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the necessity to fight in duels, under rigidly prescribed conditions, whenever a man's honor was challenged by an equal. If one's honor was challenged by an inferior person, it sufficed to beat him up. Men had the duty of protecting the honor of their women as well. Honor became an important ingredient in differentiating manhood versus effeminacy and patriarchy versus companionate marriage. College authorities strictly forbade violent duels. In response, undergraduates revised the code, dropping the duels, and set up a system whereby fellow students would dictate punishment when misconduct violated college rules or the code of honor. By claiming such control over their college environment, students reshaped the honor code and bridged the awkward gap between dependence and independent adulthood. So many talented people were being killed that anti-dueling associations were organized which challenged the honor code.
187:. Additionally during the antebellum period, social issues such as public schools and prohibition, which grew rapidly in the North, made little headway in the South. Most Southern church members used their religion for intense group solidarity, which often involved intimate examinations of the sins and failures of their fellow parishioners. At a deeper level, religion served as a temporary relief, with a promised permanent relief from all the hardships and oppressions of this world. Missionary activity was a controversial issue in the South, with strong support for missionaries mostly among the Methodists, while the Baptists vacillated between movements for and against missionary activity.
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make a powerful influence across the region, especially with poor whites but also with black slaves. The result was the establishment of many
Methodist and Baptist churches. In the antebellum period, large numbers of open air revivals converted new members and strengthened the resolve of established
154:
was established in some areas, especially
Virginia and South Carolina. However, the colonists refused to allow any Anglican bishops, and instead established a practicing layman as head of the vestry in each Anglican church, which then allowed for policy determinations as if the parish were a unit of
199:
has emphasized how a very strong sense of honor, rooted in
European traditions, shaped ethical behavior for men in the Old South. The rigid unwritten code guided family and gender relationships and helped provide a structure for social control. A highly controversial aspect of the honor system was
133:
were strongest among common farmers and poor western districts. After the end of
Reconstruction in 1877, black Republicans were largely disenfranchised, leaving the Republican Party a small element based mainly in remote mountain districts within the South. The region was now called "the
116:
Historians in recent decades have paid much more attention to the enslaved people of the South and the world they made for themselves. To a lesser extent, they have also studied the poor subsistence farmers, known as "yeoman farmers", who owned little property and no slaves.
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Regional definitions vary from source to source. Geographically, the states shown in dark red are usually included, though their modern boundaries differ from the boundaries when a part of the
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From a cultural and social standpoint, the "Old South" is used to describe the rural, agriculturally-based, slavery-reliant economy and society in the
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635:. A digital publishing initiative that provides numerous documents and information about the South of the United States before and after the
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The Old South had a vigorous two-party system, with the Whigs being the strongest in towns, in the business community, and in upscale
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566:
Musher, Sharon Ann. "Contesting "The Way the
Almighty Wants It": Crafting Memories of Ex-Slaves in the Slave Narrative Collection."
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members. By contrast in the North, revivals sparked a strong interest in abolition of slavery, a forbidden topic South of the
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in the early 20th century. The romanticized image of the "Old South" tells of slavery's plantations, as famously typified in
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Doddington, David. " "Old
Fellows": Age, Identity, and Solidarity in Slave Communities of the Antebellum South."
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William S. Cossen, "Blood, honor, reform, and God: anti-dueling associations and moral reform in the Old South."
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Robert F. Pace and
Christopher A. Bjornsen, "Adolescent honor and college student behavior in the Old South."
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local government. Thus it handled community issues such as welfare, cemeteries, and local infrastructure.
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138:", where Southern states would mainly vote Democrat, and lasted through the 1964 presidential election.
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Charles C. Bolton, "Planters, Plain Folk, and Poor Whites in the Old South." in Lacy Ford, ed.,
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The social structure of the Old South was made an important research topic for scholars by
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Dickson D. Bruce, "Religion, Society and
Culture in the Old South: A Comparative View."
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Jekyll Island Club - Victorian
Playground of Northern Industrialists in the Old South
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Historians have explored the religiosity of the Old South in some detail. Before the
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2015:
1997:
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An Old Creed for the New South: Proslavery
Ideology and Historiography, 1865-1918
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2020:
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257:"File:United States Central map 1784-03-01 to 1784-05-12.png - Knowledge (XXG)"
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This article is about the geographic region. For the orange juice brand, see
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Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South
395:
349:"Party Formation and Development in Jacksonian America: The Old South"
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1674:
1592:
1566:
1515:
1511:
1043:
1221:
2655:
1466:
656:
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Masterless Men: Poor Whites and Slavery in the Antebellum South
366:
Roots of Secession: Slavery and Politics in Antebellum Virginia
497:
The Architecture Of The Old South The Medieval Style 1585-1850
647:
517:
The Making of the American South: a Short History, 1500-1877
632:
323:
Ar'n't I a Woman?: Female Slaves in the Plantation South
310:
Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South
212:
has celebrated 'Old South Day' in November each year.
408:'Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South
620:
Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South
541:
Joining Places: slave neighborhoods in the Old South
18:
American South that was part of the British colonies
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2006:
1966:
1943:
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1076:
1034:
974:
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889:
803:
745:
697:
690:
103:, a blockbuster 1936 novel and its adaptation in a
551:Southern Women: Black and White in the Old South
531:Scarlett's Sisters: Young Women in the Old South
602:Old South The Founding Of American Civilazation
297:A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction
1478:
668:
58:. The region term is differentiated from the
8:
2548:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests
1182:Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands
597:(Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers, 2001).
524:Plain Folk Yeomanry in the Antebellum South
336:Plain Folk Yeomanry in the Antebellum South
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1850:
1522:
1485:
1471:
1463:
1427:
1082:
971:
694:
675:
661:
653:
618:, an abridged version of his famous book,
590:(Southern Illinois University Press, 2008.
477:The Formative Period in Alabama, 1815-1828
377:A leading source is Donald G. Mathews,
283:"United States - Old South to New South"
29:
2987:Western (genre) staples and terminology
248:
178:, while the early 19th century saw the
166:under the leadership of people such as
107:, along with the animated Disney film,
448:"Annual 'Old South Day' in Ochlocknee"
2977:Regions of the Southern United States
2972:Culture of the Southern United States
227:History of the Southern United States
38:. Those borders are shown on the map.
7:
1447:
446:Turner, Alicia (November 12, 2015).
2327:Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga
1769:Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga
1157:Acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam
612:Honor and Violence in the Old South
543:(U of North Carolina Press, 2007).
434:American Nineteenth Century History
2342:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
1172:Annexation of the Indian Territory
129:areas. The slightly more numerous
14:
732:Tribal domestic dependent nations
2935:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1177:Treaty of the Danish West Indies
2903:Latin America and the Caribbean
600:Wertenbaker, Thomas Jefferson.
578:Life And Labor In The Old South
77:(1861–65), in contrast to the "
633:Documenting the American South
162:was disestablished during the
1:
54:that were among the original
2982:Regions of the United States
2962:Culture of the United States
1809:Quebec City–Windsor Corridor
1229:Slave states and free states
684:Regions of the United States
2543:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
2397:Lower Peninsula of Michigan
2392:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
2337:Lower Colorado River Valley
1586:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
1340:International border states
353:Journal of American Studies
174:. The 18th century had the
3003:
2846:San Andrés and Providencia
1367:Red states and blue states
576:Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell.
475:Abernethy, Thomas Perkins
22:
2931:
2866:
2694:
2573:Baja California peninsula
2362:Mobile–Tensaw River Delta
2096:
1953:East North Central states
1699:Banks Peninsula (Nunavut)
1670:
1422:
505:Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth.
487:Journal of global slavery
379:Religion in the old South
2942:North America portal
2578:Basin and Range Province
2061:Basin and Range Province
2043:Southern Rocky Mountains
2038:Santa Fe de Nuevo MĂ©xico
648:Southern Arts Federation
495:Forman, Henry Chandlee.
208:Since 1976, the city of
25:Old South (orange juice)
2704:Sierra Madre Occidental
2661:Sierra Madre de Chiapas
2620:Sierra de San Francisco
2372:Mississippi River Delta
610:Wyatt-Brown, Bertram.
394:26.4 (1974): 399-416.
95:Ulrich Bonnell Phillips
2751:Western Caribbean zone
2666:Sierra Madre de Oaxaca
2641:Isthmus of Tehuantepec
2377:Columbia River Estuary
2300:San Francisco Bay Area
2213:Atlantic coastal plain
1692:Bay de Verde Peninsula
1662:Prairie Pothole Region
180:Second Great Awakening
52:Southern United States
39:
2709:Sierra Madre Oriental
2528:Revillagigedo Islands
2347:Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta
1576:North American Arctic
1014:Appalachian Highlands
989:Intermontane Plateaus
725:Minor Outlying Island
559:Merritt, Keri Leigh.
489:3.3 (2018): 286-312.
406:Bertram Wyatt-Brown,
308:John W. Blassingame,
261:commons.wikimedia.org
237:South Atlantic States
176:First Great Awakening
33:
2671:Sierra Madre del Sur
2593:Colorado River Delta
2101:Pacific Coast Ranges
710:District of Columbia
549:McMillen, Sally G.
515:Harris, J. William.
355:7.3 (1973): 217-229.
321:Deborah Gray White,
42:Geographically, the
2871:American Cordillera
2858:Lucayan Archipelago
2801:Saint Martin Island
2681:Triangle of the Sun
2275:San Fernando Valley
1804:Peace River Country
1799:Palliser's Triangle
1794:Newfoundland Island
1152:Newlands Resolution
1107:Southwest Territory
1102:Northwest Territory
586:Smith, John David.
570:53.1 (2001): 1-31.
436:19.1 (2018): 23-45.
210:Ochlocknee, Georgia
197:Bertram Wyatt-Brown
164:American Revolution
148:American Revolution
105:1939 Hollywood film
2813:Southern Caribbean
2588:Gulf of California
2417:Delmarva Peninsula
2407:Keweenaw Peninsula
2402:Virginia Peninsula
2387:Monterey Peninsula
2248:Intermountain West
2161:Great Basin Desert
1913:Atlantic Northeast
1789:Melville Peninsula
1784:Labrador Peninsula
1249:Atlantic Northeast
1162:Cession of Tutuila
1112:Louisiana Purchase
1009:Interior Highlands
737:Maritime territory
637:American Civil War
568:American Quarterly
392:American Quarterly
347:Burton W. Folsom,
100:Gone with the Wind
83:Reconstruction Era
75:American Civil War
40:
2949:
2948:
2736:Isthmus of Panama
2717:
2716:
2686:Yucatán Peninsula
2636:Chiapas Highlands
2482:
2481:
2432:Niagara Peninsula
2367:Mississippi Delta
2305:San Francisco Bay
2228:Blackstone Valley
2223:Black Dirt Region
2141:Great North Woods
2136:Trans-Mississippi
2081:Pacific Northwest
1935:Thirteen Colonies
1880:Tallgrass prairie
1832:
1831:
1814:Strait of Georgia
1714:Canadian Prairies
1704:Brodeur Peninsula
1680:Acadian Peninsula
1650:Pacific Northwest
1460:
1459:
1269:Pacific Northwest
1259:Columbia District
1237:
1236:
1167:Cession of Manu'a
1127:Adams–OnĂs Treaty
1097:Thirteen Colonies
1072:
1071:
999:Laurentian Upland
961:
960:
539:Kaye, Anthony E.
423:6.3 (2000): 9-28.
421:Southern Cultures
364:William A. Link,
299:(2005), pp 75-94.
263:. August 29, 2016
160:Church of England
152:Church of England
110:Song of the South
56:Thirteen Colonies
50:are those in the
36:Thirteen Colonies
2994:
2967:Antebellum South
2940:
2939:
2938:
2830:Windward Islands
2818:Leeward Antilles
2779:Greater Antilles
2583:Comarca Lagunera
2555:Valley of Mexico
2523:Mezquital Valley
2493:
2422:Alaska Peninsula
2412:Middle Peninsula
2295:Emerald Triangle
2076:Inland Northwest
1851:
1847:
1824:Vancouver Island
1687:Avalon Peninsula
1613:Alaska Peninsula
1603:Aleutian Islands
1523:
1519:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1464:
1450:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1132:Texas annexation
1117:Gadsden Purchase
1083:
984:Pacific Mountain
972:
695:
677:
670:
663:
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522:Hyde, Samuel C.
463:
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334:Samuel C. Hyde,
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185:Mason-Dixon line
168:Thomas Jefferson
71:Antebellum South
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3001:
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2851:Serranilla Bank
2841:Bajo Nuevo Bank
2796:Leeward Islands
2791:Lesser Antilles
2755:
2713:
2690:
2624:
2559:
2538:Tierra Caliente
2478:
2427:Kenai Peninsula
2243:Mountain states
2238:Rocky Mountains
2151:Interior Plains
2111:Mormon corridor
2092:
2047:
2002:
1962:
1939:
1884:
1841:
1840:
1828:
1759:Gulf of Boothia
1744:Gaspé Peninsula
1719:Canadian Shield
1709:Bruce Peninsula
1666:
1636:
1556:
1535:Atlantic Canada
1509:
1508:
1500:
1491:
1461:
1456:
1418:
1345:Mariana Islands
1293:
1274:Prairie Pothole
1254:The Californias
1233:
1186:
1147:Alaska Purchase
1142:Mexican Cession
1090:
1068:
1030:
1004:Interior Plains
994:Rocky Mountains
957:
896:
893:
885:
857:Middle Atlantic
799:
765:Hawaii–Aleutian
741:
686:
681:
629:
593:Smith, Mark M.
472:
470:Further reading
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222:American gentry
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73:, prior to the
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12:
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5:
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2913:Middle America
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2806:Virgin Islands
2803:
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2741:Lake Nicaragua
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2701:
2699:Gulf of Mexico
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2678:
2673:
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2646:Ku-Maloob-Zaap
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2437:"Belt" regions
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2357:Arkansas Delta
2354:
2352:Colville Delta
2349:
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2332:Gulf of Mexico
2329:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2320:Silicon Valley
2317:
2312:
2307:
2297:
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2267:
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2257:
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2250:
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2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2198:Driftless Area
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2121:Llano Estacado
2118:
2116:Calumet Region
2113:
2108:
2103:
2097:
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2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2063:
2057:
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2049:
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2026:Llano Estacado
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2004:
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2000:
1995:
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1983:
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1838:Lower Northern
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1724:Cook Peninsula
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1608:Aleutian Range
1605:
1590:
1589:
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1572:
1570:
1558:
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1554:
1549:
1547:Central Canada
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1506:Upper Northern
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1492:
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1289:Virgin Islands
1286:
1284:Sonoran Desert
1281:
1279:Samoan Islands
1276:
1271:
1266:
1264:Oregon Country
1261:
1256:
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1019:Atlantic Plain
1016:
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691:Administrative
688:
687:
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627:External links
625:
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529:Jabour, Anya.
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312:(2nd ed. 1979)
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81:" of the post-
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2886:Latin America
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2283:
2281:
2280:Tornado Alley
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:Shawnee Hills
2268:
2266:
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2258:
2256:
2255:Mojave Desert
2253:
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2240:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
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1986:South Central
1984:
1982:
1979:
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1965:
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1875:Old Southwest
1873:
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1868:Upper Midwest
1866:
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1844:United States
1839:
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1819:The Maritimes
1817:
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1779:Kodiak Island
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1739:French Canada
1737:
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1732:
1730:
1729:Cypress Hills
1727:
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1581:Arctic Circle
1579:
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1540:The Maritimes
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1499:
1498:North America
1495:
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1414:Upper Midwest
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1335:Intermountain
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1137:Oregon Treaty
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976:Physiographic
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641:
638:
634:
631:
630:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
607:
603:
599:
596:
595:The Old South
592:
589:
585:
583:
579:
575:
573:
569:
565:
562:
558:
556:
552:
548:
546:
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252:
249:
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230:
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225:
223:
220:
219:
215:
213:
211:
204:Old South Day
203:
201:
198:
190:
188:
186:
181:
177:
173:
172:James Madison
169:
165:
161:
156:
153:
149:
141:
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137:
132:
128:
120:
118:
114:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
88:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:known as the
45:
37:
32:
26:
21:
16:
2933:
2923:Ring of Fire
2918:Oasisamerica
2881:Aridoamerica
2746:Panama Canal
2610:PimerĂa Alta
2533:Sierra Gorda
2513:Islas MarĂas
2146:Great Plains
2106:Oregon Trail
2016:Four Corners
2008:Southwestern
1998:Upland South
1980:
1918:Mid-Atlantic
1754:Gulf Islands
1749:Georgian Bay
1598:Aleutian Arc
1409:Southwestern
1372:Southeastern
1355:Northwestern
1325:Great Plains
1320:Four Corners
1216:
1088:Acquisitions
720:Insular area
619:
611:
601:
594:
587:
577:
567:
560:
550:
540:
530:
523:
516:
506:
496:
486:
476:
455:. Retrieved
451:
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433:
428:
420:
415:
407:
402:
391:
386:
378:
373:
365:
360:
352:
343:
335:
330:
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317:
309:
304:
296:
291:
277:
265:. Retrieved
260:
251:
207:
194:
157:
145:
124:
115:
108:
98:
92:
68:
47:
41:
20:
15:
2908:Mesoamerica
2823:ABC islands
2761:West Indies
2651:Petén Basin
2452:Cotton Belt
2382:High Desert
2285:North Coast
2260:The Dakotas
2233:Piney Woods
2218:Outer Lands
2156:Great Basin
2131:Backcountry
2126:Third Coast
2021:Great Basin
1958:Great Lakes
1923:New England
1552:Great Lakes
1330:High Plains
1212:Confederacy
1054:Great Lakes
879:W S Central
874:E S Central
852:New England
840:W N Central
835:E N Central
606:online free
582:online free
501:online free
481:online free
267:October 26,
232:Solid South
136:Solid South
113:(1946).
64:Upper South
44:U.S. states
2956:Categories
2784:Hispaniola
2731:Darién Gap
2600:Isla Llave
2518:La Mixteca
2442:Bible Belt
2290:Lost Coast
2193:Twin Tiers
2178:Ark-La-Tex
2088:West Coast
2031:West Texas
1991:Gulf Coast
1976:Deep South
1903:East Coast
1898:Appalachia
1764:Hudson Bay
1561:Northern (
1305:Appalachia
1078:Historical
869:S Atlantic
747:Time zones
705:U.S. state
243:References
195:Historian
127:plantation
60:Deep South
2769:Caribbean
2676:Soconusco
2472:Snow Belt
2462:Rust Belt
2457:Rice Belt
2447:Corn Belt
2310:North Bay
2265:Carolinas
2188:Siouxland
2066:Northwest
1981:Old South
1930:Southeast
1908:Northeast
1774:James Bay
1632:Greenland
1217:Old South
1192:Civil War
1024:Tidewater
892:Courts of
847:Northeast
715:Territory
131:Democrats
79:New South
48:Old South
2896:Hispanic
2774:Antilles
2629:Southern
2565:Northern
2508:Huasteca
2467:Sun Belt
2315:East Bay
2208:Piedmont
2071:Cascadia
1968:Southern
1945:Northern
1655:Cascadia
1442:Category
1377:Southern
1360:Cascadia
1350:Northern
967:Physical
823:Mountain
795:Atlantic
780:Mountain
755:Chamorro
509:(1988)
499:(1948)
216:See also
142:Religion
121:Politics
2723:Central
2496:Central
2203:Palouse
2183:Waxhaws
2053:Western
1890:Eastern
1863:Midwest
1855:Central
1642:Western
1527:Eastern
1494:Regions
1452:Commons
1315:Eastern
1310:Central
1242:Divided
1036:Coastal
894:appeals
830:Midwest
818:Pacific
790:Eastern
785:Central
775:Pacific
614:(1986)
604:(1942)
580:(1929)
553:(2002)
533:(2007)
526:(2004).
519:(2008).
479:(1922)
457:June 2,
410:(1982)
381:(1979).
368:(2004).
338:(2004).
325:(1999)
89:Culture
2891:French
2488:Mexico
2173:Ozarks
2168:Acadia
1842:(i.e.
1675:Acadia
1593:Alaska
1567:Alaska
1563:Canada
1516:Alaska
1512:Canada
1510:(i.e.
1402:Upland
1044:Arctic
805:Census
770:Alaska
622:(1982)
616:online
572:online
563:(2017)
555:online
545:online
535:online
511:online
491:online
396:Online
150:, the
2876:Anglo
2503:BajĂo
1518:(US))
1397:Solid
1298:Other
1222:Dixie
1200:Union
864:South
760:Samoa
698:Units
191:Honor
2656:Puuc
1565:and
1514:and
1432:List
1382:Deep
1064:East
1059:Gulf
1049:West
953:11th
948:10th
813:West
459:2018
452:WCTV
269:2022
170:and
158:The
62:and
1496:of
1392:New
1387:Mid
943:9th
938:8th
933:7th
928:6th
923:5th
918:4th
913:3rd
908:2nd
903:1st
66:.
2958::
450:.
351:.
259:.
85:.
1846:)
1569:)
1486:e
1479:t
1472:v
676:e
669:t
662:v
639:.
461:.
285:.
271:.
27:.
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