1225:
designed by academics rather than evolving naturally as most common languages have, to accommodate the political purpose of establishing an official unifying language of
Indonesia. By borrowing heavily from numerous other languages it expresses a natural linguistic evolution; in fact, it is as natural as the next language, as demonstrated in its exceptional capacity for absorbing foreign vocabulary. This disparate evolution of Indonesian language led to a need for an institution that can facilitate co-ordination and co-operation in linguistic development among countries with Malay language as their national language. The first instance of linguistic co-operation was in 1959 between Malaya and Indonesia, and this was further strengthened in 1972 when MBIM (a short form for
690:, Translated Words of Malacca) and contains 482 entries categorised into 17 fields namely astronomy, geography, seasons and times, plants, birds and animals, houses and palaces, human behaviours and bodies, gold and jewelleries, social and history, colours, measurements and general words. In the 16th century, the word-list is believed still in use in China when a royal archive official Yang Lin reviewed the record in 1560 CE. In 1522, the first European-Malay word-list was compiled by an Italian explorer
1027:. These were followed by many others in the Malay states of the peninsula. This development generated the writing of textbooks for schools, in addition to the publication of reference materials such as Malay dictionaries and grammar books. Apart from that, an important impetus was given toward the use of Malay in British administration, which requires every public servant in service to pass the special examination in the Malay language as a condition for a confirmed post, as published in
855:
662:
30:
76:. This form would later evolve into Old Malay when Indian cultures and religions began penetrating the region, most probably using the Kawi and Rencong scripts, some linguistic researchers say. Old Malay contained some terms that exist today, but are unintelligible to modern speakers, while the modern language is already largely recognisable in written Classical Malay of 1303 CE.
397:
910:(1854). Abdullah's work marks an early stage in the transition from classical to modern literature, taking Malay literature out of its preoccupation with folk-stories and legends into accurate historical descriptions. In fact, Abdullah himself also assisted Claudius Thomsen, a Danish priest, in publishling the first known Malay magazine, the Christian missionary themed
919:
472:
1306:) in Indonesia. With the introduction of this new common spelling system, all administrative documents, teaching and learning materials and all forms of written communication is based on a relatively uniform spelling system and this helps in effective and efficient communication, particularly in national administration and education.
79:
Malay evolved extensively into
Classical Malay through the gradual influx of numerous elements of Arabic and Persian vocabulary when Islam made its way to the region. Initially, Classical Malay was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Malay kingdoms of Southeast Asia. One
1176:
separated from
Malaysia in 1965, Malay became the national language of the new republic and one of the four official languages. The emergence of these newly independent states paved the way for a broader and widespread use of Malay (or Indonesian) in government administration and education. Colleges
880:
At the same time, the technological development in printing method that enabled mass production at low prices increased the activities of authorship for general reading in the Malay language, a development that would later shift away Malay literature from its traditional position in Malay courts. In
378:
inscriptions from South
Sumatra, Indonesia, is the ancestor of the Classical Malay. However, as noted by some linguists, the precise relationship between these two, whether ancestral or not, is problematic and remains uncertain. This is due to the existence of a number of morphological and syntactic
139:
languages is in Borneo, based on its geographic spread in the interior, its variations that are not due to contact-induced change, and its sometimes conservative character. Around the beginning of the first millennium, Malayic speakers had established settlements in the coastal regions of modern-day
1058:
The flourishing of pre-modern Malay literature in 19th century led to the rise of intellectual movement among the locals and the emergence of new community of Malay linguists. The appreciation of the language grew, and various efforts were undertaken by the community to further enhance the usage of
973:
The scholars of the Riau-Lingga also established the
Rusydiyah Club, one of the first Malay literary organisations, to engage in various literary and intellectual activities in the late 19th century. It was a group of Malay scholars, who discussed various matters related to writing and publishing.
496:
starting from the 15th century. As a bustling port city with a diverse population of 200,000 from different nations, the largest in
Southeast Asia at that time, Malacca became a melting pot of different cultures and languages. More loan words from Arab, Persian, Tamil and Chinese were absorbed and
90:
in commerce and diplomacy, a status that it maintained throughout the age of the succeeding Malay sultanates, the
European colonial era and the modern times. From the 19th to 20th century, Malay evolved progressively through significant grammatical improvements and lexical enrichment into a modern
1224:
as an international language. As a result, Indonesian has wider sources of loanwords, as compared to Malay as used in
Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. It has been suggested that the Indonesian language is an artificial language made official in 1928. By artificial this means that Indonesian was
669:
This era also witnessed the growing interest among foreigners in learning the Malay language for the purpose of commerce, diplomatic missions and missionary activities. Therefore, many books in the form of word-list or dictionary were written. The oldest of these was a
Chinese-Malay word list
383:
language but are not found even in the oldest manuscripts of
Classical Malay. It may be the case that the language of the Srivijayan inscriptions is a close cousin rather than an ancestor of Classical Malay according to Teeuws, hence he asked for more research about it. Moreover, although the
384:
earliest evidence of Classical Malay had been found in the Malay Peninsula from 1303, Old Malay remained in use as a written language in Sumatra right up to the end of the 14th century, evidenced from Bukit Gombak inscription dated 1357 and Tanjung Tanah manuscript of
1014:
In education, the Malay language of Malacca-Johor was regarded as the standard language and became the medium of instruction in schools during the colonial era. Starting in 1821, Malay-medium schools were established by the British colonial government in
754:, two of those were within Malay speaking realm. In facilitating missionary works, religious books and manuscripts began to be translated into Malay of which the earliest was initiated by a pious Dutch trader, Albert Ruyll in 1611. The book titled
1071:(Johor Royal Society of Malay Language and Literary Works), involved actively in arranging and compiling the guidelines for spelling, dictionaries, grammars, punctuations, letters, essays, terminologies and many others. The establishment of the
1177:
and universities with Malay as their primary medium of instructions were introduced and bloomed as the prominent centres for researches and production of new intellectual writings in Malay. Following East Timor independence from Indonesia, the
45:. The text reads (Voorhoeve's spelling): "haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang ", which is translated by Voorhoeve as: "I am weeping, calling you; though called, you do not come" (hitu adik sa- is the rest of 4th line.)
830:
in the north. The Dutch and British colonists, realising the importance of understanding the local languages and cultures particularly Malay, began establishing various centres of linguistic, literary and cultural studies in universities like
1095:, from the classical passive form to the modern active form. In the 20th century, other improvements were also carried out by other associations, organisations, governmental institutions and congresses in various part of the region.
705:
The early phase of European colonisation in Southeast Asia began with the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century, the Dutch in the 17th century followed by the British in the 18th century. This period also marked the dawn of
1250:, was first developed in the early 20th century. As the Malay-speaking countries were divided between two colonial administrations (the Dutch and the British), two major different spelling orthographies were developed in the
609:
was a pidgin, perhaps influenced by contact between Malay, Chinese and non-Malay natives traders. The most important development, however, has been that pidgin Malay creolised, creating several new languages such as the
914:
in Malacca in 1831, more than a half a century early than the first known Malay newspaper. Abdullah Munsyi is considered the "Father of Modern Malay Literature", being the first local Malay to have his works published.
1286:(or 'the Dawn of Asia') appeared to use the Republican system of writing vowels and the Malayan system of writing consonants. This system only existed during the occupation. In 1972, a declaration was made for a joint
1098:
Writing has its unique place in the history of self-awareness and the nationalist struggle in Indonesia and Malaysia. Apart from being the main tools to spread knowledge and information, newspapers and journals like
1186:"..Kami poetra dan poetri Indonesia mendjoendjoeng bahasa persatoean, bahasa Melajoe,.." (Indonesian for "We, the sons and daughters of Indonesia, vow to uphold the nation's language of unity, the Malay language")
605:(High Malay) of Malacca-Johor. In fact, Johor even played a key role in the introduction of the Malay language to various areas in the eastern part of the archipelago. It is generally believed that
734:, translated religious texts that included Bible verses into Malay as early as the sixteenth century. In fact, Francis Xavier devoted much of his life to missions in just four main centres,
1361:
in the Philippines, while in Indonesia the Jawi script is still widely used in Riau and Riau Island province, where road signs and government buildings signs are written in this script.
1275:
460:, both from the Malay Peninsula. Both inscriptions not only serve as the evidence of Islam as a state religion but also as the oldest surviving specimen of the dominant classical
501:
as well as professional development in royal leadership and public administration. In contrast with Old Malay, the literary themes of Malacca had expanded beyond the decorative
468:. Similar inscriptions containing various adopted Arabic terms with some of them still written the Indianised scripts were also discovered in other parts of Sumatra and Borneo.
702:
expedition. The Italian-Malay word-list by Pigafetta contains approximately 426 entries and became the main reference for the later Latin-Malay and French-Malay dictionaries.
593:
of the region. Through inter-ethnic contact and trade, the Classical Malay spread beyond the traditional Malay speaking world and resulted in a trade language that was called
622:. Apart from being the primary instrument in spreading Islam and commercial activities, Malay also became a court and literary language for kingdoms beyond its traditional
1038:
as "High Malay" and promoted it as a medium of communication between the Dutch and local population. The language was also taught in schools not only in Riau but also in
1235:– Language Council of Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia) in 1985 with the inclusion of Brunei as a member and Singapore as a permanent observer. Other important institution is
634:
and also used in diplomatic communications with the European colonial powers. This is evidenced from diplomatic letters from Sultan Abu Hayat II of Ternate to King
1091:
that modernised the structure of the Classical Malay language and became the basis for the Malay language that is in use today. The most important change was in
388:
era (1347–1375). Later research stated that Old Malay and Modern Malay are forms of the same language in spite of some considerable differences between them.
60:, Malay has undergone various stages of development that derived from different layers of foreign influences through international trade, religious expansion,
1160:
in the constitution of the newly independent Indonesia. Later in 1957, the Malay language was elevated to the status of national language for the independent
2664:
1279:
2891:
99:
Proto-Malayic is the language believed to have existed in prehistoric times, spoken by the early Austronesian settlers in the region. Its ancestor, the
2467:
1231:
84:
in the 15th century, eventually became predominant. The strong influence of Malacca in international trade in the region resulted in Malay as a
1851:
B., C. O. (1939). "Corrigenda and Addenda: A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)".
1216:
Indonesian as the unifying language for Indonesia is relatively open to accommodating influences from other Indonesian ethnic group languages,
184:
The beginning of the common era saw the growing influence of Indian civilisation in the archipelago. With the penetration and proliferation of
2616:
2539:
2457:
2123:
1970:
1943:
1916:
1889:
1792:
440:
with local Malay culture. The earliest instances of Arabic lexicons incorporated in the pre-Classical Malay written in Kawi was found in the
131:. The Proto-Malayic language was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent
1808:
Edwards, E. D.; Blagden, C. O. (1931). "A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)".
589:
to the many influential Malay sultanates in the later centuries. This has resulted in the growing importance of Classical Malay as the sole
974:
There were also other famous religious books of the era that were not only published locally but also in countries like Egypt and Turkey.
900:
1262:(1901–1947) became the standard orthography for the Malay language in the Dutch East Indies. In the following year, the government of the
3203:
542:(Maritime Laws of Malacca). The literary tradition was further enriched with the translations of various foreign literary works such as
3073:
2877:
2841:
2318:
970:(1890). In this book, she expresses her disapproval regarding her marriage and her attachment to the tradition and the royal court.
220:
rather than Old Malay by experts such as Graham Thurgood. The oldest uncontroversial specimens of Old Malay are the 7th century CE
2984:
2867:
2728:
2577:
2521:
2439:
2361:
1654:
906:
958:
during this time. By the mid-19th and early 20th centuries, the Malay literary world was also enlivened by female writers such as
3187:
3155:
2974:
2949:
2815:
2795:
2657:
1239:
established in 1956. It is a government body responsible for co-ordinating the use of the Malay language in Malaysia and Brunei.
839:. Thousands of Malay manuscripts, as well as other historical artefacts of Malay culture, were collected and studied. The use of
619:
606:
100:
65:
3208:
3127:
3021:
2979:
2933:
2887:
2862:
2836:
2820:
2060:
1067:(Society for the Learning and Teaching of Linguistic Knowledge), established in 1888. The society that was renamed in 1935 as
3057:
3016:
3000:
2928:
2897:
1059:
Malay as well as to improve its abilities in facing the challenging modern era. Among the efforts done was the planning of a
2008:
1152:, Malay was proclaimed as the unifying language for Indonesia. In 1945, the language which was named "bahasa Indonesia", or
471:
452:. Nevertheless, pre-Classical Malay took on a more radical form more than half a century earlier as attested in the 1303 CE
3106:
2872:
2764:
2759:
2733:
2708:
2405:
1270:
which later developed the "Wilkinson Spelling System" (1904–1933). These spelling systems would later be succeeded by the
1259:
1132:
1131:. Writing, whether in the form of novels, short stories, or poems, all played distinct roles in galvanising the spirit of
1072:
1084:
453:
401:
2315:
Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 Tentang Bendera, Bahasa, dan Lambang Negara, serta Lagu Kebangsaan
3265:
3137:
2650:
934:
Many other well-known books were published throughout the archipelago such as three notable classical literary works,
869:
2409:
1181:
has been designated by the country's 2002 constitution as one of two 'working languages' (the other being English).
2882:
1271:
807:
498:
2552:
854:
726:. Publication of Bible translations began as early as the seventeenth century although there is evidence that the
291:
and the characteristics of scholarship, particularly when the words are closely related to Indian culture such as
1782:
1303:
544:
538:
229:
201:
1282:, there emerged a system which was supposed to uniformise the systems in the two countries. The system known as
2789:
2548:
1236:
889:
811:
3260:
1267:
441:
169:
2473:
585:
Malacca's success as a centre of commerce, religion, and literary output has made it an important point of
3234:
3229:
3132:
2673:
2497:
1638:
1263:
488:
The pre-Classical Malay evolved and reached its refined form during the golden age of the Malay empire of
53:
2590:
758:
and written in Latin alphabet not only means introducing the Latin alphabet but also the basic tenets of
2923:
2810:
2118:. Department of Languages and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Oceania, University of Leiden. p. 95.
1378:
367:, which lasts until today. In fact, some Malays regardless of personal religion have names derived from
221:
2191:
1087:, an outstanding Malay scholar and lecturer of the SITC, produced a Malay grammar book series entitled
173:
2164:
1993:
806:
political and commercial domination in the Malay archipelago. The colonial demarcation brought by the
3224:
2723:
2698:
2333:
Peraturan Gubernur Riau Nomor 46 Tahun 2018 Tentang Penerapan Muatan Budaya Melayu Riau Di Ruang Umum
2314:
1634:
1630:
1373:
1161:
836:
635:
572:
532:
480:
371:
such as the names of Indian Hindu gods or heroes include Puteri/Putri, Putera/Putra, Wira and Wati.
204:, believed to be from the 4th century CE, was discovered in the northwest of Tra Kieu, near the old
2857:
2113:
1178:
1153:
639:
550:
108:
69:
484:(1612), the only available account of the history of the Malay Sultanate in the fifteenth century.
269:
3042:
2907:
2800:
2780:
2738:
2713:
2677:
2394:
1860:
1833:
1825:
1258:
respectively, influenced by the orthographies of their respective colonial tongues. In 1901, the
844:
711:
695:
643:
209:
104:
881:
addition, the report writing style of journalism began to bloom in the arena of Malay writing.
2092:
1962:
Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume II: A Century of Wonder. Book 3: The Scholarly Disciplines
64:
and developments of new socio-political trends. The oldest form of Malay is descended from the
3171:
3111:
3094:
3026:
2785:
2718:
2703:
2642:
2612:
2573:
2535:
2517:
2453:
2435:
2357:
2332:
2119:
1966:
1960:
1939:
1912:
1885:
1788:
1650:
1612:
1295:
1251:
1157:
1136:
1003:
982:
832:
815:
691:
631:
578:
475:
276:
136:
1933:
1906:
1879:
3089:
3052:
2954:
2902:
2805:
2743:
2386:
2186:
2176:
1817:
1604:
1536:
1432:
1326:
1325:. Day-to-day usage of Jawi is maintained in more conservative Malay-populated areas such as
1221:
1168:
in 1963). Then in 1959, the Malay language also received the status of national language in
1117:
894:
860:
848:
763:
707:
699:
489:
457:
433:
189:
107:, began to break up by at least 2000 BCE as a result possibly by the southward expansion of
81:
34:
1935:
A Sociolinguistic History of Early Identities in Singapore: From Colonialism to Nationalism
1633:(2005). "The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: A historical perspective". In
1400:
1123:
615:
493:
437:
429:
380:
293:
145:
132:
2609:
From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change
1385:
1310:
1255:
1247:
1217:
1034:
In Indonesia, the Dutch colonial government recognised the Malacca-Johor Malay used in
998:
843:
began to expand in the fields of administration and education whereby the influence of
827:
823:
819:
731:
675:
651:
627:
503:
417:
265:
161:
120:
73:
49:
2338:(Governor Regulation 46, Article 11) (in Indonesian). Governor of Riau Province. 2018.
638:
dated from 1521 to 1522, a letter from Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah of Aceh to Captain
3254:
1837:
1390:
1203:
1076:
963:
951:
803:
739:
723:
715:
647:
590:
405:
253:
233:
217:
86:
2398:
1987:
1593:"The Laguna Copperplate Inscription: Tenth-Century Luzon, Java, and the Malay World"
661:
396:
2070:
1395:
1333:
in Malaysia. The script is used for religious and Malay cultural administration in
1243:
1229:– Language Council of Indonesia-Malaysia) was formed. MBIM later grew into MABBIM (
1193:
1148:
1039:
1001:
in 1893. There was even a Malay newspaper published in Sri Lanka in 1869, known as
840:
671:
586:
516:
425:
421:
385:
240:
and several other inscriptions dating from the 7th to 10th centuries discovered in
225:
165:
61:
1242:
The dominant orthographic form of the Modern Malay language based on the Roman or
29:
2639:- compiled by the Indonesian etymological project (Russell Jones, general editor)
2371:
2018:
851:
and languages started to penetrate and spread gradually into the Malay language.
1314:
1287:
1128:
1060:
1035:
1008:
959:
955:
927:
873:
865:
623:
520:
512:
508:
465:
461:
264:. All these Old Malay inscriptions used either scripts of Indian origin such as
261:
112:
1274:(1947–1972) and the Za'ba Spelling System (1933–1942) respectively. During the
2390:
2181:
1821:
1541:
1524:
1437:
1420:
1334:
1047:
665:
Leydekker's Malay translation of the Book of Judges in the Jawi script (1733).
611:
555:
288:
57:
1616:
323:
3047:
1646:
1173:
1024:
990:
759:
680:
375:
305:
249:
237:
185:
42:
1592:
530:
in its literary tradition. Some prominent manuscripts of this category are
2040:
1608:
2586:
2415:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1172:, although it only ceased to become a British protectorate in 1984. When
1165:
947:
872:. A rare first edition, it was written between 1840 and 1843, printed by
368:
311:
284:
280:
197:
193:
157:
124:
17:
918:
52:
was first used in the first millennia known as Old Malay, a part of the
1127:(1939) became the main thrust in championing and shaping the fight for
1020:
885:
743:
735:
719:
655:
567:
559:
527:
449:
416:
gained its foothold in the region and the elevation of its status to a
241:
213:
141:
38:
2595:, Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies
1864:
1829:
1358:
1346:
1318:
1169:
1092:
1016:
727:
563:
363:
347:
341:
335:
299:
205:
149:
128:
116:
678:
during the heyday of Malacca Sultanate. The dictionary was known as
2492:, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University
2165:"The First Malay Gospel of Mark (1629–1630) and the Agama Kumpeni"
1350:
1342:
1080:
917:
853:
767:
766:, the faith and some prayers. This work later followed by several
751:
747:
660:
524:
470:
413:
395:
357:
329:
257:
153:
80:
of these dialects that was developed in the literary tradition of
28:
1853:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London
1810:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London
1354:
1043:
445:
317:
245:
91:
language with more than 800,000 phrases in various disciplines.
2646:
2631:
2570:
The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society
2490:
E-Kultur dan evolusi bahasa Melayu di Singapura (Master Thesis)
2169:
Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia
2115:... and Sails the Boat Downstream: Malay Sufi Poems of the Boat
3239:
379:
peculiarities, and affixes that are familiar from the related
2500:(1975), "The Early Cham Language and Its Relation to Malay",
1007:, considered the first Malay newspaper ever published in the
2502:
Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
2636:
1597:
Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints
570:
and many others in Malay, represented by manuscripts like
2432:
The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Languages & Literature
1309:
Despite the widespread and institutionalised use of the
2592:
The History of the Malay Language: A Preliminary Survey
2290:
2266:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2227:
2223:
2221:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1487:
1069:
Pakatan Bahasa Melayu dan Persuratan Buku Diraja Johor
2302:
1499:
1266:
established an orthographic commission headed by Sir
135:. Linguists generally agree that the homeland of the
977:
Among the earliest examples of Malay newspapers are
554:, and the emergence of new intellectual writings in
321:, as well as on the Hindu-Buddhist religion such as
3217:
3196:
3180:
3164:
3148:
3120:
3082:
3066:
3035:
3009:
2993:
2967:
2942:
2916:
2850:
2829:
2773:
2752:
2691:
2684:
2352:Abdul Rashid, Melebek; Amat Juhari, Moain (2006),
1965:. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 493–.
1353:. The influence of the script is still present in
374:It is popularly claimed that the Old Malay of the
272:or the Indian-influenced old Sumatran characters.
2488:Mohamed Pitchay Gani, Mohamed Abdul Aziz (2004),
1992:(Master's thesis) (in Chinese). 國立政治大學 . p.
1643:The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar
1591:Clavé, Elsa; Griffiths, Arlo (11 October 2022).
926:(1847), moral and religious guidance written in
200:, Ancient Malay evolved into the Old Malay. The
1184:
1063:for the Malay language, first initiated by the
822:held several colonies and protectorates in the
436:vocabulary as well as the integration of major
1317:remains as one of the two official scripts in
351:(used in Indonesia-which was based on Malay),
275:The Old Malay system is greatly influenced by
2658:
1908:Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues
1881:Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues
962:-born Raja Aisyah Sulaiman, granddaughter of
685:
216:; however, it is considered to be written in
8:
1911:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 75–.
1884:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 75–.
1529:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
1425:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
1083:in 1922 intensified these efforts. In 1936,
646:dated 1602, and a golden letter from Sultan
2192:1871.1/7ecbd1a4-986b-4448-a78d-3aeb2f13598d
2069:(in Chinese). 3 August 2014. Archived from
1065:Pakatan Belajar-Mengajar Pengetahuan Bahasa
412:The period of Classical Malay started when
2688:
2665:
2651:
2643:
2514:Sejarah Sosiolinguistik Bahasa Melayu Lama
2356:, Utusan Publications & Distributors,
1784:Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia
802:The 19th century was the period of strong
2190:
2180:
1540:
1436:
2372:"The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu"
1510:
1321:, and is used as an alternate script in
428:, this era witnessed the penetration of
2572:, University of New South Wales Press,
2239:
2212:
2150:
2138:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1669:
1555:
1411:
1232:Majlis Bahasa Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia
511:works, evidenced with the inclusion of
2516:, Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia,
2450:Malay, World Language: A Short History
1475:
1463:
1054:Modern Malay (20th century to present)
497:the period witnessed the flowering of
392:Classical Malay (14th to 18th century)
188:vocabulary and the influence of major
1578:
1566:
1451:
710:in the region with its stronghold in
7:
1938:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 79–.
901:Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Kelantan
37:, a writing system found in central
2291:Abdul Rashid & Amat Juhari 2006
2278:
2267:Abdul Rashid & Amat Juhari 2006
2255:Abdul Rashid & Amat Juhari 2006
2228:Abdul Rashid & Amat Juhari 2006
1685:Abdul Rashid & Amat Juhari 2006
1488:Abdul Rashid & Amat Juhari 2006
2637:Loan-Words in Indonesian and Malay
2554:Sejarah Perkembangan Bahasa Melayu
2411:Persada Kegemilangan Bahasa Melayu
2379:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
1781:Braginsky, Vladimir, ed. (2013) .
1191:— The draft for the third part of
1146:of Indonesia held in 1926, in the
884:A notable writer of this time was
25:
2532:Historical Dictionary of Malaysia
1156:in English, was enshrined as the
907:Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Mekah
404:(1303), the earliest evidence of
1932:Chew, Phyllis Ghim-Lian (2013).
1227:Majlis Bahasa Indonesia-Malaysia
101:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language
66:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language
2549:Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu
2319:People's Representative Council
1300:Sistem Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan
1220:as the previous coloniser, and
1029:Straits Government Gazette 1859
798:Pre-Modern Malay (19th century)
180:Old Malay (7th to 14th century)
2611:, University of Hawaii Press,
2466:Kementerian Sosial RI (2008),
1523:Molen, Willem van der (2008).
1:
2534:, The Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
2469:Sumpah itu, 80 tahun kemudian
1276:Japanese occupation of Malaya
1260:Van Ophuijsen Spelling System
1133:Indonesian National Awakening
1073:Sultan Idris Training College
966:himself with her famous book
870:National Library of Singapore
868:, from the collection of the
424:and growth in trade with the
56:family. Over a period of two
2452:, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka,
2101:(in Chinese). 3 August 2014.
2049:(in Chinese). 3 August 2014.
2017:(in Chinese). Archived from
1787:. Routledge. pp. 366–.
979:Soerat Kabar Bahasa Malaijoe
601:("Low Malay") as opposed to
458:Pengkalan Kempas Inscription
454:Terengganu Inscription Stone
402:Terengganu Inscription Stone
2434:, Editions Didlers Millet,
2370:Andaya, Leonard Y. (2001),
814:effectively colonising the
3282:
2568:Sneddon, James N. (2003),
2317:(Law 24) (in Indonesian).
2303:Kementerian Sosial RI 2008
2163:de Vries, Lourens (2018).
2112:Braginskiĭ, V. I. (2007).
1525:"The Syair of Minye Tujuh"
1500:Arkib Negara Malaysia 2012
1290:in both nations, known as
1272:Republican Spelling System
499:Classical Malay literature
2607:Thurgood, Graham (1999),
2448:Collins, James T (1998),
2430:Asmah, Haji Omar (2004),
2391:10.1017/s0022463401000169
2182:10.1163/22134379-17401002
1822:10.1017/S0041977X00093204
1542:10.1163/22134379-90003689
1438:10.1163/22134379-90002797
1304:Perfected Spelling System
981:of Surabaya published in
686:
545:Hikayat Muhammad Hanafiah
539:Undang-Undang Laut Melaka
230:Kedukan Bukit Inscription
202:Dong Yen Chau inscription
2512:Noriah, Mohamed (1999),
2093:
2061:
2041:
2010:四夷馆人编的第一部马来语词典: 《满拉加国译语》
2009:
1988:
1959:Lach, Donald F. (2010).
1237:Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
1164:(later reconstituted as
997:of Taiping published in
944:Kitab Pengetahuan Bahasa
876:, and published in 1849.
812:Dutch East India Company
620:Eastern Indonesian Malay
2498:Morrison, George Ernest
2067:opinions.sinchew.com.my
1905:Tan, Chee-Beng (2004).
1878:Tan, Chee-Beng (2004).
1771:, pp. 23–27, 44–52
1268:Richard James Wilkinson
1201:held in 1926. The term
818:in the south while the
808:1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty
772:Injil Mateus dan Markus
770:translated into Malay;
456:as well as the 1468 CE
442:Minye Tujoh inscription
279:scriptures in terms of
170:Bangka-Belitung Islands
68:spoken by the earliest
2632:Old Malay inscriptions
2530:Ooi, Keat Gin (2008),
1419:Voorhoeve, P. (1970).
1264:Federated Malay States
1188:
993:published in 1876 and
954:were also produced in
931:
892:with his famous works
877:
666:
536:(Laws of Malacca) and
485:
409:
46:
2406:Arkib Negara Malaysia
2354:Sejarah Bahasa Melayu
1609:10.13185/ps2022.70202
1379:Indonesian literature
1211:(Indonesian) in 1928.
968:Hikayat Syamsul Anwar
921:
857:
676:Bureau of Translators
664:
474:
399:
252:other islands of the
222:Sojomerto inscription
54:Austronesian language
32:
2476:on 29 September 2013
1639:Himmelmann, Nikolaus
1421:"Kerintji Documents"
1374:Malaysian literature
1162:Federation of Malaya
1050:and East Indonesia.
636:John III of Portugal
597:("Bazaar Malay") or
533:Undang-Undang Melaka
109:Austronesian peoples
2293:, p. 34&35
2215:, p. 55&61
1179:Indonesian language
780:Injil dan Perbuatan
640:Sir Henry Middleton
551:Hikayat Amir Hamzah
444:dated 1380 CE from
408:in the Malay world.
127:from the island of
3266:Language histories
2007:杨贵谊 (8 May 2003).
1635:Adelaar, Alexander
1631:Adelaar, Alexander
1569:, pp. 141–143
1298:) in Malaysia and
936:Gurindam Dua Belas
932:
924:Gurindam Dua Belas
878:
776:Lukas dan Johannes
667:
644:East India Company
587:cultural reference
492:and its successor
486:
410:
105:Proto-Austronesian
103:that derived from
47:
3248:
3247:
2963:
2962:
2678:world's languages
2618:978-0-8248-2131-9
2541:978-0-8108-5955-5
2459:978-979-461-537-9
2418:on 29 August 2012
2125:978-90-73084-24-7
2015:www.nandazhan.com
1972:978-0-226-46713-9
1945:978-1-137-01233-3
1918:978-962-209-661-5
1891:978-962-209-662-2
1794:978-1-136-84879-7
1649:. pp. 1–42.
1370:Malay literature
1296:New Rumi Spelling
1292:Ejaan Rumi Baharu
1252:Dutch East Indies
1197:during the first
1158:national language
1142:During the first
1137:Malay nationalism
1004:Alamat Langkapuri
983:Dutch East Indies
849:Dutch literatures
762:that include the
694:, who joined the
692:Antonio Pigafetta
674:officials of the
579:Hikayat Hang Tuah
420:. As a result of
254:Sunda archipelago
174:Java-Bali Islands
16:(Redirected from
3273:
3138:Standard Chinese
2689:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2644:
2621:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2582:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2544:
2526:
2508:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2472:, archived from
2462:
2444:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2414:, archived from
2401:
2376:
2366:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2311:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2184:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1723:, pp. 15–20
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1699:, pp. 74–77
1694:
1688:
1682:
1673:
1672:, pp. 12–15
1667:
1661:
1660:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1535:(2/3): 356–375.
1520:
1514:
1513:, pp. 52–59
1508:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1416:
1329:in Thailand and
1212:
1209:Bahasa Indonesia
1118:Poedjangga Baroe
940:Bustanul Katibin
922:A manuscript of
895:Hikayat Abdullah
861:Hikayat Abdullah
764:Ten Commandments
708:Christianisation
700:circumnavigation
689:
688:
670:compiled by the
650:of Aceh to King
573:the Malay Annals
481:the Malay Annals
438:Islamic cultures
190:Indian religions
21:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3213:
3192:
3176:
3160:
3144:
3116:
3078:
3062:
3031:
3005:
2989:
2959:
2938:
2912:
2846:
2825:
2769:
2748:
2680:
2671:
2628:
2619:
2606:
2598:
2596:
2585:
2580:
2567:
2559:
2557:
2547:
2542:
2529:
2524:
2511:
2496:
2487:
2479:
2477:
2465:
2460:
2447:
2442:
2429:
2421:
2419:
2404:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2073:on 4 March 2016
2063:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2021:on 4 March 2016
2011:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1401:List of Hikayat
1367:
1288:spelling system
1214:
1207:was revised to
1190:
1056:
890:Abdullah Munsyi
824:Malay peninsula
800:
788:Perjanjian Baru
681:Man-la-jia Yiyu
394:
182:
146:Malay Peninsula
97:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3279:
3277:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3261:Malay language
3253:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2994:Other European
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2634:
2627:
2626:External links
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2604:
2587:Teeuw, Andries
2583:
2578:
2565:
2545:
2540:
2527:
2522:
2509:
2494:
2485:
2463:
2458:
2445:
2440:
2427:
2402:
2385:(3): 315–330,
2367:
2362:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2324:
2306:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2244:
2232:
2217:
2205:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2124:
2104:
2084:
2052:
2032:
1999:
1978:
1971:
1951:
1944:
1924:
1917:
1897:
1890:
1870:
1843:
1816:(3): 715–749.
1800:
1793:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1674:
1662:
1655:
1622:
1603:(2): 167–242.
1583:
1571:
1559:
1548:
1515:
1503:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1431:(4): 369–399.
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1386:Malay folklore
1383:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1366:
1363:
1311:Malay alphabet
1256:British Malaya
1248:Malay alphabet
1204:Bahasa Melajoe
1199:Kongres Pemuda
1183:
1144:Kongres Pemuda
1109:Lembaga Melayu
1105:Panji Poestaka
1055:
1052:
999:British Malaya
987:Jawi Peranakan
912:Bustan Ariffin
820:British Empire
799:
796:
784:Kitab Kejadian
732:Francis Xavier
504:belles-lettres
418:state religion
393:
390:
181:
178:
162:Maluku Islands
133:Malay dialects
96:
93:
74:Southeast Asia
35:Rencong script
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3278:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
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3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
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3189:
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3179:
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3167:
3163:
3157:
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3153:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:Austroasiatic
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
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3015:
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3002:
2999:
2998:
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2992:
2986:
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2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:Indo-European
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2579:0-86840-598-1
2575:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2523:983-861-184-0
2519:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2441:981-3018-52-6
2437:
2433:
2428:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2363:967-61-1809-5
2359:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2281:, p. 332
2280:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2085:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2033:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1986:黃慧敏 (2003).
1982:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1656:9780415681537
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1581:, p. 148
1580:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:Morrison 1975
1507:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1478:, p. 318
1477:
1472:
1469:
1466:, p. 317
1465:
1460:
1457:
1454:, p. 149
1453:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1391:Ethnic Malays
1389:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1194:Sumpah Pemuda
1187:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1149:Sumpah Pemuda
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1124:Utusan Melayu
1120:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1089:Pelita Bahasa
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:Tanjung Malim
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
971:
969:
965:
964:Raja Ali Haji
961:
957:
953:
952:Raja Ali Haji
949:
945:
941:
937:
929:
925:
920:
916:
913:
909:
908:
903:
902:
897:
896:
891:
887:
882:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:
856:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
797:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
703:
701:
697:
693:
683:
682:
677:
673:
663:
659:
657:
653:
649:
648:Iskandar Muda
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
604:
603:Melayu Tinggi
600:
599:Melayu Rendah
596:
592:
591:lingua franca
588:
583:
581:
580:
575:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:
547:
546:
541:
540:
535:
534:
529:
526:
522:
518:
517:maritime laws
514:
510:
506:
505:
500:
495:
491:
483:
482:
478:of a copy of
477:
473:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:
403:
398:
391:
389:
387:
382:
377:
372:
370:
366:
365:
360:
359:
354:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
337:
332:
331:
326:
325:
320:
319:
314:
313:
308:
307:
302:
301:
296:
295:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:, as well as
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:South Sumatra
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
212:, modern day
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
179:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
95:Proto-Malayic
94:
92:
89:
88:
87:lingua franca
83:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
44:
40:
36:
31:
27:
19:
3121:Sino–Tibetan
3101:
3083:Austronesian
2917:Indo-Iranian
2608:
2597:, retrieved
2591:
2569:
2560:27 September
2558:, retrieved
2553:
2531:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2489:
2478:, retrieved
2474:the original
2468:
2449:
2431:
2422:27 September
2420:, retrieved
2416:the original
2410:
2382:
2378:
2353:
2346:Bibliography
2327:
2309:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2269:, p. 35
2262:
2257:, p. 33
2242:, p. 71
2240:Sneddon 2003
2235:
2230:, p. 32
2213:Collins 1998
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2172:
2168:
2158:
2153:, p. 21
2151:Collins 1998
2146:
2141:, p. 18
2139:Collins 1998
2134:
2114:
2107:
2098:
2094:安煥然‧明朝人也學馬來話
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2071:the original
2066:
2062:安煥然‧明朝人也學馬來話
2055:
2046:
2042:安煥然‧明朝人也學馬來話
2035:
2023:. Retrieved
2019:the original
2014:
2002:
1981:
1961:
1954:
1934:
1927:
1907:
1900:
1880:
1873:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1783:
1776:
1769:Collins 1998
1764:
1759:, p. 60
1757:Sneddon 2003
1752:
1747:, p. 84
1745:Sneddon 2003
1740:
1735:, p. 59
1733:Sneddon 2003
1728:
1721:Collins 1998
1716:
1711:, p. 20
1709:Collins 1998
1704:
1697:Sneddon 2003
1692:
1687:, p. 29
1670:Collins 1998
1665:
1645:. Abingdon:
1642:
1625:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1556:Sneddon 2003
1551:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1506:
1495:
1490:, p. 27
1483:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1396:Malayisation
1308:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1244:Latin script
1241:
1230:
1226:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1122:
1116:
1113:Warta Malaya
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1088:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1040:East Sumatra
1033:
1028:
1013:
1002:
994:
986:
978:
976:
972:
967:
943:
939:
935:
933:
923:
911:
905:
899:
893:
883:
879:
859:
841:Latin script
801:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
756:Sovrat A B C
755:
730:missionary,
704:
679:
668:
658:dated 1615.
616:Betawi Malay
607:Bazaar Malay
602:
598:
595:Melayu Pasar
594:
584:
577:
571:
549:
543:
537:
531:
521:credit notes
502:
487:
479:
476:Frontispiece
462:orthographic
426:Muslim world
422:Islamisation
411:
406:Jawi writing
386:Adityavarman
373:
362:
356:
352:
346:
340:
334:
328:
322:
316:
310:
304:
298:
292:
274:
226:Central Java
183:
166:Riau Islands
98:
85:
78:
72:settlers in
70:Austronesian
62:colonisation
48:
26:
3235:Interlingue
3230:Interlingua
3218:constructed
3133:Gan Chinese
3010:Afroasiatic
1476:Andaya 2001
1464:Andaya 2001
1315:Jawi script
1129:nationalism
1121:(1933) and
1036:Riau-Lingga
1009:Jawi script
960:Riau-Lingga
956:Riau-Lingga
942:(1857) and
928:Jawi script
904:(1838) and
874:lithography
866:Jawi script
864:written in
816:East Indies
790:(1668) and
513:accountancy
509:theological
466:Jawi script
262:Philippines
208:capital of
113:Philippines
3255:Categories
3074:Vietnamese
2924:Hindustani
2892:in Ukraine
2878:Macedonian
2858:Belarusian
2842:Lithuanian
2811:Portuguese
2599:17 October
2480:19 October
2099:iconada.tv
2047:iconada.tv
1579:Teeuw 1959
1567:Teeuw 1959
1452:Teeuw 1959
1407:References
1335:Terengganu
1284:Fajar Asia
1154:Indonesian
1075:(SITC) in
1048:Kalimantan
995:Seri Perak
946:(1858) by
858:A page of
612:Baba Malay
556:philosophy
464:form, the
376:Srivijayan
289:vocabulary
33:Detail of
3225:Esperanto
3181:Iroquoian
3107:Sundanese
3048:Malayalam
3036:Dravidian
2985:Hungarian
2908:Ukrainian
2868:Bulgarian
2729:Norwegian
2724:Icelandic
2699:Afrikaans
2674:Histories
2077:5 January
2025:5 January
1989:新馬峇峇文學的研究
1838:129174700
1647:Routledge
1617:2244-1093
1280:Indonesia
1174:Singapore
1025:Singapore
991:Singapore
985:in 1856,
760:Calvinism
285:morphemes
250:Indonesia
238:Indonesia
210:Indrapura
186:Old Tamil
111:into the
58:millennia
43:Indonesia
18:Old Malay
3188:Cherokee
3165:Koreanic
3156:Japanese
3095:Filipino
2975:Estonian
2950:Albanian
2816:Romanian
2796:Galician
2692:Germanic
2589:(1959),
2551:(2012),
2408:(2012),
2399:62886471
2279:Ooi 2008
2198:20 April
1641:(eds.).
1365:See also
1339:Kelantan
1331:Kelantan
1323:Malaysia
1166:Malaysia
1115:(1931),
1111:(1914),
1107:(1912),
1103:(1906),
948:Selangor
938:(1847),
898:(1840),
794:(1689).
786:(1662),
782:(1651),
778:(1646),
774:(1638),
696:Magellan
528:licences
369:Sanskrit
312:maharaja
306:kesatria
281:phonemes
277:Sanskrit
218:Old Cham
198:Buddhism
194:Hinduism
192:such as
158:Sulawesi
125:Sulawesi
3209:Turkish
3149:Japonic
3128:Chinese
3112:Cebuano
3090:Tagalog
3043:Kannada
3022:Aramaic
2980:Finnish
2934:Persian
2903:Slovene
2888:Russian
2863:Bosnian
2837:Latvian
2821:Spanish
2801:Italian
2781:Catalan
2744:Yiddish
2739:Swedish
2714:English
2676:of the
2321:. 2009.
1327:Pattani
1222:English
1101:Al-Imam
1021:Malacca
886:Malacca
845:English
810:led to
804:Western
744:Ternate
740:Amboina
736:Malacca
724:Batavia
720:Ternate
712:Malacca
656:England
652:James I
642:of the
632:Ternate
568:history
560:tasawuf
490:Malacca
450:Sumatra
434:Persian
266:Pallava
242:Sumatra
214:Vietnam
142:Sumatra
137:Malayic
82:Malacca
39:Sumatra
3197:Turkic
3172:Korean
3058:Telugu
3027:Hebrew
3017:Arabic
3001:Basque
2968:Uralic
2929:Nepali
2898:Slovak
2883:Polish
2851:Slavic
2830:Baltic
2790:Quebec
2786:French
2774:Italic
2753:Celtic
2719:German
2704:Danish
2615:
2576:
2538:
2520:
2456:
2438:
2397:
2360:
2122:
1969:
1942:
1915:
1888:
1865:607921
1863:
1836:
1830:607205
1828:
1791:
1653:
1615:
1359:Marawi
1347:Perlis
1319:Brunei
1313:, the
1246:, the
1170:Brunei
1093:syntax
1061:corpus
1017:Penang
950:-born
888:-born
837:London
833:Leiden
828:Borneo
792:Mazmur
768:Bibles
728:Jesuit
564:tafsir
430:Arabic
342:syurga
336:neraka
330:pahala
270:Nagari
206:Champa
150:Borneo
129:Taiwan
121:Maluku
117:Borneo
3204:Azeri
3102:Malay
3053:Tamil
2955:Greek
2943:other
2873:Czech
2806:Latin
2765:Welsh
2760:Irish
2734:Scots
2709:Dutch
2395:S2CID
2375:(PDF)
2336:(PDF)
2175:(1).
1861:JSTOR
1859:(1).
1834:S2CID
1826:JSTOR
1351:Johor
1343:Kedah
1218:Dutch
1085:Za'ba
1081:Perak
752:China
748:Japan
716:Ambon
687:滿剌加譯語
626:like
624:realm
525:trade
494:Johor
414:Islam
381:Batak
364:biara
353:puasa
348:surga
300:bakti
258:Luzon
232:from
224:from
154:Luzon
50:Malay
2613:ISBN
2601:2012
2574:ISBN
2562:2012
2536:ISBN
2518:ISBN
2482:2012
2454:ISBN
2436:ISBN
2424:2012
2358:ISBN
2200:2019
2120:ISBN
2079:2016
2027:2016
1967:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1913:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1613:ISSN
1357:and
1355:Sulu
1349:and
1278:and
1254:and
1135:and
1044:Java
1023:and
847:and
835:and
826:and
750:and
742:and
722:and
672:Ming
630:and
628:Aceh
618:and
576:and
548:and
523:and
507:and
446:Aceh
432:and
400:The
361:and
358:sami
324:dosa
318:raja
315:and
294:puja
246:Java
196:and
172:and
123:and
3240:Ido
2387:doi
2187:hdl
2177:doi
2173:174
1818:doi
1605:doi
1537:doi
1533:163
1433:doi
1429:126
1031:.
989:of
698:'s
654:of
448:in
345:or
3257::
2506:48
2504:,
2393:,
2383:32
2381:,
2377:,
2247:^
2220:^
2185:.
2171:.
2167:.
2097:.
2065:.
2045:.
2013:.
1994:21
1857:10
1855:.
1832:.
1824:.
1812:.
1677:^
1637:;
1611:.
1601:70
1599:.
1595:.
1531:.
1527:.
1427:.
1423:.
1345:,
1341:,
1337:,
1139:.
1079:,
1046:,
1042:,
1019:,
1011:.
746:,
738:,
718:,
714:,
614:,
582:.
566:,
562:,
558:,
519:,
515:,
355:,
339:,
333:,
327:,
309:,
303:,
297:,
287:,
283:,
268:,
260:,
248:,
244:,
236:,
228:,
176:.
168:,
164:,
160:,
156:,
152:,
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144:,
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41:,
2894:)
2890:(
2792:)
2788:(
2666:e
2659:t
2652:v
2389::
2202:.
2189::
2179::
2128:.
2081:.
2029:.
1996:.
1975:.
1948:.
1921:.
1894:.
1867:.
1840:.
1820::
1814:6
1797:.
1659:.
1619:.
1607::
1545:.
1539::
1441:.
1435::
1302:(
1294:(
930:.
684:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
