252:
2147:
33:
805:. When interspecific transmission was present experimentally, it was only after substantial periods of close contact between the different species. This indicates that there is a very low likelihood that this would occur in the wild due to the species not having as much contact between one another in nature.
691:
and are usually placed in groups of up to 8 on their victims. Eggs are usually stuck on the host's cuticle either laterally or ventrally. Following the hatching of the eggs, the larva will penetrate and enter the host immediately. After two to three days, these parasites will emerge through a visible
570:
tend to not prey upon living stink bugs very often. However, they will tend to prey more on dead nymphs of the stink bug. This has been hypothesized to be due to the fact that the
Southern green stink bug may have a defensive secretion when it is alive that discourages the beetle from attacking the
625:
abundance, as this is one of their main sources of food. Experimentally, they have been found at their highest population levels at the beginning of spring and towards the end of the summer at ground level. In terms of the canopy, they are usually found at their peak towards the end of the summer,
600:
adults. The artificial diet used consistend of yeast, honey, ascorbic acid, and water. Results showed that this diet allowed females to produce an average of 11.7 eggs per egg mass with a viability of about 54.8%. The length of the instars was around the same. Further research must be conducted in
885:
have not been shown to exhibit lower rates of cannibalism when comparing cannabilism in siblings vs. non-siblings, demonstrating that they have not developed sibling recognition mechanisms, otherwise they would more often cannibalize non-siblings. Finally, the size of the group of
881:, even when there are sufficient resources available to the beetle. These rates of cannibalism are known to increase in response to a reduction of food availability. Reducing food quality, however, does not affect the rate of cannibalism in the beetle. Additionally,
1592:"Effects of Pesticides on Pecan Aphid Predators Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Hippodamia convergens, Cycloneda sanguinea (L.), Olla v-nigrum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and Aphelinus perpallidus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)"
1892:
Belicek, Joseph (1976). "Coccinellidae of western Canada and Alaska with analyses of the transmontane zoogeographic relationships between the fauna of
British Columbia and Alberta (Insecta: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)".
390:
as both beetle species compete for the same broad range of prey, and the Asian lady beetle seems to be less susceptible to parasites. With the Asian lady beetle spreading to South
America to countries such as
923:
eggs in the third instar, they still suffer from a 95% mortality rate experimentally. However, when fed other native species, there has been no evidence to suggest a significant increase in mortality rate in
626:
but never in as great numbers as they are found at ground level. They are very helpful in aphid control due to this tendency to be abundant predators when there is a large amount of aphids present.
1553:"The recognition and biology of Phalacrotophora quadrimaculata (Diptera: Phoridae) parasitising Olla v-nigrum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) used in attempts to control the Leucaena psyllid"
1627:
Haelewaters, Danny; Hiller, Thomas; Kemp, Emily A.; Wielink, Paul S. van; Shapiro-Ilan, David I.; Aime, M. Catherine; Nedvěd, Oldřich; Pfister, Donald H.; Cottrell, Ted E. (2020-11-04).
862:
Although beetles aren't the first choice of host for nematodes in the wild, in an experimental setting, they have been demonstrated to have a mortality rate greater than 80% in
487:
larvae possess an elongated body. Their abdomen is segmented. After hatching, this species doesn't move around much. They remain around the eggs, even consuming infertile eggs.
481:
become adults, they usually show a longevity of around 60 days. Additionally, the mean interval between generations of these beetles was found to be about 52 day on average.
2070:
1083:
2109:
1393:
Silva, Rafael Braga Da; Cruz, Ivan; Figueiredo, Maria De
Lourdes Corrêa; Tavares, Wagner De Souza; Serrão, José Eduardo; Zanuncio, José Cola (September 2013).
2188:
1060:
733:, which is a common pesticide used for pest control late in the pecan season which may limit their usefulness for integrated control of pecan aphids.
2044:
2083:
1442:"Four species of lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) exhibit limited predation on Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) eggs and nymphs"
371:, although the status of the beetle in these countries is now unknown due to their population numbers not being documented since their release.
282:
has two color variants: gray with black spots or black with red spots. They are usually anywhere between 3.7 mm to 6.1 mm in length.
251:
1044:
1552:
1237:"Numerical Response of Olla v-nigrum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to Infestations of Asian Citrus Psyllid, (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Florida"
1591:
2212:
721:
are important for the integrated control of pecan aphids because they have been shown to exhibit a lower mortality rate to certain
2181:
343:
where they were once introduced due to biological control efforts. Additionally, other efforts have led to their introduction in
1036:
305:
2088:
975:
290:
which usually have more flared elytra and a distinct shape. Additionally, they do not have white marking on their head like
2217:
1343:
Zazycki, L. C. F.; Semedo, R. E. S.; Silva, A.; Bisognin, A. Z.; Bernardi, O.; Garcia, M. S.; Nava, D. E. (2015-11-10).
477:
from larva to adult is about 25 days. From these eggs, more than 80% will usually be viable past the larval stage. Once
2174:
2005:
1982:
1345:"Biology and fertility life table of Eriopis connexa, Harmonia axyridis and Olla v-nigrum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)"
1823:"Suitability of exotic and native lady beetle eggs (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) for development of lady beetle larvae"
2114:
1167:
230:
843:
579:
have been shown to attack the stink bug at a high rate, as the adults tended not to attack the stink bug at all.
761:
have also been shown to be infected to have an increased mortality rate when they are co-infected by the fungi,
2146:
1215:"Two new introduced species of Coccinellidae (Insecta, Coleoptera) detected from Madeira and mainland Portugal"
1921:
2207:
1935:
532:
2010:
1729:"Susceptibility of a native and an exotic lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to Beauveria bassiana"
799:
791:
649:
169:
2031:
1834:
1453:
1344:
1179:
771:
1629:"Mortality of native and invasive ladybirds co-infected by ectoparasitic and entomopathogenic fungi"
643:
592:
590:
order. They even consume aphids from plants. Research has indicated that feeding this species with
524:
148:
2101:
1973:
1266:
1145:
1077:
767:
40:
264:
2075:
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When infected with these fungi, it has been shown to increase mortality rates significantly in
2122:
1850:
1803:
1795:
1756:
1748:
1709:
1688:"Limited Transmission of the Ectoparasitic Fungus Hesperomyces virescens between Lady Beetles"
1668:
1650:
1572:
1530:
1512:
1471:
1422:
1372:
1364:
1325:
1307:
1258:
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895:
375:
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1842:
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1640:
1603:
1564:
1520:
1502:
1461:
1414:
1356:
1315:
1297:
1248:
1187:
890:
larva has also been shown to not affect the number of cannibalism events among the beetles.
618:
515:
506:
populations have been observed to increase in response to increases in numbers of psyllids.
235:
1776:"Susceptibility of lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes"
563:
555:
244:
This form is black with two red spots on the wing covers and has white on the edge of the
214:
1838:
1457:
1320:
1285:
1183:
32:
2158:
1900:
Gordon, Robert D. (1985). "The
Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America North of Mexico".
1663:
1628:
1525:
1490:
1284:
Romanowski, Jerzy; Ceryngier, Piotr; VÄ•trovec, Jaroslav; Szawaryn, Karol (2023-07-22).
411:
368:
111:
703:
have also been used in conjunction with pesticides for the control of pecan aphids on
2201:
2154:
1987:
1871:"The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America North of Mexico", Robert D. Gordon. 1985.
1846:
1466:
1191:
787:
638:
473:
has an egg-adult phase that lasts around 16 days. Overall, the total cycle period of
387:
348:
324:
218:
198:
135:
123:
1822:
1441:
431:
1568:
2096:
2057:
1967:
878:
587:
1958:
1878:
Arnett, R.H. Jr., M. C. Thomas, P. E. Skelley and J. H. Frank. (eds.). (2002).
1791:
1744:
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and at ground level. They are often found in abundance during periods of peak
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352:
87:
63:
1854:
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1713:
1654:
1576:
1516:
1475:
1426:
1368:
1311:
1262:
1199:
1141:
298:
spots tend to be triangular shaped and slope away from where the wings meet.
1880:
American
Beetles, Volume II: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea
1775:
1728:
1607:
1360:
1302:
907:
larvae were incapable of surviving to the adult stage. In the first instar,
722:
536:
528:
427:
392:
328:
245:
202:
99:
1807:
1760:
1672:
1534:
1507:
1376:
1329:
1997:
1704:
1687:
1394:
2018:
1952:
1418:
855:
842:
have been experimentally tested for their susceptibility to infection by
730:
667:
423:
419:
268:
51:
1645:
1168:"A comparative study of larval cannibalism in three species of ladybird"
1149:
1125:
1003:
2049:
1270:
1236:
1100:
776:
This was found to significantly increase their mortality rate as well.
499:
439:
320:
226:
222:
75:
2062:
2023:
1887:
American
Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico
944:
1213:
Migeon, Alain; Aguiar, AntĂłnio
Franquinho; Andrade, Miguel M (2023).
900:
847:
572:
396:
364:
360:
336:
1929:
1253:
1031:
Will, Kip; Gross, Joyce; Rubinoff, Daniel; Powell, Jerry A. (2020).
1403:(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Eggs Supplemented with an Artificial Diet"
1214:
1062:
Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon
705:
622:
543:
462:
457:
stage of about 1 to 2 days on average. Compared to other beetles,
250:
1491:"Seasonal Abundance of Aphids and Aphidophagous Insects in Pecan"
2036:
911:
larvae were shown to have a 100% mortality rate when fed exotic
835:
tend to die from anywhere between 5 and 7 days after infection.
684:
466:
344:
340:
1933:
790:
transmission is uncommon between different species such as the
225:. It is usually gray or pale tan with small black spots on its
1286:"The Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of La Palma"
658:
would help reduce the population of the psyllid in these areas
601:
order to adjust the diet to optimize rearing of this species.
454:
1902:
1873:
1590:
Mizell III, Russell F.; Schiffhauer, Daniel E. (1990-10-01).
1065:(in French) (Volume 15 ed.). France. 1866. p. 64.
1489:
Dutcher, James; Karar, Haider; Abbas, Ghulam (2012-12-05).
1126:"The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America North of Mexico"
1101:"The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America North of Mexico"
510:
usually prey on immature psyllids, such as psyllid larvae.
514:
has been observed in nature to specifically prey upon the
725:
compared to other beetles that have been used. However,
2162:
1774:
Shapiro-Ilan, David I.; Cottrell, Ted E. (2005-05-23).
1727:
Cottrell, Ted E.; Shapiro-Ilan, David I. (2003-10-22).
709:. This includes species such as the black pecan aphid (
422:, one of the islands. It was first observed in 2014 on
779:
Additional investigations also revealed that although
263:
The V in its name (v-nigrum) comes from the fact that
465:
duration of about 7 days. Additionally, the beetle's
816:. Although spread among much of the same regions as
729:
have been shown to exhibit a high mortality rate to
582:
This species also feeds on eggs and larvae from the
403:
populations are expected to be negatively impacted.
1942:
899:larvae as part of their diet in the first or third
823:show a much higher mortality rate when infected by
783:is known to infect other beetle species apart from
637:have been used to attempt to control parasitism in
1440:Cottrell, Ted E.; Tillman, P. Glynn (2017-08-05).
1686:Cottrell, Ted E.; Riddick, Eric W. (2012-03-25).
749:can become infected by a type of fungus known as
1219:Boletin de la Asociacion Espanola de Entomologia
984:Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
666:fell victim to parasitism of its own from the
2182:
1130:Journal of the New York Entomological Society
903:stage of development, it has been shown that
596:Zeller along with an artificial diet impacts
271:) as "adorned with a V and four black dots".
8:
1557:Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée
1067:
854:were more susceptible to infection from the
323:but can be found throughout the continental
2189:
2175:
1930:
1082:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
31:
20:
1895:Quaestiones Entomologicae, vol. 12, no. 4
1703:
1662:
1644:
1524:
1506:
1465:
1319:
1301:
1252:
812:is also known to commonly be infested by
550:Additionally, it has been tested whether
469:phase lasts about 4 to 5 days. Finally,
205:. The species is known generally as the
936:
1551:Disney, R. H. L.; Chazeau, J. (1990).
1075:
970:
968:
692:hole on the ventral side of the host.
617:are frequently found in both the tree
522:as well as various aphids such as the
267:originally described the "prothorax" (
1546:
1544:
1388:
1386:
1230:
1228:
1069:orné d'un V et de quatre points noirs
683:have been observed to be laid on the
386:has become less prominent throughout
7:
2143:
2141:
1161:
1159:
1095:
1093:
359:has been documented in southeastern
233:. However, a variation can resemble
877:has been found to exhibit signs of
858:than the exotic Asian lady beetle (
673:that was found to infest the beetle
374:Due to competition with the exotic
719:(Monellia caryella). Olla v-nigrum
201:("lady beetles"), in the suborder
14:
1780:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
1733:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
1033:Field Guide to California Insects
641:. Here, the Neotropical psyllid,
410:have also begun to appear on the
2145:
1882:. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL.
1847:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.06.004
1467:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2017.08.005
1395:"Development and Reproduction of
1192:10.1046/j.1365-2311.2002.00481.x
498:are known to oftentimes prey on
1821:Cottrell, Ted E. (2004-07-24).
1692:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
1399:(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Fed
681:Phalacrotophhora quadrimaculata
671:Phalacrotophhora quadrimaculata
406:Recent studies have shown that
1909:Peterson Field Guides: Beetles
1596:Journal of Economic Entomology
1037:University of California Press
696:Use in control of pecan aphids
539:sp., Breviocryne brassicaee L.
240:another species of lady beetle
1:
1166:Michaud, J. P. (2003-02-13).
571:bug. Even then, only the 4th
347:, including establishment in
2161:. You can help Knowledge by
1349:Brazilian Journal of Biology
808:In addition to these fungi,
717:and the blackmargined aphid
662:However, in these attempts,
209:. The distribution range of
1911:. Houghton Mifflin Company.
1569:10.1051/parasite/1990652098
197:is a species in the family
2234:
2140:
1907:Richard E. White. (1983).
1124:Gordon, Robert D. (1985).
866:two days after infection.
844:entomopathogenic nematodes
827:a different type of fungus
711:Melanocallis caryaefoliae)
426:and La Palma, followed by
2213:Beetles described in 1866
1792:10.1016/j.jip.2005.04.002
1745:10.1016/j.jip.2003.09.003
654:and it was believed that
566:. It has been shown that
418:has now been recorded on
175:
168:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1885:Arnett, Ross H. (2000).
1241:The Florida Entomologist
556:Southern green stink bug
1922:NCBI Taxonomy Browser,
1361:10.1590/1519-6984.03814
1303:10.3390/insects14070655
1235:Michaud, J. P. (2001).
1035:. Oakland, California:
803:(Coleomegilla maculata)
502:, a family of insects.
355:. Also, the release of
286:is often confused with
2157:-related article is a
1508:10.3390/insects3041257
1068:
796:Hippodamia convergens)
792:convergent lady beetle
781:Hesperomyces virescens
763:Hesperomyces virescens
751:Hesperoyces virescens.
715:Monelliopsis pecanis),
713:, yellow pecan aphid (
650:Leucaena leuconcephala
533:Metopolophium dirhodum
260:
1608:10.1093/jee/83.5.1806
1172:Ecological Entomology
308:in female genitalia.
254:
207:ashy gray lady beetle
1419:10.1653/024.096.0319
1407:Florida Entomologist
1012:Encyclopedia of Life
949:Species Information"
919:began eating exotic
772:Metarhizium brunneum
516:Asian citrus psyllid
434:. Finally, in 2020,
327:and as far south as
255:Both forms of adult
2218:Coccinellidae stubs
1839:2004BiolC..31..362C
1705:10.1155/2012/814378
1646:10.7717/peerj.10110
1458:2017BiolC.114...73C
1401:Anagasta kuehniella
1184:2003EcoEn..28...92M
893:When provided with
860:Harmonia acyridis).
846:. Similarly to the
825:Beauveria bassiana,
818:Harmonia acyridids,
800:spotted lady beetle
647:are major pests of
644:Heteropsylla cubana
593:Anagasta kuehniella
525:Schizaphis graminum
259:, larva, and pupae.
1827:Biological Control
1446:Biological Control
831:Studies show that
814:Beauveria bassiana
768:Beauveria bassiana
610:Seasonal locations
380:Harmonia axyridis)
319:are indigenous to
261:
2170:
2169:
2138:
2137:
2123:Open Tree of Life
1936:Taxon identifiers
1046:978-0-520-28874-4
1008:Species Overview"
896:Harmonia axyridis
706:Carya illinoensis
520:Diaphorina citri)
376:Asian lady beetle
190:
189:
16:Species of beetle
2225:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2149:
2142:
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2130:
2118:
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1602:(5): 1806–1812.
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1510:
1501:(4): 1257–1270.
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963:
962:
960:
959:
941:
679:The eggs of the
560:Nezara viridula)
438:was recorded in
414:. Specifically,
312:Geographic range
236:Chilocorus orbus
181:
162:O. v-nigrum
35:
21:
2233:
2232:
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2004:
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1938:
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1868:
1866:Further reading
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1254:10.2307/3496392
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1039:. p. 251.
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997:
988:
986:
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872:
757:. In addition,
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632:
612:
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493:
448:
314:
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215:Central America
186:
185:(Mulsant, 1866)
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78:
66:
54:
17:
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2015:
2002:
1992:
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1934:
1928:
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1917:
1916:External links
1914:
1913:
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1890:
1883:
1876:
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1861:
1860:
1833:(3): 362–371.
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1786:(2): 150–156.
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1739:(2): 137–144.
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1619:
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1413:(3): 850–858.
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1052:
1045:
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2185:
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2155:Coccinellidae
2151:
2148:
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2038:
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2020:
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1999:
1993:
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1988:Olla_v-nigrum
1984:
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1975:
1974:Olla v-nigrum
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1965:
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1954:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1944:Olla v-nigrum
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1937:
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1926:
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1920:
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1910:
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1899:
1896:
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1881:
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910:
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883:Olla v-nigrum
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636:
635:Olla v-nigrum
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388:North America
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200:
199:Coccinellidae
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194:Olla v-nigrum
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170:Binomial name
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141:
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136:Coccinellinae
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130:
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870:Cannibalism
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485:O. v-nigrum
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2202:Categories
1897:, 283–409.
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1017:2018-01-20
989:2018-01-20
958:2018-01-20
931:References
723:pesticides
630:Parasitism
446:Life cycle
275:Appearance
95:Suborder:
88:Coleoptera
64:Arthropoda
1855:1049-9644
1800:0022-2011
1753:0022-2011
1714:0033-2615
1655:2167-8359
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1369:1519-6984
1312:2075-4450
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1200:0307-6946
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856:nematodes
605:Migration
562:eggs and
537:Uroleucon
529:Hyadaphis
428:Lanzarote
393:Argentina
329:Argentina
246:prothorax
213:includes
203:Polyphaga
157:Species:
100:Polyphaga
47:Kingdom:
2102:2.120271
2076:11146469
2019:BugGuide
1995:BioLib:
1959:Q2844275
1953:Wikidata
1904:, 1–912.
1808:15913642
1761:14615223
1673:33194385
1535:26466738
1377:26675915
1330:37504660
1321:10380500
1150:25009452
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500:psyllids
424:Tenerife
420:La Palma
304:lack an
269:pronotum
119:Family:
59:Phylum:
52:Animalia
2050:4990178
2037:1175138
1835:Bibcode
1664:7648450
1526:4553575
1495:Insects
1454:Bibcode
1290:Insects
1271:3496392
1180:Bibcode
980:Report"
798:or the
737:Enemies
573:instars
453:has an
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321:Florida
265:Mulsant
223:Oceania
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367:, and
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227:elytra
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2006:BOLD
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