483:, it was laid out into 31 long, narrow plots with a length equal to the full width of the concession. Ownership to individual plots was assigned through a lottery that had no relationship to where individuals had their cabins or worked mines. The mines worked in common at the south end were held out of the subdivision, but there was no accommodation for a usual French village with streets, clustered homes, and a commons. Most of the French ignored the assignment of ownership and continued to live where they had, mostly in the village of Old Mines near the south of the concession, and at Racola near the center. Most had sold their lottery-assigned land within a year to outside speculators.
2203:
553:
overrun by newly arrived
Americans. The region had been sparsely settled by the French, and by 1820 Missouri had been thoroughly Americanized with only isolated pockets of French culture surviving at Ste. Genevieve and Old Mines. French culture survived in Ste. Genevieve for a while because of its relatively large French population, some of it wealthy. But Ste. Genevieve, being a center of commerce, attracted its share of newcomers and eventually became more American. However, few of the Americans seeking farmland were attracted to the Old Mines region with its thin, flinty soil.
2583:
1666:
766:
577:
new
Washington County, he excluded the French village of Mine à Breton, not even aligning the streets of the two adjacent towns. The French resented the economic dominance of the Americans to whom they had to sell their ore, and unlike the situation in Ste. Genevieve and St. Louis, there was no local wealthy French establishment to further their cause. When the Osage attacked in 1799 and 1802 and French did not help the Americans fight them off. When geographic isolation set in at about the time of the
53:
407:
294:
86:
590:
419:
777:– works to preserve and promote the French culture and history of the region and has assembled an outdoor museum of historic buildings in Fertile, Missouri. Dr. Rosemary Hyde Thomas, a scholar of the region, has worked to reinforce the culture, as has the Rural Parish Workers of Christ the King in Fertile. Historian and musician Dennis Stroughmatt, who learned to speak French there, promotes the language and folk music of Old Mines.
692:
541:
394:, and there is record of a complaint that inhabitants were forced to abandon their homes due to pollution of Old Mines Creek by animal and mining waste. Nevertheless, there were enough inhabitants in 1797 for a petition to be made for an agricultural concession, a request that was not acted on but which may have helped forestall a later request for mining concession by the American
683:
that young people were finding that speaking French was of no use to them outside of their homes. As late as the 1980s there were perhaps as many as a thousand speakers left, but they were mostly the older generation of age 60 and above. Today the language has all but died out as means of everyday domestic communication, and only a few elderly speakers are able to use it.
93:
60:
491:, an entrepreneur rival to Moses Austin who lived at Bellfontaine and operated mines there and at Shibboleth, had bought some of the 400-arpent tracts at Old Mines and tried to claim more, thus clouding the ownership. But in 1833 the original concession was officially recognized to the benefit of the initial claimants.
682:
Both linguists noted that French was dying out in Old Mines at the time of their studies. Miller reported that the children could not speak it, and the young people would not. Carrière said that the influx of
English and greater connection with the outside world had undermined the dialect's base, and
576:
Cultural isolation preceded geographic isolation, however. The
Americans who developed the local lead industry during the Spanish period had no use for the French except for their labor and their ore. Moses Austin never learned to speak French, and when he platted the town of Potosi for the seat of
467:
of Ste. Genevieve wrote the petition himself, had his agent collect signatures, and forwarded the petition to the lieutenant governor. This 1803 petition was submitted as a single group request instead of dozens of individual requests. The participation of the locals lent legitimacy to the petition,
702:
The distinctive type of home built by
Missouri French was of a single story with a broad roof sloping gradually into a roof for the gallery that ran along the broad side of the house, or all around for some of the wealthier French. The style is seen not just in old abodes, but it is still used as a
389:
in the 1770s drained much of the effort from Old Mines, but as Old Mines was only 5 to 6 miles (8.0 to 9.7 km) to the north, it was close enough that some miners continued to live there while working Mine à Breton. Some of the miners' families moved back and forth between Old Mines and Mine à
652:
By the 20th century, Old Mines was the only area of
Missouri where Missouri French remained widely spoken. Linguists began studying the dialect at this time. W. M. Miller, an American professor of French, made investigations in the area in the late 1920s, and reported that the local French dialect
568:
is called locally, began to replace lead digging in the Old Mines region. It could be extracted manually from near-surface deposits in small operations much as lead had been for generations. This provided the enclave the means to continue supporting itself while maintaining its own way of life
552:
Most of the lots in the Old Mines concession were bought by outsiders, but they were speculators who had no permanent interest in the area. So the French continued to dig for lead when and where they wanted, as they always had, with no interference. Meanwhile, the
Missouri territory was being
261:, and their descendants still inhabit the area where, through a combination of geographic and cultural isolation, they maintained a distinctive French culture well into the 20th century. As recently as the late 1980s there may have been a thousand native speakers of the region's
458:
reached the area, both inhabitants and the absentee interests became more concerned about land ownership. Until around the beginning of the 19th century there was little competition for land, and the French had maintained a casual attitude concerning formalities of ownership.
374:, or it could be Old Mines Creek with the mines at Old Mines itself. Renault's mines were worked until the 1730s, were closed for some years, and reopened in 1743. Old Mines existed as a village of some sort by 1748 when it was listed as the residence of a coupled married at
653:
was an entirely spoken language. Most of the people were illiterate—few could read and write
English at the time, and very few, if any, had ever seen French written. Miller also reported incursions of English into French sentences ("
569:
after the lead had been mined out. Men would dig tiff a couple days each week to support their families, with additional sustenance coming from home gardens. Eventually the wagon road that Moses Austin had built to haul ore to
679:. Among other distinguishing features, he followed Miller in noting that Missouri French had been heavily influenced by English, with many English words and even entire idiomatic phrases borrowed or translated into the dialect.
317:
of the region from whom it became known to early French explorers. Father
Jacques Gravier noted in his journal in October 1700, the presence of rich lead ore twelve or thirteen leagues from the mouth of the "River Miaramigoua"
468:
and the participation of knowledgeable and connected outsiders helped move the request through the bureaucracy. Although the interest was primarily in lead, the petition was made for land for agriculture in the amount of 400
710:. They were originally served by a mission priest from Ste. Genevieve, and a log church was built in Old Mines in 1820. That was replaced by the brick St. Joachim parish church in 1831. Three years older than St. Louis'
361:
arrived with professional miners. Renault found and successfully worked large quantities of lead on the "Merameg" in what is now the Old Mines region. Renault received a grant in 1723 for one and a half leagues along the
556:
Easily mined surface deposits of lead were depleted by the mid-19th century, though the state geologist reported small-scale surface mining and refining around Old Mines in 1867. When lead production escalated after the
486:
After the
Americans acquired control of the area there was a scramble to certify land claims with the new administration, and much of the activity was fraudulent. It took years to sort through the competing claims.
3012:
670:
pronunciation. Another linguist, J.-M. Carrière, came to Old Mines in the 1930s and 1940s, finding around 600 French-speaking families there at the time. Carrière undertook a study of the dialect, recording 73
3017:
630:. They were sometimes known as "paw-paw" French, a term used at least sometimes in self-reference. The name has been described as a "fun-loving insult" referring to a French creole "so poor that he lived on
3007:
462:
A new petition was drafted in 1803 by both residents and remote operators. This time, with the assistance of the wealthy operators in St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve, the petition was approved. Commandant
661:
de maiz"). Nevertheless, the impression was that the spoken French was no less grammatical than that spoken by peasants of similar means in areas of France. The language has been described as having a
330:). The distance cited on the Meramec proper would not be in an especially mineralized region, but if taken to mean the Big River, it would lead to its headwaters and possibly refer to areas on the
699:
Traditional French creole culture in the Old Mines area centered on the extended family and the local French community with frequent celebrations. Houses of family were often clustered together.
370:) six leagues for a total of 9 square leagues. The exact location of Renault's grant and mines is not known, but the "first branch" could be Fourche à Renault Creek, with the mines perhaps at
1455:"History of Mining in the Southeast Missouri Lead District and Description of Mine Processes, Regulatory Controls, Environmental Effects, and Mine Facilities in the Viburnum Trend Subdistrict"
2106:
2992:
742:
taking many young men and exposing them to the wider world. In the 1930s the prices offered for tiff tumbled, ending more than 200 years of subsistence based on small-scale mining.
390:
Breton. It is unclear whether Old Mines was continuously inhabited through the 1790s into the first years of the 19th century. There may have been disruptions due to raids by the
2516:
2257:
1559:
2242:
2222:
561:
with capital-intensive deeprock mining techniques, it did so in new areas east of Potosi and Mine a Breton, drawing economic activity even further away from Old Mines.
2252:
3027:
2665:
2630:
2232:
1738:
2655:
2625:
2237:
1728:
2660:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2247:
2099:
3002:
2675:
2635:
2227:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1733:
2670:
2332:
1773:
2509:
1768:
1366:
A Cultural Geographical and Historical Study of the Pine Ford Lake Project Area; Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, and St. Francois Counties, Missouri
2092:
1552:
1462:
Hydrologic Investigations Concerning Lead Mining Issues in Southeastern Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5140
601:
language and culture. This dialect had developed since the 17th century, when the upper Mississippi River Valley was part of the French colony of
357:
La Renaudière. Neither expedition produced much to show for their efforts, although Renaudière was able to smelt some poor-quality lead. In 1720
121:
1495:
2786:
2011:
1443:
1416:
711:
314:
2502:
479:
The concession straddled Old Mines Creek, and in the rush to get the land surveyed and titled before the Americans took over following the
730:
runs from St. Louis through the center of the Old Mines region on its way to Potosi and beyond. Cultural isolation was also assailed by
1545:
242:
85:
2766:
1763:
1282:
1252:
52:
2084:
1743:
505:
1778:
265:
dialect. This culturally distinct population has sometimes been referred to as "paw-paw French" and lives in an amorphous area in
1723:
302:
196:
2494:
2116:
1537:
581:, the French population was already living in cultural isolation, bolstered by their own language, customs, and communities.
494:
The Old Mines concession persists today as one of the many colonial-era grants recognized by and superimposed on the regular
722:
A variety of forces converged in the first part of the 20th century to break down the community's isolation and accelerate
657:
je ne sais pas."), and English words adapted to modern items for which the locals' French forebears had left no names ("un
313:
of lead. Found first in surface deposits over a wide area, and now mined deep underground, the ore was known to the native
1836:
443:
274:
3022:
2177:
1363:
Ekberg, Carl J.; Smith, Charles H.; Walters, William D. Jr.; Lange, Frederick W. (April 1981). Unsicker, Joan I. (ed.).
175:
2997:
2914:
2526:
1801:
266:
180:
573:, which passed through Old Mines, was replaced by a railroad which did not, and the area's isolation became deeper.
2285:
1700:
1685:
1650:
1569:
270:
1222:
2296:
2031:
1971:
1690:
499:
473:
2695:
2423:
2342:
1826:
714:, still in use and a center of community life, St. Joachim is one of the oldest standing churches in Missouri.
435:
153:
2962:
2909:
2876:
2715:
2607:
2474:
2372:
2357:
2267:
2064:
1931:
1788:
765:
613:, and became one of the three major forms of French to develop in what is now the United States, along with
358:
1881:
2781:
2736:
2451:
2413:
2392:
2382:
2301:
2036:
1871:
1620:
757:
were given only in English. Compulsory education in broader-based, English-only schools became the norm.
2836:
2791:
2771:
2746:
2397:
2162:
1635:
1615:
723:
570:
455:
447:
406:
293:
2969:
2856:
2481:
2418:
2367:
2192:
2182:
2172:
2138:
2071:
2016:
1976:
1841:
1811:
1806:
1491:
464:
323:
285:. The community of Old Mines itself is in northeastern Washington County, six miles north of Potosi.
206:
337:
The French sent a series of ill-equipped mining expeditions into what is now Missouri to search for
2934:
2846:
2751:
2685:
2602:
2387:
2362:
2337:
2327:
2317:
2291:
2280:
1961:
1921:
1851:
1705:
1645:
1640:
1591:
1527:
726:
into American culture. Paved state highways eroded the region's physical isolation in the 1920s -
472:(340 acres) per family because French law granted free land only for farming. Lieutenant Governor
234:
38:
621:. However, it began to die out as the British and later the Americans began settling in the area.
593:
Etienne and Louise LaMarque house, built in 1810 in typical French style, is still a private home.
488:
2924:
2899:
2871:
2851:
2816:
2776:
2741:
2720:
2710:
2705:
2594:
2567:
2403:
2187:
2157:
2046:
2041:
1926:
1901:
1876:
1821:
1796:
1695:
1677:
1435:
1395:
1351:
1330:
1309:
578:
558:
480:
422:
Modern map of the area around the Old Mines concession. Thin red lines show the regular grid of
1470:
2919:
2861:
2811:
2761:
2428:
2377:
2352:
2307:
2275:
2167:
2021:
2001:
1986:
1981:
1946:
1916:
1896:
1891:
1861:
1625:
1439:
1412:
1342:
Carrière, J. -M. (1941b). "The Phonology of Missouri French: A Historical Study (Continued)".
1278:
1248:
727:
589:
418:
282:
2929:
2904:
2866:
2841:
2831:
2826:
2796:
2572:
2548:
2446:
2408:
2006:
1956:
1941:
1936:
1911:
1906:
1866:
1831:
1816:
1655:
1630:
1610:
1301:
614:
606:
375:
278:
246:
1430:
Opening the Ozarks; A Historical Geography of Missouri's Ste. Genevieve District, 1760-1830
2939:
2801:
2731:
2726:
2700:
2559:
2347:
2026:
1996:
1966:
1951:
1886:
1602:
647:
631:
602:
598:
495:
423:
262:
226:
442:
who subsequently employed hired labor and slaves to mine ore at Old Mines. When news of
2881:
2806:
2617:
2214:
2051:
1715:
1454:
1271:
707:
691:
626:
618:
2986:
2756:
1428:
667:
502:, and the pattern of long, narrow plots is visible in aerial photography as found at
410:
Surveys of the Old Mines land concession of 1803 show the original owners of the 400-
386:
371:
346:
319:
540:
1382:
Note: The Pine Ford dam, for which this report was prepared, was never constructed.
745:
Young men left for work in St. Louis and elsewhere. It became impractical for the
739:
735:
663:
545:
395:
391:
331:
1321:
Carrière, J. -M. (1941a). "The Phonology of Missouri French: A Historical Study".
322:), that is 36 to 39 miles (58 to 63 km). At that time the Meramec tributary
1242:
769:
A building of the Old Mines Area Historical Society with a characteristic gallery
2541:
2131:
1584:
746:
731:
476:
granted the request on June 4, 1803, for 13,400 arpents (17.7 sq mi).
434:
Austin's success at Mine à Breton sparked increased attention from interests in
1364:
326:
was considered part of the Meramec and often called the Little Meramec (French
2891:
2438:
427:
250:
163:
520:
507:
136:
123:
754:
439:
341:, which is sometimes found with lead ore. One expedition was led by Jacques
187:
2202:
2953:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
2465:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
672:
610:
350:
238:
168:
635:
2582:
1399:
1355:
1334:
1313:
1665:
750:
565:
469:
411:
338:
306:
254:
1305:
398:
who had started larger-scale mining and refining at Mine à Breton.
764:
690:
588:
539:
451:
430:
and concessions, including the Old Mines concession in the center.
417:
405:
292:
277:
counties roughly 15 miles (24 km) either side of a line from
213:
192:
334:
or Old Mines Creek where some of the earliest mining took place.
2149:
258:
2498:
2088:
1541:
305:
is the location of the earth's greatest known concentration of
1273:
The Time of the French in the Heart of North America 1673-1818
1241:
Ammon, Ulrich; International Sociological Association (1989).
310:
297:
A log cabin preserved by the Old Mines Area Historical Society
2581:
2201:
1664:
1532:
1386:
Miller, W.M. (January 1930). "Missouri's "Paw-Paw" French".
3013:
Unincorporated communities in St. Francois County, Missouri
1517:
1464:. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
1394:(3). American association of Teachers of French: 174–178.
16:
Unincorporated community in the American state of Missouri
3018:
Unincorporated communities in Washington County, Missouri
3008:
Unincorporated communities in Jefferson County, Missouri
1522:
1223:"Photos of Saint Joachim Church, in Old Mines, Missouri"
609:. It was once widely spoken in what is now Missouri and
245:
in the early 18th century when the area was part of the
1292:
Carrière, J. -M. (1939). "Creole Dialect of Missouri".
1244:
Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties
597:
In its isolation the Old Mines area became a center of
1277:(3rd ed.). Chicago: Alliance Francaise Chicago.
1477:. Archaeological Institute of America. June 17, 2007
2948:
2890:
2684:
2616:
2593:
2558:
2460:
2437:
2316:
2266:
2213:
2148:
1850:
1787:
1714:
1676:
1601:
1453:Seeger, Cheryl M. (2008). Kleeschulte, M.J. (ed.).
800:
798:
203:
186:
174:
162:
152:
26:
21:
Unincorporated community in Missouri, United States
2206:Map of Missouri highlighting Saint Francois County
1427:
1270:
775:La Société Historique de la Région de Vieille Mine
1073:
1071:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1018:
1016:
966:
964:
941:
939:
929:
927:
749:to maintain French-speaking priests for just one
895:
893:
703:common style in the area for new construction.
2993:French colonial settlements of Upper Louisiana
2586:Map of Missouri highlighting Washington County
2510:
2100:
1669:Map of Missouri highlighting Jefferson County
1553:
1030:
1028:
858:
856:
854:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
8:
1124:
1122:
2517:
2503:
2495:
2107:
2093:
2085:
1560:
1546:
1538:
624:Speakers of the dialect called themselves
23:
879:
877:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
1094:
1092:
773:The Old Mines Area Historical Society –
1523:Rural Parish Workers of Christ the King
1247:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 306–308.
1221:Abeln, Mark Scott (February 21, 2008).
785:
185:
151:
116:
44:
3028:Unincorporated communities in Missouri
1528:History of St. Joachim Catholic Church
366:and extending up the first tributary (
1300:(2). Duke University Press: 109–119.
202:
173:
161:
7:
1498:from the original on August 14, 2010
706:The French creole are predominantly
3003:French-American culture in Missouri
2525:Municipalities and communities of
2115:Municipalities and communities of
1568:Municipalities and communities of
237:and surrounding area in southeast
14:
1518:Old Mines Area Historical Society
92:
59:
1468:Stroughmatt, Dennis. Quoted in
1438:: University of Missouri Press.
303:southeast Missouri lead district
91:
84:
58:
51:
2118:Saint Francois County, Missouri
1492:"Will the Circle Be Unbroken?"
1409:A Living History of the Ozarks
564:In 1874 mining for "tiff", as
1:
1426:Schroeder, Walter A. (2002).
253:. The early settlers came to
108:Show map of the United States
105:Old Mines (the United States)
2528:Washington County, Missouri
1372:. Illinois State University
1269:Balesi, Charles J. (2000).
1128:Carrière 1939, pp. 113–119.
695:St. Joachim Catholic Church
402:Land concessions and titles
3044:
1571:Jefferson County, Missouri
1407:Rossiter, Phyllis (1922).
645:
2958:
2579:
2539:
2470:
2199:
2129:
2060:
1662:
1582:
1490:Vivrett, William (1983).
500:Public Land Survey System
474:Carlos de Hault de Lassus
414:plots assigned by lottery
359:Philippe François Renault
353:, and another was led by
117:
45:
36:
1533:Old Mines French Project
426:interrupted by colonial
235:unincorporated community
39:Unincorporated community
1116:Carrière 1941a, p. 410.
548:in St. Joachim Cemetery
2587:
2207:
1670:
1411:. Pelican Publishing.
770:
696:
594:
549:
431:
415:
298:
230:
2585:
2205:
1668:
1010:Schroeder, pp.313-314
768:
694:
592:
543:
498:grid of the American
421:
409:
296:
241:that were settled by
205: • Summer (
137:38.01528°N 90.75611°W
2971:United States portal
2483:United States portal
2073:United States portal
804:Schroeder pp.319-320
605:, also known as the
233:) is the name of an
75:Show map of Missouri
72:Location in Missouri
3023:Regions of Missouri
1837:Raintree Plantation
517: /
368:la première branche
142:38.01528; -90.75611
133: /
2998:French communities
2588:
2208:
2178:Iron Mountain Lake
1671:
1436:Columbia, Missouri
1098:Ammon, pp. 306-308
771:
697:
666:vocabulary with a
634:in the summer and
595:
579:American Civil War
550:
521:38.0401°N 90.759°W
481:Louisiana Purchase
432:
416:
299:
2980:
2979:
2915:Fourche a Renault
2492:
2491:
2082:
2081:
1802:Briarwood Estates
1471:"Old Mines Music"
1445:978-0-8262-1398-3
1418:978-0-88289-801-8
1388:The French Review
1344:The French Review
1323:The French Review
830:Stroughmatt 2007.
734:and, especially,
728:Missouri Route 21
380:village des mines
220:
219:
3035:
2972:
2965:
2584:
2551:
2544:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2496:
2484:
2477:
2286:Goose Creek Lake
2204:
2141:
2134:
2124:
2119:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2086:
2074:
2067:
1701:Peaceful Village
1686:Cedar Hill Lakes
1667:
1651:Olympian Village
1594:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1539:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1465:
1459:
1449:
1433:
1422:
1403:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1359:
1338:
1317:
1288:
1276:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1227:Rome of the West
1209:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1186:Schroeder, p.318
1184:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1146:Schroeder, p.316
1144:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1087:
1086:Schroeder, p.295
1084:
1078:
1075:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1052:Schroeder, p.319
1050:
1039:
1032:
1023:
1022:Schroeder, p.315
1020:
1011:
1008:
1002:
1001:Schroeder, p.310
999:
993:
992:Schroeder, p.309
990:
984:
977:
971:
970:Schroeder, p.307
968:
959:
952:
946:
945:Schroeder, p.305
943:
934:
933:Schroeder, p.304
931:
922:
919:
913:
906:
900:
899:Schroeder, p.303
897:
888:
881:
872:
869:
863:
860:
849:
846:
831:
828:
805:
802:
793:
790:
638:in the winter."
615:Louisiana French
607:Illinois Country
532:
531:
529:
528:
527:
526:38.0401; -90.759
522:
518:
515:
514:
513:
510:
444:the retrocession
376:Fort de Chartres
247:Illinois Country
243:French colonists
210:
148:
147:
145:
144:
143:
138:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
109:
95:
94:
88:
76:
62:
61:
55:
24:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3032:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2964:Missouri portal
2963:
2954:
2944:
2886:
2687:
2680:
2612:
2589:
2577:
2554:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2476:Missouri portal
2475:
2466:
2456:
2433:
2319:
2312:
2297:Lake Timberline
2262:
2209:
2197:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2066:Missouri portal
2065:
2056:
2032:Sulphur Springs
1972:Meramec Heights
1853:
1846:
1783:
1710:
1691:Lake Tekakwitha
1672:
1660:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1514:
1501:
1499:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1425:
1419:
1406:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1341:
1320:
1294:American Speech
1291:
1285:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1195:Rossiter, p.310
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:Shroeder, p.292
1076:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
978:
974:
969:
962:
953:
949:
944:
937:
932:
925:
920:
916:
907:
903:
898:
891:
882:
875:
870:
866:
861:
852:
847:
834:
829:
808:
803:
796:
792:Schroeder p.306
791:
787:
783:
763:
738:with mandatory
720:
689:
650:
648:Missouri French
644:
603:Upper Louisiana
599:Missouri French
587:
585:Missouri French
538:
525:
523:
519:
516:
511:
508:
506:
504:
503:
404:
291:
263:Missouri French
231:La Vieille Mine
204:
141:
139:
135:
132:
127:
124:
122:
120:
119:
113:
112:
111:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:
101:
100:
96:
79:
78:
77:
74:
73:
70:
69:
68:
67:
63:
41:
32:
31:La Vieille Mine
29:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3041:
3039:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:Anthonies Mill
2692:
2690:
2686:Unincorporated
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2424:Silver Springs
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2343:French Village
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1827:LaBarque Creek
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1512:External links
1510:
1509:
1508:
1487:
1466:
1450:
1444:
1423:
1417:
1404:
1383:
1360:
1350:(6): 510–515.
1339:
1329:(5): 410–415.
1318:
1306:10.2307/451217
1289:
1283:
1266:
1253:
1238:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1088:
1079:
1067:
1054:
1040:
1024:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
972:
960:
947:
935:
923:
921:Balesi, p. 145
914:
901:
889:
873:
864:
850:
832:
806:
794:
784:
782:
779:
762:
759:
719:
716:
688:
685:
646:Main article:
643:
640:
619:Acadian French
586:
583:
537:
534:
465:François Vallé
436:Ste. Genevieve
403:
400:
364:Petit Merrimac
328:Petit Merrimac
290:
287:
218:
217:
211:
201:
200:
190:
184:
183:
178:
172:
171:
166:
160:
159:
156:
150:
149:
115:
114:
104:
98:
97:
90:
89:
83:
82:
81:
80:
71:
65:
64:
57:
56:
50:
49:
48:
47:
46:
43:
42:
37:
34:
33:
30:
27:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3040:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Fountain Farm
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Theabeau Town
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Bellefontaine
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2608:Mineral Point
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2533:United States
2530:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:Iron Mountain
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:Hamilton Town
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2123:United States
2120:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:House Springs
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1576:United States
1573:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1284:1-881370-00-3
1280:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1256:
1254:0-89925-356-3
1250:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1168:Miller, p.176
1165:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1137:Miller, p.178
1134:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1107:Miller, p.177
1104:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
998:
995:
989:
986:
982:
976:
973:
967:
965:
961:
957:
951:
948:
942:
940:
936:
930:
928:
924:
918:
915:
911:
905:
902:
896:
894:
890:
886:
880:
878:
874:
868:
865:
859:
857:
855:
851:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
833:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
807:
801:
799:
795:
789:
786:
780:
778:
776:
767:
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
717:
715:
713:
712:Old Cathedral
709:
704:
700:
693:
686:
684:
680:
678:
674:
669:
665:
660:
656:
649:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
628:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
591:
584:
582:
580:
574:
572:
567:
562:
560:
554:
547:
542:
535:
533:
530:
501:
497:
492:
490:
484:
482:
477:
475:
471:
466:
460:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
429:
425:
420:
413:
408:
401:
399:
397:
393:
388:
387:Mine à Breton
385:Discovery of
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
345:de Lochon, a
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
295:
289:Early history
288:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
215:
212:
208:
198:
194:
191:
189:
182:
179:
177:
170:
167:
165:
158:United States
157:
155:
146:
118:Coordinates:
87:
54:
40:
35:
25:
19:
2821:
2782:Happy Hollow
2737:Cannon Mines
2547:
2452:Valley Forge
2414:Rock Springs
2393:Mineral City
2383:Libertyville
2302:Terre du Lac
2258:St. Francois
2137:
2037:Valles Mines
1991:
1872:Belews Creek
1621:Crystal City
1590:
1502:November 26,
1500:. Retrieved
1481:November 26,
1479:. Retrieved
1474:
1461:
1429:
1408:
1391:
1387:
1374:. Retrieved
1365:
1347:
1343:
1326:
1322:
1297:
1293:
1272:
1258:. Retrieved
1243:
1232:November 28,
1230:. Retrieved
1226:
1205:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1156:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1112:
1103:
1082:
1062:
1057:
1035:
1006:
997:
988:
980:
975:
955:
950:
917:
909:
904:
884:
867:
862:Miller p.174
788:
774:
772:
761:Preservation
744:
740:conscription
736:World War II
724:assimilation
721:
718:Assimilation
705:
701:
698:
681:
676:
658:
654:
651:
625:
623:
596:
575:
563:
555:
551:
546:wrought iron
493:
489:John Smith T
485:
478:
461:
433:
396:Moses Austin
384:
379:
367:
363:
354:
342:
336:
332:Mineral Fork
327:
300:
275:St. Francois
222:
221:
197:Central(CST)
18:
2892:Ghost towns
2837:Rabbitville
2792:Horton Town
2772:French Town
2747:Cruise Mill
2688:communities
2543:County seat
2439:Ghost towns
2398:Middlebrook
2333:Cross Roads
2320:communities
2163:Bonne Terre
2133:County seat
1882:Byrnesville
1854:communities
1636:Herculaneum
1616:Byrnes Mill
1586:County seat
1475:Archaeology
1260:January 11,
871:Seeger, p.5
747:archdiocese
732:World War I
675:from local
571:Herculaneum
544:Crosses of
524: /
428:land grants
378:, given as
140: /
2987:Categories
2857:Shibboleth
2419:Settletown
2368:Hurryville
2193:Park Hills
2183:Leadington
2173:Farmington
2140:Farmington
2017:Rush Tower
1977:Morse Mill
1842:Summer Set
1812:High Ridge
1807:Cedar Hill
1764:River View
1739:High Ridge
1215:References
755:sacraments
673:folk tales
512:90°45′32″W
509:38°02′24″N
267:Washington
251:New France
181:Washington
128:90°45′22″W
2949:Footnotes
2935:Pea Ridge
2847:Richwoods
2822:Old Mines
2752:Delbridge
2666:Richwoods
2631:Belleview
2618:Townships
2603:Caledonia
2461:Footnotes
2388:Loughboro
2363:Hazel Run
2338:De Lassus
2328:Blackwell
2292:Knob Lick
2281:Frankclay
2243:Pendleton
2223:Big River
2215:Townships
2012:Riverside
1992:Old Mines
1962:Mapaville
1922:Grubville
1729:Big River
1716:Townships
1706:Scotsdale
1646:Kimmswick
1641:Hillsboro
1593:Hillsboro
753:, so the
668:Québécois
559:Civil War
536:Isolation
448:Louisiana
440:St. Louis
424:townships
324:Big River
271:Jefferson
223:Old Mines
188:Time zone
125:38°0′55″N
99:Old Mines
66:Old Mines
28:Old Mines
2925:Mud Town
2900:Adelbert
2872:Sunlight
2852:Robidoux
2817:Northcut
2787:Hopewell
2777:Frogtown
2742:Courtois
2721:Berryman
2711:Belgrade
2706:Baryties
2656:Kingston
2626:Belgrade
2595:Villages
2568:Irondale
2404:Mitchell
2253:Randolph
2188:Leadwood
2158:Bismarck
2047:Vineland
2042:Victoria
1927:Hematite
1902:Fletcher
1877:Bushburg
1822:Imperial
1797:Barnhart
1744:Imperial
1696:Parkdale
1678:Villages
1496:Archived
848:Vivrett.
708:Catholic
677:conteurs
642:Language
611:Illinois
496:township
347:Parisian
239:Missouri
169:Missouri
2920:Ishmael
2862:Shirley
2812:Maryden
2762:Fertile
2661:Liberty
2651:Johnson
2646:Harmony
2641:Concord
2429:Syenite
2378:Koester
2353:Halifax
2308:Wortham
2276:Doe Run
2233:Liberty
2168:Desloge
2022:Seckman
2002:Plattin
1987:Oermann
1982:Munsons
1947:Liguori
1917:Goldman
1897:Donnell
1892:Dittmer
1862:Antonia
1779:Windsor
1759:Plattin
1754:Meramec
1749:Joachim
1734:Central
1626:De Soto
1204:Ekberg
1155:Ekberg
1061:Ekberg
1034:Ekberg
979:Ekberg
954:Ekberg
908:Ekberg
883:Ekberg
687:Culture
655:Anyhow,
627:Créoles
470:arpents
351:smelter
320:Meramec
315:Indians
283:De Soto
154:Country
2930:Palmer
2905:Brazil
2867:Summit
2842:Racola
2832:Quaker
2827:Peoria
2797:Hulsey
2676:Walton
2636:Breton
2573:Potosi
2560:Cities
2550:Potosi
2447:Haggai
2409:Ogborn
2238:Marion
2150:Cities
2007:Regina
1957:Ludwig
1942:Knorpp
1937:Jarvis
1912:Frumet
1907:Flucom
1867:Bailey
1832:Murphy
1817:Horine
1724:Arnold
1656:Pevely
1631:Festus
1611:Arnold
1603:Cities
1442:
1415:
1400:380091
1398:
1376:May 4,
1356:381703
1354:
1335:380369
1333:
1314:451217
1312:
1281:
1251:
1208:, p.69
1206:et al.
1159:, p.39
1157:et al.
1065:, p.68
1063:et al.
1038:, p.38
1036:et al.
983:, p.40
981:et al.
958:, p.28
956:et al.
912:, p.10
910:et al.
885:et al.
751:parish
636:possum
632:pawpaw
566:barite
456:France
412:arpent
349:and a
339:silver
307:galena
279:Potosi
273:, and
227:French
176:County
2940:White
2802:Latty
2767:Floyd
2732:Cadet
2727:Bliss
2701:Aptus
2671:Union
2348:Gumbo
2318:Other
2248:Perry
2027:Selma
1997:Papin
1967:Melzo
1952:Local
1887:Danby
1852:Other
1774:Valle
1458:(PDF)
1396:JSTOR
1370:(PDF)
1352:JSTOR
1331:JSTOR
1310:JSTOR
1177:Abeln
887:, p.9
781:Notes
664:Cajun
452:Spain
450:from
392:Osage
355:sieur
343:sieur
309:, an
214:UTC-5
193:UTC-6
164:State
2882:Tiff
2807:Levy
2268:CDPs
2228:Iron
2052:Ware
1789:CDPs
1769:Rock
1504:2010
1483:2010
1440:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1378:2023
1279:ISBN
1262:2011
1249:ISBN
1234:2011
617:and
438:and
301:The
259:lead
257:for
255:mine
216:(CT)
2757:Ebo
1302:doi
659:can
454:to
446:of
372:Ebo
311:ore
281:to
249:of
207:DST
2989::
2546::
2531:,
2136::
2121:,
1589::
1574:,
1494:.
1473:.
1460:.
1434:.
1390:.
1348:14
1346:.
1327:14
1325:.
1308:.
1298:14
1296:.
1225:.
1121:^
1091:^
1070:^
1043:^
1027:^
1015:^
963:^
938:^
926:^
892:^
876:^
853:^
835:^
809:^
797:^
382:.
269:,
229::
2723:‡
2518:e
2511:t
2504:v
2400:‡
2304:‡
2288:‡
2108:e
2101:t
2094:v
1561:e
1554:t
1547:v
1506:.
1485:.
1448:.
1421:.
1402:.
1392:3
1380:.
1358:.
1337:.
1316:.
1304::
1287:.
1264:.
1236:.
318:(
225:(
209:)
199:)
195:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
