:
1581:
1520:
1510:
1499:
1485:
1474:
1352:
1196:
970:
became used in the contemporary way. Vowel length was denoted by the acute accent, except for
795:
373:
300:
1404:
1143:
Printed documents used the same orthography as in the previous period. Only the two kinds of
1065:
was established, but it occurred in lesser prestige style text only. The diphthongization of
822:. The number of literary language users enlarges. Czech fully penetrates the administration.
1967:
1930:
1832:
1780:
1683:
1621:
1367:
1347:
1152:
1151:
occurs as a punctuation mark for better and clear organization of excessive and complicated
1055:
943:
281:
347:
1357:
947:
125:
1342:
1204:
1155:. Digraphs with irregular elements of diacritics are still used in hand-written texts.
378:
97:
1104:
In morphology, the differentiation of animate and inanimate masculines was completed (
2132:
1495:
Lamprecht A., Šlosar D., Bauer J. Historická mluvnice češtiny. SPN Praha 1986, 423 s.
1051:
169:
1164:("The defence of the Slavic language, of Czech in particular"), written in Latin by
730:'a hundred'), but in the 14th century, the articulation was adapted to the unvoiced
346:
The oldest known complete Czech sentence is a note on the foundation charter of the
870:
507:
308:
200:
881:, the pronunciation was probably different than today), the monophthongization of
1309:
604:
312:
1203:(both real and fictitious) had been occurring by that time. The publication of
642:
later at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. In this context, the phoneme
1362:
1129:
320:
304:
277:
1182:
The period from the 1780s to the 1840s. The abolition of serfdom in 1781 (by
718:(as preserved in some Eastern-Bohemian dialects in syllable-final positions:
1925:
1148:
1043:
833:
791:
667:
607:
mark is sometimes used in various shapes. Its function is to denote pauses.
359:
Wlah dalgeſt dolaſ zemu iſuiatemu ſcepanu ſeduema duſnicoma bogucea aſedlatu
296:
262:
227:
223:
1226:
758:
In morphology, the future tense of imperfective verbs was fixed. The type
634:(ď, ť, ň). The depalatalization did not temporarily concern hard and soft
1137:
819:
17:
401:
begins to appear, although not systematically. Combinations of letters (
381:
without any diacritics, resulting in ambiguities, such as in the letter
291:
The dual is also applied in verb conjugations. The past is expressed by
1058:
are used. The first grammars are published for typographers' purposes.
815:
239:
27:"History of Czech" redirects here. For history of the Czech lands, see
962:
was mostly written in the final positions in words only, the digraph
857:
As a consequence of the loss of palatalization, the pronunciation of
787:
783:
316:
292:
1042:
was used according to pauses in pronunciation, not the syntax. The
1213:
951:
805:
794:, since it became the only past tense in Czech). The periphrastic
181:
284:
principle (masculine, feminine and neuter) There were also three
662:'foam') before labial consonants in the pronunciation. The long
1524:
1161:
Dissertatio apologetica pro lingua
Slavonica praecipue Bohemica
2117:
156:
33:
187:
1089:'egg') took place, but it was not applied in heterosyllabic
319:
was used after verbs of motion, but it was replaced by the
1484:
Rejzek J. Český etymologický slovník. Leda, Voznice 2001.
825:
Around 1406, a reform of the orthography was suggested in
1077:
starts to be pronounced as . The change of tautosyllabic
100:
developed at the close of the 1st millennium from common
1419:
Chrestomatie k vývoji českého jazyka (13. – 18. století)
865:
merged. This change resulted in the diphthongization of
846:
are preserved. The interchangeability of the graphemes
1002:, pronounced was sometimes recorded by the grapheme
814:
The period of the 15th century from the beginning of
506:, had been in progress since the 12th century. Later
226:
contrast of palatalized (softened) and unpalatalized
810:
Book of
Ezekiel 36:26 from the 1417 Bible of Olomouc
2095:
2074:
2058:
2042:
2026:
1998:
1960:
1944:
1913:
1887:
1871:
1845:
1820:
1794:
1728:
1707:
1651:
1630:
1569:
1562:
755:'eye') in the Bohemian dialects since this period.
222:The disappearance of the odd yers strengthened the
147:) developed in the East and South Slavic dialects.
1509:Komárek M. Dějiny českého jazyka. Host. Brno 2012
544:ch = ch; chz = č; cz = c; g = j; rs, rz = ř; s = ž
397:/tʃ/ phonemes. Later during the 13th century, the
818:'s preaching activity to the beginning of Czech
104:. Until the early 20th century, it was known as
986:for technical reasons; later it was denoted as
831:, a work attributed to Jan Hus – the so-called
764:'I will call' became preferred to other types (
350:chapter at the beginning of the 13th century:
1195:’s grammar was ultimately generally accepted.
1536:
8:
405:) are used for recording Czech sounds, e.g.
230:, and resulted in alterations of epenthetic
1275:
1159:
777:
771:
765:
759:
746:
741:has been added to all words beginning with
725:
719:
429:
258:took place at the end of the 12th century.
1566:
1543:
1529:
1521:
548:š; w = v; v = u; zz = s; z = z; ie, ye = ě
626:'(to) horses') took place. The so-called
84:Learn how and when to remove this message
1225:
966:was written in the middle. The grapheme
47:This article includes a list of general
1379:
901:in the form of a ring above the letter
786:and the imperfectivization function of
323:. However, the contemporary infinitive
189:dobriji > dobr’í, dobroje > dobré
1401:The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic
155:the disappearance and vocalization of
1147:are not differentiated any more. The
942:stabilized in printed documents. The
526:disappeared later, but the change of
7:
1199:attempts to cleanse the language of
1061:In the pronunciation, the change of
702:was enforced (with the exception of
686:'sand'). At the same time, the long
480:Chlmec > Chlumec, dĺgý > dlúhý
1386:Абаев В. И. О происхождении фонемы
1324:and marking the vowel length (e.g.
470:'to plant out'). The hard syllabic
371:The earliest texts were written in
1280:'hers'). In the 1840s, the double
1254:and its replacement by the letter
53:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
905:, which resulted in the grapheme
700:regressive assimilation of voice
628:main historical depalatalization
377:, which used the letters of the
116:Among the innovations in common
38:
1453:"Why Czechs don't speak German"
1434:"Why Czechs don't speak German"
1126:Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II
330:formally continues the supine.
994:. Pronounced was recorded as
355:Pauel dal geſt ploſcoucih zemu
1:
638:, which merged to one middle
482:'long'), as opposite to soft
288:: singular, dual and plural.
1085:'give (2. sg. imperative)',
603:remain interchangeable. The
166:bъzъ > bez, bъza > bza
698:'salt'). In pronunciation,
569:č; g = j; rs, rz = ř; s = s
2160:
1175:
1010:was preserved, the simple
897:was sometimes recorded as
510:of palatalized alveolars (
462:'soul') as well as verbs (
179:the contraction of groups
29:History of the Czech lands
26:
2144:Slavic language histories
1292:replaced the traditional
1069:was also stabilized (but
1030:was always written after
1014:denoted the word-initial
561:later digraph orthography
540:older digraph orthography
1417:Porák, Jaroslav (1979).
1326:gymnasium > gymnázium
1122:Battle of White Mountain
1108:rather than the earlier
974:developed from original
828:De orthographia bohemica
1209:Czech-German Dictionary
646:disappeared. The short
512:t’ > c’, d’ > dz’
188:
68:more precise citations.
1276:
1231:
1223:
1178:Czech National Revival
1160:
811:
778:
776:'I have to call', and
772:
766:
760:
747:
726:
720:
654:or was dissociated to
577:š; w = v; v = u; z = z
430:
1338:Orthographia bohemica
1229:
1217:
948:Unity of the Brethren
809:
690:was diphthongized to
518:) occurred. However,
374:primitive orthography
1451:Janeksela, Jacklyn.
1432:Janeksela, Jacklyn.
1242:came to be written,
940:Brethren orthography
446:'ploughman (gen.)';
1101:'egg (gen. pl.)').
399:digraph orthography
363:(in transcription:
286:grammatical numbers
1232:
1224:
1218:Wayside shrine in
1172:Early Modern Czech
1097:'they will give',
954:which was used in
812:
770:'I want to call',
650:either changed to
530:became permanent.
528:r’ > rs’ > ř
442:'farmer (gen.)' ↔
2126:
2125:
1841:
1840:
1556:world's languages
1515:978-80-7294-591-7
1353:Czech orthography
1153:complex sentences
1138:Jan Amos Komenský
990:, and finally as
933:Humanistic period
842:and the grapheme
624:koňóm > koniem
583:, syllable-final
436:p’äkný > pěkný
431:v’a̋ce > viece
385:representing the
112:Early West Slavic
94:
93:
86:
16:(Redirected from
2151:
2016:Standard Chinese
1567:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1522:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1399:Pronk-Tiethoff,
1397:
1391:
1384:
1368:Czech word order
1348:Czech declension
1284:was replaced by
1279:
1246:was replaced by
1163:
1087:vajce > vejce
1056:exclamation mark
1018:. The diphthong
956:č, ď, ň, ř, ť, ž
944:Bible of Kralice
920:'I see a lord';
893:. The diphthong
781:
775:
769:
763:
750:
729:
723:
595:. The graphemes
550:; the graphemes
505:
497:
486:. The change of
433:
339:Earliest records
271:Scytho-Sarmatian
191:
176:'elder, lilac');
162:Havlík’s Yer Law
89:
82:
78:
75:
69:
64:this article by
55:inline citations
42:
41:
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1334:
1305:
1193:Josef Dobrovský
1180:
1174:
1166:Bohuslav Balbín
1118:
1022:was denoted as
935:
930:
889:'measure') and
887:miera > míra
804:
616:kl’úč > klíč
610:The changes of
565:ch = ch; cz = c
536:
498:, and later to
341:
336:
276:In the nominal
114:
90:
79:
73:
70:
60:Please help to
59:
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1355:
1350:
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1343:Czech alphabet
1340:
1333:
1330:
1304:
1301:
1277:gegj > její
1205:Josef Jungmann
1176:Main article:
1173:
1170:
1117:
1116:Baroque period
1114:
934:
931:
929:
926:
803:
802:Hussite period
800:
535:
532:
379:Latin alphabet
369:
368:
361:
340:
337:
335:
332:
220:
219:
197:denasalization
193:
177:
139:'all'), while
122:palatalization
113:
110:
98:Czech language
92:
91:
46:
44:
37:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2156:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:Austroasiatic
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1563:Indo-European
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1504:80-200-1347-4
1501:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:80-85927-85-3
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:80-7106-484-X
1476:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1421:. p. 31.
1420:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:p. 71 (fn 26)
1402:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:Sample (1846)
1228:
1222:, dated 1822.
1221:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1207:’s five-part
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1052:question mark
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:. The double
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
958:. The letter
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
932:
927:
925:
923:
919:
914:
912:
911:kuoň > kůň
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
835:
830:
829:
823:
821:
817:
808:
801:
799:
797:
796:passive voice
793:
789:
785:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
754:
749:
744:
740:
736:
733:
728:
722:
717:
714:was probably
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:sól > suol
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:diphthongized
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
563:was applied:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
533:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
503:
495:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:
366:
362:
360:
356:
353:
352:
351:
349:
344:
338:
333:
331:
329:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
269:contact with
266:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:according to
159:
158:
153:
152:
151:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
123:
119:
111:
109:
107:
103:
99:
88:
85:
77:
67:
63:
57:
56:
50:
45:
36:
35:
30:
19:
1999:Sino–Tibetan
1961:Austronesian
1795:Indo-Iranian
1750:
1456:
1446:
1437:
1427:
1418:
1412:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1306:
1303:Modern Czech
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1208:
1181:
1157:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1119:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1083:daj > dej
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:was doubled
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
939:
936:
928:Middle Czech
921:
917:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
871:Common Czech
866:
862:
858:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
826:
824:
813:
767:chc’u volati
757:
752:
742:
738:
737:. Prothetic
734:
724:'peculiar',
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
609:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
537:
534:14th century
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:assibilation
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:'to call' ↔
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
425:
421:
417:
415:
410:
406:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
372:
370:
364:
358:
354:
345:
342:
327:
309:future tense
290:
275:
267:
260:
255:
251:
247:
243:
231:
224:phonological
221:
215:
211:
207:
203:
196:
180:
173:
165:
154:
149:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
115:
105:
95:
80:
71:
52:
2113:Interlingue
2108:Interlingua
2096:constructed
2011:Gan Chinese
1888:Afroasiatic
1457:www.bbc.com
1438:www.bbc.com
1320:instead of
1310:Jan Gebauer
1258:. The long
1188:enlightened
1026:. The hard
978:. The long
836:orthography
798:is formed.
773:jmám volati
761:budu volati
751:instead of
732:labiodental
678:'to want',
618:'key') and
605:punctuation
516:r’ > rs’
474:changed to
184:+ j + vowel
118:West Slavic
102:West Slavic
74:August 2014
66:introducing
2133:Categories
1952:Vietnamese
1802:Hindustani
1770:in Ukraine
1756:Macedonian
1736:Belarusian
1720:Lithuanian
1689:Portuguese
1468:References
1363:Czech verb
1201:germanisms
1130:marionette
1079:aj > ej
918:vidím pána
779:budu volal
682:'goblet',
593:ie, ye = ě
458:'woman' ↔
450:'towns' ↔
348:Litoměřice
321:infinitive
305:pluperfect
278:declension
263:allophones
228:consonants
49:references
2103:Esperanto
2059:Iroquoian
1985:Sundanese
1926:Malayalam
1914:Dravidian
1863:Hungarian
1786:Ukrainian
1746:Bulgarian
1607:Norwegian
1602:Icelandic
1577:Afrikaans
1552:Histories
1270:replaced
1262:replaced
1184:Joseph II
1149:semicolon
1110:vidím pes
1106:vidím psa
1067:ú > ou
1063:ý > ej
1044:full stop
922:vidím pes
891:uo > ú
883:ie > í
877:(written
875:ú > ou
867:ý > ej
834:diacritic
792:preterite
620:’o > ě
612:’u > i
573:š; ss = s
426:’a > ě
418:’ä > ě
393:/ts/ and
334:Old Czech
297:imperfect
252:’ä > ě
172:), later
18:Old Czech
2066:Cherokee
2043:Koreanic
2034:Japanese
1973:Filipino
1853:Estonian
1828:Albanian
1694:Romanian
1674:Galician
1570:Germanic
1403:, 2013,
1332:See also
1197:Purists'
1054:and the
820:humanism
788:suffixes
784:prefixes
716:bilabial
454:'seas';
434:'more',
403:digraphs
256:ä > a
192:'good');
106:Bohemian
2087:Turkish
2027:Japonic
2006:Chinese
1990:Cebuano
1968:Tagalog
1921:Kannada
1900:Aramaic
1858:Finnish
1812:Persian
1781:Slovene
1766:Russian
1741:Bosnian
1715:Latvian
1699:Spanish
1679:Italian
1659:Catalan
1622:Yiddish
1617:Swedish
1592:English
1554:of the
1032:c, s, z
816:Jan Hus
676:chtieti
632:palatal
440:sedláka
313:aspects
301:perfect
240:phoneme
120:is the
62:improve
2075:Turkic
2050:Korean
1936:Telugu
1905:Hebrew
1895:Arabic
1879:Basque
1846:Uralic
1807:Nepali
1776:Slovak
1761:Polish
1729:Slavic
1708:Baltic
1668:Quebec
1664:French
1652:Italic
1631:Celtic
1597:German
1582:Danish
1513:
1502:
1488:
1477:
1266:, and
1240:sy, zy
1236:si, zi
1220:Nučice
1050:, the
1046:, the
727:stowka
721:diwnej
684:piesek
468:sázěti
464:volati
424:) and
325:ending
317:supine
307:. The
293:aorist
282:gender
238:(null-
51:, but
2082:Azeri
1980:Malay
1931:Tamil
1833:Greek
1821:other
1751:Czech
1684:Latin
1643:Welsh
1638:Irish
1612:Scots
1587:Dutch
1388:g (h)
1374:Notes
1099:vajec
1048:colon
1040:comma
952:caron
680:čieše
656:j + e
504:]
500:[
496:]
492:[
452:mor’ě
448:města
444:oráčě
389:/k/,
214:>
206:>
201:nasal
182:vowel
131:>
126:velar
1511:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1288:and
1095:dají
1036:cyzý
861:and
850:and
748:voko
706:and
704:h, ř
666:was
660:pěna
599:and
554:and
522:and
514:and
460:dušě
456:žena
409:for
303:and
254:and
246:and
234:and
210:and
195:the
174:bezu
170:gen.
157:yers
145:vьsь
137:vьšь
96:The
2118:Ido
1238:or
1112:).
998:or
869:in
753:oko
670:to
579:or
575:or
571:or
567:or
546:or
524:dz’
490:to
199:of
124:of
2135::
1455:.
1436:.
1294:au
1290:ou
1252:ʃʃ
1248:ci
1244:cy
1168:.
1091:aj
1075:mě
1071:au
1024:au
1020:ou
988:ij
984:ii
976:uo
964:ʃʃ
895:uo
879:au
840:ch
743:o-
739:v-
692:uo
672:ie
591:;
587:=
542::
520:c’
484:l’
476:lu
422:ie
413:.
407:rs
357:/
328:-t
299:,
295:,
129:ch
108:.
1772:)
1768:(
1670:)
1666:(
1544:e
1537:t
1530:v
1517:.
1506:.
1492:.
1481:.
1459:.
1440:.
1407:)
1322:s
1318:z
1286:v
1282:w
1274:(
1272:g
1268:j
1264:j
1260:í
1256:š
1145:l
1093:(
1081:(
1034:(
1028:y
1016:u
1012:v
1008:w
1004:ǧ
1000:y
996:g
992:j
980:í
972:ů
968:ě
960:š
909:(
907:ů
903:u
899:o
885:(
863:i
859:y
852:y
848:i
844:w
745:(
735:f
712:v
708:v
694:(
688:ó
674:(
664:ě
658:(
652:e
648:ě
644:ě
640:l
636:l
622:(
614:(
601:y
597:i
589:j
585:y
581:ž
556:y
552:i
502:ɦ
494:ɣ
488:g
478:(
472:l
428:(
420:(
411:ř
395:č
391:c
387:k
383:c
367:)
248:ä
244:e
236:∅
232:e
218:.
216:u
212:ǫ
208:ä
204:ę
186:(
168:(
164:(
143:(
141:s
135:(
133:š
87:)
81:(
76:)
72:(
58:.
31:.
20:)
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