495:
106:, three times the average number then found in local mills. The Oldham Building Co. later became the Sun Mill Co. Ltd, and extended the mill to 142,000 spindles. The Sun Mill Company is credited as being the first of the Oldham Limiteds. The share holders were skilled workers at the mill, and though in fact, they had little involvement in running the company, They received a dividend of over 12%.
124:
profitable so they received the largest dividend. When in 1875, there was a change in conditions of service of textile workers from the pay scale called the 1872 Oldham list, to the 1875 Oldham list the transition went smoothly, as the dividend was an important incentive. Wage rates climbed and costs were recouped by using inferior cotton.
165:
As maintaining the dividend became a priority and the mill was starved of capital investment. The good times peaked in 1926, and because, Oldham had specialised in the coarse counts it was far more vulnerable to competition from the emerging Indian and
Japanese industries than other Lancashire towns.
157:
of 1890–1896, when stock market index dropped for 48 month strained the working class capitalist system. Trade unions which never had had hold in Oldham offered more security than share ownership. The boards of the Oldham
Limiteds became more secretive and the cooperative principle was abandoned. In
140:
Lancashire was renowned for the production of the finest, which means thinnest, cotton yarn. When the Oldham
Limiteds started to expand the output in Oldham, they competed by spinning coarse yarn. The grade of cotton, is measured by its count. This refers to the number of hanks of 840 yards than
67:, laid the foundation for the popularity of limited liability companies. The pioneer company was the Oldham Building and Manufacturing Co. Ltd., formed by skilled workers who sought to gain a greater equality of income and wealth through cooperation. Having shares in the company was seen as a form of
149:
There were two other booms, 1883–84 and 1889–90. In all, from 1858–96, Oldham formed 154 limiteds, or more than twice as much as found in Bolton. The only other part of the textile industry where the limited company had the same hold as in Oldham was the Irish linen trade. Company voting was on the
114:
Workers were active investing in the first wave of expansion of the limiteds between 1870 and 1873, and the wave of 1873–75. Many of the new companies were conversions of failing private concerns. When the boom ended a hundred companies had been created. An average worker could earn about £1.75 a
123:
subscriptions, generally in equal proportions. Workers were virtually guaranteed to earn more in dividend (always over 5%) than in a saving bank. Share were trader over tables in local public houses and Oldham had its own stock exchange. It was in the workers interest to ensure that the mill was
141:
collectively weigh 1 lb. 1-40 is called a coarse count in the United
Kingdom, 40-80 is a medium count and 80 to 160 is fine. Consequently, an Oldham count, is a count between 1 and 40. In the United States, the terms are used differently.
1034:
1064:
1141:
91:
gave the new company a democratic structure designed to foster the principles of producer co-operation and employee control. Management of the company was by means of elected committees. The
1079:
1074:
115:
week (35 shillings). A share could be bought for £5.00. Workers would buy shares in their own company and maybe another mill to balance the risk. Companies' capital consisted of
1354:
1039:
1176:
1044:
63:
movement. In the 1850s Oldham saw the expansion of friendly and building societies, sick and funeral clubs, and cooperative stores. These societies, along with the
1349:
1094:
83:
was built between 1860 and 1862 by a company which was founded in 1858 by members of the Oldham
Industrial Co-operative Society. Following the principles of the
162:. Wage negotiations passed from the individual mill to agreements between the professional negotiators of the principal unions and the employers federation.
1084:
978:
428:
1344:
1329:
1359:
801:
1049:
279:
225:
1319:
1054:
1324:
1211:
1156:
1069:
397:
359:
308:
150:
egalitarian method of one man one vote. They could be ruthless dismissing the whole board if they were seen to be under-performing.
594:
494:
549:
421:
71:, and indeed by about 1875, about 75 percent of mill workers held shares in the limiteds. That is 20% of Oldham's population.
1232:
761:
64:
887:
861:
670:
851:
730:
298:
1171:
1166:
1161:
826:
584:
665:
564:
559:
96:
912:
569:
1334:
1196:
882:
650:
414:
327:"Industrial Relations and Technical Change: Profits, Wages and Costs in the Lancashire Cotton Industry, 1880–1914"
1293:
1288:
1201:
1186:
933:
464:
1191:
1181:
781:
469:
1120:
534:
1146:
897:
629:
579:
524:
459:
125:
519:
1339:
1206:
943:
938:
907:
735:
705:
655:
604:
159:
554:
1151:
1089:
1059:
928:
715:
680:
675:
619:
1242:
740:
725:
685:
609:
599:
326:
1115:
831:
821:
816:
791:
539:
484:
154:
56:
514:
116:
771:
589:
103:
892:
660:
1263:
1237:
1018:
948:
836:
776:
700:
645:
393:
355:
304:
175:
92:
84:
1278:
1247:
786:
756:
574:
544:
529:
88:
1268:
1125:
993:
690:
454:
1273:
963:
958:
846:
720:
614:
509:
479:
68:
369:
1313:
1227:
998:
968:
953:
710:
624:
129:
1283:
1003:
988:
856:
796:
60:
43:
Oldham was late in coming to cotton, and did not have many large privately owned
1298:
1008:
983:
811:
806:
766:
440:
44:
32:
20:
1110:
1013:
902:
841:
437:
132:
had become "an association of small capitalists employing other work people."
80:
48:
1035:
Amalgamated
Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)
695:
19:
were the 154 cotton manufacturing companies founded to build or operate
973:
28:
52:
24:
1065:
General Union of
Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association
406:
95:
principle, to which the co-operators also subscribed following the
474:
120:
410:
370:"Shame and Guilt in Lancashire: Enforcing Piece Rate Contracts"
352:
The
English Cotton Industry and the World Market 1815-1896.
193:
191:
59:. Oldham was an early and enthusiastic participant in the
1080:
North East
Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association
158:
1893, the
Brooklands Lockout had been resolved by the
55:. It did have many small companies that worked out of
1075:
Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society
1040:
Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners
102:
Sun Mill was originally built to accommodate 60,000
1256:
1220:
1134:
1103:
1027:
921:
870:
749:
638:
502:
447:
1045:Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association
278:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCottrell1980 (
224:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCottrell1980 (
422:
8:
575:B. Hick and Sons / Hick, Hargreaves & Co
1355:Manufacturing companies established in 1858
1095:United Textile Factory Workers' Association
1085:Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation
197:
429:
415:
407:
99:, was seen as an adjunct of co-operation.
273:
219:
208:
128:, is quoted as saying in 1867, that the
187:
261:
249:
238:
1350:British companies established in 1858
615:Yates & Thom / Yates of Blackburn
65:Joint Stock Companies Acts of 1855-56
7:
1050:Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union
595:William Roberts & Co of Nelson
14:
1070:General Union of Loom Overlookers
300:The cotton trade of Great Britain
1345:19th century in economic history
1330:Textile manufacturers of England
1055:Amalgamated Weavers' Association
493:
485:Sidney Stott (later Sir Philip)
97:Companies Acts of 1856 and 1862
31:, and predominantly during the
1360:1858 establishments in England
913:Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust
1:
888:Lancashire Cotton Corporation
862:Thomas Whitehead and Brothers
565:W & J Galloway & Sons
343:Industrial Finance, 1830–1914
334:Journal of Industrial History
666:John Hetherington & Sons
550:Clayton, Goodfellow & Co
47:, such as would be found in
651:Butterworth & Dickinson
1376:
1320:Cotton industry in England
883:Fine Spinners and Doublers
491:
390:Provincial Stock Exchanges
368:Huberman, Michael (1999).
1325:Companies based in Oldham
1294:John Kay (spinning frame)
1289:John Kay (flying shuttle)
934:Cotton-spinning machinery
706:Parr, Curtis & Madely
656:Curtis, Parr & Walton
535:Browett, Lindley & Co
731:Textile Machinery Makers
711:British Northrop Loom Co
630:Woolstenhulmes & Rye
580:John Musgrave & Sons
460:Bradshaw Gass & Hope
392:. Taylor & Francis.
303:. E.Wilson. p. 80.
297:Ellison, Thomas (1886).
1248:Quarry Bank Mill, Styal
908:James Burton & Sons
898:Combined Egyptian Mills
736:Tweedales & Smalley
198:Proctor & Toms 2000
126:William Ewart Gladstone
944:Magnetic ring spinning
939:DREF friction spinning
620:Willans & Robinson
525:Bateman & Sherratt
325:Proctor; Toms (2000).
1121:Mule spinners' cancer
1090:The Textile Institute
1060:Cardroom Amalgamation
929:Textile manufacturing
741:T. Wildman & Sons
726:Taylor, Lang & Co
686:Howard & Bullough
676:John Pilling and Sons
610:Urmson & Thompson
520:Ashworth & Parker
350:Farnie, D.A. (1979),
1104:Employment practices
922:Industrial processes
540:Buckley & Taylor
465:F.W. Dixon & Son
160:Brooklands Agreement
75:Sun Mill, Chadderton
57:Room and power mills
1116:Kissing the shuttle
893:Bagley & Wright
832:George Augustus Lee
822:William Houldsworth
792:Nathaniel Eckersley
661:Dobson & Barlow
605:Scott & Hodgson
570:Benjamin Goodfellow
555:Earnshaw & Holt
354:, Clarendon Press,
35:boom of 1873–1875.
772:Hugh Hornby Birley
716:Pemberton & Co
701:Mather & Platt
681:Harling & Todd
646:Brooks & Doxey
590:Petrie of Rochdale
585:J & W McNaught
530:Boulton & Watt
1335:History of Oldham
1307:
1306:
1264:Richard Arkwright
1243:Weavers' Triangle
1238:Queen Street Mill
1019:Lancashire boiler
949:Open-end spinning
871:Limited companies
837:Charles Macintosh
777:Joseph Brotherton
264:, pp. 250–51
176:History of Oldham
145:Future investment
93:limited liability
85:Rochdale Pioneers
1367:
1279:James Hargreaves
1177:Oldham (borough)
787:Peter Drinkwater
757:Elkanah Armitage
639:Machinery makers
497:
431:
424:
417:
408:
403:
384:
382:
380:
374:
364:
346:
337:
331:
321:
319:
317:
284:
283:
271:
265:
259:
253:
247:
241:
236:
230:
229:
217:
211:
206:
200:
195:
110:The 1873–75 boom
89:William Marcroft
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1269:Samuel Crompton
1252:
1233:Helmshore Mills
1216:
1130:
1126:Piece-rate list
1099:
1023:
994:Lancashire Loom
917:
878:Oldham Limiteds
866:
817:Richard Howarth
745:
691:Geo. Hattersley
634:
498:
489:
455:David Bellhouse
443:
435:
400:
388:Thomas (2005).
387:
378:
376:
372:
367:
362:
349:
341:Cottrell, P.J.
340:
329:
324:
315:
313:
311:
296:
293:
288:
287:
277:
272:
268:
260:
256:
248:
244:
237:
233:
223:
218:
214:
207:
203:
196:
189:
184:
172:
147:
138:
112:
77:
41:
17:Oldham Limiteds
12:
11:
5:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1274:Peter Foxcroft
1271:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1135:Lists of mills
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
964:Spinning jenny
961:
959:Spinning frame
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
925:
923:
919:
918:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
874:
872:
868:
867:
865:
864:
859:
854:
849:
847:Samuel Oldknow
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
762:Henry Ashworth
759:
753:
751:
747:
746:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
721:Platt Brothers
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
671:Joseph Hibbert
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
642:
640:
636:
635:
633:
632:
627:
625:J & E Wood
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
510:Daniel Adamson
506:
504:
500:
499:
492:
490:
488:
487:
482:
480:Stott and Sons
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
451:
449:
445:
444:
436:
434:
433:
426:
419:
411:
405:
404:
398:
385:
365:
360:
347:
338:
322:
309:
292:
289:
286:
285:
266:
254:
242:
231:
212:
201:
186:
185:
183:
180:
179:
178:
171:
168:
146:
143:
137:
134:
111:
108:
76:
73:
69:profit sharing
40:
37:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1372:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1340:Victorian era
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:Bancroft Shed
1226:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:Northrop Loom
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
969:Spinning mule
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
954:Ring spinning
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
924:
920:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
873:
869:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
752:
748:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
641:
637:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
545:Carels Frères
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
505:
503:Engine makers
501:
496:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
450:
446:
442:
439:
432:
427:
425:
420:
418:
413:
412:
409:
401:
399:0-415-38265-3
395:
391:
386:
371:
366:
363:
361:0-19-822478-8
357:
353:
348:
344:
339:
335:
328:
323:
312:
310:0-7146-1391-6
306:
302:
301:
295:
294:
290:
281:
276:, p. 105
275:
274:Cottrell 1980
270:
267:
263:
258:
255:
252:, p. 248
251:
246:
243:
240:
235:
232:
227:
222:, p. 110
221:
220:Cottrell 1980
216:
213:
210:
209:Huberman 1999
205:
202:
199:
194:
192:
188:
181:
177:
174:
173:
169:
167:
163:
161:
156:
151:
144:
142:
136:Oldham counts
135:
133:
131:
130:working class
127:
122:
118:
109:
107:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
74:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
38:
36:
34:
30:
27:in northwest
26:
22:
18:
1284:Thomas Highs
1028:Associations
1004:Air-jet loom
989:Roberts Loom
877:
857:John Rylands
827:John Kennedy
802:William Gray
797:John Fielden
782:James Burton
600:George Saxon
515:Ashton Frost
470:Edward Potts
389:
377:. Retrieved
351:
342:
333:
314:. Retrieved
299:
291:Bibliography
269:
257:
245:
234:
215:
204:
164:
152:
148:
139:
117:loan finance
113:
101:
78:
61:co-operative
42:
21:cotton mills
16:
15:
1299:Robert Owen
1009:Rapier loom
984:Water frame
852:Robert Peel
812:Samuel Greg
807:Hannah Greg
767:Hugh Birley
750:Mill owners
262:Farnie 1979
250:Farnie 1979
239:Thomas 2005
119:as well as
33:joint-stock
1314:Categories
1172:Manchester
1167:Lancashire
1162:Derbyshire
1111:More looms
1014:Dandy loom
903:Courtaulds
842:Hugh Mason
448:Architects
438:Lancashire
375:. Montréal
182:References
155:Depression
81:Chadderton
79:Sun Mill,
49:Manchester
1212:Yorkshire
1197:Stockport
1142:LCC mills
560:Fairbairn
1257:Pioneers
1202:Tameside
1187:Rochdale
1157:Cheshire
979:Steaming
696:Asa Lees
170:See also
104:spindles
1221:Museums
1192:Salford
1182:Preston
974:Carding
39:History
29:England
1147:Bolton
441:cotton
396:
358:
307:
121:equity
53:Bolton
25:Oldham
1207:Wigan
475:Stott
379:3 May
373:(PDF)
330:(PDF)
316:3 May
45:mills
1152:Bury
394:ISBN
381:2009
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