763:. "Before 1752, parish registers, in addition to a new year heading after 24th March showing, for example '1733', had another heading at the end of the following December indicating '1733/4'. This showed where the Historical Year 1734 started even though the Civil Year 1733 continued until 24th March. ... We as historians have no excuse for creating ambiguity and must keep to the notation described above in one of its forms. It is no good writing simply 20th January 1745, for a reader is left wondering whether we have used the Civil or the Historical Year. The date should either be written 20th January 1745 OS (if indeed it was Old Style) or as 20th January 1745/6. The hyphen (1745-6) is best avoided as it can be interpreted as indicating a period of time."
183:
439:
41:
525:, who lived while the British Isles and colonies converted to the Gregorian calendar, instructed that his tombstone bear his date of birth by using the Julian calendar (notated O.S. for Old Style) and his date of death by using the Gregorian calendar. At Jefferson's birth, the difference was eleven days between the Julian and Gregorian calendars and so his birthday of 2 April in the Julian calendar is 13 April in the Gregorian calendar. Similarly,
462:. However, for the period between the first introduction of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582 and its introduction in Britain on 14 September 1752, there can be considerable confusion between events in Continental Western Europe and in British domains. Events in Continental Western Europe are usually reported in English-language histories by using the Gregorian calendar. For example, the
485:
on 12 July 1691 (Julian). The latter battle was commemorated annually throughout the 18th century on 12 July, following the usual historical convention of commemorating events of that period within Great
Britain and Ireland by mapping the Julian date directly onto the modern Gregorian calendar date
221:
introduced two concurrent changes to the calendar. The first, which applied to
England, Wales, Ireland and the British colonies, changed the start of the year from 25 March to 1 January, with effect from "the day after 31 December 1751". (Scotland had already made this aspect of the changes, on 1
280:
In
Britain, 1 January was celebrated as the New Year festival from as early as the 13th century, despite the recorded (civil) year not incrementing until 25 March, but the "year starting 25th March was called the Civil or Legal Year, although the phrase Old Style was more commonly used". To
536:
There is some evidence that the calendar change was not easily accepted. Many
British people continued to celebrate their holidays "Old Style" well into the 19th century, a practice that the author Karen Bellenir considered to reveal a deep emotional resistance to calendar reform.
521:, Benjamin Woolley surmises that because Dee fought unsuccessfully for England to embrace the 1583/84 date set for the change, "England remained outside the Gregorian system for a further 170 years, communications during that period customarily carrying two dates". In contrast,
276:
The O.S./N.S. designation is particularly relevant for dates which fall between the start of the "historical year" (1 January) and the legal start date, where different. This was 25 March in
England, Wales, Ireland and the colonies until 1752, and until 1600 in Scotland.
169:
Countries that adopted the
Gregorian calendar after 1699 needed to skip an additional day for each subsequent new century that the Julian calendar had added since then. When the British Empire did so in 1752, the gap had grown to eleven days; when Russia did so (as its
30:
This article is about the 18th-century changes in calendar conventions used by Great
Britain and its colonies, together with a brief explanation of usage of the term in other contexts. For a more general discussion of the equivalent transitions in other countries, see
281:
reduce misunderstandings about the date, it was normal even in semi-official documents such as parish registers to place a statutory new-year heading after 24 March (for example "1661") and another heading from the end of the following
December,
252:
When recording
British history, it is usual to quote the date as originally recorded at the time of the event, but with the year number adjusted to start on 1 January. The latter adjustment may be needed because the start of the
644:
of the monarch. As these commence on the day and date of the monarch's accession, they normally span two consecutive calendar years and have to be calculated accordingly, but the resultant dates should be
453:
Usually, the mapping of New Style dates onto Old Style dates with a start-of-year adjustment works well with little confusion for events before the introduction of the
Gregorian calendar. For example, the
112:
had made in 1600. The second discarded the Julian calendar in favour of the Gregorian calendar, skipping 11 days in the month of September to do so. To accommodate the two calendar changes, writers used
481:
in Ireland took place a few months later on 1 July 1690 (Julian calendar). That maps to 11 July (Gregorian calendar), conveniently close to the Julian date of the subsequent (and more decisive)
310:
273:" (New Style). The corresponding date in the Gregorian calendar is 9 February 1649, the date by which his contemporaries in some parts of continental Europe would have recorded his execution.
356:
It is common in English-language publications to use the familiar Old Style and/or New Style terms to discuss events and personalities in other countries, especially with reference to the
138:
The need to correct the calendar arose from the realisation that the correct figure for the number of days in a year is not 365.25 (365 days 6 hours) as assumed by the Julian calendar but
490:
on 5 November). The Battle of the Boyne was commemorated with smaller parades on 1 July. However, both events were combined in the late 18th century, and continue to be celebrated as "
1092:
501:, more or less automatically. Letters concerning diplomacy and international trade thus sometimes bore both Julian and Gregorian dates to prevent confusion. For example, Sir
50:, covering the calendar change in Great Britain. The issue spans the changeover; the date heading reads: "From Tuesday September 1, O.S. to Saturday September 16, N.S. 1752".
257:
year had not always been 1 January and was altered at different times in different countries. From 1155 to 1752, the civil or legal year in England began on 25 March (
1062:
is by far the most usual indicator, but sometimes the alternative final figures of the year are written above and below a horizontal line, as in a fraction, thus:
289:
to indicate that in the following twelve weeks or so, the year was 1661 Old Style but 1662 New Style. Some more modern sources, often more academic ones (e.g. the
158:. The Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these figures, between the years 325 and 1582, by skipping 10 days to set the
2137:
1813:
361:
230:, or to the combination of the two. It was through their use in the Calendar Act that the notations "Old Style" and "New Style" came into common usage.
187:
1386:
Handy Book of Rules and Tables for Verifying Dates With the Christian Era Giving an Account of the Chief Eras and Systems Used by Various Nations...'
591:
in December 1699 (with effect from 1 January 1700), Russia changed its start of year from September to January and adopted the AD era in place of
1431:
1341:
1584:
529:
is now officially reported as having been born on 22 February 1732, rather than on 11 February 1731/32 (Julian calendar). The philosopher
2439:
222:
January 1600.) The second (in effect) adopted the Gregorian calendar in place of the Julian calendar. Thus "New Style" can refer to the
1931:
1520:
1485:
613:
Because 1600 was a leap year in both calendars, three extra Julian leap days (in 1700, 1800 and 1900) needed to be taken into account.
321:
306:
32:
2132:
1728:
1328:
1229:
1186:
877:
942:
1106:
124:
where no start-of-year adjustment took place, O.S. and N.S. simply indicate the Julian and Gregorian dating systems respectively.
1768:
884:
Dates are Old Style, but the year is calculated from 1 January. On occasion, where clarity requires it, dates are written 1687/8.
641:
474:
in England on 5 November (Julian calendar), after he had set sail from the Netherlands on 11 November (Gregorian calendar) 1688.
24:
2178:
1390:
1246:
297:
style for the period between 1 January and 24 March for years before the introduction of the New Style calendar in England.
1033:
1010:
247:
218:
604:
Because 1600 was a leap year in both calendars, only one extra Julian leap day (in 1700) needed to be taken into account.
1921:
1126:
69:) indicate dating systems before and after a calendar change, respectively. Usually, they refer to the change from the
2429:
2111:
1981:
1133:, chapter 19 in История календаря и хронология by Селешников (History of the calendar and chronology by Seleschnikov)
662:
December 1661: "I sat down to end my journell for this year, ...", which is immediately followed by an entry dated "1
2321:
2301:
1443:
1141:
366:
20:
1139:ДЕКРЕТ "О ВВЕДЕНИИ ЗАПАДНО-ЕВРОПЕЙСКОГО КАЛЕНДАРЯ" (Decree "On the introduction of the Western European calendar")
2311:
2283:
1895:
1410:
995:
497:
Because of the differences, British writers and their correspondents often employed two dates, a practice called
105:
795:
773:
2434:
2378:
1577:
1557:
1423:
514:
214:
2266:
1426:
Guides and Handbooks. Vol. 4 (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–20.
370:
uses the format of "25 October (7 November, New Style)" to describe the date of the start of the revolution.
2316:
2053:
1900:
975:
350:. The decree required that the Julian date was to be written in parentheses after the Gregorian date, until
679:
The Julian calendar had by that time drifted by another three days since 1582 (in 1700, 1800 and 1900, see
100:, there were two calendar changes, both in 1752. The first adjusted the start of a new year from 25 March (
2216:
2017:
1763:
1662:
467:
459:
163:
159:
1065:
1818:
1449:
655:
290:
182:
2251:
848:
466:
is always given as 13 August 1704. However, confusion occurs when an event involves both. For example,
1384:
820:
2192:
2168:
2163:
533:, born on 4 February 1747/8 (Julian calendar), in later life celebrated his birthday on 15 February.
262:
1269:
2278:
2173:
2116:
2091:
2081:
1856:
1753:
1743:
1570:
1059:
478:
455:
438:
2403:
2383:
2261:
2246:
2231:
2153:
1952:
1916:
1718:
987:
555:
463:
151:
133:
74:
46:
1442:
2211:
2007:
2002:
1846:
1682:
1481:
1427:
1337:
1225:
1182:
921:
873:
680:
526:
482:
2408:
2357:
2273:
2221:
1997:
1975:
1841:
1738:
1535:
1512:
1297:
1107:"Chocke, Alexander II (1593/4–1625), of Shalbourne, Wilts.; later of Hungerford Park, Berks"
979:
693:
567:
522:
487:
442:
2256:
1414:
269:(Old Style). In newer English-language texts, this date is usually shown as "30 January 164
2341:
2306:
2293:
2203:
2061:
1956:
1890:
1851:
1688:
1508:
1380:
1320:
1145:
1130:
640:
British official legal documents of the 16th and 17th centuries were usually dated by the
588:
502:
331:
239:
97:
70:
40:
1257:
The Queen's Conjurer, The Science and Magic of Dr. John Dee, Adviser to Queen Elizabeth I
949:. A demonstration of New Style, meaning Julian calendar with a start of year adjustment.
717:
2241:
2039:
2027:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1885:
1808:
1733:
1324:
959:
718:"The London Gazette | From Tuesday September 1 O.S. to Saturday September 16 N.S. 1752"
530:
422:. There are equivalents for these terms in other languages as well, such as the German
357:
347:
254:
171:
147:
2423:
2158:
2076:
2071:
2022:
2012:
1773:
1652:
1458:
155:
139:
19:"Old Style" and "New Style" redirect here. For other meanings of the old style, see
2236:
2034:
1748:
1723:
1708:
1674:
1634:
1406:
865:
561:
1250:
983:
410:
The Latin abbreviations may be capitalised differently by different users, e.g.,
1936:
1833:
1795:
1778:
1713:
1694:
1627:
1607:
1348:
God's-daddikins! it is my birthday – say something pretty to me on the occasion.
667:
549:
498:
491:
286:
243:
134:
Gregorian calendar § Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates
114:
1310:(Both Franklin's and Washington's confusing birth dates are clearly explained.)
1041:
1018:
622:
The Act has to use this formulation since "1 January 1752" was still ambiguous.
378:
The Latin equivalents, which are used in many languages, are, on the one hand,
117:
to identify a given day by giving its date according to both styles of dating.
1703:
1698:
1593:
1553:
896:
592:
1124:История календаря в России и в СССР (Calendar history in Russia and the USSR)
2393:
2373:
2106:
2066:
1803:
1612:
1516:
1123:
510:
506:
339:
143:
1497:"'Give us our eleven days!': calendar reform in eighteenth-century England"
162:
to be 21 March, the median date of its occurrence at the time of the
2388:
2226:
1870:
1783:
751:
258:
109:
101:
1138:
1055:
870:
The Social Circulation of the Past: English Historical Culture 1500–1730
752:"Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar"
2398:
1622:
1617:
471:
446:
364:. For example, in the article "The October (November) Revolution", the
93:
85:
1541:
1056:
Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar
991:
963:
946:
265:
was recorded at the time in Parliament as happening on 30 January 164
121:
78:
1496:
1292:
434:
Transposition of historical event dates and possible date conflicts
1823:
1179:
Abkürzungen aus Personalschriften des XVI. bis XVIII. Jahrhunderts
683:) from astronomical reality, so thirteen days needed to be elided.
437:
181:
89:
39:
564: – Informal traditional holiday based on the Julian calendar
1757:
1639:
1547:
146:. The consequence was that the basis for the calculation of the
1566:
458:
is well known to have been fought on 25 October 1415, which is
1657:
804:
Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Volume III.
782:
Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Volume III.
142:(c. 365.242 days). The Julian calendar therefore has too many
1562:
922:"House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 9 June 1660 (Regicides)"
1478:
Marking Time: the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar
595:. However, that event is outside the scope of this article.
311:
List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country
1111:
The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604–1629
570: – Alternative title for 6 January ("Old Christmas")
223:
1544:
by Toke Nørby - Details of conversion for many countries
1330:
The Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham: Volume I: 1752–76
227:
1177:
Lenz, Rudolf; Uwe Bredehorn; Marek Winiarczyk (2002).
1073:
556:
Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates
513:
a letter dated "12/22 Dec. 1635". In his biography of
1224:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus. pp. 258–259.
1068:
326:
The Gregorian calendar was implemented in Russia on
2366:
2350:
2334:
2292:
2202:
2191:
2146:
2138:
Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
2125:
2099:
2090:
2052:
1990:
1945:
1909:
1878:
1869:
1832:
1794:
1673:
1648:
1600:
1416:
A Handbook of Dates for Students of British History
1247:"Why Bacon, Oxford and Other's Weren't Shakespeare"
800:Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Том III
778:Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Том III
248:
Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 § New Year's Day
1536:Untangling Lady Day dating and the Julian Calendar
1444:"General Chronology § Beginning of the year"
1094:. Very occasionally a hyphen is used, as 1733-34."
1086:
1453:. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1181:(3 ed.). Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 210.
964:"New Year's Day and Leap Year in English History"
872:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xiii.
1463:(Online ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007
449:is "Born April 2. 1743. O.S. Died July 4. 1826."
322:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar § Russia
1255:) uses the quote by Benjamin Woolley and cites
174:) in 1918, thirteen days needed to be skipped.
631:The Calendar Act does not mention Pope Gregory
128:Differences between Julian and Gregorian dates
1578:
1109:. In Thrush, Andrew; Ferris, John P. (eds.).
851:–xviii: original text of the Scottish decree.
552: – Date given in two different calendars
190:, recording his date of death as "28 of Jan:
8:
1200:
1198:
666:January 1661/62". This is an example of the
1204:
897:The Perpetual Calendar: What about England?
670:system which had become common at the time.
23:. For other meanings of the new style, see
2199:
2096:
1875:
1670:
1585:
1571:
1563:
1548:Side-by-side Old style–New style reference
1215:
1213:
1172:
1170:
1460:Russia: the October (November) Revolution
1161:
1103:See for example this biographical entry:
1072:
1067:
2133:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
1113:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
859:
857:
709:
580:
178:Britain and its colonies or possessions
1293:"What's Benjamin Franklin's Birthday?"
908:
832:
188:All Saints' Church, North Street, York
1523:from the original on 5 December 2014.
1393:from the original on 21 November 2020
1148:contains the full text of the decree
998:from the original on 2 February 2021.
806:]. 20 December 1699. p. 683.
784:]. 10 December 1699. p. 682.
745:
743:
734:
240:Julian calendar § New Year's Day
7:
1364:. Detroit: Omnigraphics. p. 33.
844:
816:
261:); so for example, the execution of
1480:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
1087:{\displaystyle 17{\tfrac {33}{34}}}
1932:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
1389:. London: George Bell & Sons.
1336:. London: UCL Press. p. 294.
1323:, ed. (2017) . "Jeremy Bentham to
1291:Engber, Daniel (18 January 2006).
1009:Pepys, Samuel (31 December 2004).
307:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
228:adoption of the Gregorian calendar
160:ecclesiastical date of the equinox
81:countries between 1582 and 1923.
33:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
14:
1447:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1362:Religious Holidays and Calendars
445:'s tombstone. Written below the
186:Memorial plaque to John Etty in
1814:English and British regnal year
486:(as happens, for example, with
108:) to 1 January, a change which
16:Changes in calendar conventions
1538:by Erin Blake (Folger Library)
1032:Pepys, Samuel (January 2005).
1:
1927:Old Style and New Style dates
1034:"Wednesday 1 January 1661/62"
968:The English Historical Review
374:Latin notation: st.v and st.n
219:Calendar (New Style) Act 1750
1879:Pre-Julian / Julian
724:(9198): 1. 1 September 1752.
2112:Geological history of Earth
1982:Astronomical year numbering
1272:. monticello.org. June 1995
587:By decrees (1735, 1736) of
98:Britain's American colonies
2456:
2440:Time in the United Kingdom
1011:"Tuesday 31 December 1661"
984:10.1093/ehr/lv.ccxviii.177
943:Death warrant of Charles I
360:and the very beginning of
319:
304:
237:
152:decided in the 4th century
131:
29:
21:Old Style (disambiguation)
18:
2284:Thermoluminescence dating
2179:Samarium–neodymium dating
1220:Lenihan, Pádraig (2003).
1105:Lancaster, Henry (2010).
899:Version 29 February 2000.
217:and its possessions, the
106:Feast of the Annunciation
1998:Chinese sexagenary cycle
1424:Royal Historical Society
1360:Bellenir, Karen (2004).
1222:1690 Battle of the Boyne
924:. British History Online
386:(ablative), abbreviated
234:Start-of-year adjustment
224:start-of-year adjustment
215:Kingdom of Great Britain
2212:Amino acid racemisation
1476:Steele, Duncan (2000).
1205:Cheney & Jones 2000
1144:21 January 2007 at the
1129:17 October 2009 at the
976:Oxford University Press
367:Encyclopædia Britannica
2217:Archaeomagnetic dating
1729:Era of Caesar (Iberia)
1542:The Perpetual Calendar
1495:Poole, Robert (1995).
1321:Sprigge, Timothy L. S.
1088:
468:William III of England
450:
210:
164:First Council of Nicea
120:For countries such as
77:as enacted in various
51:
2117:Geological time units
1517:10.1093/past/149.1.95
1450:Catholic Encyclopedia
1441:Gerard, John (1908).
1089:
656:Diary of Samuel Pepys
654:For example, see the
441:
394:; and, on the other,
320:Further information:
305:Further information:
291:History of Parliament
238:Further information:
185:
43:
2169:Law of superposition
2164:Isotope geochemistry
1066:
1044:on 24 November 2021.
1021:on 24 November 2021.
947:UK National Archives
519:The Queen's Conjurer
408:"(of/in) new style".
2302:Fluorine absorption
2279:Luminescence dating
2174:Luminescence dating
2082:Milankovitch cycles
1922:Proleptic Gregorian
1754:Hindu units of time
479:Battle of the Boyne
460:Saint Crispin's Day
456:Battle of Agincourt
392:"(of/in) old style"
154:, had drifted from
2430:Gregorian calendar
2404:Terminus post quem
2384:Synchronoptic view
2351:Linguistic methods
2312:Obsidian hydration
2247:Radiometric dating
2232:Incremental dating
2154:Chronostratigraphy
1554:Calendar Converter
1501:Past & Present
1270:"Old Style (O.S.)"
1084:
1082:
1038:www.pepysdiary.com
1015:www.pepysdiary.com
737:, pp. 95–139.
464:Battle of Blenheim
451:
336:1–13 February 1918
211:
75:Gregorian calendar
52:
47:The London Gazette
2417:
2416:
2330:
2329:
2187:
2186:
2048:
2047:
2003:Geologic Calendar
1865:
1864:
1433:978-0-521-77095-8
1343:978-1-911576-05-1
1327:, 15 Feb. 1776".
1081:
681:Century leap year
527:George Washington
483:Battle of Aughrim
2447:
2409:ASPRO chronology
2358:Glottochronology
2274:Tephrochronology
2222:Dendrochronology
2200:
2097:
1896:Proleptic Julian
1886:Pre-Julian Roman
1876:
1671:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1564:
1524:
1491:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1454:
1446:
1437:
1421:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1381:Bond, John James
1366:
1365:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1335:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1253:on 4 April 2005.
1249:. Archived from
1242:
1236:
1235:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1174:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1136:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1040:. Archived from
1029:
1023:
1022:
1017:. Archived from
1006:
1000:
999:
956:
950:
945:web page of the
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
918:
912:
906:
900:
893:
887:
886:
861:
852:
842:
836:
830:
824:
814:
808:
807:
796:"Ukase No. 1736"
792:
786:
785:
774:"Ukase No. 1735"
770:
764:
762:
760:
758:
750:Spathaky, Mike.
747:
738:
732:
726:
725:
714:
697:
694:Little Christmas
690:
684:
677:
671:
665:
661:
652:
646:
638:
632:
629:
623:
620:
614:
611:
605:
602:
596:
585:
568:Little Christmas
558:(ready-reckoner)
523:Thomas Jefferson
488:Guy Fawkes Night
443:Thomas Jefferson
409:
393:
353:
345:
338:, pursuant to a
337:
330:by dropping the
329:
328:14 February 1918
208:
206:
205:
202:
199:
195:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2435:Julian calendar
2420:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2362:
2346:
2342:Molecular clock
2335:Genetic methods
2326:
2307:Nitrogen dating
2294:Relative dating
2288:
2257:Potassium–argon
2204:Absolute dating
2194:
2183:
2142:
2121:
2086:
2062:Cosmic Calendar
2054:Astronomic time
2044:
1986:
1941:
1905:
1891:Original Julian
1861:
1828:
1790:
1689:Ab urbe condita
1667:
1644:
1596:
1591:
1532:
1527:
1509:Oxford Academic
1494:
1488:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1457:
1440:
1434:
1419:
1413:, eds. (2000).
1405:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1333:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1303:
1301:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1146:Wayback Machine
1134:
1131:Wayback Machine
1122:
1118:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1064:
1063:
1054:Spathaky, Mike
1053:
1049:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1008:
1007:
1003:
958:
957:
953:
941:
937:
927:
925:
920:
919:
915:
907:
903:
894:
890:
880:
864:
862:
855:
843:
839:
831:
827:
815:
811:
794:
793:
789:
772:
771:
767:
756:
754:
749:
748:
741:
733:
729:
716:
715:
711:
706:
701:
700:
691:
687:
678:
674:
663:
659:
653:
649:
639:
635:
630:
626:
621:
617:
612:
608:
603:
599:
589:Peter the Great
586:
582:
577:
546:
540:
503:William Boswell
436:
407:
391:
376:
351:
344:24 January 1918
343:
335:
327:
324:
318:
313:
303:
301:Other notations
293:) also use the
250:
236:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
191:
180:
136:
130:
71:Julian calendar
36:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2453:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:New Chronology
2376:
2370:
2368:
2367:Related topics
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2244:
2242:Paleomagnetism
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2040:New Earth Time
2037:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1969:
1964:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1901:Revised Julian
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1819:Lists of kings
1816:
1811:
1809:Canon of Kings
1806:
1800:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1761:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1734:Before present
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1692:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1550:by Petko Yotov
1545:
1539:
1531:
1530:External links
1528:
1526:
1525:
1492:
1487:978-0471404217
1486:
1473:
1455:
1438:
1432:
1411:Jones, Michael
1403:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1352:
1342:
1325:Samuel Bentham
1312:
1283:
1261:
1237:
1230:
1209:
1194:
1187:
1166:
1162:EB online 2017
1154:
1116:
1096:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1060:oblique stroke
1047:
1024:
1001:
960:Pollard, A. F.
951:
935:
913:
901:
888:
878:
853:
837:
825:
809:
787:
765:
739:
727:
722:London Gazette
708:
707:
705:
702:
699:
698:
685:
672:
647:
633:
624:
615:
606:
597:
579:
578:
576:
573:
572:
571:
565:
559:
553:
545:
542:
531:Jeremy Bentham
435:
432:
402:, abbreviated
390:, and meaning
382:(genitive) or
375:
372:
358:Russian Empire
348:Vladimir Lenin
342:decree signed
317:
314:
302:
299:
255:civil calendar
235:
232:
179:
176:
172:civil calendar
148:date of Easter
132:Main article:
129:
126:
44:Issue 9198 of
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2452:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:Chronological
2190:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2159:Geochronology
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:Geologic time
2089:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2077:Metonic cycle
2075:
2073:
2072:Galactic year
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:ISO week date
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:Byzantine era
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1675:Calendar eras
1672:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1407:Cheney, C. R.
1404:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1245:Baker, John.
1241:
1238:
1233:
1231:0-7524-2597-8
1227:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1207:, p. 19.
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:3-515-08152-6
1184:
1180:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1097:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
955:
952:
948:
944:
939:
936:
923:
917:
914:
910:
905:
902:
898:
895:Nørby, Toke.
892:
889:
885:
881:
879:0-19-925778-7
875:
871:
867:
866:Woolf, Daniel
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
838:
834:
829:
826:
822:
818:
813:
810:
805:
801:
797:
791:
788:
783:
779:
775:
769:
766:
753:
746:
744:
740:
736:
731:
728:
723:
719:
713:
710:
703:
695:
689:
686:
682:
676:
673:
669:
657:
651:
648:
643:
637:
634:
628:
625:
619:
616:
610:
607:
601:
598:
594:
590:
584:
581:
574:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:
543:
541:
538:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
505:wrote to Sir
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
448:
444:
440:
433:
431:
430:" for O.S.).
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
405:
401:
397:
389:
385:
381:
380:stili veteris
373:
371:
369:
368:
363:
362:Soviet Russia
359:
354:
349:
341:
333:
323:
315:
312:
308:
300:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
278:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
249:
245:
241:
233:
231:
229:
225:
220:
216:
189:
184:
177:
175:
173:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:slightly less
135:
127:
125:
123:
118:
116:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
49:
48:
42:
38:
34:
26:
25:The New Style
22:
2322:Stratigraphy
2267:Uranium–lead
2237:Lichenometry
2035:Winter count
2018:Mesoamerican
1946:Astronomical
1926:
1764:Mesoamerican
1749:Sothic cycle
1724:Seleucid era
1709:Bosporan era
1697: /
1687:
1635:Paleontology
1504:
1500:
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1459:
1448:
1415:
1395:. Retrieved
1385:
1361:
1355:
1347:
1329:
1315:
1302:. Retrieved
1296:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1264:
1256:
1251:the original
1240:
1221:
1178:
1157:
1150:(in Russian)
1135:(in Russian)
1119:
1110:
1099:
1050:
1042:the original
1037:
1027:
1019:the original
1014:
1004:
971:
967:
954:
938:
926:. Retrieved
916:
904:
891:
883:
869:
840:
835:, p. 4.
828:
812:
803:
799:
790:
781:
777:
768:
755:. Retrieved
730:
721:
712:
688:
675:
650:
645:unambiguous.
636:
627:
618:
609:
600:
583:
562:Old New Year
539:
535:
518:
496:
476:
452:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:and meaning
403:
399:
395:
387:
384:stilo vetere
383:
379:
377:
365:
355:
352:1 July 1918.
346:(Julian) by
325:
294:
285:, a form of
282:
279:
275:
270:
266:
251:
212:
168:
137:
119:
83:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:
45:
37:
2262:Radiocarbon
1937:Dual dating
1796:Regnal year
1774:Short Count
1714:Bostran era
1695:Anno Domini
1628:Big History
1608:Archaeology
1558:John Walker
1259:, page 173.
978:: 180–185.
909:Gerard 1908
833:Steele 2000
668:dual dating
642:regnal year
550:Dual dating
499:dual dating
492:The Twelfth
470:arrived at
287:dual dating
244:Regnal year
115:dual dating
2424:Categories
1857:Vietnamese
1769:Long Count
1704:Anno Mundi
1699:Common Era
1601:Key topics
1594:Chronology
1511:: 95–139.
1304:8 February
735:Poole 1995
704:References
593:Anno Mundi
428:alter Stil
420:stili novi
400:stilo novo
396:stili novi
192:170
144:leap years
2394:Year zero
2374:Chronicle
2317:Seriation
2252:Lead–lead
2126:Standards
2107:Deep time
2067:Ephemeris
1953:Lunisolar
1917:Gregorian
1910:Gregorian
1871:Calendars
1834:Era names
1804:Anka year
1683:Human Era
1613:Astronomy
845:Bond 1875
817:Bond 1875
757:19 August
692:See also
511:The Hague
507:John Coke
340:Sovnarkom
334:dates of
263:Charles I
226:, to the
63:New Style
55:Old Style
2389:Timeline
2227:Ice core
2100:Concepts
1847:Japanese
1779:Tzolk'in
1744:Egyptian
1521:Archived
1467:18 March
1397:13 March
1391:Archived
1383:(1875).
1142:Archived
1127:Archived
996:Archived
962:(1940).
928:18 March
868:(2003).
544:See also
515:John Dee
259:Lady Day
166:in 325.
110:Scotland
102:Lady Day
79:European
2399:Floruit
2147:Methods
2008:Iranian
1976:Islamic
1842:Chinese
1653:Periods
1623:History
1618:Geology
1373:Sources
974:(218).
821:page 91
472:Brixham
447:epitaph
295:1661/62
283:1661/62
213:In the
207:
156:reality
94:Ireland
86:England
73:to the
2195:dating
1991:Others
1957:Hebrew
1852:Korean
1663:Epochs
1484:
1430:
1340:
1228:
1185:
1058:. "An
992:553864
990:
876:
664:
660:
658:for 31
332:Julian
316:Russia
246:, and
122:Russia
104:, the
61:) and
2028:Aztec
1972:Lunar
1967:Solar
1961:Hindu
1824:Limmu
1784:Haab'
1739:Hijri
1507:(1).
1420:(PDF)
1334:(PDF)
1298:Slate
1276:6 May
988:JSTOR
863:e.g.
802:[
780:[
575:Notes
509:from
424:a.St.
416:St.N.
412:St.n.
404:st.n.
388:st.v.
150:, as
90:Wales
2023:Maya
1758:Yuga
1658:Eras
1640:Time
1482:ISBN
1469:2007
1428:ISBN
1399:2016
1338:ISBN
1306:2013
1278:2017
1226:ISBN
1183:ISBN
930:2007
874:ISBN
849:xvii
759:2023
477:The
418:for
309:and
96:and
67:N.S.
59:O.S.
1556:by
1513:doi
1505:149
980:doi
494:".
414:or
398:or
84:In
2426::
1959:,
1519:.
1503:.
1499:.
1422:.
1409:;
1346:.
1295:.
1212:^
1197:^
1169:^
1137:.
1079:34
1076:33
1070:17
1036:.
1013:.
994:.
986:.
972:55
970:.
966:.
882:.
856:^
847:,
819:,
798:.
776:.
742:^
720:.
517:,
426:("
242:,
92:,
88:,
1978:)
1974:(
1963:)
1955:(
1760:)
1756:(
1586:e
1579:t
1572:v
1515::
1490:.
1471:.
1436:.
1401:.
1308:.
1280:.
1234:.
1191:.
1164:.
1152:.
982::
932:.
911:.
823:.
761:.
696:.
271:9
267:8
209:"
204:9
201:/
198:8
194:+
65:(
57:(
35:.
27:.
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