Old Korean - Knowledge (XXG)

1193: 758: 498: 594: 5083: 4383: 4343: 4303: 486:

Roberts Ramsey argue in 2011 that evidence for mutual intelligibility is insufficient, and that linguists ought to "treat the fragments of the three languages as representing three separate corpora". Earlier in 2000, Ramsey and Iksop Lee note that the three languages are often grouped as Old Korean, but point to "obvious dissimilarities" and identify Sillan as Old Korean "in the truest sense". Nam Pung-hyun and

404: 10707: 1666:, where Chinese characters are borrowed for both their semantic and phonetic values to represent the vernacular language. The earliest texts with Old Korean elements use only Classical Chinese words, reordered to fit Korean syntax, and do not represent native morphemes directly. Eventually, Korean scribes developed four strategies to write their language with Chinese characters: 3112:: level, rising, departing, and entering. The tones of fifteenth-century Sino-Korean partially correspond to Middle Chinese ones. Chinese syllables with level tone have low tone in Middle Korean; those with rising or departing tones, rising tone; and those with entering tone, high tone. These correspondences suggest that Old Korean had some form of 557:

considered Old Korean, is in need of revision." The Russian-American linguist Alexander Vovin also considers twelfth-century data to be examples of "Late Old Korean". On the other hand, linguists such as Lee Seungjae and Hwang Seon-yeop continue to use the older periodization, as do major recent English-language sources such as the 2011

939: 4048:

Silla scribes used the aspirate-initial characters only infrequently. When they did, the aspirates were often replaced with unaspirated equivalents. For instance, the 757 standardization of place names sometimes involved changing aspirated phonograms for unaspirated ones, or vice versa. This suggests

684:

poems to be reliable sources for Old Korean because Iryeon would have learned the Buddhist canon through a "very conservative" dialect and thus fully understood the Silla language. Other scholars, such as Park Yongsik, point to thirteenth-century grammatical elements in the poems while acknowledging

556:

Nam's thesis has been increasingly influential in Korean academia. In a 2012 review, Kim Yupum notes that "recent studies have a tendency to make the thirteenth century the end date ... One thinks that the general periodization of Korean language history, in which prior to the founding of Goryeo is

528:

In 2003, South Korean linguist Nam Pung-hyun proposed that the Old Korean period should be extended into the mid-thirteenth century. Nam's arguments center on Korean-language glosses to the Buddhist canon. He identifies grammatical commonalities between Silla-period texts and glosses from before the

3390:

with bimoraic "rising tone" reflect an originally bisyllabic CVCV form in which the final vowel was reduced, and some linguists propose that Old Korean or its precursor originally had a CV syllable structure like that of Japanese, with all clusters and coda consonants forming due to vowel reduction

444:

Old Korean semantic influence may be present in even the oldest discovered Silla inscription, a Classical Chinese-language stele dated to 441 or 501. Korean syntax and morphemes are visibly attested for the first time in Silla texts of the mid- to late sixth century, and the use of such vernacular

1414:, a seventh-century Chinese history, transcribes seven Silla words: a term for "fortification", two terms for "village", and four clothing-related terms. Three of the clothing words have Middle Korean cognates, but the other four words remain "uninterpretable". The eighth-century Japanese history 765:

Inscriptions of the sixth and seventh centuries show more fully developed strategies of representing Korean with Chinese characters. Some inscriptions represent functional morphemes directly through semantic Chinese equivalents. Others use only Classical Chinese vocabulary, but reorder them fully

485:

Little data on the languages of the other two kingdoms survive, but most linguists agree that both were related to the language of Silla. Opinion differs as to whether to classify the Goguryeo and Baekje languages as Old Korean variants, or as related but independent languages. Lee Ki-Moon and S.

3052:, was used primarily for translation. In its completed form after the Old Korean period, it involved reordering Classical Chinese text into Korean syntax and adding Korean functional morphemes as necessary, with the result that "a highly Sinicized formal form of written Korean" was produced. The 1030:

first deciphered in full by Lee Seungjae in 2017. This slip, which contains a report by a village chieftain to a higher-ranking official, is composed according to Korean syntax and includes four uncontroversial examples of Old Korean functional morphemes (given below in bold), as well as several

3120:

On the other hand, linguists such as Lee Ki-Moon and S. Roberts Ramsey argue that Old Korean originally had a simpler prosody than Middle Korean, and that influence from Chinese tones was among the reasons for Korean tonogenesis. The hypothesis that Old Korean originally lacked phonemic tone is

3076:

were "different in intent" but involved the "same transcription strategies". Suh Jong-hak's 2011 review of the Korean scholarship also suggests that most modern Korean linguists consider the three to involve the "same concepts" and the main differences between them to be purpose rather than any

344:

alone. Old Korean traditionally ends with the fall of Silla in 935. This too has recently been challenged by South Korean linguists who argue for extending the Old Korean period to the mid-thirteenth century, although this new periodization is not yet fully accepted. This article focuses on the

899:

Other sixth-century epigraphs that arrange Chinese vocabulary using Korean syntax and employ Chinese semantic equivalents for certain Korean functional morphemes have been discovered, including stelae bearing royal edicts or celebrating public works and sixth-century rock inscriptions left at

965:

are valuable primary sources because they were largely written by and reflect the concerns of low-ranking officials, unlike other texts that are dominated by the high elite. Since the majority of discovered texts are inventories of products, they also provide otherwise rare information about

5814:

A more literal translation than Nam 2012 of the Korean is "At the edge of the rock where azaleas have bloomed splendidly and mantled with red / makes the hand that was holding let loose the cow / Not being ashamed of me, if indeed it is such / I will pick a flower and present it without

524:

of Korean also shifted from the language of Silla's southeastern heartland to the central dialect of Gaegyeong during this time. Following Lee Ki-Moon's work in the 1970s, the end of Old Korean is traditionally associated with this tenth-century change in the country's political center.

2672:

Partly because of this archaism, some of the most common Old Korean phonograms are only partially connected to the Middle Chinese or Sino-Korean phonetic value of the character. Ki-Moon Lee and S. Robert Ramsey cites six notable examples of these "problematic phonograms", given below.

3116:

consistent with those of Middle Chinese, perhaps a tonal system similar to that of Middle Korean. Phonetic glosses in Silla Buddhist texts show that as early as the eighth century, Sino-Korean involved three tonal categories and failed to distinguish rising and departing tones.

3121:

supported by the fact that most Middle Korean nouns conform to a tonal pattern, the tendency for ancient Korean scribes to transcribe Old Korean proper nouns with Chinese level-tone characters, and the accent marks on Korean proper nouns given by the Japanese history

379:

language, like both Middle and Modern Korean. However, Old Korean is thought to have differed from its descendants in certain typological features, including the existence of clausal nominalization and the ability of inflecting verb roots to appear in isolation.

348:

Old Korean is poorly attested. Due to the paucity and poor quality of sources, modern linguists have "little more than a vague outline" of the characteristics of Old Korean. The only surviving literary works are a little more than a dozen vernacular poems called

4758:

The Old Korean single-digit numerals are given with fifteenth-century and Modern Korean equivalents below. The Modern Korean terms used to refer to the ages of cattle, which Lee Seungjae considers more closely related to Old Korean forms, are also provided.

904:

by royals on tour. Some inscriptions of the Unified Silla period continue to use only words from Classical Chinese, even as they order them according to Korean grammar. However, most inscriptions of the period write Old Korean morphemes more explicitly,

3398:

On the other hand, Middle Korean consonant clusters are believed not to have existed in Old Korean and to have formed after the twelfth century with the loss of intervening vowels. Old Korean thus had a simpler syllable structure than Middle Korean.

1436:, and Chinese and Japanese sources transcribe many proper nouns from Silla, including personal names, place names, and titles. These are often given in two variant forms: one that transcribes the Old Korean phonemes, using Chinese characters as 5165:

blooms. Lady Suro asked if any of her entourage would pick her some of the azaleas, but none were willing. Upon hearing her words, however, an old man who had been leading a cow beside the cliff presented the flowers to her while singing the

490:, on the other hand, classify the languages of all three kingdoms as regional dialects of Old Korean. Other linguists, such as Lee Seungjae, group the languages of Silla and Baekje together as Old Korean while excluding that of Goguryeo. The 5181:

follows the work of Nam 2010, partly translated into English by Nicolas Tranter in Nam 2012b. Nam's decipherment reproduces the grammar of Old Korean, but with Middle Korean values for Old Korean morphemes. Elements in bold are phonograms.

1444:. This is especially true for place names; they were standardized by royal decree in 757, but the sources preserve forms from both before and after this date. By comparing the two, linguists can infer the value of many Old Korean morphemes. 3137:

that allowed clusters of up to three consonants in initial and two consonants in terminal position, as well as vowel triphthongs. But many syllables with complex structures arose from the merger of multiple syllables, as seen below.

367:, used to either gloss the meaning or approximate the sound of the Korean words. Thus, the phonetic value of surviving Old Korean texts is opaque. Its phoneme inventory seems to have included fewer consonants but more vowels than 1688:音假字), where native Korean morphemes, typically grammatical or semi-grammatical elements, are written with Chinese phonological equivalents. A character adapted as a PAP retains only the phonetic value of the original Chinese. 9763:"Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives: An Introduction to the Historical-Comparative Study of the Japanese-Koguryoic Languages with a Preliminary Description of Archaic Northeastern Middle Chinese (review)" 6322:" (The more the study of sources transcribed with Sinographic systems progresses, the stronger the tendency to classify the linguistic phenomena of the Goryeo period within the framework of Old Korean, not Middle Korean.) 729:

Nevertheless, many poems remain poorly understood, and their phonology is particularly unclear. Due to the opaqueness of data, it has been convention since the earliest Japanese researchers for scholars to transcribe their

1695:訓假字), where native Korean morphemes are written with a Chinese character whose Korean semantic equivalent is phonologically similar to the morpheme. A SAP retains neither the semantic nor the phonetic value of the Chinese. 4053:

with unaspirated ones but were not distinct phonemes. On the other hand, Ki-Moon Lee and S. Roberts Ramsey argue that Silla orthography confirms the existence in Old Korean of at least the dental aspirates as phonemes.

984:

in the 1990s, it became possible to read many formerly indecipherable texts, and a comprehensive catalog of hitherto discovered slips was published in 2004. Since its publication, scholars have actively relied on the

10110:——— (October 2013). "Chapter 12: The Mongolian Names for 'Korea' and 'Korean' and Their Significance for the History of the Korean Language". In Sohn, Sung-Ock; Cho, Sungdai; You, Seok-Hoon (eds.). 1681:訓讀字), where native Korean morphemes, including loanwords perceived as native words, are written with Chinese semantic equivalents. A character adapted as a SAL retains only the semantic value of the original Chinese. 638:

appears to have been a flourishing genre in the Silla period, with a royally commissioned anthology published in 888. That anthology is now lost, and only twenty-five works survive. Fourteen are recorded in the

516:, one of the latter, obtained the surrender of the Silla court in 935 and reunited the country the next year. Korea's political and cultural center henceforth became the Goryeo capital of Gaegyeong (modern 6348:

Vovin 2013. "Mongolian names for 'Korea' and 'Korean' and their significance for the history of the Korean language" in "STUDIES IN KOREAN LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE PEDAGOGY Festschrift for Ho-min Sohn".

4211:

poems, however, differentiate affricates and fricatives consistently, while the Chinese distinction between the two is faithfully preserved in Sino-Korean phonology. Koreans thus clearly distinguished

529:

thirteenth century, which contrast with the structures of post-thirteenth century glosses and of fifteenth-century Middle Korean. Such thirteenth-century changes include the invention of dedicated

5562:

took the dissenting view that the language of Silla left no direct descendants. However, in 2003, Vovin refers to the Silla language as "roughly speaking, the ancestor of Middle and Modern Korean.

4243:, whose Old Chinese value was *qrət. Besides this orthographic variation, the distinction between the liquid phonemes is also suggested by the tonal behavior of Middle Korean verb stems ending in 1699:

It is often difficult to discern which of the transcription methods a certain character in a given text is using. For example, Nam 2019 gives the following interpretation of the final line of the

4739:

data, discussed in Lee Seungjae 2017, suggests that multiples of ten may have been referred to with Chinese loanwords but that indigenous terms were used for single-digit numbers. Lee's work on

746:

Silla inscriptions also document Old Korean elements. Idiosyncratic Chinese vocabulary suggestive of vernacular influence is found even in the oldest surviving Silla inscription, a stele in

1179:, and phonograms that would have helped Korean learners read out the Classical Chinese text in their own language. Examples of these three uses of glossing found in a 740 edition of the 5684:

In Baxter-Sagart's reconstruction, brackets refer to uncertain phonetic identity; for instance, coda may actually have been /p/, both of which were reflected in Middle Chinese as /t/.

3407:

The consonant inventory of fifteenth-century Middle Korean is given here to help readers understand the following sections on Old Korean consonants. These are not the consonants of

1674:音讀字), used for all morphemes loaned from Classical Chinese and perceived as such. A character adapted as a DAL retains both the semantic and phonetic values of the original Chinese. 6495:

of the Goryeo period was very conservative, and this was the basis of learning the canons, Iryeon should be seen as having accurately understood the language of the Silla period.)

1611:, elements of Old Korean phonology may be inferred from a comparison of Sino-Korean with Middle Chinese. For instance, Middle Chinese, Middle Korean, and Modern Korean all have a 676:

works and the compilation of the works where they now survive, textual corruption may have occurred. Some poems that Iryeon attributes to the Silla period are now believed to be

3795:

sometimes alternates between nasal-initial and liquid-initial characters in transcribing the same syllable of the same proper noun. This suggests that Old Korean may have had a

4270:. Vovin considers this claim "unacceptable" and "counterintuitive", especially given the reconstructed Old Chinese pronunciations of both characters, and suggests instead that 3068:

refers to the system used to write purely Old Korean texts without a Classical Chinese reference. However, Lee Ki-Moon and S. Robert Ramsey note that in the Old Korean period,

8435: 11161: 4231:

phoneme, which varied between and . Old Korean, however, had two separate liquid phonemes. In Old Korean orthography, this first liquid phoneme was represented by the PAP

3085:

The phonological system of Old Korean cannot be established "with any certainty", and its study relies largely on tracing back elements of Middle Korean (MK) phonology.

11187: 5574:

contends that Goguryeo was related to Japanese but not Korean. Thomas Pellard points to serious methodological flaws in Beckwith's arguments, including idiosyncratic

712:

in 1929. The earliest reconstructions by a Korean scholar were made by Yang Chu-dong in 1942 and corrected many of Ogura's errors, for instance properly identifying

5900:" (Meanwhile, the method of classifying the Three Kingdoms period as the formative period of Korean, the Unified Silla period as the Old Korean period, and the 3101:

language whose orthography distinguished between three tones: high, rising, and low. The rising tone is analyzed as a low tone followed by a high tone within a

1192: 472:

in 668—and to unite the southern two-thirds of the Korean Peninsula under their rule. This political consolidation allowed the language of Silla to become the

10057: 6118:"Other than placenames...... with all of their problems of interpretation, linguistic data on the languages of Koguryŏ and Paekche are vanishingly scarce." 2689: 726:

after the 1990s, such as those of Nam Pung-hyun in the 2010s, draw on new understandings of early Korean grammar provided by newly discovered Goryeo texts.

10230: 3776:

is reflected in Sino-Korean as a null initial, while both Chinese and Korean transcriptions of Old Korean terms systematically avoid characters with onset

3056:

system was created to aid the comprehension of Classical Chinese texts by providing Korean glosses. It is divided into pre-thirteenth century interpretive

649:, along with prose introductions that detail how the poem came to be composed. These introductions date the works to between 600 and 879. The majority of 11134: 10398: 5783:, the standard system of Korean linguistics, but with <o> and <ó> instead of conventional <wo> and <o> for Middle Korean vowels 11156: 10533: 9690: 3818:, which in turn had formed from the loss of intervening vowels. To what extent this process had occurred in the Old Korean period is still debated. 363:, and the transcription of personal and place names in works otherwise in Classical Chinese. All methods of Old Korean writing rely on logographic 11192: 4219:

by the eighth century, and Marc Miyake casts doubt on the notion that Korean ever had a stage where affricates and fricatives were not distinct.

11151: 10297: 10219: 10121: 10100: 10046: 9933: 9914: 9864: 9816: 9797: 9679: 9660: 9641: 9486: 9339: 9290: 9221: 9181: 9158: 9139: 8960: 8791: 8708: 8689: 8587: 8483: 1420:

also preserves a single sentence in the Silla language, apparently some sort of oath, although its meaning can only be guessed from context.

3391:

later on. However, there is strong evidence for the existence of coda consonants in even the earliest attestations of Korean, especially in

5812:

is given as "진달래꽃(또는 철쭉꽃)이 흐드러지게 피어 붉게 뒤덮은 바위 가에 / (부인의 아름다움이 나로 하여금) 잡고 있던 손이 암소를 놓게 하시고 / 나를 안 부끄러워 하시는 것, 바로 그것이라면 / 꽃을 꺾어 반드시 바치겠습니다."

3821:

Middle Chinese had a phonemic distinction between aspirated and unaspirated stops. This is reflected somewhat irregularly in Sino-Korean.

1584:

The modern Korean language has its own pronunciations for Chinese characters, called Sino-Korean. Although some Sino-Korean forms reflect

5170:. Nam Pung-hyun considers the song "of relatively easy interpretation" due to its short length, the context provided, and its consistent 9807:

Ramsey, S. Robert (January 1, 1991). "Proto-Korean and the Origin of Korean Accent". In Boltz, William G.; Shapiro, Michael C. (eds.).

6301:최근의 연구들에서는 13세기를 하한선으로 보려는 경향이 나타난다. 이러한 사실은 고대국어의 연구가 깊이를 더해가고 있음과 더불어 고려 건국 이전까지를 고대국어로 간주해 온 일반화된 국어사의 시대 구분에 대한 수정이 필요함을 생각하게 된다." 5117:, although this claim is controversial and not accepted by modern linguists. Another hypothesis says that Old Korean is related to the 10283:. Histoire Epistémologie Langage 36. Paris: Laboratoire Histoire des Théories Linguistiques (Université Paris Diderot). pp. 1–21. 10940: 9109:[A Study on the Old Sino-Korean – As Seen Through Recently Excavated Tone Mark Data of Unified Silla and Goryeo Dynasty -]. 8443: 482:

in later Korean dialects. Middle Korean, and hence Modern Korean, are thus direct descendants of the Old Korean language of Silla.

4199:

appear interchangeable. This has been interpreted as some stage of Old Korean having lacked the Middle Korean distinction between

549:

functions alone, the erasing of distinctions between nominal and verbal negation, and the loss of the essentiality-marking suffix

11212: 665:

to also represent "Silla poetry", although Nam Pung-hyun insists on significant grammatical differences between the works of the

1502:吉 is a phonogram for the Old Korean morpheme *kil- "long", represented after 757 by the logogram 永 and cognate to Middle Korean 494:

gives Silla as a synonym for Old Korean while acknowledging that the term is "often used to refer to three distinct languages".

8781: 5672: 1165:

Old Korean glosses have been discovered on eighth-century editions of Chinese-language Buddhist works. Similar to the Japanese

11016: 10742: 10728: 10391: 9368: 2696: 336:

The boundaries of Old Korean periodization remain in dispute. Some linguists classify the sparsely attested languages of the

277: 212: 10526: 5794: 5121:, but this claim is generally not accepted, either. A lesser known and obsolete hypothesis proposes a relationship to the 5863:"The Silla language was the direct ancestor of Middle Korean, and for that reason is most properly called 'Old Korean.'" 5786: 4106: 4025:

Based on this variable reflection of Middle Chinese aspirates, Korean is thought to have developed the dental aspirates

3060:, where the glosses provide enough information to read the Chinese text in the Korean vernacular, and later consecutive 4743:

yields Silla words for four of the latter: one, three, four, and five. The orthography of Old Korean numerals, in both

11021: 5780: 5653: 3109: 999:, which were attached to goods during transport and contain quantitative data about the product in question. Document 757: 738:, and some linguists continue to anachronistically project even non-lexical Middle Korean elements in their analyses. 8556: 4105:. This may be because Koreans mistakenly assigned the same initial consonant to characters which do share a phonetic 478:

of the peninsula and ultimately drove the languages of Baekje and Goguryeo to extinction, leaving the latter only as

2770:

had lost its diphthong by the eighth century, and so the Korean reading reflects "an especially old pronunciation".

10072: 5591:, p. 55. The titles of the Chinese classics are translated here for the sake of English readers' convenience. 1592:

pronunciations, the majority of modern linguists believe that the dominant layer of Sino-Korean descends from the

508:

Silla began a protracted decline in the late eighth century. By the early tenth century, the Korean Peninsula was

10979: 10384: 9826:

Ramsey, S. Robert (October 2004). "Accent, Liquids, and the Search for a Common Origin for Korean and Japanese".

8841: 4118: 1663: 1579: 754:. These early inscriptions, however, involved "little more than subtle alterations of Classical Chinese syntax". 701: 441:

of later forms of Korean, is to be distinguished from the actually historically attested language of Old Korean.

10253: 3769:

Sino-Korean evidence suggests that there were no major differences between Old Korean and Middle Korean nasals.

1405:

offer Old Korean etymologies for certain native terms. The reliability of these etymologies remains in dispute.

10886: 10850: 10519: 5155:

narrative recounts that Lady Suro, the beautiful wife of a local magistrate, once came upon a cliff a thousand

5126: 3808: 2625:

Unlike modern Sino-Korean, most of which descends from Middle Chinese, Old Korean phonograms were based on the

967: 8680:

Eom, Ik-sang (1994). "Aspiration and Voicing in Old Sino-Korean Obstruents". In Kim-Renaud, Young-Key (ed.).

4131:

Some orthographic alternations suggest that Silla writers did not distinguish between Middle Chinese initial

11006: 10989: 10495: 6491:"고려시대의 석독구결이 매우 보수적이어서 이를 기초로 경전을 습득하였다면 一然은 신라시대의 언어에 대하여 정확한 이해를 하고 있었던 것으로 보아야 한다." (If the interpretive 4160: 1437: 929: 497: 449: 438: 434: 337: 147: 86: 10058:"Koguryǒ and Paekche: Different Languages or Dialects of Old Korean? The Evidence from Texts and Neighbors" 4049:

that aspiration of any sort may have been absent in Old Korean, or that aspirate stops may have existed in

3757:

was preserved only word-internally and when followed by another voiced fricative; otherwise it merged with

909:

These Unified-era inscriptions are often Buddhist in nature and include material carved on Buddha statues,

11166: 11144: 10993: 8059: 8055: 8024: 8020: 8016: 5792: 5784: 5763: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5195: 4675: 4658: 4641: 4624: 4594: 4584: 4580: 4555: 4536: 4513: 4509: 4484: 4465: 4455: 4436: 4277: 4267: 4257: 4244: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4172: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4000: 3982: 3975: 3961: 3943: 3936: 3922: 3904: 3897: 3872: 3854: 3847: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3704: 3685: 3673: 3654: 3642: 3618: 3608: 3598: 3576: 3566: 3556: 3546: 3527: 3517: 3507: 3497: 3469: 3459: 3449: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2522: 1641: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 593: 376: 11011: 5604:

is addressed to the "Great Dragon King", but Lee Seungjae 2017 also suggests that this may be a document

4719: 2352: 291: 226: 10490: 10485: 10273: 3125:, which suggest that ancient Koreans distinguished only the entering tone among the four Chinese tones. 3113: 479: 3733:. Only nine consonants were permitted in the syllable coda. Aspiration was lost in coda position; coda 2128:), literally "final sounds transcribed in addition". A phonogram is used to mark the final syllable or 9608: 5935:" ("Proto-Korean, that is, the hypothetical Korean reconstructed using the Korean of later times...") 11075: 11065: 8632:[A Study for the sound of the reception of Chinese Character in the Ancient Korean period)]. 6144:"At least from a contemporary Chinese standpoint, the languages of the three kingdoms were similar." 5571: 5113:

Some linguists suggest that Old Korean may form part of the now discredited language-family proposal

4414: 4228: 2634: 546: 509: 2183: 10974: 10817: 10771: 10350: 10184: 10157: 9975: 9944: 9924:——— (2015). "Chapter 25: Middle Korean". In Brown, Lucien; Yeon, Jaehoon (eds.). 9875: 9727: 9578: 9528: 9497: 9443: 9412: 9385: 9251: 9232: 9104: 9073: 9015: 8988: 8925: 8860: 8829: 8802: 8719: 8654: 8627: 5122: 4193: 4189: 3593: 3487: 2025: 1616: 1554:推 is a logogram for the Old Korean morpheme *mil- "push", represented after 757 by the phonogram 密 1176: 783: 718:

as a phonogram for *-k. The analyses of Kim Wan-jin in 1980 established many general principles of

372: 10308: 8750: 4725: 2136:

for "first". Because the final phonogram can represent a single consonant, Old Korean writing has

2093:"to give" and is followed by three PAPs and a final SAP that mark mood, aspect, and essentiality. 700:

period (1392–1910). The modern study of Old Korean poetry began with Japanese scholars during the

11129: 10945: 10900: 10794: 10559: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10245: 9843: 9558: 5665:

Some scholars hold that the dominant layer comes from the somewhat earlier Middle Chinese of the

4731: 3427: 3422: 3134: 3102: 3094: 2958: 2933:

not found in China. These could be both logograms and phonograms, as seen in the examples below.

2295: 1640:

Old Korean phonology can also be examined via Old Korean loanwords in other languages, including

453: 392: 65: 10288:——— (2015). "Chapter 24: Old Korean". In Brown, Lucien; Yeon, Jaehoon (eds.). 5139: 2054: 588: 4735:

uses a somewhat different form for "two", though it is unlikely to be authentically Silla. The

2132:

of a Korean word already represented by a logogram. Handel uses an analogy to "-st" in English

11197: 11090: 11055: 11050: 10609: 10572: 10550: 10441: 10293: 10215: 10117: 10096: 10042: 9929: 9910: 9860: 9812: 9793: 9675: 9656: 9637: 9482: 9335: 9286: 9217: 9177: 9154: 9135: 8956: 8787: 8704: 8685: 8583: 8479: 5360: 5118: 4525: 3590: 3437: 2888: 2834: 2409: 1705: 1608: 805: 799: 786:

word order of Korean. The Imsin Vow Stone, raised in either 552 or 612, is also illustrative:

457: 412: 388: 359:

writing. Other sources include inscriptions on steles and wooden tablets, glosses to Buddhist

8474: 4109:

but in practice had different Middle Chinese initials. On the other hand, this may reflect a

661:, are preserved in a 1075 biography of the master. Lee Ki-Moon and Ramsey consider Gyunyeo's 608:

The only Korean-language literature that survives from Silla are vernacular poems now called

11044: 10822: 10789: 10629: 10421: 10407: 10330: 10018: 9835: 9774: 9712: 9550: 8974:[Study on Unusual Directly-Adopted Logograms and Semantically-Adaopted Logograms)]. 8930:[The Present Conditions and Future Tasks of Old Korean Connective Suffix Research]. 8903: 8845: 8469: 5114: 4287: 4110: 3697: 2920: 2021: 1474: 1389: 1181: 751: 530: 521: 10281:

Lecture vernaculaire des textes classique Chinois/Reading Classical texts in the Vernacular

6131:"Koguryŏan, and especially Paekchean, appear to have borne close relationships to Sillan." 2657:

had the same vowel in Old Korean orthography, which was true in Old Chinese where both had

1657: 11202: 11113: 11070: 11060: 10918: 10827: 10776: 10754: 10676: 10594: 10542: 9477:——— (May 17, 2012). "Chapter 3: Old Korean". In Tranter, Nicolas (ed.). 9260:

by Japanese Scholars in Colonial Korea: From Borrowed Script to the National Script].

5559: 4544: 4473: 4425: 4074: 3812: 3432: 3387: 3305: 2109: 2033: 981: 613: 487: 416: 326: 57: 3721:

Three of the nineteen Middle Korean consonants could not occur in word-initial position:

2871:

with initial *s-. Alternately, may be a Korean creation independent of the Chinese glyph

2097:

is a defining characteristic of Silla orthography and appears not to be found in Baekje

11207: 11035: 10930: 10799: 10619: 10614: 10599: 10477: 5575: 4139:, although linguist Marc Miyake is skeptical of the evidence, while some Middle Korean 4050: 3799:

rule in which nasals could become liquids, or vice versa, under certain circumstances.

3483: 1593: 1589: 534: 96: 5082: 4382: 4342: 4302: 2472: 1995:

are spelled out using characters whose Sino-Korean reading contain those sounds (PAP).

1026:

The earliest direct attestation of Old Korean comes from a mid-sixth century document

163: 11181: 11098: 10908: 10832: 10639: 10604: 10567: 10500: 9909:. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 9562: 8887: 7714:"거의 대부분의 학자가 吏讀와 鄕札(口訣까지도)을 같은 개념으로 생각하고 있었다." (Almost all scholars were considering 6335:"The earliest attestation of the word in question is LOK 菩薩 'rice' (Kyeyrim #183)." 5897:한편 삼국시대를 국어의 형성시대, 통일신라시대를 고대국어 시대, 고려시대를 전기중세국어 시대로 분류하는 방법이 오랜 동안 설득력을 가지고 통용되어 왔다. 4687: 4563: 4444: 3811:

stops and affricates developed from mergers of consonant clusters involving /h/ or a

1410: 811: 705: 491: 474: 437:, the hypothetical ancestor of the Koreanic languages understood largely through the 420: 384: 368: 330: 140: 47: 10249: 9361: 2800:

May have been read as *kye or *kyen instead, but evidence for *kwo is quite strong.

2052:), literally "logogram is principal, phonograms follow". In the eighth-century poem 1007:

of extended length were common prior to Silla's conquest of the other kingdoms, but

766:

according to Korean syntax. A 551 stele commemorating the construction of a fort in

403: 11080: 11001: 10860: 10467: 4613: 3781: 3248: 3098: 1645: 1601: 947: 461: 9717: 8850: 2629:

pronunciation of characters. For instance, characters with Middle Chinese initial

1388:

Portions of a Silla census register with Old Korean elements, likely from 755 but

3030:

Korean Sinographic writing is traditionally classified into three major systems:

1003:, on the other hand, contain administrative reports by local officials. Document 10809: 10763: 10736: 10722: 10334: 10113:

Studies in Korean Linguistics and Language Pedagogy: Festschrift for Ho-min Sohn

9355:. Permanent International Altaistic Conference. Lanaken, Belgium. pp. 1–18. 8908: 4492: 3012: 2887:). May also be due to influence from Chinese Buddhist transcription systems for 2831: 2626: 2477: 1597: 1585: 1440:, and one that translates the Old Korean morphemes, using Chinese characters as 1416: 1397: 1223: 1186: 1020: 641: 430: 10706: 9554: 8865:[Calligraphic Style of the Wooden Tablets of the United Silla by Use]. 8355: 8353: 8351: 1607:

As Sino-Korean originates in Old Korean speakers' perception of Middle Chinese

1015:. A small number of texts belong to neither group; these include a fragmentary 501:

The historical capitals of Korea, including Gaegyeong and the Silla capital of

10967: 10457: 4517: 4140: 3444: 3032: 1619: 103: 10355:[Research and Perspective on the Wooden Documents of Ancient Korea]. 2011: 340:

as variants of Old Korean, while others reserve the term for the language of

10962: 10868: 10095:. Hawaiʻi Studies on Korea. Honolulu, Hawaiʻi: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 9332:

Selected papers from the 11th International Conference on Korean Linguistics

5751: 3815: 3221: 3044: 3021: 3004: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2950: 2898: 2844: 2807: 2777: 2743: 2709: 2589: 2584: 2534: 2529: 2421: 2416: 2364: 2359: 2307: 2302: 2250: 2245: 2195: 2190: 2088: 1362: 1299: 1236: 1172: 817: 356: 156: 124: 107: 10022: 5904:

period as the Early Middle Korean period has long been used convincingly.)

910: 8464:

Vovin, Alexander (26 September 2017). "Origins of the Japanese Language".

4838: 4697: 1408:

Non-Korean texts also provide information on Old Korean. A passage of the

938: 131: 11139: 9779: 9762: 9352:

Orthographic alternation evidence for the languages of the Three Kingdoms

9176:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–87. 5157: 4196: 4188:

In some pre-Unified Silla transcriptions of Korean proper nouns, Chinese

4168: 2137: 2129: 1441: 995:

are classified into two general categories. Most surviving slips are tag

978: 767: 517: 502: 469: 9078:[Silla Readings of Chinese Characters Seen From Stylus Marks on the 8807:[A Study of Old Korean Conjunctive Ending "-遣" and Its Change]. 8780:——— (2018). "국어사 연구와 석독구결". In Park Young-goog (ed.). 4147:

and a velar. Linguist Wei Guofeng suggests that the Old Korean phonemes

4045:

is often believed to have been absent when Sino-Korean was established.

2005: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1966: 1921: 1914: 1902: 1895: 1888: 1881: 1870: 1265:

At that time, the Jingjinhui Bodhisattva asked the Fahui Bodhisattva...

512:: the rump Silla state, and two new kingdoms founded by local magnates. 425:

Old Korean is generally defined as the ancient Koreanic language of the

11103: 10957: 9847: 9334:. Seoul: International Circle of Korean Linguistics. pp. 346–355. 9042: 8564:

The Baxter-Sagart reconstruction of Old Chinese, University of Michigan

6942:

Translated from Nam 2013's Korean translation, "그 때 精進慧菩薩이 法慧菩薩에게 물었다"

6010:

texts of the Unified Silla period are characterized by their developed

3038: 1612: 1526: 735: 658: 582: 351: 111: 8640:. 중앙어문학회 (The Society of Chung-Ang Language & Literature): 101–123 6319:차자표기 자료의 연구가 진행될수록 고려시대의 언어 현상들은 중세국어 쪽이 아닌, 고대국어의 범주로 포함시키려는 경향이 강하다. 4690:(中世國語, 중세국어). The letter ʌ is used to represent the pronunciation of " 4237:, whose Old Chinese value was *l̥j, and the second phoneme by the PAP 1019:

poem discovered in 2000 and what may be a ritual text associated with

282: 217: 10935: 8667:. 한국목간학회 (The Korea Society for The Study of Wooden Documents): 39–59 5901: 5667: 5618: 5162: 5028: 4983: 4938: 4876: 4803: 3796: 3707: 3688: 3676: 3657: 3645: 3621: 3611: 3601: 3579: 3569: 3559: 3549: 3530: 3520: 3510: 3500: 3472: 3462: 3452: 3373: 3348: 3323: 3292: 3282: 3267: 3257: 3236: 3226: 3205: 3180: 2609: 2554: 2497: 2441: 2384: 2327: 2270: 2215: 1559: 1503: 1167: 953:

Ancient Korean scribes often wrote on bamboo and wooden slips called

933: 914: 747: 697: 677: 646: 513: 465: 245: 180: 10376: 10329:(40). 한국중원언어학회 (The Joongwon Linguistic Society of Korea): 113–139. 10132: 9839: 8598: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 5509: 4717:

texts: those for one, two, and thousand. All three are found in the

2073: 460:. After another century of conflict, the kings of Silla allied with 10111: 10006: 9790:

A Study of Sino-Korean Phonology: Its Origin, Adaptation and Layers

9350: 9327: 9313:——— (1987). "Chinese Script in Korea and Japan". 8755:[The Relevance of Hyangga and Background Story Focusing on the 6620:

remains a monumental task. We quite honestly do not know what some

5477: 2010:'like', which is not attested but is presumably an ancestor of LMK 1374:

Shows that 種種 is to be read as a native Korean word with final *-s

1135: 10952: 10878: 10842: 10511: 10274:"Présentation du projet Reading Classical texts in the Vernacular" 8830:"Materials and Trends in the Study of Ancient Korean Wooden Slips" 5517: 5505: 3753:, and the reinforced consonants could not occur as the coda. Coda 2930: 2119: 2081: 2069: 2043: 1986:

is written with a Chinese character having the same meaning (SAL).

1191: 623: 496: 426: 402: 364: 360: 341: 261: 196: 36: 9616: 5497: 5474: 5458: 5450: 1147: 11108: 8892:(Wooden Slips): With a Special Focus on Their Features and Uses" 8035: 8033: 7813: 7811: 6955:

Translated from Nam 2013's Korean translation, "부정한 것이며 싫은 것이며"

5554:

In 1995, on the basis of his phonological reconstruction of the

5060: 5018: 4973: 4928: 4908: 4858: 4835: 4788: 4669: 4652: 4635: 4618: 4588: 4574: 4568: 4549: 4530: 4503: 4497: 4478: 4459: 4449: 4430: 4281: 4271: 4261: 4251: 4238: 4232: 3195: 3170: 2896: 2842: 2805: 2775: 2741: 2707: 2661:, but not in Middle Chinese, where the former had the diphthong 2572: 2515: 2464: 2459: 2402: 2345: 2288: 2233: 2176: 2086: 2062: 2004:

is written with a Chinese character having the same meaning as *

1539: 1519: 1487: 1116: 1084: 1051: 901: 831: 776:(lit. "build begin") rather than the correct Classical Chinese, 771: 713: 10515: 10380: 10363:(38). 신라사학회 (Society for the Studies of Silla History): 387–421 5442: 5209: 4290:. Ramsey and Nam Pung-hyun both agree with Vovin's hypothesis. 4159:

being shared by both phonemes. Alexander Vovin also argues via

1252: 653:

poems, however, are from the eighth century. Eleven additional

452:, Silla rose to ascendancy in the sixth century under monarchs 8701:

Sinography: The Borrowing and Adaptation of the Chinese Script

8659:[The Abnormal Chinese Expressions of Shilla Dynasty]. 8314: 8312: 8310: 7503: 7501: 7459: 7457: 6980:

Translated from Nam 2013's Korean translation, "끝없는 여러 가지 경계"

5513: 5347:

NMR: nominalizer INTENT: intentional mood ESSEN: essentiality

5077: 4377: 4337: 4297: 2766:

Lee and Ramsey consider this phonogram problematic because MC

2077: 10189:[About the Origin of the Phonetical Reading of "叱"]. 9992:. 국어국문학회 (Society of Korean Language and Literature): 273–304 9020:[A Survey of the Studies on Ancient Korean Grammar]. 8273: 8271: 6815: 6813: 6063: 6061: 6059: 5808:

In Nam 2010's analysis, the Modern Korean translation of the

5485: 5466: 5454: 4723:, while the word for one is also attested identically in the 1143: 1073: 680:-era works. Nam Pung-hyun nevertheless considers most of the 9834:(2). American Association of Teachers of Japanese: 339–350. 8409: 8407: 7476: 7474: 7472: 6800: 6798: 6796: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5608:

conferring the honorific "great dragon" to a human nobleman.

5578:

reconstructions and "questionable or unrealistic semantics".

5501: 1977:

are written with the corresponding Chinese characters (DAL).

1315: 1104: 8382: 8380: 8132: 8130: 8128: 7900: 7898: 7698: 7696: 5481: 5462: 4093:. Conversely, some instances of the Middle Chinese initial 1139: 1069: 10093:

Koreo-Japonica: A Re-evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin

9283:

Consonant Lenition in Korean and the Macro-Altaic Question

8555:

Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (September 20, 2014).

8162: 8160: 7052: 7050: 6723: 6721: 1629:. However, both are regularly reflected in Sino-Korean as 9859:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 9203:. National Academy of Sciences, Republic of Korea: 39–71. 9153:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 8147: 8145: 7750: 7748: 7324: 7322: 7320: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 3064:, which is insufficient for a full translation. Finally, 296: 231: 9711:. 한국시가학회 (Korean Classical Poetry Association): 49–113. 9134:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 9047:[A Study on Tone Marks of the Iwasaki Manuscript of 8522: 8520: 6708: 6706: 5875: 5873: 2919:

May preserve an Old Chinese pronunciation that included

708:

pioneering the first reconstructions of all twenty-five

10162:[About the Phonetical Reading of '只' and '支']. 9028:. 한국어학회 (The Association For Korean Linguistics): 41–64 8557:"Baxter-Sagart Old Chinese reconstruction, version 1.1" 5947: 5945: 5489: 5094: 4394: 4354: 4314: 4250:

According to Alexander Vovin, Lee Ki-Moon asserts that

4155:

had overlapping distributions, with allophones such as

445:

elements becomes more extensive by the Unified period.

9809:

Studies in the Historical Phonology of Asian Languages

9237:[The Decipherment of Abstruse phrase in Idu]. 9051:– Focusing on the Proper Nouns of Korean Origin]. 8684:. Center for the Study of Language. pp. 405–418. 8580:

Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives

6078: 6076: 5890: 5888: 4057:

Meanwhile, Nam Pung-hyun believes that Old Korean had

1340: 1328:

it is an unclean thing and it is a disliked thing...

1277: 1210: 867: 777: 761:

The Imsin Vow Stone of 552/612 uses Old Korean syntax.

383:

Despite attempts to link the language to the putative

10313:[Sound of Chinese Character 叱 and Genitive Case - 9703:

System and the Discovery of Ancient Vocabulary].

8993:[On the Old Korean Locative Case Marker -a]. 6463: 6461: 6459: 6219: 6217: 907:

relying on Chinese semantic and phonetic equivalents.

9634:

The Book of Korean Poetry: Songs of Shilla and Koryŏ

9300:

Miller, Roy Andrew (1979). "Old Korean and Altaic".

6156: 6154: 3788:

thus seem to have held true for Old Korean as well.

1856: 1837: 1825: 1818: 1811: 1804: 1797: 1790: 1783: 1776: 1257:

Jingjinhui bodhisattva ask Fahui bodhisattva speech

672:

Because centuries passed between the composition of

325:) is the first historically documented stage of the 11122: 11089: 11034: 10988: 10917: 10899: 10877: 10859: 10841: 10808: 10762: 10753: 10735: 10721: 10714: 10675: 10661: 10638: 10581: 10558: 10549: 10476: 10450: 10414: 10116:. Seoul: Korea University Press. pp. 200–206. 10007:"Once Again on the Accusative Marker in Old Korean" 9214:

The Old Korean Language Inscribed on Wooden Tablets

9044:암기본(岩崎本) 『일본서기』의 성점(聲點)에 대한 일고찰 – 한국계 고유명사 자료를 중심으로 7283: 7281: 4686:The pronunciations written in parentheses are from 4113:value for the Old Korean ancestor of Middle Korean 1955:'The country will deservedly be greatly peaceful.' 290: 276: 260: 244: 239: 225: 211: 195: 179: 174: 154: 138: 122: 117: 93: 79: 54: 42: 31: 21: 10170:. 국어학회 (The Society of Korea Linguistics): 165–196 9732:[A Study on the Features of Linguistic Age of 9330:. In Park, Byung-Soo; Yoon, James Hye Suk (eds.). 9285:. Honolulu, Hawaiʻi: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 9268:. 국어학회 (The Society of Korea Linguistics): 365–384 8786:. Seoul: National Hangeul Museum. pp. 12–28. 8502:. Center of Korean Studies, University of Hawai'i. 6926: 6924: 4089:in Middle Chinese are reflected in Sino-Korean as 1395:Though in Classical Chinese, the Korean histories 9884:—Centering on Coda Consonant Transcription]. 9857:A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present 9695:[The Centennial History of Interpretation of 9692:향가 해독 100년의 연구사 및 전망 -향찰 체계의 인식과 古語의 발굴 정도를 중심으로- 8661:목간과 문자(Wooden Documents and Inscriptions Studies) 8054:, pp. 129–130 (reinforced consonants), 143 ( 6247: 3411:Korean, but of its fifteenth-century descendant. 2104:Another tendency of Old Korean writing is called 2028:. In Korean scholarship, this practice is called 9674:. Jeonju, Jeollabukdo: Jeonju University Press. 8990:古代國語의 處所格 '-良'에 對한 硏究 -八世紀의 金石文, 木簡, 角筆資料를 中心으로 5147:from the early eighth century, preserved in the 1961:The text of this line uses all four strategies: 977:research began in 1975. With the development of 10133:"On The Etymology of Middle Korean psʌr 'rice'" 10039:A Reference Grammar of Classical Japanese Prose 9811:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 215–239. 9506:at Tōdai-ji and its Interpretive Gugyeol]. 9328:"Hyangchal: A modern view of an ancient script" 9168:Lee, Peter H. (December 18, 2003). "Chapter 3: 8736:. 국어학회 (The Society of Korea Linguistics): 3–25 3108:Middle Chinese was also a tonal language, with 2732:May have been read as *la~le instead, although 2024:are written with SALs, while PAPs are used for 11162:North–South differences in the Korean language 10279:. In Whitman, John B.; Cinato, Franck (eds.). 8634:어문론집(The Journal of Language & Literature) 5350: 4713:Three Old Korean numerals are attested in the 4117:. Korean scholars often propose an Old Korean 645:, a history compiled in the 1280s by the monk 10527: 10392: 9208:——— (September 25, 2017). 5724: 5723:Unrelated to the very rare Chinese character 5714:identical in appearance and meaning "dogwood" 5709: 5694: 3363: 3338: 3313: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2652: 2646: 957:. By 2016, archaeologists had discovered 647 510:once more divided into three warring polities 16:Earliest attested form of the Korean language 8: 10210:——— (November 24, 2017). 8511: 7480: 6317: 6299: 6294: 6292: 6208: 6002: 6000: 5930: 5895: 5048: 5038: 5003: 4993: 4958: 4948: 4896: 4886: 4823: 4813: 4691: 2123: 2113: 2047: 2037: 1467: 1171:tradition, these glosses provide Old Korean 657:, composed in the 960s by the Buddhist monk 627: 617: 345:language of Silla before the tenth century. 320: 314: 267: 251: 202: 186: 10292:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 421–439. 9928:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 439–459. 9390:[The Periodization of Old Korean]. 8599:"New Look at Paekche and Korean: Data from 8466:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics 5932:후대의 한국어를 활용하여 재구한 가상적 한국어 즉 Proto-Korean... 5699:identical in appearance and meaning "great" 3217:Korean transcription of Early Middle Korean 770:, for instance, writes "begin to build" as 11135:International Circle of Korean Linguistics 10923: 10759: 10718: 10555: 10534: 10520: 10512: 10399: 10385: 10377: 9636:. Iowa City, Iowa: Iowa University Press. 8955:. Seoul: Seoul National University Press. 5779:The romanization given is in a variant of 5534:I shall pick a flower and give it to you. 3823: 961:, out of which 431 slips were from Silla. 395:have been uncontroversially demonstrated. 391:, no links between Old Korean and any non- 18: 11157:National Institute of the Korean Language 9877:말음첨기(末音添記)의 생성과 발달에 대하여 -음절말 자음 첨기를 중심으로- 9778: 9716: 8907: 8849: 8473: 8398: 8318: 8262: 8136: 8051: 8039: 8012: 8000: 7988: 7976: 7904: 7877: 7865: 7853: 7817: 7778: 7739: 7702: 7651: 7507: 7463: 7236: 7164: 7140: 7080: 7056: 7041: 7017: 7005: 6625: 6624:mean, much less what they sounded like." 6378: 6302: 6196: 6132: 6067: 6050: 5974: 5864: 5851: 5839: 5588: 2865:"Probably" preserves an older reading of 1691:Semantically-adapted phonograms (SAPs or 1684:Phonetically-adapted phonograms (PAPs or 1392:, have also been discovered at Tōdai-ji. 1352:not.exist edge kind kind border boundary 429:state (BCE 57–CE 936), especially in its 9880:[On the Creation and Development of 9773:. University of Hawaiʻi Press: 167–170. 9705:한국시가연구 (Korean Classical Poetry Studies) 9149:Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011). 8682:Theoretical Issues in Korean Linguistics 6172: 4761: 4609: 4421: 3413: 3140: 2935: 2675: 2469:(Haman Seongsan Sanseong Mokgan No. 221) 2146: 1677:Semantically-adapted logograms (SALs or 1446: 1382:The many kinds of endless boundaries... 1333: 1270: 1203: 1033: 1011:of the Unified period are primarily tag 937: 788: 756: 734:reconstructions using the Middle Korean 592: 563:Blackwell Handbook of Korean Linguistics 11188:Languages attested from the 4th century 10244:. The Hunmin jeongeum Society: 95–121. 10183:——— (February 2014). 10065:Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies 9577:——— (February 2019). 9496:——— (February 2013). 9442:——— (February 2012). 9411:——— (February 2010). 9106:古代韓國漢字音의 硏究(I) -최근 발굴된 角筆聲點資料를 중심으로- 8202: 8190: 7928: 7790: 6915: 6903: 6580: 6556: 6544: 6508: 6184: 6145: 6119: 5879: 5832: 5547: 4700:), which is obsolete in Modern Korean. 3837: 3834: 3829: 533:markers, the restriction of the former 11152:List of English words of Korean origin 9986:국어국문학 (Korean Language and Literature) 9699:: Addressing the Understanding of the 9130:Lee, Iksop; Ramsey, S. Robert (2000). 8475:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277 8386: 8371: 8359: 8342: 8277: 8250: 8214: 8151: 8107: 8095: 7964: 7952: 7940: 7766: 7675: 7663: 7639: 7603: 7579: 7555: 7436: 7364: 7352: 7340: 7311: 7299: 7272: 7260: 7224: 7212: 7200: 7188: 7176: 7029: 6993: 6879: 6867: 6855: 6819: 6804: 6763: 6751: 6727: 6649: 6568: 6520: 6450: 6438: 6390: 6323: 6271: 6235: 5991: 5936: 5917: 5671:, or from the late Old Chinese of the 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 4077:of the aspirates was "extremely low". 3825:Korean reflexes of Chinese aspiration 3093:Fifteenth-century Middle Korean was a 2633:were used to transcribe an Old Korean 1289:then be not clean then be can dislike 9549:. 진단학회 (The Chin-Tan Society): 1–26. 9384:——— (August 2003). 9253:식민지기 일본인 연구자들의 향가 해독: 차용체(借用體)에서 국문으로 9103:——— (August 2016). 9072:——— (August 2014). 8749:——— (August 2015). 8413: 8362:, pp. 407–410, 453–454, 503–505. 8289: 8238: 7916: 7567: 7519: 7152: 6479: 6402: 6357: 6336: 6160: 6106: 6094: 5766:only occurred in a single verb root, 5656:, the standard for Korean linguistics 5531:And if you do not feel ashamed of me 5184: 5177:This article's reconstruction of the 3304:Japanese and Korean transcription of 2736:data supports *a. May also be a SAP. 989:data as an important primary source. 782:(lit. "begin build"), reflecting the 7: 8724:[A Study on "gyeon" and "go" in 8330: 8301: 8178: 8119: 7889: 7841: 7829: 7802: 7754: 7687: 7591: 7531: 7424: 7412: 7400: 7388: 7376: 7328: 7116: 7104: 7068: 6891: 6843: 6831: 6787: 6775: 6739: 6712: 6685: 6673: 6661: 6467: 6426: 6414: 6259: 6223: 6082: 6038: 6026: 6006:"통일신라시대의 이두문은 토(吐)가 발달한 것이 특징이다." (" 5951: 3251:transcription of Early Middle Korean 1670:Directly-adapted logograms (DALs or 10229:Whitman, John B. (September 2011). 9748:. 구결학회 (Society of Kugyŏl): 173–195 9527:——— (June 2018). 9090:. 구결학회 (Society of Kugyŏl): 133–159 9053:大東文化硏究 (Journal of Eastern Studies) 8938:. 구결학회 (Society of Kugyŏl): 113–131 8815:. 구결학회 (Society of Kugyŏl): 123–146 8538: 8526: 8226: 8166: 8083: 8071: 7727: 7627: 7615: 7543: 7492: 7448: 7287: 7248: 7128: 7092: 6981: 6968: 6956: 6943: 6930: 6697: 6637: 6604: 6592: 6532: 6496: 6283: 6015: 5905: 5708:Unrelated to the Chinese character 5693:Unrelated to the Chinese character 2637:, reflecting the fact that initial 2061:, for instance, the inflected verb 10290:The Handbook of Korean Linguistics 10164:국어학 (Journal of Korea Linguistics) 9949:[The Concept and Character of 9926:The Handbook of Korean Linguistics 9892:. 구결학회 (Society of Kugyŏl): 85–114 9262:국어학 (Journal of Korea Linguistics) 9245:. 구결학회 (Society of Kugyŏl): 65–81. 8730:국어학 (Journal of Korea Linguistics) 685:that the overall framework of the 464:to destroy the other two kingdoms— 329:, typified by the language of the 50:in the tenth or thirteenth century 14: 10197:. 구결학회 (Society of Kugyŏl): 49–79 9974:Sung, Ho-kyung (September 2006). 9961:. 구결학회 (Society of Kugyŏl): 27–56 9595:. 구결학회 (Society of Kugyŏl): 33–49 9583:[A New Interpretation of the 9533:[A New Interpretation of the 9530:<兜率歌>와 <祭亡妹歌>의 새로운 解讀 9514:. 구결학회 (Society of Kugyŏl): 53–79 9448:[A Grammatical Comparison of 9429:. 구결학회 (Society of Kugyŏl): 63–75 9001:. 구결학회 (Society of Kugyŏl): 33–50 8987:Kim, Young-wook (February 2012). 8859:Jung, Hyun-sook (December 2015). 8653:Choe, Yeon-shik (December 2016). 8578:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2004). 8500:The Making of the Korean Language 4780:Modern Korean for ages of cattle 4417:in Old Korean are the following: 3415:Middle Korean consonant phonemes 1196:Scroll of a Silla edition of the 520:), located in central Korea. The 10705: 10349:Yoon, Seon-tae (December 2016). 9828:Japanese Language and Literature 9615:. March 11, 2016. Archived from 9479:The Languages of Japan and Korea 9464:. 구결학회 (Society of Kugyŏl): 5–32 9398:. 구결학회 (Society of Kugyŏl): 1–22 9151:A History of the Korean Language 9117:. 구결학회 (Society of Kugyŏl): 5–38 8801:Jang, Yoon-hee (February 2005). 5528:You made me let loose the cows 5081: 4381: 4341: 4301: 4097:, usually loaned as Sino-Korean 2058: 1662:All Old Korean was written with 906: 881:swear three years in-turn learn 857:in-turn learn swear three years 722:orthography. Interpretations of 9874:Shin, Joong-jin (August 1998). 9729:삼국유사에 수록된 향가에 나타난 언어의 시대적 특징 고찰 9726:Park, Yongsik (February 2005). 9417:[The Interpretation of the 9191:Lee, Seungjae (January 2015). 8970:——— (1985). 8867:Keimyung Korean Studies Journal 5673:Northern and Southern dynasties 5074:Relationship to other languages 3144:Attestation and source language 2979:Logogram for "grain storehouse" 696:could no longer be read by the 11193:History of the Korean language 10323:언어학연구 (Studies in Linguistics) 10272:——— (2014). 10214:. Paju, Gyeonggido: Taehaksa. 10156:Wei, Guofeng (February 2014). 10143:(2). Istanbul, Turkey: 229–238 10131:——— (2015). 10091:——— (2010). 10056:——— (2005). 10037:——— (2002). 9655:. Paju, Gyeonggido: Taehaksa. 9502:[On the Silla Copy of the 9369:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 9349:——— (2000). 9174:A History of Korean Literature 9082:at the Tōdai-ji Library]. 8718:Hwang, Seon-yeop (June 2002). 8626:Cho, Chae-Hyung (March 2009). 8597:Bentley, John R. (June 2000). 4124:as ancestral to Middle Korean 3247: 3160: 2877:, perhaps a simplification of 2124: 2114: 2048: 2038: 1834:Korean word with same meaning 1625:and its aspirated equivalent, 1390:possibly also 695, 815, or 875 797:We swear to learn in turn the 628: 618: 601:contains most surviving Silla 559:History of the Korean Language 407:Three Kingdoms of Korea in 576 321: 315: 268: 252: 203: 187: 1: 10307:Yang, Hee-cheol (July 2016). 10212:고대 한국어 음운체계 연구 -전승 한자음을 대상으로- 9943:Suh, Jong-hak (August 2011). 9718:10.32428/poetry.45..201812.49 9481:. Routledge. pp. 41–73. 9315:Asian & Pacific Quarterly 9250:Lim, Kyounghwa (April 2008). 8886:Kim, Chang-seok (June 2014). 8851:10.25024/review.2012.15.1.005 8122:, pp. 62–63, 78, 88, 94. 4179:Origin of MK lenited phonemes 4085:Some characters with initial 2929:Silla scribes also developed 1558:and cognate to Middle Korean 1226:ask Fahui bodhisattva speech 10071:(2): 108–140. Archived from 9014:Kim, Yupum (February 2012). 8924:Kim, Ji-oh (February 2019). 8834:The Review of Korean Studies 8828:Jeon, Deog-jae (June 2012). 7642:, pp. 329–342, 444–448. 4755:principle typical of Silla. 3807:The Middle Korean series of 3133:Middle Korean had a complex 2162:Value of consonant phonogram 2012: 2006: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1973: 1967: 1922: 1915: 1903: 1896: 1889: 1882: 1871: 1615:distinction between the non- 1111:the people were all grieved 1040:Reconstruction (Lee S. 2017) 632:), literally "local songs". 371:. In its typology, it was a 10335:10.17002/sil..40.201607.113 10231:"The Ubiquity of the Gloss" 9499:東大寺所藏新羅華嚴經寫經과 그 釋讀口訣에 대하여 9445:『三國遺事』의 鄕歌와 『均如傳』鄕歌의 文法比較 9326:Miyake, Marc Hideo (1998). 9231:Lee, Yong (February 2015). 9172:". In Lee, Peter H. (ed.). 8909:10.18399/acta.2014.17.1.008 8468:. Oxford University Press. 7726:) to be the same concept.) 4227:Middle Korean had only one 4101:, are found as Sino-Korean 1857: 1838: 1826: 1819: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1791: 1784: 1777: 1773:Modern Sino-Korean reading 297: 283: 232: 218: 11229: 10941:Consonant and vowel tables 10137:Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları 9555:10.31735/CTH.2018.06.130.1 9281:Martin, Samuel E. (1996). 7107:, pp. 13–15, 209–211. 5619: 5371: 5207: 5061: 5029: 5019: 4984: 4974: 4939: 4929: 4909: 4877: 4859: 4836: 4804: 4789: 4670: 4653: 4636: 4619: 4589: 4575: 4569: 4550: 4531: 4504: 4498: 4479: 4460: 4450: 4431: 4282: 4272: 4262: 4252: 4239: 4233: 3708: 3689: 3677: 3658: 3646: 3622: 3612: 3602: 3580: 3570: 3560: 3550: 3531: 3521: 3511: 3501: 3473: 3463: 3453: 3374: 3364: 3349: 3339: 3324: 3314: 3293: 3283: 3268: 3258: 3237: 3227: 3206: 3196: 3181: 3171: 3020:Graphic simplification of 3003:Graphic simplification of 2897: 2843: 2806: 2776: 2742: 2708: 2610: 2573: 2555: 2516: 2498: 2465: 2460: 2442: 2403: 2385: 2346: 2328: 2289: 2271: 2234: 2216: 2177: 2165:Modern Sino-Korean reading 2087: 2063: 1655: 1637:was absent in Old Korean. 1577: 1560: 1540: 1520: 1504: 1488: 1341: 1337:Classical Chinese original 1278: 1274:Classical Chinese original 1211: 1207:Classical Chinese original 1189:, Japan) are given below. 1117: 1085: 1052: 1046:Translation (Lee S. 2017) 927: 868: 832: 778: 772: 714: 586: 580: 448:Initially only one of the 410: 10980:Transcription into Korean 10926: 10703: 10005:Vovin, Alexander (1995). 9980:[The Poetic World of 9855:Seth, Michael J. (2011). 9651:Park, Chang-won (2002). 9543:진단학보 (The Chin-Tan Hakpo) 9302:Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher 9059:. 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원: 317–345 9022:한국어학 (Korean Linguistics) 8842:Academy of Korean Studies 8752:향가와 배경 설화의 관련성 -怨歌를 중심으로- 8436:"Alexander Francis-Ratte" 6318: 6300: 5931: 5896: 5725: 5710: 5695: 5365: 5358: 5353: 5210: 5203:Reconstruction (Nam 2010) 5201: 5192: 5187: 5066: 5049: 5047: 5039: 5037: 5027: 5024: 5014: 5004: 4994: 4979: 4959: 4949: 4934: 4897: 4895: 4887: 4885: 4875: 4869: 4854: 4824: 4822: 4814: 4812: 4802: 4799: 4784: 4770: 4692: 3973: 3934: 3895: 3845: 3835:Middle Sino-Korean reflex 3703: 3696: 3672: 3641: 3631: 3607: 3589: 3482: 3458: 3443: 3426: 3419: 3303: 2939:Silla-developed character 2879: 2873: 2867: 2653: 2647: 1954: 1935: 1932: 1920: 1913: 1580:Sino-Xenic pronunciations 1553: 1501: 1468: 1031:potential content words. 399:History and periodization 304: 170: 26: 10351: 10309: 10211: 10185: 10158: 9976: 9945: 9876: 9761:Pellard, Thomas (2005). 9728: 9691: 9671: 9670:Park, Dong-Gyu (1995). 9652: 9632:O'Rourke, Kevin (2006). 9579: 9529: 9498: 9444: 9413: 9386: 9362: 9252: 9234:≪新羅村落文書≫'妻是子女子'의 해독에 관하여 9233: 9216:]. Seoul: Ilchogak. 9209: 9192: 9105: 9075:東大寺圖書館藏華嚴經의 각필로 본 신라한자음 9074: 9043: 9016: 8989: 8971: 8952: 8926: 8861: 8803: 8782: 8751: 8720: 8655: 8628: 7481:Baxter & Sagart 2014 6996:, pp. 65–66, 77–79. 6381:, pp. 50–51, 57–58. 6209:Lee I. & Ramsey 2000 5525:Beside the purple rock 4751:texts, is marked by the 4073:, while noting that the 2837:-initial pronunciation. 2140:properties. Examples of 1154:"unable to go", report 702:Japanese colonial period 11213:Vowel-harmony languages 11007:Cyrillization of Korean 9977:<제망매가(祭亡妹歌)>의 시세계 9360:Nam, Pung-hyun (1995). 8629:古代國語時期의 借字表記 '良'의 讀音考察 6616:"Interpretation of the 5738:The consonant clusters 5367:Translation (Nam 2012b) 4774:Middle Korean (15th c.) 4161:internal reconstruction 3156:Fifteenth-century form 3077:structural difference. 2679:"Problematic phonogram" 2641:arose from Old Chinese 1998:The Korean verb ending 1980:The native Korean word 1497:auspicious same county 1357:Old Korean glossed text 1294:Old Korean glossed text 1231:Old Korean glossed text 930:Bamboo and wooden slips 450:Three Kingdoms of Korea 439:internal reconstruction 338:Three Kingdoms of Korea 11167:Sino-Korean vocabulary 11145:List of Konglish terms 10790:Gyeonggi/Seoul dialect 10681:(19th century–present) 10023:10.1075/dia.12.2.04vov 9788:Qian, Youyong (2018). 9689:Park, Jae-Min (2018). 8951:Kim, Wan-jin (1980). 8783:각필구결 초조대장경 『유가사지론』 권66 8767:. 서강대학교 인문과학연구소: 41–85 8721:향가에 나타나는 '遣'과 '古'에 대하여 6834:, pp. 37, 41, 62. 6248:The LINGUIST List 2016 3150:Pre-Middle Korean form 2690:Baxter's transcription 2168:Middle Korean cognate 1965:The Sino-Korean words 1744:Meaning of characters 1531:dense fortress county 1201: 1079:five planned to hurry 950: 762: 669:and those of Gyunyeo. 605: 505: 408: 387:and especially to the 10191:구결연구 (Kugyŏl Studies) 9955:구결연구 (Kugyŏl Studies) 9905:Sohn, Ho-min (2001). 9886:구결연구 (Kugyŏl Studies) 9742:구결연구 (Kugyŏl Studies) 9589:구결연구 (Kugyŏl Studies) 9508:구결연구 (Kugyŏl Studies) 9458:구결연구 (Kugyŏl Studies) 9423:구결연구 (Kugyŏl Studies) 9392:구결연구 (Kugyŏl Studies) 9256:[Decipherment of 9239:구결연구 (Kugyŏl Studies) 9111:구결연구 (Kugyŏl Studies) 9084:구결연구 (Kugyŏl Studies) 9041:Kwon, In-han (2005). 8995:구결연구 (Kugyŏl Studies) 8982:. 단국대학교 동양학연구원: 1–17. 8873:. 계명대학교 한국학연구원: 37–84 8809:구결연구 (Kugyŏl Studies) 8498:Kim, Chin-Wu (1974). 8399:Lee & Ramsey 2011 8319:Lee & Ramsey 2011 8263:Lee & Ramsey 2011 8137:Lee & Ramsey 2011 8052:Lee & Ramsey 2011 8040:Lee & Ramsey 2011 8013:Lee & Ramsey 2011 8001:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7989:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7977:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7905:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7878:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7866:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7854:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7818:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7779:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7740:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7703:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7652:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7464:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7237:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7165:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7141:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7081:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7057:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7044:, pp. 37–40, 51. 7042:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7018:Lee & Ramsey 2011 7006:Lee & Ramsey 2011 6626:Lee & Ramsey 2011 6499:, pp. 2–3, 24–25 6379:Lee & Ramsey 2011 6197:Lee & Ramsey 2011 6133:Lee & Ramsey 2011 6068:Lee & Ramsey 2011 6051:Lee & Ramsey 2011 5975:Lee & Ramsey 2011 5865:Lee & Ramsey 2011 5852:Lee & Ramsey 2011 5840:Lee & Ramsey 2011 5589:Lee & Ramsey 2011 3838:Frequency of reflexes 3772:Middle Chinese onset 2982:Compound ideogram of 1633:. This suggests that 1222:that time Jingjinhui 1195: 1177:inflectional suffixes 1161:Other textual sources 941: 760: 689:texts is Old Korean. 596: 569:Sources of Old Korean 500: 406: 319:; South Korean name: 35:Southern and central 10310:향찰 '叱'의 한자음과 속격 '-시' 9780:10.1353/ks.2006.0008 9619:on December 21, 2014 8972:特異한 音讀字 및 訓讀字에 대한 硏究 8927:고대국어 연결어미 연구의 현황과 과제 8699:Handel, Zev (2019). 6822:, pp. 471, 477. 6211:, pp. 274, 276. 5572:Christopher Beckwith 4065:but may have lacked 3632:Voiceless fricative 2931:their own characters 2456:Sixty (Chinese loan) 2085:begins with the SAL 2020:In Old Korean, most 1865:Phonetic adaptation 1596:prestige dialect of 1320:then be can dislike 1200:, written in 754–755 970:, and common nouns. 313:(North Korean name: 278:Revised Romanization 213:Revised Romanization 10772:Chungcheong dialect 10662:Early modern Korean 10041:. RoutledgeCurzon. 9907:The Korean Language 9132:The Korean Language 8804:고대국어 연결어미 '遣'과 그 변화 8416:, pp. 201–202. 8374:, pp. 285–286. 8345:, pp. 188–189. 8280:, pp. 342–347. 8229:, pp. 241–251. 8169:, pp. 409–410. 8110:, pp. 230–231. 8074:, pp. 224–226. 8042:, pp. 153–154. 7979:, pp. 128–153. 7967:, pp. 364–384. 7856:, pp. 131–135. 7844:, pp. 340–342. 7820:, pp. 168–169. 7793:, pp. 432–433. 7781:, pp. 163–165. 7666:, pp. 110–113. 7630:, pp. 167–182. 7570:, pp. 200–201. 7558:, pp. 347–348. 7534:, pp. 125–133. 7495:, pp. 107–120. 7367:, pp. 379–280. 7355:, pp. 119–120. 7343:, pp. 103–105. 7314:, pp. 275–283. 7302:, pp. 262–275. 7095:, pp. 216–221. 7071:, pp. 123–124. 6882:, pp. 489–490. 6870:, pp. 180–181. 6807:, pp. 208–209. 6754:, pp. 484–486. 6742:, pp. 392–393. 6640:, pp. 381–382. 6535:, pp. 377–381. 6097:, pp. 232–233. 5994:, pp. 183–191. 5729:meaning "to pierce" 5336:나ᄅᆞᆯ 안디 븟그리ᄉᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆫ 5189:Old Korean original 5123:Dravidian languages 4865:Docheonsugwaneum-ga 4720:Docheonsugwaneum-ga 4605:Other affixes are: 4033:first, followed by 3826: 3803:Aspirate consonants 3416: 2955:Logogram for "bean" 2353:Docheonsugwaneum-ga 2026:functional suffixes 2016:'to be like' (SAP). 1989:The Korean affixes 1923:thayphyeng-ho-ms-ta 1911:Reconstructed text 1664:Sinographic systems 1574:Non-textual sources 1043:Gloss (Lee S. 2017) 784:Subject-object-verb 373:subject-object-verb 11130:Koreanic languages 10901:Koreanic languages 10795:Gyeongsang dialect 8425:Kim (2004), p. 80. 7805:, p. 152–155. 6339:, pp. 230–231 6326:, pp. 113–114 5617:cf. Middle Korean 5093:. You can help by 4393:. You can help by 4353:. You can help by 4313:. You can help by 4167:in earlier Korean 4163:that intervocalic 4143:alternate between 3824: 3414: 3135:syllable structure 3129:Syllable structure 2697:Baxter-Sagart 2014 2685:Modern Sino-Korean 1202: 1185:(now preserved in 951: 886:Esteemed Documents 849:Esteemed Documents 806:Esteemed Documents 763: 742:Epigraphic sources 704:(1910–1945), with 606: 506: 409: 365:Chinese characters 333:period (668–935). 11175: 11174: 11030: 11029: 11012:McCune-Reischauer 10895: 10894: 10781:Yeongdong dialect 10749: 10748: 10701: 10700: 10682: 10666: 10665:(17–18th century) 10645: 10644:(10–16th century) 10588: 10509: 10508: 10408:Altaic hypothesis 10352:한국 고대목간의 연구현황과 과제 10299:978-1-119-01687-8 10221:978-89-5966-933-2 10159:'只'와 '支'의 음독에 대하여 10123:978-89-7641-830-2 10102:978-0-8248-3278-0 10048:978-0-7007-1716-3 9935:978-1-119-01687-8 9916:978-0-521-36943-5 9866:978-0-7425-6715-3 9818:978-90-272-3574-9 9799:978-1-138-24164-0 9736:Contained in the 9681:978-89-85644-04-4 9662:978-89-7626-764-1 9643:978-1-58729-510-2 9613:The LINGUIST List 9488:978-0-415-46287-7 9341:978-89-7735-506-4 9292:978-0-8248-1809-8 9223:978-89-337-0736-4 9183:978-1-139-44086-8 9160:978-1-139-49448-9 9141:978-0-7914-9130-0 8976:동양학(Dongyang Hak) 8962:978-89-7096-014-2 8862:용도로 본 통일신라 목간의 서풍 8793:979-11-89438-12-8 8710:978-90-04-35222-3 8691:978-1-881526-51-3 8607:Language Research 8589:978-90-04-13949-7 8541:, pp. 74–75. 8529:, pp. 63–64. 8485:978-0-19-938465-5 8389:, pp. 88–89. 8321:, pp. 73–74. 8265:, pp. 66–67. 8181:, pp. 63–64. 8086:, pp. 74–75. 7757:, pp. 56–57. 7678:, pp. 82–87. 7654:, pp. 53–56. 7546:, pp. 15–16. 7510:, pp. 36–39. 7466:, pp. 60–62. 7451:, pp. 65–67. 7427:, pp. 94–95. 7403:, pp. 93–94. 7331:, pp. 85–89. 7275:, pp. 12–17. 7167:, pp. 58–59. 7143:, pp. 64–65. 7131:, pp. 26–31. 7119:, pp. 13–15. 7083:, pp. 68–70. 7008:, pp. 52–53. 6971:, pp. 69–70. 6846:, pp. 66–77. 6730:, pp. 17–20. 6715:, pp. 42–43. 6688:, pp. 45–49. 6652:, pp. 92–93. 6559:, pp. 59–65. 6547:, pp. 54–59. 6523:, pp. 13–14. 6441:, pp. 34–52. 6405:, pp. 43–65. 6360:, pp. 19–21. 6286:, pp. 18–19. 6274:, pp. 40–41. 6262:, pp. 69–74. 6238:, pp. 18–19. 6109:, pp. 24–25. 6070:, pp. 77–79. 6053:, pp. 47–48. 6041:, pp. 42–46. 6029:, pp. 38–39. 5954:, pp. 41–42. 5781:Yale romanization 5654:Yale Romanization 5539: 5538: 5441:purple rock edge- 5361:Interlinear gloss 5344: 5343: 5333:잡ᄋᆞᆷ 혼 손 암쇼 놓이시고 5119:Japonic languages 5111: 5110: 5071: 5070: 4682: 4681: 4601: 4600: 4526:Instrumental case 4411: 4410: 4371: 4370: 4331: 4330: 4171:to Middle Korean 4023: 4022: 3719: 3718: 3668: 3637: 3543: 3494: 3384: 3383: 3028: 3027: 3017:Phonogram for *-p 3000:Phonogram for *ta 2959:Compound ideogram 2927: 2926: 2645:. The characters 2623: 2622: 2144:are given below. 2022:content morphemes 1959: 1958: 1571: 1570: 1549:push fire county 1479:long same county 1386: 1385: 1332: 1331: 1311:then be not clean 1269: 1268: 1158: 1157: 897: 896: 863:Classical Chinese 821:for three years. 800:Classic of Poetry 752:either 441 or 501 413:Goguryeo language 393:Koreanic language 389:Japonic languages 308: 307: 292:McCune–Reischauer 240:North Korean name 227:McCune–Reischauer 11220: 10924: 10823:Hwanghae dialect 10818:Hamgyŏng dialect 10784:Yeongseo dialect 10760: 10719: 10709: 10680: 10664: 10643: 10587:(?–10th century) 10586: 10556: 10536: 10529: 10522: 10513: 10401: 10394: 10387: 10378: 10372: 10370: 10368: 10345: 10343: 10341: 10303: 10284: 10278: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10258: 10252:. Archived from 10235: 10225: 10206: 10204: 10202: 10179: 10177: 10175: 10152: 10150: 10148: 10127: 10106: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10077: 10062: 10052: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10001: 9999: 9997: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9939: 9920: 9901: 9899: 9897: 9870: 9851: 9822: 9803: 9784: 9782: 9757: 9755: 9753: 9722: 9720: 9685: 9666: 9647: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9604: 9602: 9600: 9580:안민가(安民歌)의 새로운 해독 9573: 9571: 9569: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9504:Avatamsaka Sutra 9492: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9380: 9378: 9376: 9356: 9345: 9322: 9309: 9296: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9246: 9227: 9204: 9187: 9164: 9145: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9080:Avatamsaka Sutra 9068: 9066: 9064: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9010: 9008: 9006: 8983: 8966: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8911: 8888:"Ancient Korean 8882: 8880: 8878: 8855: 8853: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8797: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8714: 8695: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8593: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8561: 8542: 8536: 8530: 8524: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8477: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8451: 8442:. Archived from 8432: 8426: 8423: 8417: 8411: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8375: 8369: 8363: 8357: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8328: 8322: 8316: 8305: 8299: 8293: 8287: 8281: 8275: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8253:, pp. 9–11. 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8164: 8155: 8149: 8140: 8134: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8061: 8057: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8028: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8015:, pp. 143 ( 8010: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7980: 7974: 7968: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7806: 7800: 7794: 7788: 7782: 7776: 7770: 7764: 7758: 7752: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7730:, pp. 50–52 7712: 7706: 7700: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7517: 7511: 7505: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7467: 7461: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7045: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6984:, pp. 69–70 6978: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6959:, pp. 72–73 6953: 6947: 6946:, pp. 60–61 6940: 6934: 6928: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6808: 6802: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6716: 6710: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6340: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6305:, pp. 42–43 6296: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6149: 6142: 6136: 6129: 6123: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6071: 6065: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6004: 5995: 5989: 5978: 5972: 5955: 5949: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5899: 5898: 5892: 5883: 5877: 5868: 5867:, pp. 47–48 5861: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5816: 5806: 5800: 5798: 5790: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5754:values , , and . 5749: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5682: 5676: 5663: 5657: 5650: 5627: 5622: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5598: 5592: 5585: 5579: 5569: 5563: 5552: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5444: 5351: 5185: 5115:Altaic languages 5106: 5103: 5085: 5078: 5064: 5063: 5052: 5051: 5042: 5041: 5032: 5031: 5022: 5021: 5007: 5006: 4997: 4996: 4987: 4986: 4977: 4976: 4962: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4942: 4941: 4932: 4931: 4912: 4911: 4900: 4899: 4890: 4889: 4880: 4879: 4862: 4861: 4842: 4841: 4827: 4826: 4817: 4816: 4807: 4806: 4792: 4791: 4762: 4695: 4694: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4610: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4422: 4406: 4403: 4385: 4378: 4366: 4363: 4345: 4338: 4326: 4323: 4305: 4298: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4235: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4174: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081:Origin of MK /h/ 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4002: 3984: 3977: 3963: 3945: 3938: 3924: 3906: 3899: 3874: 3856: 3849: 3827: 3787: 3784:restrictions on 3780:. Middle Korean 3779: 3775: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3635: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3417: 3388:closed syllables 3377: 3376: 3367: 3366: 3352: 3351: 3342: 3341: 3327: 3326: 3317: 3316: 3296: 3295: 3286: 3285: 3271: 3270: 3261: 3260: 3240: 3239: 3230: 3229: 3209: 3208: 3199: 3198: 3184: 3183: 3174: 3173: 3141: 2936: 2902: 2901: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2869: 2848: 2847: 2811: 2810: 2781: 2780: 2747: 2746: 2713: 2712: 2688:Middle Chinese ( 2676: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2613: 2612: 2576: 2575: 2558: 2557: 2523:Chan'giparang-ga 2519: 2518: 2501: 2500: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2445: 2444: 2406: 2405: 2388: 2387: 2349: 2348: 2331: 2330: 2292: 2291: 2274: 2273: 2237: 2236: 2219: 2218: 2180: 2179: 2147: 2127: 2126: 2117: 2116: 2092: 2091: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2065: 2051: 2050: 2041: 2040: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1994: 1985: 1976: 1970: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1940: 1925: 1918: 1906: 1899: 1892: 1885: 1874: 1860: 1841: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1808: 1801: 1794: 1787: 1780: 1715:Original script 1712: 1711: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1563: 1562: 1543: 1542: 1523: 1522: 1507: 1506: 1491: 1490: 1475:Yengtwong County 1471: 1470: 1447: 1371:Purpose of gloss 1344: 1343: 1334: 1319: 1317: 1281: 1280: 1271: 1256: 1254: 1214: 1213: 1204: 1198:Avatamsaka Sutra 1182:Avatamsaka Sutra 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1124: 1123: 1108: 1106: 1092: 1091: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1058: 1057: 1034: 871: 870: 835: 834: 789: 781: 780: 775: 774: 717: 716: 631: 630: 621: 620: 531:conditional mood 522:prestige dialect 324: 323: 318: 317: 300: 286: 271: 270: 255: 254: 235: 221: 206: 205: 190: 189: 166: 150: 134: 127: 99: 60: 19: 11228: 11227: 11223: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11218: 11217: 11178: 11177: 11176: 11171: 11118: 11114:Yongbieocheonga 11085: 11026: 10984: 10913: 10891: 10887:Zainichi Korean 10873: 10855: 10837: 10828:Pyongan dialect 10804: 10777:Gangwon dialect 10745: 10731: 10710: 10697: 10679: 10671: 10663: 10657: 10642: 10634: 10585: 10577: 10545: 10543:Korean language 10540: 10510: 10505: 10478:Proto-languages 10472: 10451:Early languages 10446: 10410: 10405: 10375: 10366: 10364: 10353: 10348: 10339: 10337: 10311: 10306: 10300: 10287: 10276: 10271: 10262: 10260: 10256: 10233: 10228: 10222: 10213: 10209: 10200: 10198: 10187: 10186:'叱'의 음독 유래에 대하여 10182: 10173: 10171: 10160: 10155: 10146: 10144: 10130: 10124: 10109: 10103: 10090: 10081: 10079: 10075: 10060: 10055: 10049: 10036: 10027: 10025: 10004: 9995: 9993: 9978: 9973: 9964: 9962: 9947: 9942: 9936: 9923: 9917: 9904: 9895: 9893: 9878: 9873: 9867: 9854: 9840:10.2307/4141294 9825: 9819: 9806: 9800: 9787: 9760: 9751: 9749: 9730: 9725: 9693: 9688: 9682: 9673: 9669: 9663: 9654: 9650: 9644: 9631: 9622: 9620: 9607: 9598: 9596: 9581: 9576: 9567: 9565: 9531: 9526: 9517: 9515: 9500: 9495: 9489: 9476: 9467: 9465: 9446: 9441: 9432: 9430: 9415: 9410: 9401: 9399: 9388: 9383: 9374: 9372: 9366:[Idu]. 9364: 9359: 9348: 9342: 9325: 9312: 9299: 9293: 9280: 9271: 9269: 9254: 9249: 9235: 9230: 9224: 9211: 9207: 9194: 9190: 9184: 9167: 9161: 9148: 9142: 9129: 9120: 9118: 9107: 9102: 9093: 9091: 9076: 9071: 9062: 9060: 9045: 9040: 9031: 9029: 9018: 9013: 9004: 9002: 8991: 8986: 8973: 8969: 8963: 8954: 8950: 8941: 8939: 8932:구결학회 학술대회 발표논문집 8928: 8923: 8914: 8912: 8885: 8876: 8874: 8863: 8858: 8827: 8818: 8816: 8805: 8800: 8794: 8784: 8779: 8770: 8768: 8753: 8748: 8739: 8737: 8722: 8717: 8711: 8698: 8692: 8679: 8670: 8668: 8657: 8652: 8643: 8641: 8630: 8625: 8616: 8614: 8596: 8590: 8577: 8568: 8566: 8559: 8554: 8550: 8545: 8537: 8533: 8525: 8518: 8510: 8506: 8497: 8493: 8486: 8463: 8462: 8458: 8449: 8447: 8440:www2.furman.edu 8434: 8433: 8429: 8424: 8420: 8412: 8405: 8397: 8393: 8385: 8378: 8370: 8366: 8358: 8349: 8341: 8337: 8329: 8325: 8317: 8308: 8300: 8296: 8288: 8284: 8276: 8269: 8261: 8257: 8249: 8245: 8237: 8233: 8225: 8221: 8213: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8165: 8158: 8154:, pp. 6–7. 8150: 8143: 8135: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8098:, pp. 8–9. 8094: 8090: 8082: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8050: 8046: 8038: 8031: 8011: 8007: 7999: 7995: 7987: 7983: 7975: 7971: 7963: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7939: 7935: 7927: 7923: 7915: 7911: 7903: 7896: 7888: 7884: 7876: 7872: 7864: 7860: 7852: 7848: 7840: 7836: 7828: 7824: 7816: 7809: 7801: 7797: 7789: 7785: 7777: 7773: 7765: 7761: 7753: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7713: 7709: 7701: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7674: 7670: 7662: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7638: 7634: 7626: 7622: 7614: 7610: 7606:, pp. 5–6. 7602: 7598: 7590: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7566: 7562: 7554: 7550: 7542: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7506: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7479: 7470: 7462: 7455: 7447: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7399: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7339: 7335: 7327: 7318: 7310: 7306: 7298: 7294: 7286: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7247: 7243: 7235: 7231: 7223: 7219: 7211: 7207: 7199: 7195: 7187: 7183: 7175: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7055: 7048: 7040: 7036: 7028: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7004: 7000: 6992: 6988: 6979: 6975: 6967: 6963: 6954: 6950: 6941: 6937: 6929: 6922: 6918:, pp. 3–4. 6914: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6890: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6818: 6811: 6803: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6719: 6711: 6704: 6696: 6692: 6684: 6680: 6672: 6668: 6660: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6615: 6611: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6579: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6543: 6539: 6531: 6527: 6519: 6515: 6507: 6503: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6466: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6417:, pp. 6–7. 6413: 6409: 6401: 6397: 6393:, pp. 134. 6389: 6385: 6377: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6334: 6330: 6315: 6311: 6297: 6290: 6282: 6278: 6270: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6234: 6230: 6222: 6215: 6207: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6183: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6159: 6152: 6143: 6139: 6130: 6126: 6117: 6113: 6105: 6101: 6093: 6089: 6081: 6074: 6066: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6025: 6021: 6005: 5998: 5990: 5981: 5973: 5958: 5950: 5943: 5928: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5893: 5886: 5878: 5871: 5862: 5858: 5850: 5846: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5803: 5778: 5774: 5762: 5758: 5737: 5733: 5722: 5718: 5707: 5703: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5679: 5664: 5660: 5651: 5630: 5616: 5612: 5599: 5595: 5586: 5582: 5570: 5566: 5560:Alexander Vovin 5553: 5549: 5544: 5495: 5472: 5448: 5440: 5349: 5264: 5263: 5161:high topped by 5143:is a four-line 5135: 5107: 5101: 5098: 5091:needs expansion 5076: 4711: 4706: 4545:Comitative case 4474:Accusative case 4426:Nominative case 4407: 4401: 4398: 4391:needs expansion 4376: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4351:needs expansion 4336: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4311:needs expansion 4296: 4294:Coda consonants 4225: 4186: 4181: 4119:velar fricative 4083: 4075:functional load 3831: 3805: 3767: 3405: 3131: 3114:suprasegmentals 3091: 3083: 2665:and the latter 2067: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1937: 1936:great.peace-do- 1660: 1654: 1644:and especially 1582: 1576: 1546:Chwuhwoa County 1494:Kiltwong County 1456:Transliteration 1426: 1312: 1249: 1163: 1134: 1102: 1067: 982:imaging science 936: 926: 744: 591: 585: 579: 571: 488:Alexander Vovin 423: 417:Baekje language 401: 327:Korean language 272: 256: 207: 191: 162: 146: 143: 130: 123: 100: 95: 89: 82: 75: 61: 58:Language family 56: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11226: 11224: 11216: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11180: 11179: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11137: 11132: 11126: 11124: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11095: 11093: 11087: 11086: 11084: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11040: 11038: 11032: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10998: 10996: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10971: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10950: 10949: 10948: 10943: 10933: 10931:Korean Braille 10927: 10921: 10919:Writing system 10915: 10914: 10912: 10911: 10905: 10903: 10897: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10889: 10883: 10881: 10875: 10874: 10872: 10871: 10865: 10863: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10853: 10851:Chinese Korean 10847: 10845: 10839: 10838: 10836: 10835: 10833:Yukjin dialect 10830: 10825: 10820: 10814: 10812: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10802: 10800:Jeolla dialect 10797: 10792: 10787: 10786: 10785: 10782: 10774: 10768: 10766: 10757: 10751: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10741: 10739: 10733: 10732: 10727: 10725: 10716: 10712: 10711: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10695: 10692: 10689: 10685: 10683: 10673: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10659: 10658: 10656: 10655: 10652: 10648: 10646: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10591: 10589: 10579: 10578: 10576: 10575: 10570: 10564: 10562: 10560:Proto-Koreanic 10553: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10539: 10538: 10531: 10524: 10516: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10498: 10496:Proto-Mongolic 10493: 10488: 10482: 10480: 10474: 10473: 10471: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10454: 10452: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10418: 10416: 10412: 10411: 10406: 10404: 10403: 10396: 10389: 10381: 10374: 10373: 10346: 10304: 10298: 10285: 10269: 10226: 10220: 10207: 10180: 10153: 10128: 10122: 10107: 10101: 10088: 10053: 10047: 10034: 10017:(2): 223–236. 10002: 9971: 9940: 9934: 9921: 9915: 9902: 9882:Mareum Cheomgi 9871: 9865: 9852: 9823: 9817: 9804: 9798: 9785: 9767:Korean Studies 9758: 9723: 9686: 9680: 9667: 9661: 9648: 9642: 9629: 9605: 9574: 9524: 9493: 9487: 9474: 9456:Hyangga]. 9439: 9408: 9381: 9357: 9346: 9340: 9323: 9310: 9297: 9291: 9278: 9247: 9228: 9222: 9210:木簡에 기록된 古代韓國語 9205: 9188: 9182: 9165: 9159: 9146: 9140: 9127: 9100: 9069: 9038: 9017:고대국어 문법 연구의 회고 9011: 8984: 8967: 8961: 8948: 8921: 8902:(1): 193–222. 8883: 8856: 8825: 8798: 8792: 8777: 8746: 8715: 8709: 8696: 8690: 8677: 8650: 8623: 8594: 8588: 8575: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8543: 8531: 8516: 8504: 8491: 8484: 8456: 8427: 8418: 8403: 8401:, p. 175. 8391: 8376: 8364: 8347: 8335: 8323: 8306: 8294: 8292:, p. 200. 8282: 8267: 8255: 8243: 8231: 8219: 8207: 8205:, p. 181. 8195: 8193:, p. 244. 8183: 8171: 8156: 8141: 8124: 8112: 8100: 8088: 8076: 8064: 8044: 8029: 8005: 8003:, p. 130. 7993: 7991:, p. 128. 7981: 7969: 7957: 7945: 7943:, p. 363. 7933: 7921: 7919:, p. 164. 7909: 7894: 7882: 7880:, p. 161. 7870: 7868:, p. 155. 7858: 7846: 7834: 7822: 7807: 7795: 7783: 7771: 7759: 7744: 7732: 7707: 7692: 7680: 7668: 7656: 7644: 7632: 7620: 7608: 7596: 7584: 7572: 7560: 7548: 7536: 7524: 7512: 7508:Kim Y. W. 2012 7497: 7485: 7468: 7453: 7441: 7439:, p. 383. 7429: 7417: 7405: 7393: 7381: 7369: 7357: 7345: 7333: 7316: 7304: 7292: 7277: 7265: 7253: 7241: 7229: 7227:, p. 101. 7217: 7215:, p. 100. 7205: 7193: 7181: 7169: 7157: 7145: 7133: 7121: 7109: 7097: 7085: 7073: 7061: 7046: 7034: 7022: 7010: 6998: 6986: 6973: 6961: 6948: 6935: 6920: 6908: 6906:, p. 105. 6896: 6884: 6872: 6860: 6858:, p. 206. 6848: 6836: 6824: 6809: 6792: 6790:, p. 168. 6780: 6778:, p. 389. 6768: 6766:, p. 199. 6756: 6744: 6732: 6717: 6702: 6690: 6678: 6666: 6654: 6642: 6630: 6609: 6597: 6585: 6573: 6561: 6549: 6537: 6525: 6513: 6501: 6484: 6482:, p. 202. 6472: 6455: 6443: 6431: 6419: 6407: 6395: 6383: 6362: 6350: 6341: 6328: 6309: 6303:Kim Y. P. 2012 6288: 6276: 6264: 6252: 6240: 6228: 6213: 6201: 6189: 6177: 6165: 6150: 6137: 6124: 6111: 6099: 6087: 6085:, p. 440. 6072: 6055: 6043: 6031: 6019: 5996: 5979: 5956: 5941: 5922: 5910: 5884: 5882:, p. 421. 5869: 5856: 5844: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5801: 5772: 5756: 5731: 5716: 5701: 5686: 5677: 5658: 5628: 5626:"many kind of" 5610: 5593: 5580: 5576:Middle Chinese 5564: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5522: 5437: 5399:son amsyo noh- 5370: 5369: 5364: 5357: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339:곶ᄋᆞᆯ 것거 받오림ㅅ다 5330:ᄃᆞᆯ뵈 바희 ᄀᆞᆺᄋᆡ 5327: 5289:su mo wu pang 5265: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5191: 5134: 5131: 5127:Dravido-Korean 5109: 5108: 5088: 5086: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5057: 5056: 5046: 5036: 5026: 5023: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5001: 4991: 4981: 4978: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4956: 4946: 4936: 4933: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4905: 4904: 4894: 4884: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4832: 4831: 4821: 4811: 4801: 4798: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4771:Reconstruction 4769: 4766: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4616: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4428: 4409: 4408: 4388: 4386: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4348: 4346: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4308: 4306: 4295: 4292: 4224: 4221: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4082: 4079: 4051:free variation 4021: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3979: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3940: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3851: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830:Middle Chinese 3804: 3801: 3766: 3763: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3616: 3606: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3574: 3564: 3554: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3525: 3515: 3505: 3495: 3490: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3467: 3457: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3404: 3401: 3393:mareum cheomgi 3386:Middle Korean 3382: 3381: 3371: 3368: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3346: 3343: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3321: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3301: 3300: 3290: 3287: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3265: 3262: 3255: 3252: 3245: 3244: 3234: 3231: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3203: 3200: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3178: 3175: 3168: 3165: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3153:Reconstruction 3151: 3148: 3145: 3130: 3127: 3090: 3087: 3082: 3079: 3026: 3025: 3024:, PAP for *-p 3018: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3007:, SAP for *ta 3001: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2925: 2924: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2893: 2892: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2839: 2838: 2830:Preserves the 2828: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2812: 2802: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2782: 2772: 2771: 2764: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2738: 2737: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2693: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2621: 2620: 2607: 2595: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2552: 2540: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2495: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2439: 2427: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2400: 2396: 2395: 2382: 2370: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2325: 2313: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2268: 2256: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2240:Mojukjirang-ga 2231: 2227: 2226: 2213: 2201: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2184:Mojukjirang-ga 2174: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2142:mareum cheomgi 2130:coda consonant 2106:mareum cheomgi 2018: 2017: 1996: 1987: 1978: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1900: 1893: 1886: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1816: 1809: 1802: 1795: 1788: 1781: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1682: 1675: 1653: 1650: 1594:Middle Chinese 1590:Early Mandarin 1575: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1527:Milseng County 1524: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1425: 1422: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1338: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1132: 1125: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1100: 1093: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1065: 1059: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1037:Mokgan No. 221 942:Sixth-century 925: 919: 895: 894: 879: 873: 872: 865: 859: 858: 843: 837: 836: 829: 823: 822: 795: 743: 740: 581:Main article: 578: 572: 570: 567: 435:Proto-Koreanic 431:Unified period 400: 397: 355:. Hyangga use 306: 305: 302: 301: 294: 288: 287: 284:Godae joseoneo 280: 274: 273: 266: 264: 258: 257: 250: 248: 242: 241: 237: 236: 233:Kodae han'gugŏ 229: 223: 222: 219:Godae hangugeo 215: 209: 208: 201: 199: 193: 192: 185: 183: 177: 176: 172: 171: 168: 167: 160: 152: 151: 144: 139: 136: 135: 128: 120: 119: 118:Language codes 115: 114: 101: 97:Writing system 94: 91: 90: 87:Proto-Koreanic 85: 83: 80: 77: 76: 74: 73: 64: 62: 55: 52: 51: 44: 40: 39: 33: 29: 28: 24: 23: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11225: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11185: 11183: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11146: 11143: 11142: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11127: 11125: 11121: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11094: 11092: 11088: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11076:Speech levels 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11066:Postpositions 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11046: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11033: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10999: 10997: 10995: 10991: 10990:Cyrillization 10987: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10951: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10928: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10916: 10910: 10909:Jeju language 10907: 10906: 10904: 10902: 10898: 10888: 10885: 10884: 10882: 10880: 10876: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10864: 10862: 10858: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10840: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10813: 10811: 10807: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10769: 10767: 10765: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10752: 10744: 10740: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10724: 10720: 10717: 10713: 10708: 10693: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10678: 10677:Modern Korean 10674: 10668: 10660: 10653: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10641: 10640:Middle Korean 10637: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10592: 10590: 10584: 10580: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10561: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10537: 10532: 10530: 10525: 10523: 10518: 10517: 10514: 10502: 10501:Proto-Japonic 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10479: 10475: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10449: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10402: 10397: 10395: 10390: 10388: 10383: 10382: 10379: 10367:September 16, 10362: 10358: 10354: 10347: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10305: 10301: 10295: 10291: 10286: 10282: 10275: 10270: 10263:September 17, 10259:on 2019-02-25 10255: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10232: 10227: 10223: 10217: 10208: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10181: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10154: 10147:September 22, 10142: 10138: 10134: 10129: 10125: 10119: 10115: 10114: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10094: 10089: 10078:on 2009-02-26 10074: 10070: 10066: 10059: 10054: 10050: 10044: 10040: 10035: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10003: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9972: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9941: 9937: 9931: 9927: 9922: 9918: 9912: 9908: 9903: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9872: 9868: 9862: 9858: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9829: 9824: 9820: 9814: 9810: 9805: 9801: 9795: 9792:. Routledge. 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9759: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9687: 9683: 9677: 9668: 9664: 9658: 9649: 9645: 9639: 9635: 9630: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9575: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9525: 9518:September 17, 9513: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9494: 9490: 9484: 9480: 9475: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9440: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9409: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9382: 9371: 9370: 9365: 9358: 9354: 9353: 9347: 9343: 9337: 9333: 9329: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9298: 9294: 9288: 9284: 9279: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9229: 9225: 9219: 9215: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9189: 9185: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9166: 9162: 9156: 9152: 9147: 9143: 9137: 9133: 9128: 9121:September 17, 9116: 9112: 9108: 9101: 9094:September 17, 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9070: 9063:September 20, 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9039: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9012: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8968: 8964: 8958: 8949: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8922: 8915:September 16, 8910: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8891: 8884: 8877:September 16, 8872: 8868: 8864: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8826: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8799: 8795: 8789: 8785: 8778: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8747: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8716: 8712: 8706: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8687: 8683: 8678: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8651: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8624: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8602: 8595: 8591: 8585: 8581: 8576: 8565: 8558: 8553: 8552: 8547: 8540: 8535: 8532: 8528: 8523: 8521: 8517: 8514:, p. 15. 8513: 8512:O'Rourke 2006 8508: 8505: 8501: 8495: 8492: 8487: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8467: 8460: 8457: 8446:on 2019-03-26 8445: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8428: 8422: 8419: 8415: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8395: 8392: 8388: 8383: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8368: 8365: 8361: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8339: 8336: 8333:, pp. 8. 8332: 8327: 8324: 8320: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8304:, p. 57. 8303: 8298: 8295: 8291: 8286: 8283: 8279: 8274: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8259: 8256: 8252: 8247: 8244: 8241:, p. 29. 8240: 8235: 8232: 8228: 8223: 8220: 8216: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8199: 8196: 8192: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8175: 8172: 8168: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8139:, p. 65. 8138: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8116: 8113: 8109: 8104: 8101: 8097: 8092: 8089: 8085: 8080: 8077: 8073: 8068: 8065: 8053: 8048: 8045: 8041: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8014: 8009: 8006: 8002: 7997: 7994: 7990: 7985: 7982: 7978: 7973: 7970: 7966: 7961: 7958: 7955:, p. 74. 7954: 7949: 7946: 7942: 7937: 7934: 7930: 7925: 7922: 7918: 7913: 7910: 7907:, p. 89. 7906: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7892:, p. 63. 7891: 7886: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7871: 7867: 7862: 7859: 7855: 7850: 7847: 7843: 7838: 7835: 7832:, p. 27. 7831: 7826: 7823: 7819: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7799: 7796: 7792: 7787: 7784: 7780: 7775: 7772: 7769:, p. 73. 7768: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7742:, p. 63. 7741: 7736: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7711: 7708: 7705:, p. 57. 7704: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7690:, p. 46. 7689: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7672: 7669: 7665: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7648: 7645: 7641: 7636: 7633: 7629: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7612: 7609: 7605: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7588: 7585: 7582:, p. 94. 7581: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7564: 7561: 7557: 7552: 7549: 7545: 7540: 7537: 7533: 7528: 7525: 7521: 7516: 7513: 7509: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7489: 7486: 7482: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7445: 7442: 7438: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7421: 7418: 7415:, p. 94. 7414: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7397: 7394: 7391:, p. 93. 7390: 7385: 7382: 7379:, p. 92. 7378: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7349: 7346: 7342: 7337: 7334: 7330: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7269: 7266: 7263:, p. 91. 7262: 7257: 7254: 7251:, p. 45. 7250: 7245: 7242: 7239:, p. 59. 7238: 7233: 7230: 7226: 7221: 7218: 7214: 7209: 7206: 7203:, p. 99. 7202: 7197: 7194: 7191:, p. 98. 7190: 7185: 7182: 7179:, p. 62. 7178: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7161: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7146: 7142: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7086: 7082: 7077: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7062: 7059:, p. 52. 7058: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7038: 7035: 7032:, p. 42. 7031: 7026: 7023: 7020:, p. 58. 7019: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6936: 6932: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6900: 6897: 6894:, p. 43. 6893: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6849: 6845: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6828: 6825: 6821: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6781: 6777: 6772: 6769: 6765: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6679: 6676:, p. 52. 6675: 6670: 6667: 6664:, p. 46. 6663: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6601: 6598: 6595:, p. 63. 6594: 6589: 6586: 6583:, p. 65. 6582: 6577: 6574: 6570: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6476: 6473: 6470:, p. 45. 6469: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6453:, p. 79. 6452: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6420: 6416: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6351: 6345: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6325: 6313: 6310: 6304: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6229: 6226:, p. 51. 6225: 6220: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6202: 6199:, p. 48. 6198: 6193: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6173:Beckwith 2004 6169: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6148:, p. 423 6147: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6122:, p. 423 6121: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5977:, p. 55. 5976: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5857: 5854:, p. 50. 5853: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5833: 5827: 5822: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5796: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5735: 5732: 5720: 5717: 5705: 5702: 5690: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5541: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5493: 5470: 5446: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5417:uli-só-n tó-n 5414: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5362: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5307:hil i sa tung 5304: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5197: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5175: 5174:orthography. 5173: 5172:hunju eumjong 5169: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5105: 5096: 5092: 5089:This section 5087: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5073: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5045: 5035: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5002: 5000: 4992: 4990: 4982: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4957: 4955: 4947: 4945: 4937: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4893: 4883: 4872: 4866: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4820: 4810: 4796: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4777:Modern Korean 4776: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4754: 4753:hunju eumjong 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4689: 4688:Middle Korean 4668: 4665: 4664: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4567: 4565: 4564:Vocative case 4562: 4561: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4448: 4446: 4445:Genitive case 4443: 4442: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4405: 4396: 4392: 4389:This section 4387: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4373: 4365: 4356: 4352: 4349:This section 4347: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4333: 4325: 4316: 4312: 4309:This section 4307: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4248: 4230: 4222: 4220: 4210: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4170: 4162: 4142: 4129: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4055: 4052: 4046: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3972: 3968: 3965: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3902: 3900: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3844: 3840: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3783: 3770: 3764: 3762: 3715: 3713: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3684: 3682: 3670: 3665: 3664: 3653: 3651: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3627: 3617: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3575: 3565: 3555: 3545: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3526: 3516: 3506: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3468: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3410: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3395:orthography. 3394: 3389: 3380: 3372: 3369: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3347: 3344: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3322: 3319: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3302: 3299: 3291: 3288: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3266: 3263: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3235: 3232: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3212: 3204: 3201: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3187: 3179: 3176: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3088: 3086: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3048:. The first, 3047: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2695:Old Chinese ( 2694: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2636: 2628: 2619: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2095:Hunju eumjong 2090: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2045: 2035: 2031: 2030:hunju eumjong 2027: 2023: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1951: 1950: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1659: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1642:Middle Mongol 1638: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1573: 1566: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1411:Book of Liang 1406: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1393: 1391: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1349:English gloss 1348: 1347: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1310: 1308:English gloss 1307: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1286:English gloss 1285: 1284: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1247: 1245:English gloss 1244: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1219:English gloss 1218: 1217: 1212:尒時精進慧菩薩白法慧菩薩言 1209: 1206: 1205: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1160: 1153: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1107:people grieve 1101: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 988: 983: 980: 976: 971: 969: 964: 960: 956: 949: 945: 940: 935: 931: 923: 920: 918: 916: 912: 908: 903: 893: 890: 887: 884: 880: 878: 875: 874: 866: 864: 861: 860: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 842: 839: 838: 830: 828: 827:Original text 825: 824: 820: 819: 814: 813: 812:Book of Rites 808: 807: 802: 801: 796: 794: 791: 790: 787: 785: 769: 759: 755: 753: 749: 741: 739: 737: 733: 727: 725: 721: 711: 707: 706:Shinpei Ogura 703: 699: 695: 690: 688: 683: 679: 675: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 643: 637: 633: 625: 615: 611: 604: 600: 595: 590: 584: 576: 573: 568: 566: 564: 561:and the 2015 560: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 526: 523: 519: 515: 511: 504: 499: 495: 493: 492:LINGUIST List 489: 483: 481: 477: 476: 475:lingua franca 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 446: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 422: 421:Gaya language 418: 414: 405: 398: 396: 394: 390: 386: 385:Altaic family 381: 378: 377:agglutinative 374: 370: 369:Middle Korean 366: 362: 358: 354: 353: 346: 343: 339: 334: 332: 331:Unified Silla 328: 312: 303: 299: 298:Kodae chosŏnŏ 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 279: 275: 265: 263: 259: 249: 247: 243: 238: 234: 230: 228: 224: 220: 216: 214: 210: 200: 198: 194: 184: 182: 178: 173: 169: 165: 161: 159: 158: 153: 149: 145: 142: 141:Linguist List 137: 133: 129: 126: 121: 116: 113: 109: 105: 102: 98: 92: 88: 84: 78: 72: 69: 68: 67: 63: 59: 53: 49: 48:Middle Korean 46:Evolved into 45: 41: 38: 34: 30: 25: 20: 11123:Other topics 11043: 11002:ISO/TR 11941 10994:Romanization 10975:Mixed script 10861:Central Asia 10624: 10582: 10491:Proto-Turkic 10486:Proto-Altaic 10468:Old Japanese 10462: 10365:. Retrieved 10360: 10356: 10338:. Retrieved 10326: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10289: 10280: 10261:. Retrieved 10254:the original 10241: 10237: 10199:. Retrieved 10194: 10190: 10172:. Retrieved 10167: 10163: 10145:. Retrieved 10140: 10136: 10112: 10092: 10080:. Retrieved 10073:the original 10068: 10064: 10038: 10026:. Retrieved 10014: 10010: 9996:September 1, 9994:. Retrieved 9989: 9985: 9981: 9963:. Retrieved 9958: 9954: 9950: 9925: 9906: 9894:. Retrieved 9889: 9885: 9881: 9856: 9831: 9827: 9808: 9789: 9770: 9766: 9750:. Retrieved 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9633: 9621:. Retrieved 9617:the original 9612: 9609:"Old Korean" 9597:. Retrieved 9592: 9588: 9584: 9566:. Retrieved 9546: 9542: 9539:Jemangmae-ga 9538: 9534: 9516:. Retrieved 9511: 9507: 9503: 9478: 9466:. Retrieved 9461: 9457: 9453: 9452:Hyangga and 9449: 9431:. Retrieved 9426: 9422: 9418: 9400:. Retrieved 9395: 9391: 9375:September 2, 9373:. Retrieved 9367: 9351: 9331: 9318: 9314: 9305: 9301: 9282: 9270:. Retrieved 9265: 9261: 9257: 9242: 9238: 9213: 9200: 9197:학문연구의 동향과 쟁점 9196: 9173: 9169: 9150: 9131: 9119:. Retrieved 9114: 9110: 9092:. Retrieved 9087: 9083: 9079: 9061:. Retrieved 9056: 9052: 9048: 9030:. Retrieved 9025: 9021: 9003:. Retrieved 8998: 8994: 8979: 8975: 8940:. Retrieved 8935: 8931: 8913:. Retrieved 8899: 8896:Acta Koreana 8895: 8889: 8875:. Retrieved 8870: 8866: 8837: 8833: 8817:. Retrieved 8812: 8808: 8769:. Retrieved 8764: 8760: 8756: 8738:. Retrieved 8733: 8729: 8725: 8700: 8681: 8671:September 3, 8669:. Retrieved 8664: 8660: 8642:. Retrieved 8637: 8633: 8615:. Retrieved 8610: 8606: 8600: 8579: 8567:. Retrieved 8563: 8548:Bibliography 8534: 8507: 8499: 8494: 8465: 8459: 8448:. Retrieved 8444:the original 8439: 8430: 8421: 8394: 8367: 8338: 8326: 8297: 8285: 8258: 8246: 8234: 8222: 8217:, p. 11 8210: 8203:Park C. 2002 8198: 8191:Park D. 1995 8186: 8174: 8115: 8103: 8091: 8079: 8067: 8047: 8008: 7996: 7984: 7972: 7960: 7948: 7936: 7929:Bentley 2000 7924: 7912: 7885: 7873: 7861: 7849: 7837: 7825: 7798: 7791:Whitman 2015 7786: 7774: 7762: 7735: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7710: 7683: 7671: 7659: 7647: 7635: 7623: 7611: 7599: 7587: 7575: 7563: 7551: 7539: 7527: 7515: 7488: 7444: 7432: 7420: 7408: 7396: 7384: 7372: 7360: 7348: 7336: 7307: 7295: 7268: 7256: 7244: 7232: 7220: 7208: 7196: 7184: 7172: 7160: 7148: 7136: 7124: 7112: 7100: 7088: 7076: 7064: 7037: 7025: 7013: 7001: 6989: 6976: 6964: 6951: 6938: 6916:Whitman 2014 6911: 6904:Whitman 2011 6899: 6887: 6875: 6863: 6851: 6839: 6827: 6783: 6771: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6693: 6681: 6669: 6657: 6645: 6633: 6628:, p. 57 6621: 6617: 6612: 6600: 6588: 6581:Park J. 2018 6576: 6564: 6557:Park J. 2018 6552: 6545:Park J. 2018 6540: 6528: 6516: 6509:Park Y. 2005 6504: 6492: 6487: 6475: 6446: 6434: 6422: 6410: 6398: 6386: 6353: 6344: 6331: 6312: 6279: 6267: 6255: 6243: 6231: 6204: 6192: 6185:Pellard 2005 6180: 6168: 6146:Whitman 2015 6140: 6135:, p. 48 6127: 6120:Whitman 2015 6114: 6102: 6090: 6046: 6034: 6022: 6011: 6007: 5939:, p. 39 5925: 5913: 5880:Whitman 2015 5859: 5847: 5842:, p. 4. 5835: 5809: 5804: 5775: 5767: 5759: 5734: 5719: 5704: 5689: 5680: 5666: 5661: 5623: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5583: 5567: 5555: 5550: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5494: 5471: 5447: 5439: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5366: 5359: 5355:Romanization 5354: 5346: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5211: 5202: 5193: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5136: 5112: 5099: 5095:adding to it 5090: 5053: 5043: 5033: 5008: 4998: 4988: 4963: 4953: 4943: 4914: 4901: 4891: 4881: 4864: 4844: 4828: 4818: 4808: 4794: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4726:Jemangmae-ga 4724: 4718: 4714: 4712: 4685: 4614:Topic marker 4604: 4415:case markers 4412: 4399: 4395:adding to it 4390: 4359: 4355:adding to it 4350: 4319: 4315:adding to it 4310: 4286:stood for a 4276:represented 4266:represented 4256:represented 4249: 4226: 4208: 4187: 4135:and initial 4130: 4084: 4056: 4047: 4037:and finally 4024: 3993: 3988: 3981: 3974: 3954: 3949: 3942: 3935: 3915: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3865: 3860: 3853: 3846: 3820: 3806: 3792: 3790: 3771: 3768: 3737:merged with 3720: 3408: 3406: 3397: 3392: 3385: 3378: 3353: 3328: 3297: 3272: 3242:wotwokptwoki 3241: 3233:*wotwokputuk 3210: 3185: 3161: 3132: 3122: 3119: 3107: 3099:pitch accent 3092: 3084: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3029: 2928: 2908: 2884: 2854: 2822: 2817: 2792: 2787: 2767: 2758: 2753: 2733: 2724: 2719: 2702:Explanation 2671: 2624: 2616: 2614: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2578: 2561: 2559: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2521: 2504: 2502: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2448: 2446: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2408: 2391: 2389: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2351: 2334: 2332: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2294: 2277: 2275: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2239: 2222: 2220: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2182: 2141: 2133: 2105: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2053: 2029: 2019: 1960: 1952:Translation 1704: 1700: 1698: 1692: 1685: 1678: 1671: 1661: 1646:Old Japanese 1639: 1606: 1602:Tang dynasty 1583: 1564: 1555: 1508: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1424:Proper nouns 1415: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1396: 1394: 1387: 1361: 1313: 1298: 1250: 1235: 1197: 1180: 1166: 1164: 1128: 1119: 1096: 1087: 1062: 1054: 1027: 1025: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 991: 986: 974: 972: 962: 958: 954: 952: 943: 921: 911:temple bells 898: 891: 888: 885: 882: 876: 862: 854: 851: 848: 845: 840: 826: 816: 810: 804: 798: 792: 764: 745: 731: 728: 723: 719: 709: 693: 691: 686: 681: 673: 671: 666: 662: 654: 650: 640: 635: 634: 609: 607: 602: 598: 574: 562: 558: 555: 550: 542: 538: 535:nominalizing 527: 507: 484: 473: 468:in 660, and 447: 443: 424: 382: 350: 347: 335: 310: 309: 155: 70: 10946:Punctuation 10810:North Korea 10764:South Korea 10737:North Korea 10723:South Korea 10694:South Korea 10691:North Korea 10011:Diachronica 9982:Jemangmaega 9738:Samguk yusa 9672:고대국어 음운연구 I 9653:고대국어 음운 (1) 9454:Gunyeo jeon 9450:Samguk yusa 9387:古代國語의 時代區分 9049:Nihon Shoki 8844:: 167–197. 8601:Nihon Shoki 8387:Lee S. 2017 8372:Lee S. 2017 8360:Lee S. 2017 8343:Lee S. 2017 8278:Ramsey 2004 8251:Miyake 2000 8215:Miyake 2000 8152:Miyake 2000 8108:Ramsey 1991 8096:Miyake 2000 7965:Lee S. 2017 7953:Handel 2019 7941:Lee S. 2017 7767:Handel 2019 7676:Handel 2019 7664:Handel 2019 7640:Lee S. 2017 7604:Kim W. 1985 7580:Handel 2019 7556:Miyake 1998 7437:Lee S. 2017 7365:Lee S. 2017 7353:Handel 2019 7341:Handel 2019 7312:Lee S. 2017 7300:Lee S. 2017 7273:Kim W. 1980 7261:Handel 2019 7225:Handel 2019 7213:Handel 2019 7201:Handel 2019 7189:Handel 2019 7177:Handel 2019 7030:Miller 1979 6994:Lee Y. 2015 6880:Lee S. 2017 6868:Lee S. 2017 6856:Lee S. 2017 6820:Lee S. 2017 6805:Lee S. 2017 6764:Kim C. 2014 6752:Lee S. 2017 6728:Lee S. 2017 6650:Handel 2019 6569:Kim W. 1980 6521:Miller 1987 6451:Handel 2019 6439:Kim W. 1980 6391:Lee P. 2003 6324:Kim J. 2019 6272:Lee S. 2015 6236:Lee S. 2017 5992:Lee S. 2017 5937:Lee S. 2015 5918:Martin 1996 5908:, p. 2 5480:be.ashamed- 5323:ho li um ye 5196:Sino-Korean 5153:Samguk yusa 5149:Samguk yusa 5133:Sample text 4915:Cheoyong-ga 4732:Cheoyong-ga 4625:-n~-nʌn~-ʌn 4493:Dative case 3841:Percentage 3793:Samguk Sagi 3782:phonotactic 3123:Nihon Shoki 2986:"wood" and 2832:Old Chinese 2627:Old Chinese 2296:Hyeseong-ga 2122:: 2112:: 2059:given below 2046:: 2036:: 1652:Orthography 1600:during the 1586:Old Chinese 1434:Samguk yusa 1430:Samguk sagi 1417:Nihon Shoki 1403:Samguk yusa 1398:Samguk sagi 1379:Translation 1325:Translation 1262:Translation 1240:進慧菩薩白法慧菩薩言 1224:bodhisattva 1068:five hurry- 1021:Dragon King 968:classifiers 946:slips from 682:Samguk yusa 667:Samguk yusa 651:Samguk yusa 642:Samguk yusa 626:: 616:: 599:Samguk yusa 547:attributive 433:(668–936). 175:Korean name 11182:Categories 11091:Literature 11056:Honorifics 11051:Count word 10583:Old Korean 10463:Old Korean 10458:Old Turkic 10340:August 23, 10201:August 23, 10174:August 23, 10082:August 19, 10028:August 18, 9965:August 23, 9946:吏讀의 개념과 성격 9896:August 23, 9752:August 23, 9623:August 19, 9599:August 22, 9568:August 23, 9468:August 22, 9433:August 21, 9419:Heonhwa-ga 9402:August 18, 9272:August 24, 9032:August 22, 9005:August 23, 8942:August 22, 8819:August 23, 8771:August 24, 8740:August 23, 8644:August 23, 8617:August 19, 8569:August 23, 8450:2019-03-26 8414:Vovin 2013 8290:Vovin 2013 8239:Vovin 2010 7917:Vovin 2010 7568:Vovin 2013 7520:Hwang 2002 7153:Vovin 2013 6480:Vovin 2013 6403:Hwang 2015 6358:Hwang 2018 6337:Vovin 2015 6161:Vovin 2005 6107:Vovin 2002 6095:Vovin 1995 5823:References 5810:Heonhwa-ga 5770:"to pull". 5752:allophonic 5433:o-li-ms-ta 5179:Heonhwa-ga 5168:Heonhwa-ga 5140:Heonhwa-ga 4768:Old Korean 4704:Vocabulary 4518:Idu script 4514:-hʌj/-ahʌj 4141:allomorphs 3667:reinforced 3403:Consonants 3110:four tones 3105:syllable. 2990:"capital" 2965:"big" and 2682:Old Korean 2579:Heonhwa-ga 2153:Old Korean 2138:alphabetic 2055:Heonhwa-ga 1658:Man'yōgana 1656:See also: 1620:velar stop 1578:See also: 1453:Place name 1438:phonograms 966:numerals, 928:See also: 815:, and the 587:See also: 577:literature 462:Tang China 411:See also: 311:Old Korean 81:Early form 71:Old Korean 22:Old Korean 11045:Phonology 10963:Hyangchal 10869:Koryo-mar 10319:Hyangchal 9734:Hyangchal 9701:Hyangchal 9563:189625486 8703:. BRILL. 8613:(2): 1–22 8582:. BRILL. 8331:Nam 2012a 8302:Nam 2012b 8179:Qian 2018 8120:Qian 2018 7890:Nam 2012b 7842:Kwon 2005 7830:Kwon 2016 7803:Kwon 2014 7755:Nam 2012b 7720:hyangchal 7688:Nam 2012b 7592:Yang 2016 7532:Jang 2005 7425:Shin 1998 7413:Shin 1998 7401:Shin 1998 7389:Shin 1998 7377:Shin 1998 7329:Shin 1998 7117:Qian 2018 7105:Qian 2018 7069:Sohn 2001 6892:Nam 2012b 6844:Jung 2015 6832:Jung 2015 6788:Jeon 2012 6776:Yoon 2016 6740:Yoon 2016 6713:Nam 2012b 6686:Choe 2016 6674:Choe 2016 6662:Choe 2016 6468:Nam 2012b 6427:Nam 2012a 6415:Nam 2012a 6260:Seth 2011 6224:Nam 2012b 6083:Sohn 2015 6039:Seth 2011 6027:Seth 2011 5952:Choe 2016 5828:Citations 5750:also had 5457:hand cow- 4649:Honorific 4260:and that 4197:sibilants 4194:fricative 4190:affricate 4184:Sibilants 3816:obstruent 3809:aspirated 3594:fricative 3542:aspirated 3488:affricate 3222:monkshood 3167:old times 3081:Phonology 3074:hyangchal 3066:hyangchal 3045:hyangchal 2905:*ki / *-k 2490:ywuk sip 2159:Phonogram 1617:aspirated 1442:logograms 1248:that time 1175:markers, 1173:noun case 1061:*tasəm 從- 1023:worship. 869:誓三年倫淂詩尙書傳 833:詩尙書傳倫淂誓三年 818:Zuo zhuan 750:dated to 589:Man'yōshū 537:suffixes 480:substrata 454:Beopheung 357:hyangchal 157:Glottolog 125:ISO 639-3 108:Hyangchal 11198:Goguryeo 11140:Konglish 11071:Pronouns 11061:Numerals 10755:Dialects 10729:Pyojuneo 10715:Standard 10610:Goguryeo 10437:Koreanic 10432:Tungusic 10427:Mongolic 10415:Families 10250:14896348 9585:Anmin-ga 9535:Dosol-ga 8656:新羅의 變格漢文 8539:Nam 2010 8527:Nam 2010 8227:Wei 2017 8167:Eom 1994 8084:Wei 2017 8072:Wei 2017 8058:), 146 ( 8023:), 150 ( 8019:), 146 ( 7728:Suh 2011 7628:Wei 2013 7616:Wei 2014 7544:Nam 2018 7493:Cho 2009 7449:Wei 2017 7288:Nam 2010 7249:Nam 2019 7129:Wei 2017 7093:Wei 2017 6982:Nam 2013 6969:Nam 2013 6957:Nam 2013 6944:Nam 2013 6931:Nam 2013 6698:Nam 1995 6638:Lim 2008 6605:Nam 2019 6593:Nam 2010 6533:Lim 2008 6497:Nam 2018 6284:Nam 2003 6016:Nam 1995 5906:Nam 2003 5291:kyo kyen 5102:May 2020 4920:*twuɣur 4747:and the 4709:Numerals 4632:Additive 4556:-wa/-ɡwa 4537:-ro~-ʌro 4402:May 2020 4362:May 2020 4322:May 2020 3428:Alveolar 3423:Bilabial 3320:*arIpIsI 3103:bimoraic 2889:Sanskrit 2594:syllabic 2539:syllabic 2410:Ujeok-ga 2342:Thousand 2285:Fortress 2156:Logogram 1706:Anmin-ga 1679:hundokja 1672:eumdokja 1613:phonemic 1598:Chang'an 1516:Post-757 1464:Post-757 1279:則爲不淨則爲可猒 1187:Tōdai-ji 1129:kje-n-ul 979:infrared 768:Gyeongju 518:Gaeseong 503:Gyeongju 470:Goguryeo 458:Jinheung 164:sill1240 66:Koreanic 27:Silla(n) 11104:Hyangga 11036:Grammar 11017:Revised 10958:Gugyeol 10743:Munhwaŏ 10630:Ye-Maek 10551:History 10442:Japonic 10321:]. 10317:in the 10238:Scripta 9984:]. 9953:]. 9848:4141294 9740:]. 9697:Hyangga 9587:]. 9541:]. 9421:]. 9414:獻花歌의 解讀 9321:: 1–18. 9308:: 1–54. 9258:Hyangga 9170:Hyangga 8953:鄉歌解讀法硏究 8759:]. 8728:]. 8726:Hyangga 7724:gugyeol 6622:hyangga 6618:hyangga 6493:gugyeol 5558:texts, 5556:hyangga 5496:flower- 5461:let.go- 5401:kisi-ko 5198:reading 5194:Modern 5145:hyangga 5067:*tasap 4873:*twuɣul 4850:*gadəp 4795:hyangga 4765:English 4745:hyangga 4715:hyangga 4510:-aj/-ej 4374:Grammar 4223:Liquids 4209:hyangga 4169:lenited 4107:radical 3832:phoneme 3438:Glottal 3370:*sItOrO 3162:Hyangga 3147:English 3089:Prosody 3062:gugyeol 3058:gugyeol 3054:gugyeol 3039:gugyeol 2969:"bean" 2945:Origin 2835:lateral 2793:khjienX 2503:lywuksi 2150:English 1933:country 1747:country 1709:(756): 1701:hyangga 1693:hungaja 1686:eumgaja 1536:Pre-757 1484:Pre-757 1103:people- 1017:hyangga 973:Modern 924:sources 915:pagodas 793:English 736:lexicon 732:hyangga 724:hyangga 720:hyangga 710:hyangga 694:hyangga 687:hyangga 674:hyangga 663:hyangga 659:Gyunyeo 655:hyangga 636:Hyangga 610:hyangga 603:hyangga 583:Hyangga 575:Hyangga 352:hyangga 112:Gugyeol 11203:Baekje 10936:Hangul 10688:Joseon 10670:Joseon 10654:Joseon 10651:Goryeo 10595:Baekje 10422:Turkic 10296: 10248: 10218: 10120: 10099: 10045: 9932: 9913: 9863: 9846: 9815: 9796: 9678: 9659: 9640: 9561: 9485: 9363:이두(吏讀) 9338: 9289: 9220: 9193:고대국어 2 9180: 9157: 9138: 8959: 8890:Mokkan 8790: 8761:서강인문논총 8707: 8688: 8586: 8482: 7722:(even 5902:Goryeo 5815:fail." 5746:, and 5668:Qieyun 5624:kaskas 5606:mokgan 5602:mokgan 5506:INTENT 5319:cil ka 5163:azalea 5151:. The 5025:*tasəm 4935:*sadəp 4870:*tubər 4845:mokgan 4800:*hədən 4749:mokgan 4741:mokgan 4737:mokgan 4729:. The 4698:arae-a 4666:Humble 4334:Vowels 4288:rhotic 4280:while 4229:liquid 4207:. The 4008:21.7% 3969:26.4% 3930:47.7% 3891:10.8% 3797:sandhi 3765:Nasals 3741:; and 3729:, and 3698:Liquid 3591:Voiced 3345:*tərak 3306:Baekje 3289:*nacay 3264:*holki 3220:arbor 3177:*niäri 3042:, and 2921:velars 2883:(MdSK 2734:mokgan 2635:liquid 2512:Stream 2118:; 2110:Korean 2099:mokgan 2070:INTENT 2042:; 2034:Korean 1992:-ho-ms 1974:phyeng 1930:Gloss 1799:phyeng 1759:regret 1609:phones 1567:"id." 1511:"id." 1459:Gloss 1450:Period 1432:, the 1342:无邊種種境界 1168:kanbun 1150:report 1028:mokgan 1013:mokgan 1009:mokgan 1005:mokgan 1001:mokgan 997:mokgan 993:Mokgan 987:mokgan 975:mokgan 963:Mokgan 959:mokgan 955:mokgan 944:mokgan 934:Mokkan 922:Mokgan 913:, and 883:Poetry 846:Poetry 809:, the 803:, the 748:Pohang 698:Joseon 678:Goryeo 647:Iryeon 622:; 614:Korean 514:Goryeo 466:Baekje 419:, and 361:sutras 322:고대 한국어 316:고대 조선어 253:고대 조선어 246:Hangul 188:고대 한국어 181:Hangul 32:Region 11208:Silla 11081:Verbs 10953:Hanja 10879:Japan 10843:China 10625:Silla 10620:Okjeo 10615:Mahan 10600:Buyeo 10357:신라사학보 10277:(PDF) 10257:(PDF) 10246:S2CID 10234:(PDF) 10076:(PDF) 10061:(PDF) 9844:JSTOR 9559:S2CID 9212:[ 8840:(1). 8757:Wonga 8560:(PDF) 5768:hhye- 5600:This 5587:From 5542:Notes 5514:ESSEN 5510:PROSP 5504:give- 5500:pick- 5488:fact- 5449:hold- 5305:cham 5301:pwul 5287:um ho 5277:pyen 5158:zhang 5125:(see 5054:tasup 5044:tases 5034:tasos 5009:nalup 4980:*neri 4964:salup 4925:Three 4882:twulh 4847:data) 4837:(坐)伽第 4829:halup 4809:honah 4797:data) 4676:-sʌv- 4215:from 4137:*ɣ~*ɦ 4111:velar 4095:*ɣ~*ɦ 4019:1.9% 4013:Other 3994:76.4% 3983:/tsʰ/ 3955:73.6% 3916:52.3% 3885:Other 3880:0.5% 3866:88.6% 3813:velar 3636:plain 3493:plain 3445:Nasal 3433:Velar 3354:twolh 3335:stone 3310:front 3254:earth 3238:오독ᄠᅩ기 3202:*muma 3164:texts 3095:tonal 2763:*m-nə 2725:ljang 2720:lyang 2547:chen 2377:chen 2320:seng 2173:Night 2120:Hanja 2078:ESSEN 2074:PROSP 2068:give- 2064:獻乎理音如 2044:Hanja 2013:tapta 1939:ESSEN 1768:like 1765:scold 1762:sound 1756:peace 1753:great 1703:poem 1303:則爲可猒 1063:kje-n 948:Haman 892:Zhuan 889:Rites 877:Gloss 855:Zhuan 852:Rites 841:Gloss 624:Hanja 427:Silla 342:Silla 269:古代朝鮮語 262:Hanja 204:古代韓國語 197:Hanja 37:Korea 11109:Sijo 11099:Gasa 11022:Yale 10992:and 10605:Gaya 10573:Puyŏ 10369:2019 10342:2019 10294:ISBN 10265:2019 10216:ISBN 10203:2019 10176:2019 10149:2019 10118:ISBN 10097:ISBN 10084:2019 10043:ISBN 10030:2019 9998:2019 9967:2019 9930:ISBN 9911:ISBN 9898:2019 9861:ISBN 9813:ISBN 9794:ISBN 9754:2019 9676:ISBN 9657:ISBN 9638:ISBN 9625:2019 9601:2019 9570:2019 9537:and 9520:2019 9483:ISBN 9470:2019 9435:2019 9404:2019 9377:2019 9336:ISBN 9287:ISBN 9274:2019 9218:ISBN 9178:ISBN 9155:ISBN 9136:ISBN 9123:2019 9096:2019 9065:2019 9034:2019 9007:2019 8957:ISBN 8944:2019 8917:2019 8879:2019 8821:2019 8788:ISBN 8773:2019 8742:2019 8705:ISBN 8686:ISBN 8673:2019 8646:2019 8619:2019 8584:ISBN 8571:2019 8480:ISBN 7718:and 6014:.") 5791:and 5764:/h͈/ 5748:/st/ 5744:/sp/ 5740:/sk/ 5467:CONJ 5431:pat- 5429:sk-e 5423:koc- 5415:pusk 5391:cap- 5383:kós- 5321:hen 5317:cel 5313:hoa 5285:cip 5260:乎理音如 5246:肸伊賜等 5230:手母牛放 5137:The 5030:다ᄉᆞᆺ 5015:Five 4999:neys 4989:neyh 4970:Four 4954:seys 4944:seyh 4902:itup 4892:twul 4819:hana 4659:-si- 4413:The 4213:/ts/ 4203:and 4201:/ts/ 4192:and 4151:and 4069:and 4063:*tsʰ 4061:and 4029:and 4027:*tsʰ 4001:/ts/ 3976:*tsʰ 3944:/tʰ/ 3905:/pʰ/ 3873:/kʰ/ 3791:The 3735:/ts/ 3486:and 3484:Stop 3379:stuy 3360:belt 3329:alph 3315:アリヒシ 3273:holk 3249:Song 3228:五得浮得 3211:mwom 3192:body 3186:nyey 3072:and 2827:*l̥j 2823:syij 2797:*ʰeʔ 2788:kyen 2784:*kwo 2768:mjie 2759:mjie 2750:*mye 2716:*a~e 2651:and 2617:hwoy 2569:Rock 2447:woci 2434:ywu 2399:Only 2390:cumu 2263:two 2230:Road 2125:末音添記 2115:말음첨기 2049:訓主音從 2039:훈주음종 1983:nala 1971:and 1968:thay 1916:nala 1839:nala 1792:thay 1778:kwuk 1750:evil 1635:/kʰ/ 1627:/kʰ/ 1565:mil- 1509:kil- 1428:The 1401:and 1360:无邊種種 1316:CONN 1297:則爲不淨 1127:*不行- 1105:CONN 932:and 902:Ulju 692:The 597:The 541:and 456:and 10968:Idu 10568:Han 10331:doi 10019:doi 9990:143 9951:Idu 9836:doi 9775:doi 9713:doi 9551:doi 9547:130 8904:doi 8846:doi 8470:doi 8060:/ɣ/ 8056:/β/ 8025:/ŋ/ 8021:/ɣ/ 8017:/β/ 7716:idu 6008:Idu 5652:In 5518:DEC 5502:INF 5498:ACC 5490:TOP 5486:NMR 5482:HON 5478:NEG 5475:ACC 5463:HON 5459:ACC 5455:NMR 5451:DUR 5443:LOC 5409:lól 5407:na- 5379:pah 5377:poy 5375:tól 5315:hil 5303:ywu 5299:hil 5279:huy 5273:am 5271:pho 5269:ca 5129:). 5097:. 4855:Two 4805:ᄒᆞ낳 4785:One 4696:" ( 4642:-do 4595:-ha 4587:), 4585:-ja 4516:in 4458:), 4456:-ʌj 4451:衣/矣 4432:伊/是 4397:. 4357:. 4317:. 4278:/l/ 4268:/l/ 4258:/r/ 4245:/l/ 4217:/s/ 4205:/s/ 4173:/h/ 4145:/h/ 4126:/h/ 4115:/h/ 4103:/k/ 4099:/h/ 4091:/h/ 4071:*tʰ 4067:*pʰ 4059:*kʰ 4043:*kʰ 4039:*kʰ 4035:*pʰ 4031:*tʰ 3962:/t/ 3937:*tʰ 3923:/p/ 3898:*pʰ 3861:164 3855:/k/ 3848:*kʰ 3786:/ŋ/ 3759:/s/ 3755:/z/ 3751:/h/ 3747:/ɣ/ 3743:/β/ 3739:/s/ 3731:/ɣ/ 3727:/β/ 3723:/ŋ/ 3705:l~ɾ 3567:tsʰ 3409:Old 3365:シトロ 3298:nac 3279:day 3269:ᄒᆞᆰ 3097:or 3070:idu 3050:idu 3033:idu 2961:of 2942:Use 2916:N/A 2913:N/A 2862:N/A 2859:N/A 2855:cil 2851:*-s 2814:*-l 2754:mye 2729:*aŋ 2663:*ɨʌ 2604:hwo 2602:am 2482:*-p 2426:*-k 2369:*-n 2322:cil 2312:*-s 2255:*-l 2208:ya 2200:*-m 2134:1st 2082:DEC 1945:DEC 1820:cil 1806:han 1631:/k/ 1623:/k/ 1588:or 1556:mil 1541:推火郡 1521:密城郡 1489:吉同郡 1469:永同郡 1366:境界 1253:LOC 1234:尒時精 1148:ACC 1144:NMR 1140:HON 1138:go- 1136:NEG 1099:人鳴 1095:*人- 1074:NMR 1070:HON 1053:丨彡從 551:-ms 545:to 148:oko 132:oko 104:Idu 43:Era 11184:: 10361:38 10359:. 10327:40 10325:. 10315:si 10240:. 10236:. 10195:32 10193:. 10168:66 10166:. 10141:25 10139:. 10135:. 10067:. 10063:. 10015:12 10013:. 10009:. 9988:. 9959:27 9957:. 9888:. 9842:. 9832:38 9830:. 9771:29 9769:. 9765:. 9746:14 9744:. 9709:45 9707:. 9611:. 9593:42 9591:. 9557:. 9545:. 9512:30 9510:. 9462:28 9460:. 9427:24 9425:. 9396:11 9394:. 9319:19 9317:. 9306:51 9304:. 9266:51 9264:. 9243:34 9241:. 9199:. 9195:. 9115:37 9113:. 9088:33 9086:. 9057:52 9055:. 9026:55 9024:. 8999:28 8997:. 8980:15 8978:. 8936:56 8934:. 8900:17 8898:. 8894:. 8871:61 8869:. 8838:15 8836:. 8832:. 8813:14 8811:. 8765:43 8763:. 8734:39 8732:. 8665:17 8663:. 8638:40 8636:. 8611:36 8609:. 8605:. 8562:. 8519:^ 8478:. 8438:. 8406:^ 8379:^ 8350:^ 8309:^ 8270:^ 8159:^ 8144:^ 8127:^ 8032:^ 7897:^ 7810:^ 7747:^ 7695:^ 7500:^ 7471:^ 7456:^ 7319:^ 7280:^ 7049:^ 6923:^ 6812:^ 6795:^ 6720:^ 6705:^ 6458:^ 6365:^ 6291:^ 6216:^ 6153:^ 6075:^ 6058:^ 6012:to 5999:^ 5982:^ 5959:^ 5944:^ 5887:^ 5872:^ 5742:, 5631:^ 5620:갓갓 5473:I- 5427:ke 5425:ól 5413:ti 5411:an 5393:óm 5385:óy 5381:uy 5297:o 5275:ho 5256:叱可 5232:敎遣 5228:音乎 5062:丨沙 5050:다습 5040:다섯 5020:丨彡 5005:나릅 4975:四刂 4960:사릅 4910:二肹 4898:이듭 4860:二尸 4839:𢀳 4825:하릅 4815:하나 4790:一等 4678:) 4661:) 4644:) 4627:) 4597:) 4583:, 4581:-a 4573:, 4558:) 4539:) 4520:) 4512:, 4505:良中 4502:, 4487:) 4485:-l 4468:) 4466:-s 4439:) 4437:-i 4247:. 4175:. 4165:*k 4157:*x 4153:*h 4149:*k 4133:*k 4128:. 4122:*x 4087:*k 4041:. 4005:23 3989:81 3966:25 3950:70 3927:31 3911:34 3888:20 3778:*ŋ 3774:*ŋ 3761:. 3749:, 3745:, 3725:, 3686:h͈ 3674:s͈ 3577:kʰ 3557:tʰ 3547:pʰ 3518:ts 3375:ᄯᅴ 3340:珍惡 3284:捻宰 3259:轄希 3197:身萬 3172:舊理 3036:, 3013:𢀳 2923:. 2909:ci 2891:. 2885:si 2818:si 2669:. 2667:*ʌ 2659:*a 2643:*l 2639:*j 2631:*j 2615:pa 2611:바회 2574:岩乎 2562:li 2560:na 2556:나리 2549:li 2517:川理 2499:륙십 2492:up 2485:육십 2478:𢀳 2473:六十 2466:𢀳 2461:六十 2443:오직 2436:ci 2404:唯只 2386:즈믄 2379:un 2347:千隱 2333:ca 2290:城叱 2276:ki 2265:si 2235:道尸 2221:pa 2210:um 2178:夜音 2101:. 2007:ta 2001:ta 1904:ta 1883:ho 1858:ta 1827:ye 1813:um 1785:ak 1739:如 1648:. 1604:. 1120:遣乙 1118:不行 1090:人鳴 917:. 779:始作 773:作始 629:鄕歌 619:향가 565:. 553:. 543:-l 539:-n 415:, 375:, 110:, 106:, 10535:e 10528:t 10521:v 10400:e 10393:t 10386:v 10371:. 10344:. 10333:: 10302:. 10267:. 10242:3 10224:. 10205:. 10178:. 10151:. 10126:. 10105:. 10086:. 10069:2 10051:. 10032:. 10021:: 10000:. 9969:. 9938:. 9919:. 9900:. 9890:4 9869:. 9850:. 9838:: 9821:. 9802:. 9783:. 9777:: 9756:. 9721:. 9715:: 9684:. 9665:. 9646:. 9627:. 9603:. 9572:. 9553:: 9522:. 9491:. 9472:. 9437:. 9406:. 9379:. 9344:. 9295:. 9276:. 9226:. 9201:4 9186:. 9163:. 9144:. 9125:. 9098:. 9067:. 9036:. 9009:. 8965:. 8946:. 8919:. 8906:: 8881:. 8854:. 8848:: 8823:. 8796:. 8775:. 8744:. 8713:. 8694:. 8675:. 8648:. 8621:. 8603:" 8592:. 8573:. 8488:. 8472:: 8453:. 8062:) 8027:) 7931:. 7618:. 7594:. 7522:. 7483:. 7290:. 7155:. 6933:. 6700:. 6607:. 6571:. 6511:. 6429:. 6316:" 6298:" 6250:. 6187:. 6175:. 6163:. 5929:" 5920:. 5894:" 5799:. 5797:/ 5795:ʌ 5793:/ 5789:/ 5787:o 5785:/ 5726:丨 5711:椋 5696:太 5675:. 5516:- 5512:- 5508:- 5484:- 5465:- 5453:- 5397:n 5395:- 5258:獻 5254:折 5252:肸 5250:花 5244:慚 5242:喩 5240:不 5238:肸 5236:吾 5226:執 5222:希 5220:邊 5218:乎 5216:岩 5214:布 5212:紫 5104:) 5100:( 4995:넷 4985:넿 4950:셋 4940:셓 4930:三 4917:) 4913:( 4888:둘 4878:둟 4867:) 4863:( 4843:( 4793:( 4693:ㆍ 4674:( 4671:白 4657:( 4654:賜 4640:( 4637:置 4623:( 4620:隱 4593:( 4590:下 4579:( 4576:也 4570:良 4554:( 4551:果 4535:( 4532:留 4508:( 4499:中 4483:( 4480:乙 4464:( 4461:叱 4454:( 4435:( 4404:) 4400:( 4364:) 4360:( 4324:) 4320:( 4283:乙 4273:尸 4263:乙 4253:尸 4240:乙 4234:尸 4016:2 3877:1 3709:ㄹ 3690:ㆅ 3678:ㅆ 3659:ㅎ 3655:h 3647:ㅅ 3643:s 3623:ㅇ 3619:ɣ 3613:ㅿ 3609:z 3603:ㅸ 3599:β 3581:ㅋ 3571:ㅊ 3561:ㅌ 3551:ㅍ 3532:ㄱ 3528:k 3522:ㅈ 3512:ㄷ 3508:t 3502:ㅂ 3498:p 3474:ㆁ 3470:ŋ 3464:ㄴ 3460:n 3454:ㅁ 3450:m 3350:돓 3325:앒 3294:낮 3207:몸 3182:녜 3022:邑 3005:如 2996:丨 2988:京 2984:木 2975:椋 2967:豆 2963:大 2951:太 2899:只 2880:時 2874:叱 2868:叱 2845:叱 2808:尸 2778:遣 2744:旀 2710:良 2699:) 2692:) 2654:朔 2648:所 2599:호 2597:암 2590:乎 2585:岩 2581:) 2577:( 2544:리 2542:천 2535:理 2530:川 2526:) 2520:( 2505:p 2487:읍 2449:k 2431:지 2429:유 2422:只 2417:唯 2413:) 2407:( 2392:n 2374:은 2372:천 2365:隱 2360:千 2356:) 2350:( 2335:s 2329:잣 2317:질 2315:성 2308:叱 2303:城 2299:) 2293:( 2278:l 2272:길 2260:시 2258:도 2251:尸 2246:道 2242:) 2238:( 2223:m 2217:밤 2205:음 2203:야 2196:音 2191:夜 2187:) 2181:( 2108:( 2089:獻 2080:- 2076:- 2072:- 2032:( 1942:- 1897:s 1890:m 1872:a 1736:叱 1733:音 1730:恨 1727:平 1724:太 1721:惡 1718:國 1561:밀 1505:길 1363:叱 1314:- 1300:厼 1251:- 1237:良 1146:- 1142:- 1131:白 1122:白 1097:i 1088:此 1086:人 1072:- 1055:在 715:只 612:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index