132:
422:"Although the available sources of Old Norse philosophy, other than Hávamál are not numerous, they are reliably complete. The sagas contain much direct and even more indirect evidence of the principal points in this philosophy, as well as examples of its influence in daily life; and the Eddic poetry is the most direct and dependable proof that the Vikings embraced a philosophy of life specific in its content and explicit in formal statement."
434:"On level with the Sibyl's Vision in interest and significance is another Eddic poem, the Sayings of the High One (Havamal), which has been referred to as a Norse Book of Proverbs. It is largely a collection of wise precepts tersely expressed. Here we find the most direct and the most complete presentation of the Old Norse philosophy of life."
315:
A key feature of a happy man was his ability to get a good rest. This is similar to the sayings of
Aristotle. In accordance with Old Norse philosophy, it was foolish to lay awake at night thinking about ones troubles, as this made one less able to deal with the problem the next day.
95:
Some researchers believe Old Norse philosophy was largely indigenous in origin, having developed in relative isolation independent of outside influences. It was probably of similar nature and origin to the patterns of thought of other
259:
Similarly to ancient Greek philosophy, Old Norse philosophy was independent of influence from religious dogma, and emphasized that human nature was the foundation on which the pillars of moral philosophy must rest. The aim of life is
1884:
2824:
283:
points out that while wealth is temporary, wisdom is eternal. Wealth is dismissed as "the most fickle of friends". The ultimate expression of independence was one's ability to act in accordance with wisdom.
1874:
87:. It emphasized that happiness could only be attained through living a life of virtue, particularly one characterized by the interconnected virtues of wisdom, self-control and personal independence.
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1879:
295:. A man was to be a faithful friend, and was not to be on friendly terms with the friends of his enemies. The importance of fulfilling ones personal responsibilities was highly emphasized.
275:. Independence was not just attained materially, but was exerted through independence of thought and action as well. Complete independence could only be attained through wisdom, and as in
1854:
291:
stresses, like
Aristotle, that man is at heart a social being, and that he cannot develop his full potential in isolation. This deep need for fellowship is noted frequently in
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1026:
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1859:
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408:"ncient Scandinavia... possessed a distinct moral philosophy which was rather clearly reflected in the life of the common man as well as in the customary law of the time. "
271:
Virtues emphasized in Old Norse philosophy include independence, self-reliance, loyalty, modesty, hospitality, generosity, compassion, courage, and most importantly,
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culture, Old Norse philosophy emphasizes that even the lame, the armless, the deaf, and the blind have a particular place in society.
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346:, which emphasizes that the only lasting thing in the world is the noble name one gains by living a life filled with noble deeds.
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states that a man who always stays at home will become dull and narrow-minded, while a man who travels wide will acquire wisdom.
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443:
The importance of the requirement of independence and wisdom to attain happiness is particularly expressed in stanza 8 of
279:, wisdom could only be acquired through experience. An important source of experience was traveling. The author of the
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399:"The very heart of the Old Norse philosophy of life is embodied in this oft quoted and much admired stanza..."
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tree standing alone, while stanza 47 emphasizes that Odin considered himself wealthy when he finds a friend.
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is as important for the understanding of the ethical views of the Norse and other
Germanic peoples as the
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215:. It is considered the most important source on Old Norse philosophy, and has been referred to as the "
123:. These similarities appear to be a result of independent development, rather than external influence.
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in that no man could ultimately escape his fate. This belief applied to all classes of society, from
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886:(1929). "Lífskoðun Hávamála & Aristoteles" [Aristotle and the Philosophy of Hávamál].
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111:, have pointed out striking similarities between Old Norse philosophy and
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states that the destiny of a solitary man is similar to the fate of a
194:. It deals with the beginnings and destiny of mankind and his world.
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Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of
Central and Northern Europe
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The Well and the Tree: World and Time in Early
Germanic Culture
1972:
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When the Norns Have Spoken: Time and Fate in
Germanic Paganism
474:
338:. This fatalism encouraged them to live a life of courage and
211:, who was the god of war and wisdom and the leading deity in
876:
Chaos and Love: The
Philosophy of the Icelandic Family Sagas
358:, the pillars of Old Norse philosophy remain vital to many
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228:
give many glimpses into the Old Norse philosophy of life.
151:
The most important source of Old Norse philosophy is the
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people, clan, and place names in
Germanic heroic legend
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777:(October 1938). "Old Norse and Ancient Greek Ideals".
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857:(1959). "Glimpses of Old Norse Philosophy of Life".
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342:. This spirit is famously embodied in stanza 77 of
161:, heroic legends and moral teachings. According to
157:, which consists of a number of poems dealing with
63:Similar to the patterns of thought of other early
914:. New York: Bookman Associates. pp. 153–166.
264:, which can only be attained by living a life of
181:are for understanding ancient Greek philosophy.
298:
236:
188:in regard to philosophy is its first poem, the
67:, Old Norse philosophy is best attested in the
19:
998:
8:
753:"Iceland's Contribution To World Literature"
2727:
1027:Mythological Norse people, items and places
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1053:
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983:
908:(1960). "Ideals and Patterns of Thought".
430:
428:
1825:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend
207:, a poem on social conduct attributed to
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242:bleeding the heart of him who must beg
238:Better a homestead, though hovel it be;
32:one thing I know which dies not ever,
7:
975:The American-Scandinavian Foundation
945:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
867:The American-Scandinavian Foundation
731:
719:
654:
605:
588:
1885:named weapons, armour and treasures
486:This is stated in stanza 71 of the
3062:Heathenry (new religious movement)
326:Old Norse philosophy was strongly
14:
837:University of Massachusetts Press
1725:Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri
967:The American Scandinavian Review
859:The American Scandinavian Review
79:, which is a poem attributed to
16:Philosophy of the Norse peoples
2162:Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán
937:Winterbourne, Anthony (2004).
197:Another important part of the
1:
3098:Ancient philosophy by culture
240:a man is his master at home;
2232:Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr
874:Bredsdorff, Thomas (2001).
829:Bauschatz, Paul C. (1982).
789:University of Chicago Press
3116:
2899:Festivals and holy periods
898:Icelandic Literary Society
878:. Museum Tusculanum Press.
767:University of North Dakota
34:renown of all noble dead.
2167:Nine Mothers of Heimdallr
1880:named animals and plants
1024:
977:: 630–631. November 1923.
184:An important part of the
1988:Black elves (Svartálfar)
244:his meat for every meal
115:, in particular that of
113:ancient Greek philosophy
2870:Sacred trees and groves
2110:Hamskerpir and Garðrofa
1983:Light elves (Ljósálfar)
963:"A Norse Peer of Homer"
319:Despite belonging to a
83:, the leading deity in
2728:
1978:Dark elves (Dökkálfar)
1627:Narfi (father of Nott)
884:Finnbogason, Guðmundur
302:
246:
173:are for understanding
148:
36:
30:oneself dies the same;
2120:Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi
1399:Sister-wife of Njörðr
134:
105:Guðmundur Finnbogason
3088:Old Norse philosophy
2890:Wetlands and islands
2010:Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn
300:Wisdom is necessary
293:Old Norse literature
50:Old Norse philosophy
2172:Narfi (son of Loki)
1319:Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr
911:The Germanic People
775:Johnson, Sveinbjorn
277:Aristotelian ethics
2818:Religious practice
2792:Old Norse language
2259:Váli (son of Loki)
2147:Líf and Lífthrasir
2055:Árvakr and Alsviðr
2050:Horses of the Æsir
2030:Hati Hróðvitnisson
1171:Váli (son of Odin)
1014:Old Norse religion
920:Phillpotts, Bertha
218:Nicomachean Ethics
149:
109:Sveinbjorn Johnson
103:Scholars, such as
3075:
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3067:Nordic Bronze Age
3057:Germanic paganism
3045:
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2916:Germanic calendar
2880:Temple at Uppsala
2678:
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2242:Þjálfi and Röskva
2186:Personifications
1049:and other figures
758:Quarterly Journal
698:, pp. 27–28.
545:, pp. 32–33.
177:and the works of
175:Indian philosophy
3105:
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2500:Grove of fetters
2293:
2000:Fjalar (rooster)
1760:Fjalar and Galar
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892:(in Icelandic).
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356:Christian ethics
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163:Lee M. Hollander
98:Germanic peoples
65:Germanic peoples
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822:Further reading
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249:- Stanza 37 of
248:
243:
241:
239:
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221:of the North".
213:Norse mythology
129:
93:
85:Norse mythology
73:, particularly
47:
39:- Stanza 77 of
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12:
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2692:Æsir–Vanir War
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1795:Sons of Ivaldi
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1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1141:Móði and Magni
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
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1012:
1010:
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979:
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934:
916:
902:
880:
871:
851:
845:
825:
823:
820:
818:
817:
797:10.1086/290042
771:
751:(April 1933).
744:
742:
739:
737:
736:
734:, p. 183.
724:
722:, p. 181.
712:
700:
688:
671:
659:
657:, p. 182.
642:
625:
610:
608:, p. 180.
593:
591:, p. 179.
581:
564:
547:
528:
513:
500:
498:
495:
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492:
479:
462:
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436:
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367:
364:
351:
348:
305:- Stanza 5 of
297:
287:The author of
235:
233:
230:
146:Lorenz Frølich
128:
125:
92:
89:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3111:
3110:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:Norse culture
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
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2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:Öndvegissúlur
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:Heitstrenging
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Völsung Cycle
2785:
2783:
2782:Tyrfing Cycle
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:Gesta Danorum
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:Fróði's Peace
2700:
2698:
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2689:
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2253:
2250:
2249:
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2245:
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2240:
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2230:
2228:
2227:Shield-maiden
2225:
2223:
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2201:
2198:
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2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
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1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
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1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:Ask and Embla
1899:
1898:
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1387:
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1377:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:Ingunar-Freyr
1360:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
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1023:
1019:
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1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
994:
989:
988:
985:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
954:9780838640487
950:
946:
942:
941:
935:
931:
927:
926:
925:Edda and Saga
921:
917:
913:
912:
907:
906:Owen, Francis
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:
885:
881:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:Beck, Richard
852:
848:
846:9780870233524
842:
838:
834:
833:
827:
826:
821:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:
754:
750:
749:Beck, Richard
746:
745:
740:
733:
728:
725:
721:
716:
713:
710:, p. 35.
709:
704:
701:
697:
692:
689:
686:, p. 31.
685:
680:
678:
676:
672:
669:, p. 29.
668:
663:
660:
656:
651:
649:
647:
643:
640:, p. 30.
639:
634:
632:
630:
626:
623:, p. 21.
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
585:
582:
579:, p. 32.
578:
573:
571:
569:
565:
562:, p. 22.
561:
556:
554:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
535:
533:
529:
526:, p. 23.
525:
520:
518:
514:
511:, p. 18.
510:
505:
502:
496:
489:
483:
480:
476:
472:
469:Stanza 50 of
466:
463:
459:
456:Stanza 18 of
453:
450:
446:
440:
437:
431:
429:
425:
419:
417:
415:
411:
405:
402:
396:
394:
392:
388:
382:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
365:
363:
361:
360:Scandinavians
357:
349:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
317:
312:
310:
309:
301:
296:
294:
290:
285:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
256:
254:
253:
245:
231:
229:
227:
222:
220:
219:
214:
210:
206:
205:
200:
195:
193:
192:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:
147:
143:
142:
138:
133:
126:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
90:
88:
86:
82:
78:
77:
72:
71:
66:
61:
59:
58:Scandinavians
56:of the early
55:
51:
46:
44:
43:
35:
27:
23:
3006:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2707:Hjaðningavíg
2485:Glæsisvellir
2025:Gullinbursti
1672:Útgarða-Loki
1066:Almáttki áss
970:
966:
943:. New York:
939:
928:. New York:
924:
910:
893:
887:
875:
862:
858:
835:. New York:
831:
784:
778:
762:
756:
741:Bibliography
727:
715:
708:Johnson 1938
703:
696:Johnson 1938
691:
684:Johnson 1938
667:Johnson 1938
662:
638:Johnson 1938
621:Johnson 1938
584:
577:Johnson 1938
560:Johnson 1938
543:Johnson 1938
524:Johnson 1938
509:Johnson 1938
504:
487:
482:
470:
465:
457:
452:
444:
439:
404:
377:Sigrdrífumál
353:
343:
325:
318:
314:
306:
303:
299:
288:
286:
280:
270:
258:
250:
247:
237:
223:
216:
202:
198:
196:
189:
185:
183:
166:
152:
150:
135:
102:
94:
74:
68:
62:
49:
48:
40:
37:
20:
2865:Reginnaglar
2797:Orthography
2770:Jómsvíkinga
2745:Poetic Edda
2658:Urðarbrunnr
2653:Mímisbrunnr
2585:Singasteinn
2515:Hindarfjall
2495:Gnipahellir
2475:Ginnungagap
2450:Fyrisvellir
2445:Fornsigtuna
2379:Vimur River
2369:Slidr River
2142:Jörmungandr
1552:Hrímgrímnir
1181:Vili and Vé
199:Poetic Edda
186:Poetic Edda
167:Poetic Edda
154:Poetic Edda
70:Poetic Edda
3082:Categories
3032:Viking Age
3007:Philosophy
2875:Sonargöltr
2760:Runestones
2752:Prose Edda
2697:Fimbulvetr
2648:Hvergelmir
2615:Valaskjálf
2575:Sessrúmnir
2545:Jötunheimr
2520:Hlidskjalf
2510:Himinbjörg
2480:Glaðsheimr
2465:Gastropnir
2420:Bilskirnir
2400:Amsvartnir
2313:Gjallarbrú
2296:Underworld
2252:Landvættir
2152:Loddfáfnir
2130:Svaðilfari
2115:Hófvarpnir
2060:Blóðughófi
2040:Hildisvíni
1916:Aurvandill
1677:Vafþrúðnir
1662:Þrúðgelmir
1522:Harðgreipr
930:Henry Holt
769:: 175–184.
497:References
328:fatalistic
144:(1895) by
54:philosophy
2987:Mead hall
2921:Þorrablót
2775:Legendary
2670:Yggdrasil
2630:Víðbláinn
2625:Vanaheimr
2600:Þrymheimr
2595:Þrúðvangr
2590:Þrúðheimr
2560:Munarvágr
2550:Mímameiðr
2525:Hnitbjorg
2440:Fólkvangr
2425:Brávellir
2374:Vadgelmir
2359:Kerlaugar
2328:Niðafjöll
2288:Locations
2264:Valkyries
2212:Sæhrímnir
2100:Gulltoppr
2065:Falhófnir
1963:Einherjar
1946:Landdísir
1780:Mótsognir
1770:Hreiðmarr
1682:Víðblindi
1632:Sökkmímir
1622:Mögþrasir
1582:Hyrrokkin
1547:Hrímgerðr
1542:Hræsvelgr
1532:Helreginn
1527:Helblindi
1447:Bergelmir
1111:Ítreksjóð
1018:mythology
900:: 84–103.
813:145493657
791:: 18–36.
732:Beck 1933
720:Beck 1933
655:Beck 1933
606:Beck 1933
589:Beck 1933
340:fortitude
262:happiness
159:mythology
121:Aristotle
3050:See also
2972:Hamingja
2926:Vetrnætr
2911:Dísablót
2906:Álfablót
2712:Ragnarök
2620:Valhalla
2610:Útgarðar
2555:Myrkviðr
2540:Járnviðr
2535:Iðavöllr
2455:Gálgviðr
2435:Fensalir
2344:Élivágar
2318:Náströnd
2308:Éljúðnir
2177:Níðhöggr
2125:Sleipnir
2095:Gullfaxi
1995:Fimafeng
1911:Auðumbla
1730:Billingr
1657:Þrívaldi
1642:Suttungr
1597:Járnsaxa
1567:Hrungnir
1497:Gillingr
1492:Geirröðr
1472:Fárbauti
1462:Býleistr
1427:Angrboða
1379:Gullveig
1091:Heimdall
1081:Dellingr
922:(1931).
372:Rígsþula
366:See also
139:and the
52:was the
26:kinsfolk
3002:Numbers
2982:Kenning
2855:Worship
2811:Society
2721:Sources
2640:Vingólf
2635:Vígríðr
2605:Uppsala
2570:Okolnir
2490:Glitnir
2460:Gandvik
2415:Bifröst
2405:Andlang
2323:Niflhel
2269:Völundr
2217:Skírnir
2157:Móðguðr
1953:Dragons
1936:Byggvir
1765:Gandalf
1750:Dvalinn
1720:Andvari
1557:Hrímnir
1512:Gunnlöð
1482:Fornjót
1477:Fjölvar
1457:Bölþorn
1432:Aurboða
1422:Alvaldi
1374:Gersemi
1191:Ásynjur
1096:Hermóðr
1086:Forseti
1036:Deities
889:Skírnir
805:2988773
488:Hávamál
471:Hávamál
458:Hávamál
445:Hávamál
344:Hávamál
336:thralls
321:warrior
308:Hávamál
289:Hávamál
281:Hávamál
252:Hávamál
204:Hávamál
201:is the
191:Völuspá
127:Sources
91:Origins
76:Hávamál
42:Hávamál
2845:Horses
2684:Events
2665:Ýdalir
2644:Wells
2580:Sindri
2565:Nóatún
2430:Brimir
2395:Asgard
2354:Ífingr
2337:Rivers
2247:Vættir
2105:Gyllir
2015:Fylgja
2005:Fenrir
1958:Draugs
1894:Others
1817:Heroes
1800:Brokkr
1755:Fáfnir
1745:Dúrnir
1740:Durinn
1715:Alvíss
1707:Dwarfs
1692:Vörnir
1602:Laufey
1467:Eggþér
1452:Bestla
1409:Jötnar
1394:Njörðr
1389:Kvasir
1352:Freyja
1304:Snotra
1264:Njörun
1219:Gefjon
1176:Víðarr
1116:Lóðurr
1045:jötnar
1041:dwarfs
973:(11).
951:
869:: 6–7.
843:
811:
803:
780:Ethics
350:Legacy
273:wisdom
266:virtue
232:Themes
165:, the
3037:Völva
3027:Skald
3022:Seiðr
3017:Runes
3012:Rings
2977:Heiti
2962:Galdr
2957:Félag
2947:Death
2940:Other
2850:Hörgr
2765:Sagas
2505:Heiðr
2470:Gimlé
2410:Barri
2349:Gjöll
2274:Vörðr
2237:Troll
2222:Sköll
2182:Norns
2090:Grani
2085:Glenr
2075:Glaðr
2045:Hjúki
2020:Garmr
1973:Elves
1968:Eldir
1941:Dísir
1921:Beyla
1855:Hi–Hy
1805:Eitri
1790:Regin
1735:Dáinn
1687:Vosud
1667:Þrymr
1647:Þjazi
1637:Surtr
1607:Leikn
1577:Hymir
1572:Hrymr
1562:Hroðr
1537:Hljod
1517:Gymir
1507:Gríðr
1487:Gangr
1437:Baugi
1384:Hnoss
1367:Yngvi
1357:Freyr
1344:Vanir
1324:Þrúðr
1299:Skaði
1294:Sjöfn
1289:Sigyn
1274:Rindr
1259:Nanna
1239:Iðunn
1224:Gerðr
1214:Fulla
1209:Frigg
1136:Mímir
1131:Meili
1106:Hœnir
1076:Bragi
1071:Baldr
865:(8).
809:S2CID
801:JSTOR
787:(1).
765:(3).
383:Notes
332:kings
226:sagas
179:Homer
171:Vedas
141:Völva
117:Homer
24:die,
2967:Goði
2952:Ergi
2931:Yule
2830:Blót
2738:Edda
2200:Nótt
2195:Elli
2190:Dagr
2137:Jörð
2080:Glær
2070:Gísl
1931:Búri
1926:Borr
1906:Auðr
1850:H–He
1775:Litr
1697:Ymir
1652:Þökk
1617:Logi
1612:Litr
1442:Beli
1417:Ægir
1279:Sága
1254:Lofn
1249:Irpa
1244:Ilmr
1234:Hlín
1166:Ullr
1156:Thor
1146:Odin
1126:Máni
1121:Loki
1101:Höðr
1058:Æsir
1016:and
949:ISBN
841:ISBN
224:The
209:Odin
137:Odin
119:and
107:and
81:Odin
28:die,
22:Kine
2992:Nīþ
2835:Hof
2303:Hel
2035:Hel
1870:T–Y
1865:P–S
1860:I–O
1845:F–G
1840:D–E
1835:B–C
1785:Ótr
1587:Iði
1334:Vör
1329:Vár
1314:Syn
1309:Sól
1284:Sif
1269:Rán
1229:Gná
1204:Eir
1199:Bil
1161:Týr
1151:Óðr
894:103
793:doi
475:fir
334:to
268:.
3084::
2885:Vé
1592:Ím
1043:,
1038:,
971:11
969:.
965:.
947:.
896:.
863:23
861:.
839:.
807:.
799:.
785:49
783:.
763:23
761:.
755:.
674:^
645:^
628:^
613:^
596:^
567:^
550:^
531:^
516:^
490:.
447:.
427:^
413:^
390:^
362:.
100:.
60:.
1830:A
1047:,
1006:e
999:t
992:v
957:.
932:.
849:.
815:.
795::
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