31:
342:
306:
383:
Oligodendrocytes express receptors that allow them to respond to inflammatory signals, thereby participating in the brain's defense mechanisms. Additionally, they play a role in maintaining the blood-brain barrier and can contribute to the resolution of inflammation, highlighting their multifaceted role in both neural maintenance and immune responses. While most research has focused on the immune functions of
337:
in between
Schwann cells (of the PNS) and oligodendrocytes (of the CNS). Furthermore, impulse speed of myelinated axons increases linearly with the axon diameter, whereas the impulse speed of unmyelinated cells increases only with the square root of the diameter. The insulation must be proportional
365:
Myelination is only prevalent in a few brain regions at birth and continues into adulthood. The entire process is not complete until about 25–30 years of age. Myelination is an important component of intelligence, and white matter quantity may be positively correlated with IQ test results in
382:
Oligodendrocytes, best known for their role in myelinating axons in the central nervous system, also have important functions in immune regulation. These cells can influence the immune environment by secreting cytokines and chemokines, which modulate the activity of various immune cells.
276:
Between midgestation and term birth in human cerebral white matter, three successive stages of the classic human oligodendrocyte lineage are found: OPCs, immature oligodendrocytes (non-myelinating), and mature oligodendrocytes (myelinating). It has been suggested that some undergo
427:. Satellite oligodendrocytes are considered to be a part of the grey matter whereas myelinating oligodendrocytes are a part of the white matter. They may support neuronal metabolism. Satellite oligodendrocytes may be recruited to produce new myelin after a demyelinating injury.
169:
around axons. Unlike
Schwann cells, a single oligodendrocyte can extend its processes to cover around 50 axons, with each axon being wrapped in approximately 1 μm of myelin sheath. Furthermore, an oligodendrocyte can provide myelin segments for multiple adjacent axons.
884:
Curtis R, Cohen J, Fok-Seang J, Hanley MR, Gregson NA, Reynolds R, et al. (February 1988). "Development of macroglial cells in rat cerebellum. I. Use of antibodies to follow early in vivo development and migration of oligodendrocytes".
233:(PDGF-alphaR). Mature oligodendrocytes are broadly classified into either myelinating or non-myelinating satellite oligodendrocytes. Precursors and both mature types are typically identified by their expression of the transcription factor
535:. Oligodendrocytes also abundantly express components of the amyloidogenic pathway, produce amyloid beta (Aβ), and contribute to plaque burden, which is relevant when considering therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer's disease.
349:
in red and for DNA in blue. Two oligodendrocyte cell bodies are clearly visible as well as several myelinated axons. These are hollow tubes and so appear as "tramlines" in this confocal image. Most of the DNA is in the nuclei of
993:
Pringle NP, Mudhar HS, Collarini EJ, Richardson WD (June 1992). "PDGF receptors in the rat CNS: during late neurogenesis, PDGF alpha-receptor expression appears to be restricted to glial cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage".
422:
oligodendrocytes) are functionally distinct from other oligodendrocytes. They are not attached to neurons via myelin sheaths and, therefore, do not contribute to insulation. They remain opposed to neurons and regulate the
1733:...oligodendrocytes can provide trophic support for neurons by the production of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1).
281:
and others fail to differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes but persist as adult OPCs. Remarkably, oligodendrocyte population originated in the subventricular zone can be dramatically expanded by administering
1477:
2426:
2249:
Gazestani V, Kamath T, Nadaf NM, Dougalis A, Burris SJ, Rooney B, et al. (September 2023). "Early
Alzheimer's disease pathology in human cortex involves transient cell states".
700:
Thomas JL, Spassky N, Perez
Villegas EM, Olivier C, Cobos I, Goujet-Zalc C, et al. (February 2000). "Spatiotemporal development of oligodendrocytes in the embryonic brain".
555:
544:
2073:
550:
273:, where they differentiate and mature into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. However, it is not clear whether all oligodendrocyte progenitors undergo this sequence of events.
2028:
Tkachev D, Mimmack ML, Ryan MM, Wayland M, Freeman T, Jones PB, et al. (September 2003). "Oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder".
106:
1183:
Levison SW, Goldman JE (February 1993). "Both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes develop from progenitors in the subventricular zone of postnatal rat forebrain".
249:
and early postnatal life from restricted periventricular germinal regions. Oligodendrocyte formation in the adult brain is associated with glial-restricted
396:
958:
Hardy R, Reynolds R (April 1991). "Proliferation and differentiation potential of rat forebrain oligodendroglial progenitors both in vitro and in vivo".
501:
524:(CNS) damage and progressively worsening delayed degeneration of the CNS. DNA methylation may also have a role in the degeneration of oligodendrocytes.
469:. In cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, stroke and possibly multiple sclerosis, oligodendrocytes are thought to be damaged by excessive release of the
2461:
920:
LeVine SM, Goldman JE (November 1988). "Ultrastructural characteristics of GD3 ganglioside-positive immature glia in rat forebrain white matter".
1078:
Vallstedt A, Klos JM, Ericson J (January 2005). "Multiple dorsoventral origins of oligodendrocyte generation in the spinal cord and hindbrain".
453:. Trauma to the body, e.g. spinal cord injury, can also cause demyelination. The immature oligodendrocytes, which increase in number during mid-
338:
to the diameter of the fibre inside. The optimal ratio of axon diameter divided by the total fiber diameter (which includes the myelin) is 0.6.
1485:
1294:
Barres BA, Hart IK, Coles HS, Burne JF, Voyvodic JT, Richardson WD, et al. (November 1992). "Cell death in the oligodendrocyte lineage".
597:
3285:
2423:
713:
2434:
1380:"Epidermal growth factor induces the progeny of subventricular zone type B cells to migrate and differentiate into oligodendrocytes"
400:
2070:
3085:
3015:
113:
1554:
Juraska JM, Kopcik JR (May 1988). "Sex and environmental influences on the size and ultrastructure of the rat corpus callosum".
3080:
3010:
2625:
384:
254:
214:
2347:"Oligodendrocytes produce amyloid-β and contribute to plaque formation alongside neurons in Alzheimer's disease model mice"
1644:"The interplay of inflammation and remyelination: rethinking MS treatment with a focus on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells"
2700:
478:
101:
1941:
Kinney HC, Back SA (September 1998). "Human oligodendroglial development: relationship to periventricular leukomalacia".
2695:
2683:
2454:
462:
404:
2735:
2673:
616:
Baumann N, Pham-Dinh D (April 2001). "Biology of oligodendrocyte and myelin in the mammalian central nervous system".
197:. Notably, oligodendrocytes are the last type of cell to be generated in the CNS. Oligodendrocytes were discovered by
30:
2730:
2293:"Selective suppression of oligodendrocyte-derived amyloid beta rescues neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease"
408:
3240:
3090:
3025:
2653:
2092:"Systemic 5-fluorouracil treatment causes a syndrome of delayed myelin destruction in the central nervous system"
1255:"Temporal oligodendrocyte lineage progression: in vitro models of proliferation, differentiation and myelination"
351:
162:
198:
3020:
2746:
359:
89:
77:
2719:
2447:
1378:
Gonzalez-Perez O, Romero-Rodriguez R, Soriano-Navarro M, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A (August 2009).
283:
3187:
2714:
2478:
2397:
Raine CS (1991). "Oligodendrocytes and central nervous system myelin.". In Davis RL, Robertson DM (eds.).
532:
521:
150:
53:
36:
1031:"Anti-human Olig2 antibody as a useful immunohistochemical marker of normal oligodendrocytes and gliomas"
189:
precursor to the CNS. However, recent research suggests that oligodendrocytes originate from the ventral
3045:
3035:
2970:
440:
367:
1218:
Franklin RJ, Ffrench-Constant C (November 2008). "Remyelination in the CNS: from biology to therapy".
94:
3280:
3170:
3067:
2997:
2823:
2678:
2205:
1807:
1520:
346:
326:
845:"Oligodendrocyte precursors originate from both the dorsal and the ventral parts of the spinal cord"
395:
Oligodendrocytes interact closely with nerve cells and provide trophic support by the production of
341:
3210:
3055:
3050:
2585:
2518:
424:
258:
2143:"The contribution of DNA methylation to the (dys)function of oligodendroglia in neurodegeneration"
1892:
Szuchet S, Nielsen JA, Lovas G, Domowicz MS, de
Velasco JM, Maric D, et al. (December 2011).
1134:
Menn B, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Yaschine C, Gonzalez-Perez O, Rowitch D, Alvarez-Buylla A (July 2006).
3245:
3215:
3146:
3115:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3040:
2816:
2726:
2580:
2053:
1579:
1113:
725:
446:
321:
depend crucially on myelin sheaths, which reduce ion leakage and decrease the capacitance of the
2291:
Rajani RM, Ellingford R, Hellmuth M, Harris SS, Taso OS, Graykowski D, et al. (July 2024).
465:. This largely congenital condition of damage to the newly forming brain can therefore lead to
305:
3230:
3220:
3205:
3110:
2975:
2756:
2708:
2513:
2508:
2414:
2374:
2324:
2270:
2231:
2174:
2123:
2045:
2010:
1958:
1923:
1874:
1833:
1794:
Fünfschilling U, Supplie LM, Mahad D, Boretius S, Saab AS, Edgar J, et al. (April 2012).
1776:
1724:
1675:
1621:
1571:
1536:
1458:
1409:
1360:
1311:
1276:
1235:
1200:
1165:
1105:
1060:
1011:
975:
937:
902:
866:
825:
776:
717:
682:
633:
593:
513:
505:
458:
387:, it is believed that oligodendrocytes themselves still possess significant immune functions.
154:
3197:
3160:
3155:
2503:
2364:
2354:
2314:
2304:
2266:
2258:
2221:
2213:
2164:
2154:
2113:
2103:
2037:
2000:
1992:
1950:
1913:
1905:
1864:
1823:
1815:
1766:
1758:
1714:
1706:
1665:
1655:
1613:
1563:
1528:
1448:
1440:
1399:
1391:
1350:
1342:
1303:
1266:
1227:
1192:
1155:
1147:
1095:
1087:
1050:
1042:
1003:
967:
929:
894:
856:
815:
807:
766:
756:
709:
672:
664:
625:
490:
470:
334:
330:
190:
531:
accumulation, potentially placing age-related myelin decline as an upstream risk factor in
2965:
2934:
2929:
2811:
2806:
2430:
2077:
1029:
Yokoo H, Nobusawa S, Takebayashi H, Ikenaka K, Isoda K, Kamiya M, et al. (May 2004).
528:
482:
445:
Diseases that result in injury to oligodendrocytes include demyelinating diseases such as
371:
250:
2369:
2346:
2319:
2292:
2226:
2209:
2193:
2192:
Depp C, Sun T, Sasmita AO, Spieth L, Berghoff SA, Nazarenko T, et al. (June 2023).
2169:
2142:
1811:
1670:
1643:
1524:
3255:
3225:
3182:
3002:
2960:
2938:
2858:
2741:
2565:
2470:
2118:
2091:
2005:
1996:
1980:
1918:
1894:"The genetic signature of perineuronal oligodendrocytes reveals their unique phenotype"
1893:
1828:
1795:
1771:
1746:
1719:
1694:
1604:
Zeis T, Enz L, Schaeren-Wiemers N (June 2016). "The immunomodulatory oligodendrocyte".
1453:
1429:"Oligodendrogenesis in the subventricular zone and the role of epidermal growth factor"
1428:
1404:
1379:
1355:
1330:
1160:
1135:
1055:
1030:
820:
795:
771:
744:
677:
652:
466:
450:
366:
children. Rats that were raised in an enriched environment, which is known to increase
318:
300:
134:
2041:
1954:
1532:
1444:
1046:
811:
3274:
2904:
2889:
2570:
2345:
Sasmita AO, Depp C, Nazarenko T, Sun T, Siems SB, Ong EC, et al. (August 2024).
1909:
1567:
1196:
861:
844:
560:
486:
322:
246:
181:. Initially, it was originally thought that these cells were produced in the ventral
166:
729:
407:(IGF-1). They may also directly provide metabolites to neurons, as described by the
3150:
3072:
2985:
2866:
2796:
2575:
2498:
2057:
1617:
1583:
1151:
1117:
565:
517:
355:
266:
158:
629:
2309:
2194:"Myelin dysfunction drives amyloid-β deposition in models of Alzheimer's disease"
1271:
1254:
1091:
82:
3165:
2980:
2884:
2842:
2774:
2769:
2590:
2528:
2523:
2493:
270:
222:
182:
178:
2401:(second ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins. pp. 115–141.
2359:
2262:
2217:
2159:
1869:
1852:
1660:
1331:"In vitro analysis of the origin and maintenance of O-2Aadult progenitor cells"
3235:
2924:
2801:
2764:
1710:
262:
210:
761:
3250:
2784:
2635:
2608:
2600:
1796:"Glycolytic oligodendrocytes maintain myelin and long-term axonal integrity"
474:
454:
278:
194:
142:
2378:
2328:
2274:
2235:
2178:
2127:
2049:
2014:
1927:
1878:
1837:
1780:
1728:
1679:
1625:
1540:
1462:
1413:
1280:
1239:
1169:
1109:
1064:
971:
829:
780:
721:
686:
637:
1962:
1575:
1364:
1346:
1315:
1307:
1204:
1136:"Origin of oligodendrocytes in the subventricular zone of the adult brain"
1015:
1007:
979:
941:
933:
906:
870:
714:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(20000215)59:4<471::AID-JNR1>3.0.CO;2-3
2914:
2899:
2894:
2618:
2613:
2540:
2535:
497:
218:
2090:
Han R, Yang YM, Dietrich J, Luebke A, Mayer-Pröschel M, Noble M (2008).
1819:
504:(PML), a condition that specifically affects white matter, typically in
193:
of the embryonic spinal cord, with some potential concentrations in the
3177:
3138:
1853:"Expanding the function of oligodendrocytes to brain energy metabolism"
1100:
898:
325:, for rapid signal conduction. Myelin also increases impulse speed, as
173:
Oligodendrocytes are exclusively found in the CNS, which comprises the
1981:"Neurotransmitter receptors in the life and death of oligodendrocytes"
119:
2837:
2792:
2557:
1762:
1395:
520:
causes damage to the oligodendrocytes in mice, leading to both acute
436:
310:
230:
186:
2108:
2071:"Chemotherapy-induced Damage to the CNS as a Precursor Cell Disease"
1231:
668:
35:
Oligodendrocytes form the electrical insulation around the axons of
217:(OPCs), which can be identified by their expression of a number of
509:
340:
304:
234:
226:
174:
146:
65:
2439:
3030:
2876:
2443:
745:"Pío del Río Hortega and the discovery of the oligodendrocytes"
145:
whose main functions are to provide support and insulation to
1642:
Zveik O, Rechtman A, Ganz T, Vaknin-Dembinsky A (July 2024).
1259:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
2141:
Fodder K, de Silva R, Warner TT, Bettencourt C (June 2023).
481:. Oligodendrocyte dysfunction may also be implicated in the
345:
Oligodendrocytes in rat cerebellum stained with antibody to
2418:
1478:"The Physiology and Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis"
496:
Oligodendrocytes are also susceptible to infection by the
165:(PNS). Oligodendrocytes accomplish this by forming the
794:
James OG, Mehta AR, Behari M, Chandran S (June 2021).
651:
Richardson WD, Kessaris N, Pringle N (January 2006).
556:
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
231:
platelet-derived growth factor-alpha receptor subunit
1974:
1972:
3196:
3137:
3130:
3066:
2996:
2953:
2913:
2875:
2857:
2850:
2836:
2783:
2755:
2661:
2652:
2599:
2556:
2549:
2486:
2477:
583:
581:
551:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
100:
88:
76:
64:
59:
49:
44:
23:
1851:Nave KA, Asadollahi E, Sasmita A (December 2023).
1747:"Oligodendroglia: metabolic supporters of neurons"
743:Pérez-Cerdá F, Sánchez-Gómez MV, Matute C (2015).
137: 'cells with a few branches'), also known as
592:. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. pp. 38–39.
1511:Fields RD (March 2008). "White matter matters".
1427:Gonzalez-Perez O, Alvarez-Buylla A (June 2011).
843:Cameron-Curry P, Le Douarin NM (December 1995).
477:. Damage has also been shown to be mediated by
611:
609:
527:Damage to myelin has been shown to exacerbate
261:OPCs are activated and then migrate away from
2455:
2080:by Dr. Mark D. Noble, University of Rochester
953:
951:
8:
1329:Wren D, Wolswijk G, Noble M (January 1992).
545:2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase
1253:Barateiro A, Fernandes A (September 2014).
1129:
1127:
397:glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
3134:
2854:
2847:
2658:
2553:
2483:
2462:
2448:
2440:
1745:Philips T, Rothstein JD (September 2017).
1482:Multiple Sclerosis: Physiological Tutorial
502:progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
29:
2368:
2358:
2318:
2308:
2225:
2168:
2158:
2117:
2107:
2004:
1917:
1868:
1827:
1770:
1718:
1695:"Oligodendrocytes: biology and pathology"
1669:
1659:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1452:
1403:
1354:
1270:
1159:
1099:
1054:
860:
819:
770:
760:
676:
577:
157:. Their function is similar to that of
1979:Káradóttir R, Attwell D (April 2007).
117:
20:
2340:
2338:
2286:
2284:
1751:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1637:
1635:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
245:Most oligodendrocytes develop during
213:. They arise during development from
161:, which perform the same task in the
7:
2147:Acta Neuropathologica Communications
1898:The European Journal of Neuroscience
1693:Bradl M, Lassmann H (January 2010).
922:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
227:NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
95:H2.00.06.2.00003, H2.00.06.2.01018
2435:Neuroscience Information Framework
1997:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.070
796:"Centenary of the oligodendrocyte"
265:zones to populate both developing
14:
1533:10.1038/scientificamerican0308-54
1445:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2011.01.001
1035:The American Journal of Pathology
401:brain-derived neurotrophic factor
1910:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07922.x
702:Journal of Neuroscience Research
370:, had more myelination in their
358:. Image and antibody stain from
255:oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
114:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
2626:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
1943:Seminars in Pediatric Neurology
1857:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
512:of oligodendrocytes are called
215:oligodendrocyte precursor cells
209:Oligodendrocytes are a type of
1618:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.021
1152:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1299-06.2006
479:N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors
1:
2042:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14289-4
1955:10.1016/s1071-9091(98)80033-8
1047:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63730-3
812:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00136-8
630:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.871
2424:NIF Search – Oligodendrocyte
2310:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002727
1568:10.1016/0006-8993(88)91538-7
1272:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.04.018
1220:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1197:10.1016/0896-6273(93)90311-e
1092:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.026
862:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90009-8
657:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
463:periventricular leukomalacia
461:injury and are involved in
437:Myelin § Dysmyelination
405:insulin-like growth factor-1
3286:Biology of bipolar disorder
2736:Postganglionic nerve fibers
1648:Molecular Neurodegeneration
1335:The Journal of Cell Biology
1140:The Journal of Neuroscience
3302:
2731:Preganglionic nerve fibers
2415:Department of Neuroscience
2399:Textbook of Neuropathology
2360:10.1038/s41593-024-01730-3
2263:10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.005
2218:10.1038/s41586-023-06120-6
2160:10.1186/s40478-023-01607-9
1870:10.1016/j.conb.2023.102782
1661:10.1186/s13024-024-00742-8
434:
416:satellite oligodendrocytes
409:lactate shuttle hypothesis
298:
3241:Olfactory receptor neuron
2905:Neurofibril/neurofilament
1711:10.1007/s00401-009-0601-5
749:Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
516:. The chemotherapy agent
457:, are more vulnerable to
163:peripheral nervous system
112:
28:
887:Journal of Neurocytology
762:10.3389/fnana.2015.00092
414:It is hypothesized that
360:EnCor Biotechnology Inc.
352:cerebellum granule cells
309:An oligodendrocyte seen
1608:. Evolution of Myelin.
1296:Journal of Neurobiology
284:epidermal growth factor
3188:Neuromuscular junction
3051:III or Aδ or fast pain
1433:Brain Research Reviews
972:10.1242/dev.111.4.1061
653:"Oligodendrocyte wars"
590:Physiology of Behavior
522:central nervous system
362:
314:
151:central nervous system
54:Central nervous system
2257:(20): 4438–4453.e23.
1699:Acta Neuropathologica
1347:10.1083/jcb.116.1.167
1308:10.1002/neu.480230912
1008:10.1242/dev.115.2.535
934:10.1002/cne.902770310
800:The Lancet. Neurology
618:Physiological Reviews
441:Demyelinating disease
431:Clinical significance
368:cognitive flexibility
344:
327:saltatory propagation
308:
3206:Meissner's corpuscle
3171:Postsynaptic density
3068:Efferent nerve fiber
3056:IV or C or slow pain
2998:Afferent nerve fiber
2824:Satellite glial cell
347:myelin basic protein
3211:Merkel nerve ending
2351:Nature Neuroscience
2210:2023Natur.618..349D
1820:10.1038/nature11007
1812:2012Natur.485..517F
1525:2008SciAm.298c..54D
1513:Scientific American
533:Alzheimer's disease
518:Fluorouracil (5-FU)
425:extracellular fluid
259:Subventricular zone
199:Pío del Río Hortega
3246:Photoreceptor cell
3216:Pacinian corpuscle
3147:Electrical synapse
3101:Lower motor neuron
3096:Upper motor neuron
2817:Internodal segment
2757:Connective tissues
2727:Autonomic ganglion
2429:2013-07-03 at the
2096:Journal of Biology
2076:2011-12-27 at the
899:10.1007/BF01735376
588:Carlson N (2010).
514:oligodendrogliomas
447:multiple sclerosis
363:
354:, which are small
315:
107:83665 54540, 83665
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3231:Free nerve ending
3198:Sensory receptors
3126:
3125:
3041:Ib or Golgi or Aα
2949:
2948:
2832:
2831:
2709:Ramus communicans
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2514:Commissural fiber
2509:Association fiber
2504:Projection fibers
2204:(7964): 349–357.
2036:(9386): 798–805.
1904:(12): 1906–1922.
1806:(7399): 517–521.
1612:(Pt A): 139–148.
1146:(30): 7907–7918.
599:978-0-205-66627-0
506:immunocompromised
391:Metabolic support
331:action potentials
155:jawed vertebrates
128:
127:
123:
3293:
3161:Synaptic vesicle
3156:Chemical synapse
3135:
2855:
2848:
2659:
2554:
2484:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2441:
2402:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2362:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2312:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2269: 11107481.
2246:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2162:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2111:
2087:
2081:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2008:
1991:(4): 1426–1438.
1976:
1967:
1966:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1763:10.1172/JCI90610
1757:(9): 3271–3280.
1742:
1736:
1735:
1722:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1663:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1601:
1588:
1587:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1508:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1484:. Archived from
1473:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1439:(1–2): 147–156.
1424:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1396:10.1002/stem.119
1390:(8): 2032–2043.
1375:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1302:(9): 1221–1230.
1291:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1265:(9): 1917–1929.
1250:
1244:
1243:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1103:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1041:(5): 1717–1725.
1026:
1020:
1019:
990:
984:
983:
966:(4): 1061–1080.
955:
946:
945:
917:
911:
910:
881:
875:
874:
864:
855:(6): 1299–1310.
840:
834:
833:
823:
791:
785:
784:
774:
764:
740:
734:
733:
697:
691:
690:
680:
648:
642:
641:
613:
604:
603:
585:
491:bipolar disorder
471:neurotransmitter
451:leukodystrophies
335:nodes of Ranvier
251:progenitor cells
221:, including the
191:ventricular zone
141:, are a type of
131:Oligodendrocytes
120:edit on Wikidata
71:oligodendrocytus
33:
21:
16:Neural cell type
3301:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3260:
3192:
3122:
3071:
3062:
3046:II or Aβ and Aγ
3001:
2992:
2945:
2935:Apical dendrite
2930:Dendritic spine
2909:
2871:
2841:
2828:
2812:Node of Ranvier
2807:Myelin incisure
2779:
2751:
2640:
2631:Oligodendrocyte
2614:Ependymal cells
2595:
2545:
2473:
2468:
2431:Wayback Machine
2410:
2405:
2396:
2392:
2390:Further reading
2387:
2386:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2303:(7): e3002727.
2290:
2289:
2282:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2109:10.1186/jbiol69
2089:
2088:
2084:
2078:Wayback Machine
2069:
2065:
2027:
2026:
2022:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1603:
1602:
1591:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1232:10.1038/nrn2480
1226:(11): 839–855.
1217:
1216:
1212:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1028:
1027:
1023:
992:
991:
987:
957:
956:
949:
919:
918:
914:
883:
882:
878:
842:
841:
837:
793:
792:
788:
742:
741:
737:
699:
698:
694:
669:10.1038/nrn1826
650:
649:
645:
615:
614:
607:
600:
587:
586:
579:
574:
541:
500:, which causes
483:pathophysiology
443:
433:
393:
380:
378:Immune function
319:nervous systems
303:
297:
292:
243:
207:
139:oligodendroglia
124:
40:
24:Oligodendrocyte
17:
12:
11:
5:
3299:
3297:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3256:Taste receptor
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3226:Muscle spindle
3223:
3221:Ruffini ending
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3183:Ribbon synapse
3180:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3003:Sensory neuron
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2978:
2973:
2971:Pseudounipolar
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2939:Basal dendrite
2932:
2927:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2890:Axon terminals
2887:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2852:
2845:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2742:Nerve fascicle
2739:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2665:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2471:Nervous tissue
2469:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2421:
2409:
2408:External links
2406:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2334:
2280:
2241:
2184:
2133:
2082:
2063:
2020:
1968:
1949:(3): 180–189.
1933:
1884:
1843:
1786:
1737:
1685:
1631:
1606:Brain Research
1589:
1556:Brain Research
1546:
1498:
1468:
1419:
1370:
1321:
1286:
1245:
1210:
1175:
1123:
1070:
1021:
1002:(2): 535–551.
985:
947:
928:(3): 456–464.
912:
876:
835:
786:
735:
708:(4): 471–476.
692:
643:
624:(2): 871–927.
605:
598:
576:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
540:
537:
529:amyloid plaque
467:cerebral palsy
432:
429:
392:
389:
379:
376:
372:corpus callosi
333:occurs at the
313:several axons.
301:Myelinogenesis
296:
293:
291:
288:
242:
239:
206:
205:Classification
203:
126:
125:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
80:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3298:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3117:
3116:γ motorneuron
3114:
3112:
3111:β motorneuron
3109:
3107:
3106:α motorneuron
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1488:on 2012-07-16
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1341:(1): 167–76.
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:(2): 201–12.
1190:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
989:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
952:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
880:
877:
872:
868:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
836:
831:
827:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
790:
787:
782:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
736:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
696:
693:
688:
684:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
647:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
610:
606:
601:
595:
591:
584:
582:
578:
571:
567:
564:
562:
561:Schwann cells
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
546:
543:
542:
538:
536:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
487:schizophrenia
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
442:
438:
430:
428:
426:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
390:
388:
386:
377:
375:
373:
369:
361:
357:
353:
348:
343:
339:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:cell membrane
320:
312:
307:
302:
294:
289:
287:
285:
280:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:embryogenesis
240:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
168:
167:myelin sheath
164:
160:
159:Schwann cells
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
121:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
84:
81:
79:
75:
72:
69:
67:
63:
58:
55:
52:
48:
43:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3151:Gap junction
3073:Motor neuron
2867:Axon hillock
2843:nerve fibers
2797:Schwann cell
2707:
2690:
2668:
2630:
2586:Medium spiny
2499:White matter
2487:Tissue Types
2398:
2350:
2300:
2297:PLOS Biology
2296:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2066:
2033:
2029:
2023:
1988:
1985:Neuroscience
1984:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1732:
1705:(1): 37–53.
1702:
1698:
1688:
1651:
1647:
1609:
1605:
1562:(1–2): 1–8.
1559:
1555:
1549:
1519:(3): 42–49.
1516:
1512:
1490:. Retrieved
1486:the original
1481:
1471:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1143:
1139:
1086:(1): 55–67.
1083:
1079:
1073:
1038:
1034:
1024:
999:
995:
988:
963:
959:
925:
921:
915:
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886:
879:
852:
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838:
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799:
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752:
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705:
701:
695:
663:(1): 11–18.
660:
656:
646:
621:
617:
589:
566:White matter
526:
495:
449:and various
444:
420:perineuronal
419:
415:
413:
394:
381:
364:
356:interneurons
316:
275:
244:
208:
172:
138:
130:
129:
70:
39:nerve cells.
18:
3281:Glial cells
3166:Active zone
3131:Termination
2981:Interneuron
2885:Telodendron
2793:Myelination
2775:Endoneurium
2770:Perineurium
2591:Interneuron
2581:Von Economo
2529:Decussation
2524:Nerve tract
2494:Grey matter
2419:Wikiversity
1101:10616/40454
996:Development
960:Development
508:patients.
403:(BDNF), or
311:myelinating
295:Myelination
271:gray matter
253:, known as
241:Development
223:ganglioside
183:neural tube
179:spinal cord
149:within the
60:Identifiers
3275:Categories
3236:Nociceptor
2976:Multipolar
2925:Nissl body
2802:Neurilemma
2765:Epineurium
2550:Cell Types
2153:(1): 106.
1863:: 102782.
1492:2012-04-29
1384:Stem Cells
806:(6): 422.
572:References
435:See also:
317:Mammalian
299:See also:
229:, and the
211:glial cell
133:(from
3251:Hair cell
2785:Neuroglia
2747:Funiculus
2636:Microglia
2609:Astrocyte
2566:Pyramidal
2519:Lemniscus
2102:(4): 12.
1654:(1): 53.
1476:Sokol S.
475:glutamate
455:gestation
279:apoptosis
257:(OPCs).
225:GD3, the
195:forebrain
187:embryonic
153:(CNS) of
143:neuroglia
3036:Ia or Aα
2966:Unipolar
2915:Dendrite
2900:Axolemma
2895:Axoplasm
2679:Ganglion
2619:Tanycyte
2571:Purkinje
2558:Neuronal
2541:Meninges
2536:Neuropil
2433:via the
2427:Archived
2379:39103558
2370:11374705
2329:39042667
2320:11265669
2275:37774681
2236:37258678
2227:10247380
2179:37386505
2170:10311741
2128:18430259
2074:Archived
2050:13678875
2015:17049173
1928:22132705
1879:37703600
1838:22622581
1781:28862639
1729:19847447
1680:38997755
1671:11245841
1626:26423932
1541:18357821
1463:21236296
1414:19544429
1281:24768715
1240:18931697
1170:16870736
1110:15629702
1065:15111318
830:34022167
781:26217196
730:42473842
722:10679785
687:16371946
638:11274346
547:(CNPase)
539:See also
498:JC virus
399:(GDNF),
290:Function
263:germinal
219:antigens
50:Location
3178:Autapse
3139:Synapse
2986:Renshaw
2961:Bipolar
2838:Neurons
2691:Ventral
2662:General
2576:Granule
2353:: 1–7.
2206:Bibcode
2119:2397490
2058:7511585
2006:2173944
1963:9777676
1919:4286392
1829:3613737
1808:Bibcode
1772:5669561
1720:2799635
1584:2720782
1576:3401704
1521:Bibcode
1454:3109119
1405:3346259
1365:1730741
1356:2289266
1316:1469385
1205:8439409
1161:6674207
1118:7971750
1056:1615653
1016:1425339
980:1879350
942:3198802
907:3047324
871:8845154
821:7610932
772:4493393
678:6328010
459:hypoxic
286:(EGF).
83:D009836
45:Details
3031:fibers
2669:Dorsal
2377:
2367:
2327:
2317:
2273:
2234:
2224:
2198:Nature
2177:
2167:
2126:
2116:
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2030:Lancet
2013:
2003:
1961:
1926:
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1800:Nature
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1168:
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1080:Neuron
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636:
596:
510:Tumors
439:, and
185:, the
2954:Types
2851:Parts
2720:White
2701:Ramus
2684:Ramus
2601:Glial
2054:S2CID
1580:S2CID
1114:S2CID
1082:. 1.
726:S2CID
267:white
235:OLIG2
175:brain
147:axons
135:Greek
118:[
66:Latin
2877:Axon
2859:Soma
2715:Gray
2696:Root
2674:Root
2413:The
2375:PMID
2325:PMID
2271:PMID
2251:Cell
2232:PMID
2175:PMID
2124:PMID
2046:PMID
2011:PMID
1959:PMID
1924:PMID
1875:PMID
1834:PMID
1777:PMID
1725:PMID
1676:PMID
1622:PMID
1610:1641
1572:PMID
1537:PMID
1459:PMID
1410:PMID
1361:PMID
1312:PMID
1277:PMID
1263:1843
1236:PMID
1201:PMID
1166:PMID
1106:PMID
1061:PMID
1012:PMID
976:PMID
938:PMID
903:PMID
867:PMID
826:PMID
777:PMID
718:PMID
683:PMID
634:PMID
594:ISBN
489:and
418:(or
385:OPCs
269:and
177:and
78:MeSH
3091:SVE
3086:GVE
3081:GSE
3026:SVA
3021:SSA
3016:GVA
3011:GSA
2654:PNS
2479:CNS
2417:at
2365:PMC
2355:doi
2315:PMC
2305:doi
2267:PMC
2259:doi
2255:186
2222:PMC
2214:doi
2202:618
2165:PMC
2155:doi
2114:PMC
2104:doi
2038:doi
2034:362
2001:PMC
1993:doi
1989:145
1951:doi
1914:PMC
1906:doi
1865:doi
1824:PMC
1816:doi
1804:485
1767:PMC
1759:doi
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1703:119
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1614:doi
1564:doi
1560:450
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