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overwhelmed with litigation on the part of would-be heirs. J. S. Duss won the lawsuits and paid the society's indebtedness. The great strain which he had undergone undermining his health, he was forced to resign his trusteeship in 1903. There being but few members left, the remaining land and assets were sold under the leadership of Duss's wife, and the society was formally dissolved in 1906.
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822:. The Harmony Society built three American towns, became rich, famous, and survived for 100 years – roughly from 1805 until 1905. By 1798, Rapp and his group of followers had already begun to distance themselves from mainstream society. In the Lomersheimer Declaration, written in 1798, Rapp's followers refused to serve in the military or attend
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schools. In 1803, when the government began to persecute Rapp's followers, he decided to move the entire group to the United States. The initial move scattered the followers and reduced Rapp's original group of 12,000 to many fewer persons. In 1804, Rapp was able to secure a large tract of land in
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The high-water mark of the society's prosperity was at the close of the administration of R. L. Baker in 1868; its wealth at that time being probably $ 2,000,000. By 1890, however, it was hopelessly in debt, on the verge of bankruptcy, with a depleted membership of aged people. The society was
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prevented new members from within, and the majority of the outside world had no desire to give up so much to live in a commune. The society was formally dissolved in 1906. Today, many of their remaining buildings are preserved and open to visitors. The entire village was designated as a
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could not agree; a separation and apportionment of the property were therefore effected. This secession of one-third of the society, consisting mostly of the young men and women who did not want to maintain the custom of
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The settlements were economically successful, producing many goods in a clothing factory, a sawmill, a tannery, and from their vineyards and distillery. Society members also produced high quality silk for garments.
634:, the society faced pressure to dissolve. At this time, the community was not neglectful of matters pertaining to art and culture. Frederick Rapp purchased and installed a museum, containing fine paintings and many
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691:, established the Economy Savings Institution and the Economy Brick Works, and operated the Economy Oil Company, Economy Planing Mill, Economy Lumber Company, and eventually donated some land in
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871:. George Rapp lived out his remaining days in the town of Economy, Pennsylvania, until August 7, 1847, when he died at the age of 89. The commune ultimately failed because the policy of
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acquired 6 acres (0.024 km) and 17 buildings of Old
Economy, which became the present-day historic site. Other parts of the society's land were acquired by the
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It also resulted in a considerable fracturing of the community. Nevertheless, the society remained prosperous in business investments for many more years to come.
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was created and its members contracted to hold all property in common, to submit to spiritual and material leadership by Rapp and associates, and adopted the
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790:, among others. In the 1780s, George Rapp began preaching and soon started to gather a group of his own followers. His group officially split with the
579:(1775–1834), and lasted for 100 years – roughly from 1805 until 1905. Members of the society were sometimes called Harmonists, Harmonites, or Rappites.
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The
Harmonites were industrious and utilized the latest technologies of the day in their factories. In Economy, the group aided the construction of the
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in 1785 and was promptly banned from meeting. The persecution that Rapp and his followers experienced caused them to leave
Germany and come to the
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642:, a floral park, and a maze, or labyrinth; the society also had a good orchestra, were fond of music, and gave much attention to its cultivation.
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564:. On February 15, 1805, society leaders, together with about 400 followers, formally organized the Harmony Society, placing all of their
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where their new town was also known as
Harmony. Ten years after the move to Indiana the commune moved again, this time it returned to
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810:. Rapp's religious beliefs and philosophy were the cement that held his community together both in Germany and in America – a
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759:(November 1, 1757 – August 7, 1847) was the founder of the religious sect called Harmonists, Harmonites, Rappites, or the
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The
Harmony Society is best known for its worldly successes, eventually building three successive communities, first at
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726:- incorporated in 1905 and named after AMerican BRIDGE . Today, much of Ambridge outside of Old Economy Village is a
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John M. Tate, Jr. Collection of Notes, Pictures and
Documents relating to the Harmony Society, 1806-1930, DAR.1946.02
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In 1832, the society suffered a serious division. Of 750 members, 250 became alienated through the influence of
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After
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for 10 times the amount originally paid for the land, and the entire commune moved out west to
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and the people in the group kept getting older, more work gradually had to be hired out.
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between 1803 and 1804, initially purchasing 3,000 acres (12 km) of land in
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Economy Tailor Shop & Wine Cellar, Church Street, Ambridge, Beaver County, PA
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The
Harmony Society at Economy, Pennsylvania, Founded by George Rapp, A.D. 1805
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Historic districts on the
National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
1128:, Darlington Library, Special Collections Department, University of Pittsburgh
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and named their town 'Ökonomie', Economy. The
Indiana settlement was sold to
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Old Economy Village roughly bounded by PA 65, 12th, Merchant, and 16th Sts.,
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Beaver County, Pennsylvania
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Interior of the Feast Hall, which was used for communal celebrations.
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National Register of Historic Places in Beaver County, Pennsylvania
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Communal Utopias and the American Experience: Religious Communities
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named their last town Economy, after the spiritual notion of the
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Economy Meetinghouse, Church Street, Ambridge, Beaver County, PA
662:, reportedly broke Frederick's heart. He died within two years.
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The village is the last of three settlements established by the
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1019:"Harmony in the Wilderness: A Walk Through Old Economy Village"
653:), had come to Economy to affiliate with the society. Rapp and
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Economy Feast Hall, Church Street, Ambridge, Beaver County, PA
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Old Economy Village : Pennsylvania trail of history guide
999:"Old Economy Historical Site, USGS Ambridge (PA) Topo Map"
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in the United States (another in Pennsylvania and one in
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in the Harmony Society gardens in Old Economy Village.
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Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Passenger Station, Aliquippa
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The Rapp house in Old Economy Village, Pennsylvania.
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List of National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
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1624:Historic American Buildings Survey in Pennsylvania
802:, and a number of his beliefs were shared by the
1021:. Pennsylvania Heritage Magazine. Archived from
851:lifestyle. In 1814, the first town was sold to
548:, in 1785. Due to religious persecution by the
1392:Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey
1099:Economy Town Plan, Ambridge, Beaver County, PA
988:Account of the Harmony Society and its beliefs
778:, Rapp became inspired by the philosophies of
730:(the Economy Historic District) listed on the
590:(1814–1824), finally settling in Economy (now
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1163:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
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493:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
475:is an historic settlement that is located in
316:Harmony Society church in Old Economy Village
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1634:Intentional communities in the United States
1599:National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
510:). Founded in 1824, it was designated as a
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950:National Historic Landmark summary listing
752:Johann Georg Rapp (George Rapp) 1757–1847.
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514:in 1966 under the name of "Old Economy."
290:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
37:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
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499:and is surrounded by downtown Ambridge.
46:U.S. National Historic Landmark District
1579:German-American culture in Pennsylvania
1277:Pennsylvania Anthracite Heritage Museum
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1584:Museums in Beaver County, Pennsylvania
922:"National Register Information System"
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703:. But since the group chose to adopt
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1609:Populated places established in 1824
1372:National Register of Historic Places
927:National Register of Historic Places
835:. This first commune, 'Harmonie', (
818:, which in America organized as the
732:National Register of Historic Places
56:Pennsylvania state historical marker
1614:Utopian communities in Pennsylvania
1482:Carnegie Free Library, Beaver Falls
878:National Historic Landmark District
571:The society was founded and led by
556:, the Harmony Society moved to the
512:National Historic Landmark District
1095:Historic American Buildings Survey
1075:Daniel B. Reibel, and Art Becker,
14:
1594:Religious museums in Pennsylvania
1321:Washington Crossing Historic Park
689:Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad
598:Old Economy Village, Pennsylvania
575:(1757–1847) and his adopted son,
1589:Open-air museums in Pennsylvania
1405:
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1058:(revised edition, Chicago, 1902)
867:, at which point it was renamed
806:, as well as groups such as the
606:Grotto (far left) and statue of
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1477:Bridge in South Beaver Township
1306:Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania
1070:George Rapp and his Associates
495:, it lies on the banks of the
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1:
1449:Bridgewater Historic District
368:Show map of the United States
126:Show map of the United States
1296:State Museum of Pennsylvania
1287:Pennsylvania Military Museum
1108:", 11 measured drawings
716:Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
638:and antiquities; they had a
271:United States historic place
231:19th Century German-American
18:United States historic place
1507:B.F. Jones Memorial Library
1384:National Historic Landmarks
1376:Beaver County, Pennsylvania
1292:Pennsylvania State Archives
1122:", 9 measured drawings
1115:", 6 measured drawings
1101:", 5 measured drawings
1090:Old Economy Village website
841:Butler County, Pennsylvania
562:Butler County, Pennsylvania
223:and Frederick Reichert Rapp
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1537:Capt. William Vicary House
1416:National Historic Landmark
1316:Somerset Historical Center
1282:Pennsylvania Lumber Museum
1097:(HABS) No. PA-1176, "
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521:
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1492:William B. Dunlap Mansion
1454:Economy Historic District
1403:
1327:
1079:(Mechanicsburg, PA, 2002)
722:to expand the borough of
577:Frederick (Reichert) Rapp
450:NRHP reference
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282:Economy Historic District
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236:NRHP reference
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1444:Beaver Historic District
695:for the construction of
343:Show map of Pennsylvania
228:Architectural style
185:40.5961583°N 80.233000°W
101:Show map of Pennsylvania
1196:Conrad Weiser Homestead
1118:HABS No. PA-613, "
1111:HABS No. PA-627, "
1104:HABS No. PA-612, "
952:. National Park Service
720:American Bridge Company
1574:Ambridge, Pennsylvania
1487:James Beach Clow House
1311:Scranton Iron Furnaces
1257:Joseph Priestley House
1211:Eckley Miners' Village
1201:Daniel Boone Homestead
1181:Brandywine Battlefield
831:and started his first
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680:
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592:Ambridge, Pennsylvania
552:and the government in
491:. Administered by the
383:Ambridge, Pennsylvania
299:U.S. Historic district
190:40.5961583; -80.233000
158:Ambridge, Pennsylvania
1397:Matthew S. Quay House
1191:Cornwall Iron Furnace
1186:Bushy Run Battlefield
932:National Park Service
894:Christian theosophist
798:in 1803. Rapp was a
751:
678:
630:. Accused of being a
605:
584:Harmony, Pennsylvania
429:28 acres (11 ha)
410:40.59611°N 80.23194°W
204:5 acres (2.0 ha)
1262:Landis Valley Museum
1216:Erie Maritime Museum
1072:(Indianapolis, 1914)
1065:(Philadelphia, 1904)
1056:American Communities
1025:on December 14, 2006
970:Robert Paul Sutton,
869:New Harmony, Indiana
784:Philipp Jakob Spener
772:Duchy of Württemberg
701:Western Pennsylvania
588:New Harmony, Indiana
262:Designated NHLD
1522:Merrick Art Gallery
1517:David Littell House
1267:Old Economy Village
1063:The Harmony Society
1017:Jane Ockershuasen.
540:society founded in
534:Christian theosophy
473:Old Economy Village
415:40.59611; -80.23194
406: /
181: /
1527:Merrill Lock No. 6
1502:Greersburg Academy
1497:Fort McIntosh Site
1436:Historic districts
1041:(Pittsburgh, 1876)
788:Emanuel Swedenborg
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681:
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586:(1804–1814), then
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1459:Raccoon Creek RDA
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1206:Drake Well Museum
934:. March 13, 2009.
757:Johann Georg Rapp
728:historic district
573:Johann Georg Rapp
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249:Significant dates
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1234:
1233:French Azilum
1231:
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1199:
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946:"Old Economy"
941:
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929:
928:
923:
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900:
895:
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821:
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796:United States
793:
789:
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781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
750:
745:
737:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
714:In 1916, the
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685:
677:
673:
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629:
626:and down the
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558:United States
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489:United States
486:
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481:Beaver County
478:
474:
465:
463:Added to NRHP
461:
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265:June 23, 1965
264:
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254:Added to NRHP
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173:40°35′46.17″N
166:
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140:Beaver County
138:
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113:
88:
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26:
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1301:Pithole City
1266:
1221:
1076:
1069:
1068:J. S. Duss,
1062:
1055:
1048:
1038:
1029:February 24,
1027:. Retrieved
1023:the original
1006:. Retrieved
982:Bibliography
974:(2003) p. 38
971:
966:
956:February 10,
954:. Retrieved
949:
940:
925:
861:Pennsylvania
829:Pennsylvania
765:
756:
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713:
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693:Beaver Falls
686:
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581:
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485:Pennsylvania
472:
471:
466:May 21, 1985
176:80°13′58.8″W
154:Nearest city
144:Pennsylvania
15:
1512:Legionville
1426:Old Economy
1252:Mather Mill
1243:Graeme Park
865:Robert Owen
804:Anabaptists
780:Jakob Böhme
744:George Rapp
738:George Rapp
670:George Rapp
554:Württemberg
413: /
389:Coordinates
221:George Rapp
188: /
164:Coordinates
29:Old Economy
1568:Categories
1248:Hope Lodge
901:References
890:Zoar, Ohio
853:Mennonites
628:Ohio River
624:Pittsburgh
616:Harmonites
497:Ohio River
401:80°13′55″W
398:40°35′46″N
1548:See also:
1220:Flagship
1003:TopoQuest
880:in 1965.
812:Christian
640:deer park
442:Architect
217:Architect
1418:District
1174:Archives
1045:Nordhoff
1008:June 29,
892:another
884:See also
873:celibacy
849:celibate
824:Lutheran
768:Iptingen
766:Born in
724:Ambridge
705:celibacy
660:celibacy
632:monopoly
608:Harmonia
542:Iptingen
477:Ambridge
457:85001142
378:Location
243:66000644
136:Location
1222:Niagara
1170:Museums
857:Indiana
837:Harmony
833:commune
816:commune
808:Shakers
800:Pietist
776:Germany
546:Germany
538:pietist
508:Indiana
1061:Bole,
786:, and
636:curios
532:was a
434:Built
209:Built
1553:and
1294:and
1250:and
1218:and
1031:2007
1010:2008
958:2008
655:Leon
614:The
536:and
528:The
437:1825
426:Area
212:1824
201:Area
1374:in
1172:and
839:),
594:).
452:No.
238:No.
148:USA
1570::
1047:,
1001:.
948:.
930:.
924:.
909:^
782:,
774:,
770:,
763:.
734:.
568:.
544:,
487:,
483:,
479:,
146:,
142:,
1364:e
1357:t
1350:v
1155:e
1148:t
1141:v
1033:.
1012:.
960:.
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