1380:, with a translation in an eastern variety of Old Dutch (Old East Low Franconian) which contains a number of Old High German elements. The example sentence above translates as "He will deliver my soul in peace from those who attack me, for, amongst many, he was with me." Probably based on a Central Franconian original, very little remains of the psalms. They were named after a manuscript that has not survived but was the source from which scholars believe the surviving fragments must have been copied. The manuscript was once owned by Canon Arnold Wachtendonck. The surviving fragments are handwritten copies made by the Renaissance scholar
519:
1432:. The text represents an imperfect attempt to translate the original into the local Old Dutch vernacular. The text contains many Old Dutch words as well as mistranslated words since the scribe must have been unfamiliar with some Old High German words in the original. It could nevertheless be regarded as the first book written in Old Dutch. However, since the book never left the abbey, it cannot be regarded as the start of a Dutch literature and did not influence later works.
985:
1159:
255:
707:. Old Dutch was considerably less affected than those other three languages, but a dialect continuum formed/existed between Old Dutch, Old Saxon and Old Frisian. Despite sharing some particular features, a number of disparities separate Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Old English and Old Dutch. One such difference is that Old Dutch used
3416:-stems began to disappear, when endings of one were transferred to the other declension and vice versa, as part of a larger process in which the distinction between the strong and weak inflection was being lost not only in feminine nouns but also in adjectives. The process is shown in a more advanced stage in Middle Dutch.
1554:). The verse translation of biblical histories is attested only in a series of fragments from different writers. It contains Old Dutch (Low Franconian), Low German (Low Saxon) and High German (Rhine-Franconian) elements. It was likely composed in the northwest of Germany in the early 12th century, possibly in
4410:
Aus dem kodikologischen
Kontext und aus der Geschichte des mit der Handschrift verbundenen Bonifatiusklosters Fulda ist zu schließen, daß Utrecht – auch wenn die sprachliche Argumentation an sich ungenügend ist, um die Texte dem kleinen Kloster zuzuschreiben – die beste Kandidatur für die Autorschaft
1384:
in the sixteenth century. Lipsius made a number of separate copies of what appeared to be the same material, but the versions do not always agree. In addition, scholars conclude that the numerous errors and inconsistencies in the fragments point not only to some carelessness or inattentiveness by the
2789:
That was a late monument, however, as the merging of all unstressed short vowels was already well underway by that time. Most likely, the difference was maintained only in spelling traditions, but it had been mostly lost in speech. With the introduction of new scribal traditions in the 12th and 13th
1348:
Codex pal. 577. Sometimes interpreteted as Old Saxon, a number of Dutch scholars have concluded the
Baptismal Vow was actually written in the 8th century in Old Dutch. The difficulty in establishing whether the text was written in Old Saxon or Old Franconian is that those languages were very much
2320:
gained voiced allophones when positioned at the beginning of a syllable. The change is faithfully reflected for , the other two allophones continuing to be written as before. In the
Wachtendonck Psalms, it is very rare, but much later, it can be seen in the spelling of Dutch toponyms. Thus, the
505:
Old Dutch itself is further divided into Old West Dutch and Old East Dutch, with the descendants of Old West Dutch forming the dominant basis of the Middle Dutch literary language and Old East Dutch forming a noticeable substrate within the easternmost Dutch dialects, such as
3867:) while the more northern languages have the same verb ending in all three persons. However, like Old Saxon, it had only two classes of weak verb, with only a few relic verbs of the third weak class, but the third class had still largely been preserved in Old High German.
2954:
The length of a vowel was generally not represented in writing probably because the missionaries, who were the ones capable of writing and teaching how to write, tended to base the written language on Latin, which also did not make a distinction in writing:
1455:
Arguably the most famous text containing Old Dutch, the fragment is translated as "All birds have started making nests, except me and you, what are we waiting for?" The text is dated from around 1100 and written by a West
Flemish monk in a convent in
1541:
Translated as "Mention one king or earl who wants to believe in their god, what they say is a lie, that's how the people are being deceived", this fragment comes from an important source for Old Dutch: the
Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible (Dutch:
2623:
in the following syllable. They were, however, partly phonemicised when the conditioning sounds were gradually lost over time. Sometimes, the fronting was reverted later. Regardless of phonemic distinction, they were still written as
1245:) contain several Old Dutch words and this full sentence written in the early 6th century, which is likely the earliest in the language. It translates as "I tell you: I am setting you free, serve". The phrase was used to free a
1212:
in the sense of 'to acknowledge, concede'.) Its modern meaning is roughly "to think someone deserves something, to derive satisfaction from someone else's success", and it is commonly translated as "grant" or "bestow".
2589:
or a diphthong before a vowel, but it was probably retained as back or in others (at least in
Limburg). While there is no direct evidence for this in Old Dutch, it can be inferred by later developments in Middle
1261:, a half-free farmer, who was connected to the land of the lord for whom he worked but not owned by that lord. In contrast, a slave was fully owned by the lord. The Old Dutch word and the Modern Dutch counterpart
1068:, rather than Old Dutch. Some of the Latin texts, however, contained Old Dutch words interspersed with the Latin text. Also, it is hard to determine whether a text actually was written in Old Dutch, as the
1464:. For a long time, the sentence was commonly but erroneously considered to be the earliest in Dutch. However, it could be considered the oldest Dutch non-religious poetry. The text is usually considered a
672:
period, the
Central Franconian dialects were influenced by Old Low Franconian (Old Dutch), resulting in certain linguistic loans which yielded a slight overlap of vocabulary, most of which relates to
746:
with some distinctions that approximate those found in most medieval West
Germanic languages. The year 1150 is often cited as the time of the discontinuity, but it actually marks a time of profuse
1385:
Renaissance scholars but also to errors in the now-lost manuscript out of which the material was copied. The language of the Psalms suggests that they were originally written in the 10th century.
334:, from around the 6th or 9th to the 12th century. Old Dutch is mostly recorded on fragmentary relics, and words have been reconstructed from Middle Dutch and Old Dutch loanwords in French.
1344:
comments that the vow is of particular interest because it is the sole instance of the god Saxnōt mentioned in a religious context. One of many baptismal vows, it is now archived in the
1320:. The sentence translates as "And I renounce all the deeds and words of the devil, Thunear, Wōden and Saxnōt, and all those fiends that are their companions". It mentions three
4390:
Ulrike
Zellmann, Angelika Lehmann-Benz, Urban Küsters (eds.): "»Wider den Müßiggang ...«: Niederländisches Mittelalter im Spiegel von Kunst, Kult und Politik", 2004, p. 21ff.
2377:
of Proto-Germanic to occurred across the West
Germanic languages, and thus also in Old Dutch. Old Dutch spelling also reveals final devoicing of other consonants, namely:
6574:
1708:-sound in consonant clusters at the beginning of a word disappears around the 9th century while it is retained in the northern languages. Examples include Old Dutch
680:, a set of phonological changes beginning around the 5th or 6th century that partially influenced Old Dutch, and extensively influenced Central Franconian and other
4562:
4010:
Aan het einde van de negende eeuw kan er zeker van Nederlands gesproken worden; hoe long daarvoor dat ook het geval was, kan niet met zekerheid worden uitgemaakt.
3855:
Old Dutch reflects an intermediate form between Old Saxon and Old High German. Like Old High German, it preserved the three different verb endings in the plural (
467:
for most of the varieties grouped under the broader "Franconian" category. Nevertheless, the traditional terminology of the West Germanic varieties along assumed
4206:
Mees, Bernard (2002). "The Bergakker Inscription and the Beginnings of Dutch". In Langbroek, Erika; Quak, Arend; Roeleveld, Annelies; Vermeyden, Paula (eds.).
1412:
translates as "All night long on my bed I looked for the one my heart loves; I looked for him but did not find him". The manuscript, now in the library of the
4624:
4152:
1880:
The table below lists the consonantal phonemes of Old Dutch. For descriptions of the sounds and definitions of the terms, follow the links on the headings.
2904:
The situation for the front opening diphthongs is somewhat unclear, but it seems similar to the situation for unstressed short vowels. Words written with
2289:
2257:
637:); however, these varieties are very closely related, the divergence being that the latter shares more traits with neighboring historical forms of
6579:
2222:
1178:
than Old Dutch (Frankish was the direct parent language of Old Dutch). The text however, shows the beginning of Old Dutch morphology. The word
3987:
Uit de zesde eeuw dateren de oudst bekende geschreven woorden en tekstjes in de Lage Landen, waarmee de periode van het oud-Nederlands begint.
616:. It spread from northern Belgium and the southern Netherlands to the coast and evolved into Old Dutch. It has, however, a North sea Germanic
6594:
4282:
1182:, found in the partially-translated inscription is coined as the oldest Dutch by linguists Nicoline van der Sijs and Tanneke Schoonheim from
1080:
Several words that are known to have developed in the Netherlands before Old Dutch was spoken have been found, and they are sometimes called
397:
Within the field of historical philology, the terminology for the oldest historical phase of the Dutch language traditionally includes both
5161:
2720:
In unstressed syllables, only three vowels seem to have been reliably distinguished: open, front and back. In the Wachtendonck Psalms, the
1535:
nu saget mir einen kuning other greven, the an uren got wille gelouven, that se sagent, that ist gelogen, thes ist thaz arme volc bedrogen.
2137:
1269:(English: 'let go', 'release'), which may indicate the fairly free status of such person in relation to that a slave. The Old Dutch word
2123:
589:
in the North of the Netherlands. In the rest of the coastal region, these dialects were mostly displaced following the withdrawal to
6589:
4309:
4217:
4162:
337:
Old Dutch is regarded as the primary stage in the development of a separate Dutch language. It was spoken by the descendants of the
1294:
End ec forsacho allum dioboles uuercum and uuordum, Thunær ende Uuôden ende Saxnôte ende allum thêm unholdum thê hira genôtas sint.
1166:
This sentence has been interpreted as "Haþuþyw's. I/He grant(s) a flame (i.e. brand, sword) to the select". It was discovered on a
502:
to specifically refer to the (very sparsely attested) varieties of Old Dutch spoken prior its assimilation of the coastal dialect.
2404:
Final devoicing was countered by the syllable-initial voicing of voiceless fricatives, which made and allophones of each other.
6584:
4617:
5546:
2060:
483:
456:
267:
719:. Much of the grammatical variation between Old Dutch and Old Saxon is similar to that between Old Dutch and Old High German.
4242:
2415:
whereas Old Saxon and Old High German are known to have maintained word-final voiced obstruents much later (at least 900).
2407:
Final devoicing appears much earlier in Old Dutch than it does Old Saxon and Old High German. In fact, by judging from the
6604:
6599:
6440:
4332:
3237:
ending in the masculine plural was preserved in the coastal dialects, as can be seen in the Hebban Olla Vogala text where
2657:
were also similar in articulation, but they did not merge except in some small and frequently used monosyllables (such as
1515:
482:. Depending on the author, the temporal boundary between Old Dutch and Old Frankish is either defined by the onset of the
4299:
4141:
Map based on: Meineke, Eckhard & Schwerdt, Judith, Einführung in das Althochdeutsche, Paderborn/Zürich 2001, pp. 209.
4088:
Glossing the Psalms: The Emergence of the Written Vernaculars in Western Europe from the Seventh to the Twelfth Centuries
1472:
forms might be expected in any of the coastal dialects of Old English, Old Frisian, Old Saxon or Old Dutch. However, the
6614:
6470:
5640:
5602:
5587:
4914:
2094:
2040:
704:
448:
151:
2760:
are generally found later on, showing the gradual reduction of the articulatory distinction, eventually merging into a
6609:
6450:
6310:
5660:
5619:
5609:
4610:
4512:
The "Central Franconian Rhyming Bible" ("Mittelfränkische Reimbibel"): An early-twelfth-century German verse homiliary
3049:
before front vowels stood for an affricate ; it is quite likely that early Dutch spelling followed that pronunciation.
2576:
2078:
677:
638:
4382:
3920:
De lange weg naar een Nederlandse standaardtaal: Een beknopte geschiedenis van de standaardisering van het Nederlands
2942:, but these were treated as two-syllable sequences of a long vowel followed by a short one, not as proper diphthongs.
4826:
4073:
2695:
2249:
2130:
2067:
1970:
1963:
4411:
besitzt. Die monastische Schriftkultur ist also in den nördlichen Niederlanden im 8. Jahrhundert seßhaft geworden.
2327:
also occurred word-medially as an independent phoneme, developed from Proto-Germanic , the fricative allophone of
6167:
2683:
2584:
2374:
2360:
1754:
1527:
1050:
747:
124:
6445:
6399:
6394:
6318:
5928:
5912:
5791:
5650:
3886:
617:
277:
6226:
734:
both to refer to that and to refer to many more people in the "us" group, much like Modern Dutch and English.
6384:
6328:
6323:
6243:
5916:
5866:
5624:
5166:
4984:
4668:
4656:
2752:("tongue", genitive, dative, accusative singular and nominative, dative, accusative plural). The forms with
2004:
1997:
1979:
1776:
1496:
1416:
in the Netherlands, contains an Old Dutch translation of an Old High German (East Franconian) commentary on
518:
223:
156:
119:
109:
6389:
5871:
5837:
5455:
5271:
5131:
4971:
4866:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2924:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2860:
2854:
2844:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2765:
2707:
2703:
2689:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2570:
2553:
2548:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2354:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2265:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2216:
2210:
2198:
2192:
2182:
2174:
2105:
1846:
1822:
1811:
1670:
1662:
722:
It is also found that Old Dutch had lost the dual number for its pronouns, unlike Old English, which used
570:
460:
452:
35:
4040:
2971:. In some texts long vowels were indicated by simply doubling the vowel in question, as in the placename
765:) in non-stressed syllables are rather frequent in Old Dutch, but in Middle Dutch, they are reduced to a
6547:
6511:
5779:
5772:
5724:
5494:
5465:
5434:
5397:
5322:
5171:
5079:
4992:
4853:
4815:
3947:
2593:
Long vowels were rare in unstressed syllables and occurred mostly because of suffixation or compounding.
2408:
2278:
2186:
2155:
2115:
1936:
1929:
1421:
1286:
1185:
1167:
1144:
1015:
994:
582:
6012:
4887:
4484:
984:
6516:
6496:
6465:
6338:
6198:
6172:
6073:
5944:
5762:
5354:
5181:
5143:
5138:
5012:
4959:
4717:
2693:
2681:
2582:
2574:
2358:
2345:
2343:
2287:
2276:
2255:
2247:
2220:
2202:
1742:. It is most prominent in ja- and jō-stem nouns and adjectives, and in verbs of the first weak class.
574:
358:
3940:
van den Toorn, M. C.; Pijnenburg, W.J.J.; van Leuvensteijn, J.A.; van der Horst, J.M., eds. (1997).
2927:
eventually merged with the other opening diphthongs in some dialects. In the others, it merged with
6455:
6002:
5847:
5691:
5645:
5579:
5332:
5094:
4979:
4892:
4690:
4540:
Corpus van Middelnederlandse teksten (tot en met het jaar 1300): Reeks II (literaire handschriften)
4258:
4181:
2773:
2018:
1358:
1203:
1107:
1024:
902:
669:
4549:
Vierde Colloquium van hoogleraren en lectoren in de neerlandistiek aan buitenlandse universiteiten
1402:
Thes naghtes an minemo beddo vortheroda ich minen wino. Ich vortheroda hine ande ne vand sin niet.
1127:. However, since the word existed long before Old Dutch did (and even before its parent language,
6569:
6501:
6353:
6343:
6298:
6060:
5987:
5884:
5729:
5704:
5699:
5592:
5420:
5305:
5126:
4904:
4899:
4878:
4839:
4643:
4633:
4556:
4439:
2964:
2269:
2204:
2178:
1901:
1441:
1236:
1069:
1041:
962:
Hij zal mijn ziel verlossen in vrede van hen die mij aanvallen, want onder velen was hij met mij.
952:
Verlossen zal hij in vrede ziel mijn van zij die aanvallen mij, want onder velen hij was met mij.
662:
646:
642:
487:
114:
6425:
2665:, 'I am'). They, however, merged consistently when they were later lengthened in open syllables.
5344:
6475:
6274:
6190:
6183:
6138:
6082:
5842:
5832:
5815:
5810:
5714:
5597:
5476:
5276:
5237:
5217:
5055:
4947:
4929:
4781:
4305:
4278:
4238:
4213:
4158:
3218:
2087:
1990:
1950:
1916:
1906:
1842:
1758:
1413:
1321:
1175:
1128:
1086:(English: "Old Netherlandic" or "Old Dutch") in a geographic sense. The oldest known example,
971:
He will deliver my soul in peace from those who attack me, for, amongst many, he was with me.
658:
436:
424:
331:
323:
161:
942:
Erlosen sal hi in vrede siele mine van dien die genaken mi, want onder menegen hi was met mi.
932:
Irlōsin sal an frithe sēla mīna fan thēn thia ginācont mi, wanda under managon he was mit mi.
6430:
6221:
6155:
6111:
6106:
6055:
6047:
5852:
5820:
5767:
5756:
5669:
5541:
5536:
5378:
5317:
5107:
5089:
4924:
4685:
4677:
2244:
2147:
1896:
1891:
1366:
Irlôsin sol an frithe sêla mîna fan thên thia ginâcont mi, wanda under managon he was mit mi
427:
for the early West Germanic texts that he could not readily classify as belonging to either
1510:
in the Latin version). However, it has been postulated that the text could equally well be
471:
tribal lines, typical of 19th and early 20th century Germanic linguistics, remains common.
6460:
6253:
6160:
6143:
6128:
6123:
6116:
5825:
5734:
5719:
5674:
5526:
5489:
5481:
5460:
5447:
5427:
5413:
5176:
5153:
5084:
5074:
5066:
4846:
3952:
De term Oudnederlands (vanuit een ander perspectief ook wel Oudnederfrankisch genoemd) ...
3924:
De vele gezichten van het Nederlands in Vlaanderen. Een inleiding tot de variatietaalkunde
3206:
3202:
2909:
2790:
century, the practices were abandoned, and unstressed vowels were consistently written as
2604:
2273:
1923:
1911:
1580:
1481:
1457:
1417:
1394:
1061:
1032:
754:
681:
534:
432:
101:
31:
6420:
4570:
Van den Toorn, M. C.; Pijnenburg, W. J. J.; Van Leuvensteijn, J. A.; et al. (1997).
2920:
in Old Dutch. They had likely merged with each other already during the Old Dutch period.
1480:, which is absent in both Old English and Frisian, identifies the language as Old Dutch (
1162:
The Elder Futhark runes from the 5th-century Bergakker inscription, found in Netherlands.
1056:
Old Dutch texts are extremely rare and much more limited than for related languages like
2235:. It might have also been used in other environments, as it is the case in Modern Dutch.
522:
The approximate extent of continental West Germanic languages in the early 10th century:
6541:
6435:
6415:
6367:
6259:
6133:
5803:
5570:
5509:
5288:
5245:
5202:
5119:
5114:
5003:
4953:
4804:
4755:
4710:
4703:
3881:
2711:
2643:
was lowered to by the end of the Old Dutch period and is no longer distinguished from
1381:
1317:
1309:
1132:
1123:. The word exclusively referred to the region and ground type that is now known as the
654:
594:
577:
dialects were spoken in the whole of the coastal parts of the Netherlands and Belgium.
566:
468:
444:
416:
299:
175:
4464:
Schönfeld, M. (1933). "Een Oudnederlandsche zin uit de elfde eeuw (met reproduktie)".
245:
239:
6563:
6506:
6491:
6333:
6089:
6040:
5857:
5796:
5709:
5655:
5614:
5552:
5499:
5383:
5310:
4740:
3210:
2284:
2031:
1956:
1258:
1072:
spoken at that time were not standardised and were much more similar to one another.
1037:
1020:
613:
560: Line marking the boundaries of the continental West Germanic dialect continuum
366:
338:
327:
216:
182:
80:
30:
This article is about the medieval language. For the food manufacturing company, see
2963:"they thought" (long vowel). Later on, the long vowels were sometimes marked with a
6360:
5784:
5748:
5681:
5504:
5327:
5300:
5283:
5227:
5186:
4768:
4747:
3876:
3249:
ending entered Hollandic dialects and became part of the modern standard language.
2412:
1555:
1465:
1425:
1341:
1029:
916:
of the original that there is little information that can be garnered on Old Dutch
743:
650:
464:
440:
354:
186:
91:
6007:
2573:
differed by area. In most areas, it was probably realised phonetically as central
17:
4207:
3926:, edited by Gert De Sutter, Acco, Leuven / Den Haag, 2017, p. 60-79, here p. 61 (
2411:, it would seem that the language already had inherited this characteristic from
1506:
was frequently dropped or, in the written language, added before vowels (compare
6267:
6177:
6150:
6022:
5968:
5876:
5558:
5519:
5102:
4797:
4761:
4696:
3214:
2805:
2769:
2636:
2479:
2458:
2448:
2443:
2431:
1865:
1766:
1511:
1057:
696:
692:
578:
543:
491:
370:
357:
around the 12th century. The inhabitants of northern Dutch provinces, including
350:
342:
4547:
Gysseling, M. (1970). "Prae-Nederlands, Oudnederlands, Vroegmiddelnederlands".
4489:
Vlaams, of zit de Nederlandse filologie met een koekoeksei in (haar) nest(en)?"
4336:
3201:
Old Dutch may have preserved at least four of the six cases of Proto-Germanic:
2706:
probably had a rounded allophone before velarised . It eventually merged with
633:
Old Dutch is divided into Old West Low Franconian and Old East Low Franconian (
486:
in Eastern Frankish, the assimilation of an unattested coastal dialect showing
6017:
5997:
5362:
5032:
4733:
2881:
occurred systematically only in the southeastern dialects, having merged with
2810:
2676:
is unknown. They may have been front , central , back or mixed (for example,
2543:
2463:
2436:
2298:
1762:
1469:
1222:
1192:
1158:
1124:
913:
634:
609:
507:
428:
378:
374:
2647:(likely ) in writing. In western dialects, the two phonemes eventually merge.
1131:), it cannot be considered part of the vocabulary of Old Dutch but rather of
459:. With the exception of Dutch, modern linguistic research has challenged the
6203:
6066:
5951:
5514:
5295:
5250:
5048:
4130:
History of research on the 'Frisian question' in Belgium and the Netherlands
4126:
The Dawn of Dutch: Language contact in the Western Low Countries before 1200
2776:, written around 1130, still shows several unstressed vowels distinguished:
2511:
1576:
1449:
Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan hinase hic enda thu, uuat unbidan uue nu.
1265:
are both etymologically and in meaning undoubtedly related to the verb root
1241:
1171:
1007:
991:
700:
586:
552:
415:, derives from the linguistic category first devised by the German linguist
386:
362:
232:
200:
61:
6027:
2931:
in most cases (after having passed through an intermediate stage such as ).
1337:
711:
as its plural a-stem noun ending, while Old Saxon and Old English employed
4393:
1208:
254:
207:
5992:
5340:
4581:
Der Leidener Willeram. Untersuchungen zu Handschrift, Text und Sprachform
2024:
1345:
1190:. They attribute that word to the ancestor of the modern Dutch verb root
1003:
898:
649:. While both forms of Low Franconian were instrumental to the framing of
285:
273:
69:
3022:(which was rarely used in Latin) was starting to replace this spelling:
3014:, the earlier texts (especially names in Latin deeds and charters) used
1583:, sharing some innovations with the latter, and others with the former.
1197:
1089:
1064:. Most of the earliest texts written in the Netherlands were written in
905:; it shows the evolution of Dutch, from the original Old Dutch, written
6033:
5629:
5531:
1757:. This later spread to the other Germanic dialects (as well as several
1461:
1102:
1012:
999:
920:. In Modern Dutch, recasting is necessary to form a coherent sentence.
673:
590:
382:
346:
281:
65:
57:
3927:
620:. Linguists typically date this transition to around the 5th century.
5336:
4602:
3165:
was normally used to represent . It evolved into the separate letter
1325:
1046:
917:
598:
4263:(Auteurs: Nicoline van der Sijs en Tanneke Schoonheim | 6 juni 2007)
1747:
Characteristics not shared with either Old Saxon or Old High German
581:
was one of these dialects, and elements of it survived through the
5254:
4429:
With reference to Gysseling 1980; Quak 1981; De Grauwe 1979, 1982.
4212:. Vol. 56. Amsterdam – New York, NY: Rodopi. pp. 23–26.
4101:
The Germanic Languages: Origins and Early Dialectal Interrelations
3408:
During the Old Dutch period, the distinction between the feminine
2761:
1618:. There are, however, several examples that show that a diphthong
1559:
1377:
1329:
1313:
1157:
1065:
910:
766:
602:
565:
Before the advent of Old Dutch or any of the Germanic languages,
4128:, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017, p. 32 (in chapter 5:
3909:, 2nd ed., Acco, Leuven (België), 2005 (1st ed. 2003), p. 47-50.
1333:
1246:
723:
6296:
5910:
4654:
4606:
4594:
2321:
sound change was taking place during the 10th and 11th century.
4031:
4029:
4027:
2897:
had been affected by umlaut (which prevented it from becoming
409:
is occasionally used in addition to the aforementioned terms.
4057:. London: Swan Sonnenschein, Le Bas & Lowrey. p. 68.
2316:
In the course of the Old Dutch period the voiceless spirants
2710:
in this position, as in Low Saxon, but in Dutch, the velar
1312:
that was found in a monastery library in the German city of
753:
The most notable difference between Old and Middle Dutch is
4002:
De Vries, Jan W.; Willemyns, Roland; Burger, Peter (2003).
2979:(both from charters written in 941 and 797 respectively).
1087:
284:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3170:
494:, or a combination of both. Some linguists use the terms
443:. He subsequently further divided this new grouping into
728:
to refer to "the two of us". Old Dutch would have used
4006:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: Prometheus. pp. 12, 21–27.
3095:
is used for both the vowels and and the consonant :
1273:
is particularly recognisable in the verb's past tense
4542:(in Dutch). Vol. 1. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
3179:
rarely appears, and when it does, it is pronounced :
750:
whose language is patently different from Old Dutch.
653:, Old East Low Franconian did not contribute much to
490:-features by West Frankish during the closing of the
4072:. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge / New York:
3045:
in Old Dutch. In the Latin orthography of the time,
6484:
6408:
6377:
6309:
6241:
6099:
5980:
5936:
5927:
5747:
5690:
5578:
5569:
5474:
5446:
5405:
5396:
5371:
5353:
5264:
5236:
5210:
5201:
5152:
5065:
5040:
5031:
4970:
4865:
4814:
4789:
4780:
4676:
4667:
4466:
Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsche Taal- en Letterkunde
909:900, to modern Dutch, but so accurately copies the
230:
214:
198:
193:
172:
144:
98:
86:
75:
53:
43:
4574:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
4233:Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A., eds. (1995).
2901:in many Old Dutch dialects, but not in Old Saxon).
4493:Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde
1502:, which points also to West Flemish in which the
259:The areas where the Old Dutch language was spoken
4237:(2nd ed.). New York: Garland. p. 703.
3155:represented the vowels and or the consonant :
3018:. By the later tenth century, the newer letter
1645:(dative of the second-person singular pronoun).
1533:
1447:
1400:
1364:
1292:
1228:
1150:
729:
4538:Gysseling, Maurits; Pijnenburg, Willy (1980).
4053:Strong, Herbert Augustus; Meyer, Kuno (1886).
3983:(in Dutch). Gorredijk: Sterck & De Vreese.
2951:Old Dutch was spelt using the Latin alphabet.
4618:
2195:could have been either dental or alveolar .
8:
4533:(in Dutch). Leuven: Leuven University Press.
4209:Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik
4103:, University of Alabama Press, 1989, p. 2: "
4055:Outlines of a History of the German language
2889:elsewhere. The other dialects retained only
1852:. The Anglo-Frisian languages instead shift
1814:became mute only in later stages of German.)
1734:is lost when following two consonants, with
1629:word-finally in single-syllable words, e.g.
1575:Phonologically, Old Dutch stands in between
1549:
1522:The Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible (12th century)
1424:. The translation was done by a monk of the
1170:, excavated in 1996 in the Dutch village of
349:, part of northern France, and parts of the
322:) is the set of dialects that evolved from
4157:. Oxford University Press USA. p. 33.
4090:, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2017, p. 134-135.
3968:(in Dutch) (2nd ed.). pp. 38, 54.
3131:represented the consonant and later also .
1775:disappears between vowels (shared with the
1650:Characteristics shared with Old High German
1543:
1183:
1081:
624:Relation with other West Germanic languages
316:
304:
6306:
6293:
5933:
5924:
5907:
5575:
5402:
5207:
5037:
4786:
4673:
4664:
4651:
4625:
4611:
4603:
4561:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4423:Van den Toorn, M. C.; et al. (1997).
253:
40:
4021:Webster's New World Dictionary: Old Dutch
3997:
3995:
3662:The weak masculine and neuter declensions
3404:declension & weak feminine declension
1328:which the reader is to forsake: Uuôden ("
3665:
3513:
3418:
3251:
2796:
2422:
2262:, as it is the case in Modern Icelandic.
1882:
1428:, and so the manuscript's other name is
983:
924:
773:
676:. In addition is the subsumption of the
517:
455:based on the absence or presence of the
6575:Languages attested from the 6th century
4529:Quak, A.; Van der Horst, J. M. (2002).
4440:"'Olla Vogala' nog even in woordenboek"
4277:. Oxford University Press. p. 41.
4176:
4174:
4039:published on 19th of October 2009; in:
3898:
2728:merged in unstressed syllables, as did
2254:, but it could have also been alveolar
278:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
34:. For the restaurant in Rotterdam, see
4554:
1353:The Wachtendonck Psalms (10th century)
1115:(acc. sg.), as the name of a village,
688:Old Saxon, Old English and Old Frisian
629:Central Franconian and Old High German
405:. In English linguistic publications,
341:who occupied what is now the southern
3964:Janssens, G.; Marynissen, A. (2005).
2934:There also existed 'long' diphthongs
1949:
1587:Characteristics shared with Old Saxon
1408:This example sentence taken from the
1316:but was written in the Dutch city of
1196:, through the addition of the prefix
1119:, probably reflecting Early Germanic
657:, which is based on the consolidated
7:
4572:Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse taal
4425:Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse taal
3942:Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse taal
2986:is used for when it is followed by
1712:("ring", genitive), Old High German
353:regions of Germany. It evolved into
5187:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
4368:Calendarium van de Nederlandse Taal
4298:Willemyns, Roland (15 March 2013).
4151:Willemyns, Roland (11 April 2013).
3905:Guy Janssens & Ann Marynissen:
2780:Tesi samanunga was edele unde scona
2209:when it occurred before the velars
1281:Utrecht Baptismal Vow (8th century)
1174:and is perhaps better described as
958:Modern Dutch (with new word order)
948:Modern Dutch (with old word order)
6546:Languages between parentheses are
4583:(in German). Munich: Wilhelm Fink.
4551:(in Dutch). Ghent. pp. 78–89.
3169:during the later Middle Ages. See
897:The following is a translation of
25:
4383:"Utrecht zwischen York und Fulda"
4182:"Geschiedenis van het Nederlands"
2784:This community was noble and pure
2154:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2104:
2093:
2077:
2066:
2059:
2039:
2003:
1996:
1978:
1969:
1962:
1935:
1928:
1845:dialects of High German: compare
1716:versus Old Saxon and Old English
1685:in stressed syllables. Old Dutch
742:Old Dutch naturally evolved into
4235:Medieval France: an encyclopedia
4105:The earliest extant material in
3073:represents and its allophone :
3055:represented or its allophone :
2456:
2441:
1094:'mudflat', is already mentioned
605:, who gave rise to Old English.
3979:van der Sijs, Nicoline (2019).
2424:Old Dutch monophthong phonemes
1841:. (A development shared by the
1139:Bergakker inscription (425–450)
1111:(Book 5), in Latinised form as
988:Discoveries of Old Dutch texts.
484:Second Germanic consonant shift
457:Second Germanic consonant shift
439:and assumed to derive from the
419:(1850–1926), who used the term
6550:of the language on their left.
4301:Dutch: Biography of a Language
4275:Dutch: Biography of a Language
4154:Dutch: Biography of a Language
4068:Harbert, Wayne Eugene (2007).
1420:, written by the German abbot
474:Within historical linguistics
461:direct diachronical connection
1:
6580:History of the Dutch language
6441:Germanic substrate hypothesis
4259:"Meer dan hebban olla uogala"
4113:) is from the 9th century ...
4043:(accessed November 21st 2020)
2912:are often found written with
2744:("day", dative singular) and
1884:Old Dutch consonant phonemes
1724:("steed") versus Old English
1152:Haþuþȳwas. Ann kusjam logūns.
1095:
906:
703:share the application of the
6595:Languages of the Netherlands
6471:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
5162:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
4041:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
3966:Het Nederlands vroeger en nu
3907:Het Nederlands vroeger en nu
3183:'you hurt' (past tense, now
3033:It is not exactly clear how
2736:. That led to variants like
2385:("word", nominative) versus
1594:The Old Germanic diphthongs
1257:) was a form of serf in the
705:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
585:, spoken in the province of
6451:High German consonant shift
4446:(in Dutch). 2 November 2004
4392:(in German). Archived from
4304:. Oxford University Press.
3221:, could have also existed.
2768:). A short phrase from the
2396:("way", accusative) versus
1476:of the third-person plural
1239:to the Salic law code (the
840:days (nominative/genitive)
678:High German consonant shift
639:Central Franconian dialects
608:It was largely replaced by
514:Origins and characteristics
6631:
4989:Westlauwers–Terschellings
4642:According to contemporary
4273:Willemyns, Roland (2013).
4074:Cambridge University Press
3981:15 eeuwen Nederlandse taal
3159:'foxes' (genitive plural).
2967:to indicate a long vowel:
2342:was realized as a plosive
2309:probably gave . Geminated
2219:had a velarised allophone
1525:
1439:
1392:
1389:The Leiden Willeram (1100)
1376:are a collection of Latin
1356:
1284:
1220:
1142:
889:written (past participle)
29:
6533:
6305:
6292:
6214:
6168:Southern Schleswig Danish
5923:
5906:
4663:
4650:
4640:
4366:Van der Sijs, N. (2006).
4321:– via Google Books.
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3525:
3518:
3516:
3435:
3432:
3423:
3421:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3263:
3256:
3254:
2893:, in words where earlier
2843:
2559:
2452:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2375:Final-obstruent devoicing
2370:Final-obstruent devoicing
2297:Most consonants could be
2227:between a back vowel and
2146:
2114:
2053:
2029:
2017:
1922:
1888:
1755:Final obstruent devoicing
1528:Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible
1436:Hebban olla vogala (1100)
1184:
1051:Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible
699:and (to a lesser degree)
264:
252:
90:Gradually developed into
48:
6590:Low Franconian languages
6446:West Germanic gemination
6400:Ancient Belgian language
6395:Germanic parent language
6339:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
5461:Austrian Standard German
4510:Wells, David A. (2004).
4004:Het verhaal van een taal
3887:Low Franconian languages
2569:Phonetic realisation of
1571:Early sound developments
1487:uses a different stem).
738:Relation to Middle Dutch
612:dialects, spoken by the
373:, and some in the east (
6585:West Germanic languages
4579:Sanders, Willy (1974).
4531:Inleiding Oudnederlands
4483:De Grauwe, Luc (2004).
3944:(in Dutch). p. 37.
3549:Nominative, Accusative
3441:Nominative, Accusative
3287:Nominative, Accusative
3026:'to turn around' (mod.
2873:The closing diphthongs
2794:from that time onward.
2714:, creating a diphthong.
2700:, as in modern Dutch).
1799:versus Old High German
1787:versus Old High German
1777:Anglo-Frisian languages
1625:Loss of Proto-Germanic
1622:remained in some cases.
1602:become the long vowels
1534:
1448:
1401:
1365:
1306:Old Saxon Baptismal Vow
1293:
1229:
1217:Salic Law (6th century)
1151:
1088:
730:
724:
6507:Preterite-present verb
6390:Proto-Germanic grammar
6344:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
5456:German Standard German
5132:East Frisian Low Saxon
4070:The Germanic Languages
3137:is used to indicate :
3037:was pronounced before
2357:was realized as velar
2201:had a velar allophone
1860:: compare Old English
1825:) becomes a geminated
1817:The sound combination
1673:, from Proto-Germanic
1550:
1544:
1539:
1453:
1406:
1370:
1298:
1234:
1163:
1156:
1082:
1053:
562:
441:language of the Franks
317:
305:
266:This article contains
36:Old Dutch (restaurant)
27:Indo-European language
6512:Grammatischer Wechsel
5495:Namibian Black German
5466:Swiss Standard German
5435:Early New High German
4993:Mainland West Frisian
4854:Harlingerland Frisian
3141:'they thought' (mod.
2959:"day" (short vowel),
2798:Old Dutch diphthongs
2305:gave , and geminated
2301:. Notably, geminated
1829:. Example: Old Dutch
1545:Rijnlandse Rijmbijbel
1531:
1468:dialect, but certain
1445:
1422:Williram of Ebersberg
1398:
1362:
1302:Utrecht Baptismal Vow
1290:
1287:Utrecht Baptismal Vow
1230:Maltho thi afrio lito
1226:
1206:probably survives in
1186:Genootschap Onze Taal
1168:sword sheath mounting
1161:
1148:
1145:Bergakker inscription
987:
571:mutually intelligible
521:
6605:Languages of Germany
6600:Languages of Belgium
6517:Indo-European ablaut
6497:Germanic strong verb
6466:Germanic spirant law
5603:Southeast Limburgish
5099:Gelders-Overijssels
4728:Irish Middle English
4718:Early Modern English
4595:Old Dutch dictionary
4514:. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
4099:Hans Frede Nielsen:
4037:Fränkische Dialekte,
3217:. A fifth case, the
3117:always represents :
1677:) become diphthongs
1551:Rheinische Reimbibel
1514:, more specifically
901::18, taken from the
610:Weser–Rhine Germanic
125:Weser–Rhine Germanic
6615:Languages of France
6485:Synchronic features
6456:Germanic a-mutation
6409:Diachronic features
5759:in the broad sense
5692:East Central German
5646:Lorraine Franconian
5620:Transylvanian Saxon
5580:West Central German
5355:East Low Franconian
5265:West Low Franconian
4333:"Etymologiebank.nl"
3241:is used instead of
2799:
2774:Munsterbilzen Abbey
2635:As in northwestern
2425:
1885:
1633:vs Old High German
1374:Wachtendonck Psalms
1359:Wachtendonck Psalms
1308:, is a 9th-century
1025:Wachtendonck Psalms
903:Wachtendonck Psalms
659:dialects of Holland
478:is synonymous with
365:, and the coast of
152:Proto-Indo-European
94:by mid-12th century
6610:Medieval languages
6502:Germanic weak verb
6311:Language subgroups
5661:Pennsylvania Dutch
5610:Moselle Franconian
5588:Central Franconian
5421:Middle High German
5172:Central Pomeranian
5127:Northern Low Saxon
4840:Wangerooge Frisian
4634:Germanic languages
4186:Taalunieversum.org
4107:Old Low Franconian
3121:'they came' (mod.
2975:and personal name
2797:
2423:
1883:
1837:, Old High German
1657:The West Germanic
1442:Hebban olla vogala
1324:gods of the early
1164:
1070:Germanic languages
1054:
1042:Hebban olla vogala
647:Moselle Franconian
575:North Sea Germanic
563:
496:Old Low Franconian
488:North Sea Germanic
476:Old Low Franconian
413:Old Low Franconian
403:Old Low Franconian
312:Old Low Franconian
49:Old Low Franconian
18:Old Dutch language
6557:
6556:
6542:extinct languages
6529:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6476:Great Vowel Shift
6288:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6237:
6236:
6083:Greenlandic Norse
5902:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5833:Southern Bavarian
5816:Northern Bavarian
5792:Highest Alemannic
5743:
5742:
5477:standard variants
5392:
5391:
5238:Standard variants
5197:
5196:
5056:Middle Low German
5027:
5026:
5023:
5022:
4827:Saterland Frisian
4284:978-0-19-932366-1
4124:Michiel de Vaan:
4086:Alderik H. Blom:
4076:. pp. 15–17.
3848:
3847:
3659:
3658:
3503:
3502:
3397:
3396:
3145:). Occasionally,
2867:
2866:
2563:
2562:
2409:find at Bergakker
2185:were most likely
2177:were most likely
2168:
2167:
1843:Middle Franconian
1833:versus Old Saxon
1807:in modern German
1759:Romance languages
1697:versus Old Saxon
1689:versus Old Saxon
1414:Leiden University
1099: 107–108 AD
1076:Oldest word (108)
975:
974:
893:
892:
593:of the migrating
567:Germanic dialects
425:wastebasket taxon
332:Early Middle Ages
318:Oudnederfrankisch
292:
291:
274:rendering support
270:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
6622:
6334:Elbe (Irminonic)
6307:
6294:
6222:Mainland Gutnish
6112:Swedish dialects
6074:Middle Icelandic
6048:Middle Norwegian
5937:Historical forms
5934:
5925:
5908:
5867:South Franconian
5853:Hutterite German
5821:Central Bavarian
5641:Rhine Franconian
5576:
5406:Historical forms
5403:
5318:Surinamese Dutch
5211:Historical forms
5208:
5041:Historical forms
5038:
4790:Historical forms
4787:
4674:
4665:
4652:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4604:
4599:
4584:
4575:
4566:
4560:
4552:
4543:
4534:
4516:
4515:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4420:
4414:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4398:
4387:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4335:. Archived from
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4178:
4169:
4168:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4133:
4122:
4116:
4097:
4091:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4050:
4044:
4035:Alfred Klepsch:
4033:
4022:
4019:
4013:
4007:
3999:
3990:
3984:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3961:
3955:
3945:
3937:
3931:
3918:Ann Marynissen:
3916:
3910:
3903:
3666:
3514:
3419:
3252:
3245:. Later on, the
2941:
2937:
2930:
2926:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2862:
2856:
2846:
2841:Height-harmonic
2836:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2800:
2767:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:The backness of
2656:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:were originally
2602:
2598:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2555:
2550:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2426:
2364:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2293:
2282:
2268:was most likely
2267:
2261:
2253:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2194:
2184:
2176:
2158:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2108:
2097:
2090:
2081:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2043:
2034:
2027:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1982:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1939:
1932:
1886:
1824:
1813:
1672:
1664:
1553:
1547:
1537:
1451:
1404:
1368:
1296:
1232:
1189:
1188:
1154:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1085:
925:
908:
774:
757:. Back vowels (
733:
727:
583:Frisian language
559:
550:
541:
532:
526:
407:Old Netherlandic
320:
308:
294:In linguistics,
257:
248:
242:
226:
210:
203:
178:
104:
41:
21:
6630:
6629:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6521:
6480:
6461:Germanic umlaut
6426:Holtzmann's law
6404:
6373:
6301:
6280:
6233:
6210:
6144:South Jutlandic
6129:Danish dialects
6095:
5976:
5919:
5890:
5872:East Franconian
5826:Viennese German
5739:
5720:Silesian German
5686:
5675:Central Hessian
5565:
5490:Namibian German
5479:
5470:
5448:Standard German
5442:
5428:New High German
5414:Old High German
5388:
5367:
5349:
5260:
5232:
5193:
5177:East Pomeranian
5167:Brandenburgisch
5154:East Low German
5148:
5075:Dutch Low Saxon
5067:West Low German
5061:
5019:
4985:Schiermonnikoog
4966:
4861:
4847:Wursten Frisian
4810:
4776:
4659:
4646:
4636:
4631:
4597:
4591:
4578:
4569:
4553:
4546:
4537:
4528:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4449:
4447:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4385:
4381:Marco Mostert.
4380:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4342:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4191:
4189:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4123:
4119:
4098:
4094:
4085:
4081:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4034:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3917:
3913:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3873:
3853:
3664:
3589:brukes / brukis
3512:
3406:
3343:buokes / buokis
3231:
3199:
3194:
3067:'way' (dative).
3006:). In front of
3002:'king' (modern
2949:
2910:Old High German
2421:
2400:("way", dative)
2372:
2086:
2054:
2030:
2023:
1989:
1955:
1900:
1878:
1791:, or Old Dutch
1581:Old High German
1573:
1568:
1530:
1524:
1482:Old High German
1444:
1438:
1430:Egmond Willeram
1426:Abbey of Egmond
1418:Song of Solomon
1410:Leiden Willeram
1397:
1395:Leiden Willeram
1391:
1361:
1355:
1289:
1283:
1242:Malberg glosses
1225:
1219:
1147:
1141:
1098:
1078:
1062:Old High German
1044:
1035:
1027:
1018:
1010:
1002:(birthplace of
997:
989:
982:
980:Surviving texts
755:vowel reduction
740:
690:
682:Old High German
631:
626:
561:
557:
555:
548:
546:
539:
537:
535:Old High German
530:
528:
527: Old Dutch
524:
516:
453:High Franconian
395:
314:(Modern Dutch:
272:Without proper
260:
244:
243:
238:
222:
219:
206:
199:
179:
174:
168:
147:
140:
105:
102:Language family
100:
39:
32:Old Dutch Foods
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6628:
6626:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6562:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6544:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6488:
6486:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6412:
6410:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6385:Proto-Germanic
6381:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6364:
6357:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6326:
6321:
6315:
6313:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6260:Crimean Gothic
6249:
6247:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6136:
6134:Insular Danish
6131:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6117:Rinkebysvenska
6114:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6070:
6058:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5965:
5963:Old East Norse
5960:
5958:Old West Norse
5948:
5940:
5938:
5931:
5921:
5920:
5911:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5869:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5838:South Tyrolean
5830:
5829:
5828:
5818:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5780:High Alemannic
5777:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5753:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5648:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5622:
5617:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5584:
5582:
5573:
5571:Central German
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5512:
5510:Barossa German
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5484:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5452:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5424:
5417:
5409:
5407:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5359:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5289:French Flemish
5281:
5280:
5279:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5248:
5242:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5214:
5212:
5205:
5203:Low Franconian
5199:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5071:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5052:
5044:
5042:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5004:Westereendersk
4998:
4987:
4982:
4976:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4950:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4935:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4882:
4871:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4820:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4805:Middle Frisian
4801:
4793:
4791:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4765:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4711:Modern English
4707:
4704:Middle English
4700:
4693:
4682:
4680:
4671:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4648:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4590:
4589:External links
4587:
4586:
4585:
4576:
4567:
4544:
4535:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4502:
4475:
4456:
4431:
4415:
4373:
4358:
4349:
4324:
4310:
4290:
4283:
4265:
4250:
4243:
4225:
4218:
4198:
4170:
4163:
4143:
4134:
4117:
4092:
4079:
4060:
4045:
4023:
4014:
3991:
3971:
3956:
3932:
3911:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3872:
3869:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3821:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3750:
3747:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3721:
3718:
3713:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3574:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3452:ertha / erthon
3450:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3405:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3230:
3223:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3174:
3160:
3150:
3132:
3126:
3112:
3090:
3085:'night' (mod.
3068:
3050:
3031:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2932:
2921:
2902:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2666:
2648:
2633:
2607:allophones of
2594:
2591:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2420:
2417:
2402:
2401:
2390:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2351:
2332:
2322:
2314:
2295:
2263:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2214:
2190:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2037:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1894:
1889:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1815:
1795:, Old English
1783:, Old English
1770:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1729:
1702:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1623:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1526:Main article:
1523:
1520:
1440:Main article:
1437:
1434:
1393:Main article:
1390:
1387:
1382:Justus Lipsius
1357:Main article:
1354:
1351:
1322:Germanic pagan
1285:Main article:
1282:
1279:
1221:Main article:
1218:
1215:
1202:. (An English
1143:Main article:
1140:
1137:
1133:Proto-Germanic
1077:
1074:
981:
978:
977:
976:
973:
972:
969:
965:
964:
959:
955:
954:
949:
945:
944:
939:
935:
934:
929:
895:
894:
891:
890:
887:
878:
865:
864:
861:
852:
842:
841:
838:
830:
814:
813:
810:
798:
785:
784:
781:
778:
739:
736:
689:
686:
655:Standard Dutch
630:
627:
625:
622:
556:
547:
538:
529:
523:
515:
512:
469:Late Classical
417:Wilhelm Braune
394:
391:
326:spoken in the
290:
289:
276:, you may see
262:
261:
258:
250:
249:
236:
228:
227:
220:
215:
212:
211:
204:
196:
195:
194:Language codes
191:
190:
180:
176:Writing system
173:
170:
169:
167:
166:
165:
164:
157:Proto-Germanic
150:
148:
145:
142:
141:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
108:
106:
99:
96:
95:
88:
84:
83:
77:
73:
72:
55:
54:Native to
51:
50:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6627:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6549:
6545:
6543:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6532:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6492:Germanic verb
6490:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6431:Sievers's law
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:Reconstructed
6376:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6191:Middle Danish
6188:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6067:Old Icelandic
6064:
6063:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6041:Old Norwegian
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5909:
5905:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5859:
5858:Gottscheerish
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5797:Walser German
5795:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5763:Low Alemannic
5761:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5725:High Prussian
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5710:Erzgebirgisch
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5668:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5615:Luxembourgish
5613:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5553:Klezmer-loshn
5550:
5548:
5547:Scots Yiddish
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5385:
5384:Meuse-Rhenish
5382:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5311:Kleverlandish
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5272:Central Dutch
5270:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:Stellingwarfs
5078:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5014:
5011:
5005:
5002:
5001:
5000:Wood Frisian
4999:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4867:North Frisian
4864:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:Anglo-Frisian
4666:
4662:
4658:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4616:
4614:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4513:
4506:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4488:
4479:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4457:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4427:. p. 41.
4426:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4399:on 2012-09-20
4395:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4359:
4356:Simek, p.276.
4353:
4350:
4339:on 2017-08-27
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4313:
4311:9780199323661
4307:
4303:
4302:
4294:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4226:
4221:
4219:90-420-1579-9
4215:
4211:
4210:
4202:
4199:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4164:9780199858712
4160:
4156:
4155:
4147:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4005:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3975:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:gifte / gifti
3641:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:bruke / bruki
3625:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:gifte / gifti
3604:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3576:gifte / gifti
3575:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:bruke / bruki
3559:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:buoke / buoki
3379:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:dages / dagis
3326:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:is used for .
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:'year' (mod.
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3077:'wood' (mod.
3076:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2933:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2823: (
2819:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2685:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2649:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2606:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2578:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2352:
2347:
2333:
2323:
2315:
2313:resulted in .
2300:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2180:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:Luxembourgish
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:). Old Dutch
1778:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1538:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:baptismal vow
1307:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1259:feudal system
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1083:Oudnederlands
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1038:West Flanders
1034:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1021:Munsterbilzen
1017:
1016:Baptismal Vow
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
993:
986:
979:
970:
967:
966:
963:
960:
957:
956:
953:
950:
947:
946:
943:
940:
938:Middle Dutch
937:
936:
933:
930:
927:
926:
923:
922:
921:
919:
915:
912:
904:
900:
888:
886:
884:
879:
877:
876:
872:
867:
866:
862:
860:
858:
853:
851:
849:
844:
843:
839:
837:
836:
831:
829:
828:
822:
821:
816:
815:
811:
809:
808:
804:
799:
797:
796:
792:
787:
786:
782:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
748:Dutch writing
745:
737:
735:
732:
726:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
628:
623:
621:
619:
615:
614:Salian Franks
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
554:
545:
536:
520:
513:
511:
509:
503:
501:
500:West Frankish
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
408:
404:
400:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:North Holland
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:Salian Franks
335:
333:
329:
328:Low Countries
325:
321:
319:
313:
309:
307:
306:Oudnederlands
301:
297:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
269:
263:
256:
251:
247:
241:
237:
235:
234:
229:
225:
221:
218:
217:Linguist List
213:
209:
205:
202:
197:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
171:
163:
160:
159:
158:
155:
154:
153:
149:
143:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
120:West Germanic
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:Indo-European
107:
103:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
81:Low Countries
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
6537:
6421:Verner's law
6366:
6361:Gotho-Nordic
6359:
6352:
6273:
6266:
6258:
6252:
6242:
6227:Fårö Gutnish
6189:
6182:
6088:
6081:
6072:
6065:
6046:
6039:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5883:
5785:Swiss German
5749:Upper German
5682:Amana German
5656:Volga German
5625:Hunsrückisch
5551:
5505:Unserdeutsch
5500:Berlinerisch
5433:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5372:Cover groups
5328:Mohawk Dutch
5323:Jersey Dutch
5301:East Flemish
5284:West Flemish
5228:Middle Dutch
5222:
5182:Low Prussian
5054:
5047:
5013:Terschelling
4997:Clay Frisian
4972:West Frisian
4960:Wiedingharde
4952:
4940:
4900:Heligolandic
4877:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4833:
4816:East Frisian
4803:
4796:
4769:Middle Scots
4767:
4760:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4727:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4580:
4571:
4548:
4539:
4530:
4523:Bibliography
4511:
4505:
4496:
4495:(in Dutch).
4492:
4486:
4478:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4448:. Retrieved
4444:Standaard.be
4443:
4434:
4424:
4418:
4409:
4401:. Retrieved
4394:the original
4389:
4376:
4367:
4361:
4352:
4341:. Retrieved
4337:the original
4327:
4315:. Retrieved
4300:
4293:
4274:
4268:
4253:
4234:
4228:
4208:
4201:
4190:. Retrieved
4185:
4153:
4146:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4087:
4082:
4069:
4063:
4054:
4048:
4036:
4017:
4009:
4003:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3965:
3959:
3951:
3941:
3935:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3906:
3901:
3877:Middle Dutch
3864:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3781:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3707:
3679:
3672:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3629:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3527:
3520:
3507:
3497:
3489:
3476:
3468:
3455:
3447:
3425:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3265:
3258:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3219:instrumental
3200:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3059:'to bring',
3056:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2868:
2827:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2662:
2658:
2629:
2625:
2564:
2413:Old Frankish
2406:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2353:Postvocalic
2169:
2055:non-sibilant
1879:
1868:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1693:, Old Dutch
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:. Examples:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1574:
1556:Werden Abbey
1540:
1532:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1466:West Flemish
1454:
1446:
1429:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1342:Rudolf Simek
1305:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1207:
1198:
1191:
1179:
1165:
1149:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1079:
1055:
961:
951:
941:
931:
896:
882:
880:
874:
870:
868:
856:
854:
847:
845:
834:
832:
826:
824:
819:
817:
812:bird (fowl)
806:
802:
800:
794:
790:
788:
780:Middle Dutch
762:
758:
752:
744:Middle Dutch
741:
721:
716:
712:
708:
691:
667:
651:Middle Dutch
632:
607:
564:
504:
499:
495:
479:
475:
473:
465:Old Frankish
420:
412:
411:
406:
402:
398:
396:
355:Middle Dutch
336:
315:
311:
303:
300:Modern Dutch
295:
293:
265:
231:
129:
92:Middle Dutch
6436:Kluge's law
6416:Grimm's law
6199:Dalecarlian
6178:Perkerdansk
6151:East Danish
5969:Old Gutnish
5945:Proto-Norse
5885:Langobardic
5877:Vogtlandian
5705:Upper Saxon
5559:Lachoudisch
5520:Lotegorisch
5398:High German
5144:Westphalian
5139:Eastphalian
5103:Achterhooks
4980:Hindeloopen
4915:Bökingharde
4884:Föhr–Amrum
4798:Old Frisian
4762:Early Scots
4697:Old English
4487:olla vogala
4370:(in Dutch).
4261:(in Dutch).
3738:Accusative
3701:Nominative
3671:Masculine:
3519:Masculine:
3412:-stems and
3364:dage / dagi
3257:Masculine:
2947:Orthography
2770:gospel book
2637:High German
2272:, either a
2243:was likely
2193:/n,t,d,s,l/
2187:labiodental
2116:Approximant
1866:Old Frisian
1767:Old Occitan
1516:Old Kentish
1512:Old English
1209:to own (up)
1058:Old English
995:inscription
697:Old Frisian
693:Old English
670:Merovingian
668:During the
579:Old Frisian
544:Old Frisian
492:9th century
401:as well as
393:Terminology
371:Old Frisian
351:Lower Rhine
345:, northern
343:Netherlands
330:during the
280:instead of
146:Early forms
6564:Categories
6268:Burgundian
6184:Old Danish
6173:Gøtudanskt
6156:Bornholmsk
6018:Vestlandsk
5998:Kebabnorsk
5735:Halcnovian
5700:Thuringian
5363:Limburgish
5333:Stadsfries
5306:Brabantian
5033:Low German
4879:Eiderstedt
4734:Fingallian
4598:(in Dutch)
4450:2017-08-26
4403:2017-02-01
4343:2017-02-01
4244:0824044444
4192:2017-08-27
4188:(in Dutch)
4008:Page 27: "
3985:Page 55: "
3893:References
3526:Feminine:
3510:declension
3424:Feminine:
3229:declension
3207:accusative
3203:nominative
3099:'I' (mod.
3063:'to say',
2923:Similarly
2692:was front
2389:(genitive)
1876:Consonants
1763:Old French
1728:("horse").
1548:; German:
1470:Ingvaeonic
1340:. Scholar
1253:(English:
1223:Lex Salica
1125:Wadden Sea
928:Old Dutch
914:word order
684:dialects.
635:Limburgian
508:Limburgish
421:Franconian
379:Overijssel
375:Achterhoek
6570:Old Dutch
6548:varieties
6540:indicate
6354:Northwest
6299:Philology
6204:Elfdalian
6139:Jutlandic
6061:Icelandic
6036:(written)
6030:(written)
6008:Trøndersk
5988:Norwegian
5952:Old Norse
5773:Coloniero
5757:Alemannic
5730:Wymysorys
5598:Colognian
5593:Ripuarian
5515:Rotwelsch
5345:Midslands
5296:Zeelandic
5277:Hollandic
5251:Afrikaans
5223:Old Dutch
5049:Old Saxon
4948:Karrharde
4930:Goesharde
4911:Mainland
4644:philology
4557:cite book
4317:26 August
4111:Old Dutch
3775:Genitive
3693:Singular
3687:Singular
3593:-es / -is
3586:Genitive
3541:Singular
3535:Singular
3523:(breach)
3462:Genitive
3433:Singular
3347:-es / -is
3331:-es / -is
3324:Genitive
3279:Singular
3273:Singular
3181:quezzodos
3171:W#History
2977:Oodhelmus
2712:vocalised
2680:was back
2581:or front
2444:unrounded
2299:geminated
2032:voiceless
2019:Fricative
1957:voiceless
1812:/ˈzeː.ən/
1738:becoming
1577:Old Saxon
1566:Phonology
1497:prothetic
1458:Rochester
1255:half-free
1172:Bergakker
1108:Histories
1008:Salic law
992:Bergakker
863:to break
777:Old Dutch
701:Old Saxon
643:Ripuarian
618:substrate
587:Friesland
553:Old Saxon
480:Old Dutch
433:Alemannic
399:Old Dutch
387:Old Saxon
363:Friesland
359:Groningen
296:Old Dutch
233:Glottolog
201:ISO 639-3
130:Old Dutch
62:Austrasia
44:Old Dutch
6275:Vandalic
6218:Gutnish
6023:Vikværsk
6003:Sognamål
5993:Bergensk
5843:Cimbrian
5811:Bavarian
5768:Alsatian
5715:Lusatian
5651:Palatine
5341:Amelands
5218:Frankish
5108:Sallaans
5090:Gronings
4941:Southern
4934:Northern
4925:Halligen
4874:Insular
4691:dialects
4499:: 44–56.
3948:dbnl.org
3871:See also
3682:(heart)
3678:Neuter:
3456:-a / -on
3428:(earth)
3264:Neuter:
3211:genitive
2973:Heembeke
2916:or even
2851:Closing
2817:Opening
2688:whereas
2453:rounded
2270:alveolar
2181:whereas
2179:bilabial
2025:sibilant
1902:Alveolar
1793:(ge)sian
1761:such as
1641:< PG
1489:Hagunnan
1176:Frankish
1129:Frankish
1033:Willeram
1004:Clovis I
968:English
899:Psalm 55
881:ghescrev
783:English
641:such as
437:Bavarian
385:) spoke
369:, spoke
324:Frankish
286:Help:IPA
246:oldd1238
240:oldd1237
162:Frankish
115:Germanic
70:Flanders
6538:Italics
6161:Scanian
6107:Swedish
6056:Faroese
6034:Nynorsk
6013:Valdris
5848:Mòcheno
5804:Swabian
5670:Hessian
5630:Hunsrik
5542:Western
5537:Eastern
5532:Yiddish
5482:creoles
5379:Bergish
5095:Drèents
5085:Tweants
4937:Central
4919:Mooring
4782:Frisian
4741:Kildare
4686:English
3812:Dative
3802:hertono
3786:balkono
3696:Plural
3690:Plural
3675:(beam)
3646:-e / -i
3630:-e / -i
3623:Dative
3609:-e / -i
3580:-e / -i
3564:-e / -i
3544:Plural
3538:Plural
3530:(gift)
3483:Dative
3473:erthono
3436:Plural
3384:-e / -i
3368:-e / -i
3361:Dative
3298:daga(s)
3282:Plural
3276:Plural
3268:(book)
3192:Grammar
3185:kwetste
3143:dachten
3139:thāhton
3061:segghan
3057:brengan
2961:thahton
2869:Notes:
2615:before
2565:Notes:
2449:rounded
2392:> :
2381:> :
2318:/f,θ,s/
2175:/m,p,b/
2170:Notes:
1951:Plosive
1917:Glottal
1907:Palatal
1803:. (The
1558:, near
1495:have a
1462:England
1349:alike.
1346:Vatican
1334:Thunaer
1318:Utrecht
1237:Glosses
1204:cognate
1103:Tacitus
1013:Utrecht
1000:Doornik
869:gescriv
674:warfare
663:Brabant
591:England
383:Drenthe
347:Belgium
282:Unicode
189:(later)
66:Zeeland
58:Holland
6254:Gothic
6124:Danish
6028:Bokmål
5527:Yenish
5337:Bildts
5120:Veluws
5115:Urkers
4954:Strand
4678:Anglic
4485:"Zijn
4472:: 1–8.
4308:
4281:
4241:
4216:
4161:
3928:online
3922:, in:
3839:herton
3831:hertin
3823:balkon
3815:balkin
3794:hertin
3778:balkin
3765:herton
3749:balkon
3741:balkon
3728:herton
3712:balkon
3650:giftin
3634:brukin
3494:erthon
3465:erthon
3388:buokon
3261:(day)
3239:nestas
3215:dative
3123:kwamen
3119:quāmon
3004:koning
3000:cuning
2965:macron
2750:tungun
2746:tungon
2605:umlaut
2590:Dutch.
2471:short
2468:short
2419:Vowels
2387:wordes
2334:After
2245:dental
2148:Rhotic
2088:voiced
1991:voiced
1897:Dental
1892:Labial
1710:ringis
1665:) and
1485:habent
1478:hebban
1378:psalms
1338:Saxnōt
1326:Saxons
1275:lieten
1047:Werden
1030:Egmond
918:syntax
599:Saxons
595:Angles
573:. The
558:
551:
549:
542:
540:
533:
531:
525:
449:Middle
381:, and
76:Region
6368:South
6319:North
5929:North
5913:North
5255:Kaaps
5246:Dutch
4893:Amrum
4834:Weser
4756:Scots
4397:(PDF)
4386:(PDF)
3882:Dutch
3851:Verbs
3757:herta
3720:herta
3704:balko
3680:herta
3673:balko
3613:gifto
3597:bruko
3486:ertho
3444:ertha
3426:ertha
3372:dagon
3351:buoko
3302:-a(s)
3243:nesta
3197:Nouns
3157:uusso
3087:nacht
3075:holto
3028:keren
3024:kēron
2940:/eːu/
2936:/aːu/
2806:Front
2762:schwa
2698:]
2694:[
2686:]
2682:[
2661:>
2587:]
2583:[
2579:]
2575:[
2480:Close
2474:long
2459:short
2432:Front
2363:]
2359:[
2348:]
2344:[
2292:]
2288:[
2283:or a
2281:]
2277:[
2274:trill
2260:]
2256:[
2252:]
2248:[
2225:]
2221:[
2211:/k,ɣ/
2207:]
2203:[
2183:/f,v/
1924:Nasal
1912:Velar
1850:Fuuss
1831:vusso
1809:sehen
1801:sehan
1789:dîhan
1781:thion
1720:, or
1718:hring
1687:fluot
1560:Essen
1508:abent
1493:hi(c)
1330:Woden
1314:Mainz
1304:, or
1121:*wada
1113:vadam
1066:Latin
911:Latin
767:schwa
603:Jutes
569:were
429:Saxon
423:as a
310:) or
187:Latin
183:Runes
6329:West
6324:East
6244:East
6100:East
6090:Norn
5981:West
5917:East
5915:and
5480:and
5475:Non-
4905:Sylt
4888:Föhr
4823:Ems
4748:Yola
4657:West
4563:link
4319:2017
4306:ISBN
4279:ISBN
4239:ISBN
4214:ISBN
4159:ISBN
4109:(or
3950:): "
3865:-unt
3863:and
3806:-ono
3790:-ono
3568:gift
3552:bruk
3528:gift
3521:bruk
3506:The
3477:-ono
3400:The
3335:dago
3314:buok
3306:buok
3266:buok
3233:The
3225:The
3213:and
3109:jaar
3083:naht
3079:hout
3065:wege
2938:and
2929:/uː/
2925:/iu/
2899:/eː/
2895:/ai/
2891:/ei/
2887:/oː/
2885:and
2883:/eː/
2879:/ou/
2877:and
2875:/ei/
2811:Back
2756:and
2748:and
2742:dage
2740:and
2738:dagi
2732:and
2724:and
2690:/aː/
2674:/aː/
2672:and
2653:and
2628:and
2611:and
2599:and
2571:/uː/
2544:Open
2464:long
2437:Back
2398:wege
2383:wort
1869:foks
1839:fuhs
1835:fohs
1823:/xs/
1797:sēon
1785:þēon
1765:and
1736:-jan
1726:hros
1714:ring
1704:The
1695:hier
1691:flōd
1681:and
1671:/eː/
1663:/oː/
1643:*þiz
1635:thir
1616:slōt
1606:and
1598:and
1579:and
1491:and
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