645:
74:
62:
592:
779:
89:
790:(1624–1719) managed to construct a powerful and well-organized state after the Portuguese had disrupted Arabian maritime trade in the region. The Portuguese encroachment which had engulfed the area in an economic crisis was challenged by the Omanis, where the latter managed to restore their traditional role as local maritime traders. Along with this, significant economic and political developments took place.
631:
1445:
606:
987:
In 1806, Said bin Sultan lured Badr bin Saif to Barka and murdered him nearby. Said was proclaimed ruler of Oman. There are different accounts of what happened, but it seems clear that Said struck the first blow and his supporters finished the job. Said was acclaimed by the people as a liberator from
863:
to establish the first trading station in the
Persian Gulf, and a British consul was posted to Muscat. As well as defeating Bonaparte, the British had another motive for the treaty with Oman: they wanted to put pressure on the sultan to end slavery, which had been declared illegal in England in 1772.
979:
for help. After a series of engagements, Qais was forced to retire to Sohar. Badr bin Saif became the effective ruler. Allied with the
Wahhabis, Badr bin Saif became increasingly unpopular. To get his wards out of the way, Badr bin Saif made Salim bin Sultan governor of Al Maşna‘ah, on the Batinah
868:
to India collapsed because of excessive
Portuguese export duties. The traders simply shipped their ivory through Zanzibar instead. Omani warships were in constant skirmishes up and down the gulf, which kept Sultan preoccupied. It was in the course of one of his sorties during an incursion abroad a
734:
Muscat, which is located in a strategic location on trade routes, came under the control of the
Portuguese Empire between 1507 and 1650. However, the Portuguese did not succeed in controlling Oman in its entirety. In mid-17th century, the Omani tribes were able to end the Portuguese presence in
921:) and his officers were entertained by state and city dignitaries. They received resolutions passed by official bodies, were given tours of New York City and saw sections which would, a few decades later, become Arabic-speaking immigrant neighborhoods. Among Bin Na'aman's hosts was Commodore
1075:
835:
assumed control of the government after the death of his nephew and strengthened the already powerful fleet by adding numerous gunships and sleek cargo vessels, he also needed a strong ally to help him regain control of
824:(r. 1711–1718) established his capital at Al-Hazm on the road from Rustaq to the coast. Now just a village, there still are remains of a great fortress that he built around 1710, and which contains his tomb.
754:, in which 2,500 civilians had taken refuge. The siege of the fort ended after 33 months when the garrison, dying of hunger, surrendered to the Omanis. By 1783, the Omani Empire had expanded eastwards to
809:, it seems that the Ya'ruba dynasty supported major investment in settlement and agricultural works such as terracing along the Wadi Bani Awf. Saif bin Sultan built new schools. He made the castle of
897:, making it the first Arab envoy to ever visit the New World. Her crew of fifty-six Arab sailors caused a flurry of excitement among the three hundred thousand residents of that thriving metropolis.
797:. He is known for providing water to the interior lands of Oman, while he encouraged Omani Arabs to move from the interior and settle along the coast by planting date palms in the coastal
1059:
1019:
Under the 1798 Anglo-Omani Treaty of
Friendship, Britain guaranteed the sultan’s rule. When a succession crisis occurred in 1856, the Omani Empire was divided between the
864:
At this time, the trade from Africa to Oman was still buoyant, and
Zanzibar's position as an important trade centre was bolstered further when the supply of ivory from
988:
the
Wahhabis, who left the country. Qais bin Ahmad at once gave his support to Said. Nervous of the Wahhabi reaction, Said blamed Mohammed bin Nasir for the murder.
758:
in present-day
Pakistan. The Omanis also continued attacking Portuguese bases in western India but failed to conquer any. In the north, the Omanis moved into the
718:
702:
411:
885:
being the first in 1820). The United States and Oman both stood to benefit, as the US – unlike
Britain and France – had no territorial ambitions in the
820:
general. At his death he had great wealth, said to include 28 ships, 700 male slaves and one third of Oman's date trees. He was succeeded by his son.
766:
from the
Persians, holding it for several years. The expansion of Omani power and influence southwards included the first large-scale settlement of
693:. After rising as a regional player in the 18th century, the empire at its peak in the 19th century saw its influence or control extend across the
3264:
1504:
Eilts, Hermann Frederick (October 1962). "Ahmad bin Na'aman's mission to The United States in 1840: the voyage of Al-Sultanah to New York City".
1416:
1027:. Later in 1891, the former became a British Protectorate where the sultan controlled the Muscat coast while the Imam governed the interior from
3259:
848:
out of Oman. He found this able ally in Great Britain, which in the late 18th century was at war with France and knew that the French emperor,
3076:
2458:
1704:
1677:
1650:
1619:
1592:
1562:
1535:
1488:
1268:
3274:
3128:
2128:
972:, which he easily captured. Qais then started to besiege Muscat. Mohammed bin Nasir tried to bribe Qais to leave, but did not succeed.
859:
Sultan bin Ahmad pledged himself to British interests in India, and his territories became out of bounds to the French. He allowed the
88:
3294:
1772:
1741:
1007:. Although the empire's primary governance was concentrated along the coastline, it also established control over numerous African
437:
1055:
806:
2754:
3299:
73:
3192:
906:
933:. The visit of Al Kaabi to America was a happy one, and when he prepared to leave, the United States completely repaired
3187:
3071:
844:, fight off the movement spreading from what is now Saudi Arabia and to keep the Qasimi tribes from the Persian city of
816:
Saif bin Sultan died on 4 October 1711. He was buried in the castle of Rustaq in a luxurious tomb, later destroyed by a
2234:
61:
3269:
3197:
1916:
1669:
Analysis of Arid Agricultural Systems Using Quantitative Image Analysis, Modeling and Geographical Information Systems
869:
ship in the Persian Gulf in 1804 that Sayyid Sultan was shot in the head by a stray bullet. He was buried in Lengeh.
3254:
710:
291:
1867:
968:, decided to attempt to seize power. Early in 1805 Qais and his brother Mohammed marched south along the coast to
3289:
3155:
2303:
1306:
357:
3113:
3088:
2938:
2597:
2592:
913:
emissary to visit the United States (whose portrait can still be seen in the Oman and Zanzibar display of the
3304:
3279:
3180:
3061:
2602:
2555:
2498:
2197:
2141:
1889:
2654:
2369:
2123:
3202:
3103:
3098:
2786:
2734:
2587:
2491:
2476:
2136:
2090:
1931:
1818:
930:
327:
3133:
3093:
2906:
2781:
1845:
1835:
1794:
1765:
1051:
1024:
706:
638:
3026:
3021:
3284:
3226:
3056:
3006:
2901:
2832:
2803:
2722:
2624:
2056:
1894:
1884:
1578:
922:
914:
856:
on his way to invade India. In 1798, Britain and Oman agreed on a Treaty of Commerce and Navigation.
555:
956:. He appointed Mohammed bin Nasir bin Mohammed al-Jabry as the Regent and guardian of his two sons,
2982:
2918:
2798:
2764:
2666:
2634:
2486:
2481:
2293:
2012:
1948:
1823:
1808:
509:
3031:
3011:
2994:
2945:
2810:
2619:
2570:
2503:
2421:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2308:
2278:
2170:
2068:
1936:
1911:
1158:
860:
821:
315:
303:
279:
267:
255:
778:
3140:
3036:
2972:
2967:
2896:
2793:
2508:
2436:
2431:
2273:
2202:
2185:
2180:
2175:
1975:
1926:
1737:
1700:
1673:
1667:
1646:
1615:
1609:
1588:
1558:
1552:
1531:
1484:
1150:
926:
798:
678:
163:
2644:
1525:
1478:
1282:
901:
carried ivory, Persian rugs, spices, coffee and dates, as well as lavish gifts for President
2989:
2776:
2771:
2727:
2714:
2612:
2607:
2471:
2466:
2448:
2409:
2342:
2325:
2266:
2256:
2251:
2192:
2148:
2118:
2078:
2061:
2044:
2007:
1758:
957:
949:
902:
832:
694:
482:
338:
155:
151:
147:
143:
3016:
1642:
3207:
3175:
3048:
2999:
2955:
2950:
2928:
2923:
2881:
2874:
2849:
2709:
2704:
2545:
2426:
2320:
2315:
2283:
2108:
2098:
1992:
1985:
1980:
1965:
1921:
1803:
1789:
1020:
1008:
945:
794:
743:
714:
666:
624:
597:
442:
242:
159:
135:
36:
2649:
2629:
705:
in 1856 the empire was divided between his sons into two sultanates, an African section (
3150:
3145:
3108:
3083:
3066:
2977:
2962:
2933:
2891:
2739:
2699:
2694:
2582:
2575:
2535:
2525:
2515:
2330:
2209:
2103:
1970:
1852:
1513:
1047:
961:
802:
682:
369:
223:
952:, who ruled Oman from 1792 to 1804. Sultan bin Ahmad died in 1804 on an expedition to
3248:
3231:
3118:
2913:
2886:
2859:
2837:
2815:
2659:
2639:
2565:
2550:
2394:
2347:
2335:
2261:
2153:
2027:
2022:
1997:
1879:
996:
976:
918:
894:
878:
845:
674:
1461:
877:
On 21 September 1833, a historic treaty of friendship and trade was signed with the
2864:
2854:
2820:
2749:
2744:
2671:
2461:
2443:
2404:
2399:
2379:
2374:
2246:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2113:
2051:
2032:
2017:
1953:
1139:"The Formation of the Omani Trading Empire under the Ya'aribah Dynasty (1624-1719)"
1000:
759:
698:
690:
686:
550:
193:
1636:
905:. The visit of Al-Sultanah lasted nearly four months, in which time the emissary,
787:
1694:
1582:
1056:
Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy. A new 2020 update
2842:
2827:
2676:
2389:
2298:
2288:
2214:
1862:
1857:
1450:
981:
886:
185:
177:
2869:
2686:
2560:
2520:
2453:
1440:
1004:
992:
865:
751:
189:
117:
1725:
Unshook Till the End of Time: A history of relations between Britain and Oman
1154:
2759:
2530:
2414:
2384:
2165:
2039:
1830:
817:
2160:
1943:
1901:
1840:
881:. It was the second trade treaty formulated by the US and an Arab state (
849:
767:
560:
215:
1162:
1138:
2073:
2002:
1958:
1874:
1813:
1480:
The Blood-red Arab Flag: An Investigation Into Qasimi Piracy, 1797–1820
1123:
969:
882:
837:
763:
747:
611:
201:
1906:
1781:
1514:"America and Oman: The Context for Two Nearly Centuries of Relations"
853:
841:
810:
755:
736:
545:
111:
105:
1554:
In the Time of Oil: Piety, Memory, and Social Life in an Omani Town
2540:
1028:
965:
953:
889:
and was solely interested in commerce. On 13 April 1840, the ship
793:
The agriculture in Oman had undergone a massive improvement under
777:
469:
995:. At that time, the empire's African dominion extended along the
910:
1754:
1460:
Beck, Sanderson (2004). "East Africa, Portuguese, and Arabs".
1307:"MIRRORING MODERNITY: on consumerism in cosmopolitan Zanzibar"
991:
In 1832, Said bin Sultan transferred the capital from Oman to
1508:. Vol. 98, no. 4. Massachusetts. pp. 219–257.
805:, has its irrigation system improved by the new built large
1750:
1638:
A Reformer on the Throne: Sultan Qaboos Bin Said Al Said
1283:"The British Empire, Imperialism, Colonialism, Colonies"
1387:
1385:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1174:
1172:
697:
to modern-day Iran and Pakistan, and as far south as
42:
3216:
3168:
3047:
2685:
2089:
1788:
1267:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFAlston_and_Laing2012 (
852:, was planning to march through Persia and capture
813:his residence, adding the Burj al Riah wind tower.
538:
528:
523:
506:
494:
479:
464:
452:
434:
422:
405:
395:
385:
375:
363:
351:
337:
321:
309:
297:
285:
273:
261:
249:
236:
222:
210:
200:
169:
127:
98:
23:
93:Chronological map of the Omani Empire and Zanzibar
1262:
1766:
1011:and designated governors for inland regions.
937:and presented him with gifts for his Sultan.
8:
3223:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
1584:The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf
28:
1417:"History of Oman | Royal Air Force of Oman"
873:Relations with the United States of America
3044:
1773:
1759:
1751:
1238:
87:
20:
1202:
1050:Database, version 2020. Bolt, Jutta and
941:Said bin Sultan of the al-Busaid Dynasty
1190:
1039:
522:
1506:Essex Institute Historical Collections
1403:
1178:
1110:
1098:
980:coast and Said bin Sultan governor of
960:and Said bin Sultan. Sultan's brother
1477:Davies, Charles E. (1 January 1997).
1391:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1323:
1250:
1226:
527:
505:
493:
478:
463:
451:
433:
429:
404:
394:
384:
374:
362:
350:
346:
336:
320:
308:
296:
284:
272:
260:
248:
235:
231:
221:
7:
1214:
1070:
1068:
801:. The town in the interior of Oman,
671:الْإِمْبَرَاطُورِيَّة الْعُمَانِيَّة
30:الْإِمْبَرَاطُورِيَّة الْعُمَانِيَّة
1062:from the original on 22 March 2022.
670:
29:
1608:Ochs, Peter J. (1 November 1999).
14:
1512:J.E. Peterson (8 November 2014).
16:Omani maritime empire (1696–1856)
1672:. kassel university press GmbH.
1551:Limbert, Mandana (7 June 2010).
1463:Middle East & Africa to 1875
1443:
925:, in whose home he met Governor
643:
629:
604:
590:
72:
60:
685:for trade and influence in the
3265:19th-century disestablishments
1483:. University of Exeter Press.
1137:El-Ashban, Abdul Aziz (1979).
1:
3260:Former countries in West Asia
1641:. Trident Press Ltd. p.
1587:. Garnet & Ithaca Press.
1557:. Stanford University Press.
975:Mohammed bin Nasir called on
44:Al-Imbaraṭuriat Al-'Omāniyyah
1021:Sultanate of Oman and Muscat
742:In 1696, under the reign of
715:Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
510:Division of the Omani Empire
3275:17th-century establishments
1524:JPM Guides (1 March 2000).
828:Alliance with Great Britain
773:
750:, besieging the Portuguese
43:
3323:
1635:Plekhanov, Sergey (2004).
1530:. Hunter Publishing, Inc.
907:Ahmad bin Na'aman Al Kaabi
861:British East India Company
746:, an Omani fleet attacked
999:to 12 miles south of the
730:Becoming a regional power
569:
519:
430:
418:
347:
333:
232:
86:
56:
51:
3295:Former empires in Africa
1736:. Taylor & Francis.
1666:Siebert, Stefan (2005).
438:Occupation of Fort Jesus
1732:Rippin, Andrew (2013).
1696:The Rough Guide to Oman
1287:www.britishempire.co.uk
466:• Persian invasion
3300:Former empires in Asia
1693:Thomas, Gavin (2011).
1614:. Pelican Publishing.
1611:Maverick Guide to Oman
1143:Arab Studies Quarterly
931:Richard Mentor Johnson
783:
713:and an Asian section (
496:• Treaty with the
3193:Medieval great powers
1579:Miles, Samuel Barrett
1311:epress.lib.uts.edu.au
1263:Alston and Laing 2012
1052:Jan Luiten van Zanden
1025:Sultanate of Zanzibar
781:
707:Sultanate of Zanzibar
701:. After the death of
639:Sultanate of Zanzibar
128:Common languages
3203:European colonialism
3188:Ancient great powers
1080:www.rafmuseum.org.uk
1046:"Population: Oman",
923:Cornelius Vanderbilt
915:Peabody Essex Museum
556:Maria Theresa thaler
530:• 1870 estimate
292:Ya'arab bin Bel'arab
3198:Modern great powers
1076:"A History of Oman"
929:and Vice President
770:by Omani migrants.
328:Bal'arab bin Himyar
3270:Former Arab states
850:Napoleon Bonaparte
822:Sultan bin Saif II
784:
316:Sultan bin Murshid
304:Muhammad bin Nasir
280:Muhanna bin Sultan
268:Saif bin Sultan II
256:Sultan bin Saif II
3255:Former sultanates
3242:
3241:
3164:
3163:
3129:Polish–Lithuanian
2304:Gurjara-Pratihara
1734:The Islamic World
1723:Laing, S (2012).
1706:978-1-4053-8935-8
1679:978-3-89958-192-8
1652:978-1-900724-70-8
1621:978-1-4556-0865-2
1594:978-1-873938-56-0
1564:978-0-8047-7460-4
1537:978-2-88452-099-7
1490:978-0-85989-509-5
927:William H. Seward
799:Al Batinah Region
782:Ya'rubids' ensign
719:Thuwaini bin Said
659:
658:
655:
654:
651:
650:
617:
616:
483:Al Busaid Dynasty
407:• 1806–1856
397:• 1805–1806
387:• 1792–1804
377:• 1783–1793
365:• 1778–1783
353:• 1744–1778
339:Al Busaid Dynasty
323:• 1743–1749
311:• 1742–1743
299:• 1724–1728
287:• 1722–1723
275:• 1719–1720
263:• 1718–1719
251:• 1711–1718
238:• 1692–1711
3312:
3290:Overseas empires
3045:
2710:Austro-Hungarian
2410:Chagatai Khanate
1775:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1747:
1728:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1413:
1407:
1406:, p. 42–43.
1401:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1265:, p. 34-36.
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1101:, p. 51-52.
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1072:
1063:
1048:Maddison Project
1044:
1009:tributary states
958:Salim bin Sultan
950:Sultan bin Ahmad
903:Martin Van Buren
833:Sultan bin Ahmad
774:Ya'rubid Dynasty
695:Strait of Hormuz
672:
647:
646:
633:
632:
621:
620:
608:
607:
594:
593:
587:
586:
571:
570:
454:• Civil war
391:Sultan bin Ahmed
218:
91:
76:
64:
46:
40:
32:
31:
21:
3322:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3227:American Empire
3212:
3208:African empires
3160:
3043:
2735:Central African
2681:
2499:Romano-Germanic
2085:
1819:Middle Assyrian
1792:
1784:
1779:
1744:
1731:
1722:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1692:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1665:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1607:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1577:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1550:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1459:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1239:JPM Guides 2000
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1170:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1124:"De Rode Leeuw"
1122:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1017:
948:was the son of
946:Said bin Sultan
943:
875:
830:
795:Saif bin Sultan
776:
744:Saif bin Sultan
732:
727:
703:Said bin Sultan
675:maritime empire
644:
630:
625:Muscat and Oman
605:
598:Imamate of Oman
591:
565:
531:
512:
499:
497:
487:
485:
472:
467:
457:
455:
445:
443:Saif bin Sultan
441:
412:Said bin Sultan
408:
398:
388:
378:
366:
354:
324:
312:
300:
288:
276:
264:
252:
243:Saif bin Sultan
239:
214:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
123:
94:
82:
81:
80:
77:
69:
68:
65:
47:
41:
34:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3308:
3307:
3305:Omani monarchy
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3280:Former empires
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2091:Post-classical
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1890:Middle Kingdom
1887:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1846:Neo-Babylonian
1843:
1838:
1836:Old Babylonian
1828:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1729:
1718:
1717:
1705:
1690:
1678:
1663:
1651:
1632:
1620:
1605:
1593:
1575:
1563:
1548:
1536:
1521:
1501:
1489:
1474:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1408:
1396:
1394:, p. 309.
1381:
1379:, p. 308.
1369:
1367:, p. 307.
1357:
1355:, p. 305.
1345:
1343:, p. 304.
1328:
1316:
1298:
1274:
1255:
1253:, p. 281.
1243:
1231:
1229:, p. 225.
1219:
1217:, p. 258.
1207:
1203:Plekhanov 2004
1195:
1193:, p. 175.
1183:
1181:, p. 222.
1168:
1149:(4): 354–371.
1129:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1064:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1016:
1013:
962:Qais bin Ahmad
942:
939:
874:
871:
829:
826:
775:
772:
731:
728:
726:
723:
711:Majid bin Said
657:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
641:
635:
634:
627:
618:
615:
614:
609:
601:
600:
595:
583:
582:
577:
567:
566:
564:
563:
558:
553:
548:
542:
540:
536:
535:
532:
529:
526:
525:
521:
520:
517:
516:
513:
507:
504:
503:
500:
498:United States
495:
492:
491:
488:
480:
477:
476:
473:
465:
462:
461:
458:
453:
450:
449:
446:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
424:
420:
419:
416:
415:
409:
406:
403:
402:
399:
396:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
382:
381:Hamad bin Said
379:
376:
373:
372:
370:Said bin Ahmed
367:
364:
361:
360:
358:Ahmad bin Said
355:
352:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
335:
334:
331:
330:
325:
322:
319:
318:
313:
310:
307:
306:
301:
298:
295:
294:
289:
286:
283:
282:
277:
274:
271:
270:
265:
262:
259:
258:
253:
250:
247:
246:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
226:
224:Yaruba Dynasty
220:
219:
212:
208:
207:
204:
198:
197:
171:
167:
166:
129:
125:
124:
122:
121:
115:
109:
102:
100:
96:
95:
92:
84:
83:
78:
71:
70:
66:
59:
58:
57:
54:
53:
49:
48:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3318:
3317:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3233:
3232:Soviet empire
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:Miscellaneous
3215:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:German Empire
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2556:Turco-Persian
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1745:
1743:9781136803437
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1441:
1436:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1241:, p. 85.
1240:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1205:, p. 49.
1204:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1113:, p. 52.
1112:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:Swahili coast
994:
989:
985:
983:
978:
977:Badr bin Saif
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
940:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:Massachusetts
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:United States
872:
870:
867:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
827:
825:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
780:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
729:
724:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
677:, vying with
676:
668:
664:
642:
640:
637:
636:
628:
626:
623:
622:
619:
613:
610:
603:
602:
599:
596:
589:
588:
585:
584:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
568:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
541:
537:
533:
518:
514:
511:
501:
489:
484:
474:
471:
459:
447:
444:
439:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
401:Badr bin Seif
400:
390:
380:
371:
368:
359:
356:
342:
340:
332:
329:
326:
317:
314:
305:
302:
293:
290:
281:
278:
269:
266:
257:
254:
244:
241:
227:
225:
217:
213:
209:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
101:
97:
90:
85:
75:
63:
55:
50:
45:
38:
22:
19:
3123:
2983:Contemporary
2833:Indo-Persian
2821:Nazi Germany
2765:Contemporary
2667:Vijayanagara
2566:Great Seljuk
2477:Thessalonica
2405:Golden Horde
2045:Carthaginian
1824:Neo-Assyrian
1809:Neo-Sumerian
1733:
1727:. Gilgamesh.
1724:
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760:Persian Gulf
741:
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699:Cape Delgado
691:Indian Ocean
687:Persian Gulf
663:Omani Empire
662:
660:
580:Succeeded by
579:
574:
551:Indian rupee
194:Christianity
181:
173:
139:
131:
79:Coat of arms
25:Omani Empire
18:
3285:Imperialism
2571:Khwarezmian
2504:Carolingian
2309:Rashtrakuta
2013:Shaishunaga
1912:Hellenistic
1895:New Kingdom
1885:Old Kingdom
1699:. Penguin.
1527:Gulf States
1451:Oman portal
1404:Rippin 2013
1179:Thomas 2011
1111:Davies 1997
1099:Davies 1997
964:, ruler of
935:Al-Sultanah
899:Al-Sultanah
891:Al-Sultanah
887:Middle East
842:Mazrui clan
717:) ruled by
709:) ruled by
575:Preceded by
186:Sunni Islam
178:Ibadi Islam
120:(1832–1856)
114:(1792–1832)
108:(1692–1792)
3249:Categories
3141:Portuguese
3022:Revival Le
3012:Vietnamese
2655:Later Tran
2625:Vietnamese
2521:Singhasari
2509:Holy Roman
2133:Bulgarian
2069:Satavahana
2040:Phoenician
1976:Achaemenid
1937:Indo-Greek
1917:Macedonian
1831:Babylonian
1712:2013-11-11
1685:2013-11-11
1658:2013-11-11
1627:2013-11-11
1600:2013-11-11
1570:2013-11-11
1543:2013-11-11
1510:Cited in:
1496:2013-11-11
1469:2013-11-11
1426:2023-05-15
1421:RAF Museum
1392:Miles 1919
1377:Miles 1919
1365:Miles 1919
1353:Miles 1919
1341:Miles 1919
1324:Eilts 1962
1292:2018-08-06
1251:Miles 1919
1227:Miles 1919
1085:2018-08-09
1035:References
1005:Mozambique
893:docked at
866:Mozambique
752:Fort Jesus
524:Population
486:took over
211:Government
202:Demonym(s)
190:Shia Islam
3134:Couronian
2772:Ethiopian
2760:Manchukuo
2715:Brazilian
2561:Ghaznavid
2531:Srivijaya
2482:Trebizond
2467:Byzantine
2449:North Sea
2444:Norwegian
2432:Almoravid
2415:Ilkhanate
2385:Majapahit
2358:Muromachi
2267:Solomonic
2252:Ethiopian
2166:Caliphate
2099:Aragonese
1927:Ptolemaic
1215:Ochs 1999
1155:0271-3519
1054:(2020), “
840:from the
788:Ya'rubids
762:, taking
174:Dominant:
170:Religion
140:Regional:
132:Official:
52:1696–1856
3114:Japanese
3077:Scottish
3057:American
3049:Colonial
2978:Imperial
2946:Moroccan
2882:Japanese
2860:Afsharid
2719:Burmese
2705:Austrian
2660:Later Le
2635:Early Le
2620:Venetian
2546:Tiwanaku
2459:Hellenic
2422:Moroccan
2353:Kamakura
2343:Japanese
2326:Saffarid
2279:Georgian
2193:Chalukya
2171:Rashidun
2161:Calakmul
2129:Bruneian
2008:Haryanka
1986:Sasanian
1981:Parthian
1932:Bactrian
1922:Seleucid
1902:Goguryeo
1880:Egyptian
1814:Assyrian
1804:Akkadian
1795:Colonies
1581:(1919).
1163:41857520
1060:Archived
1023:and the
993:Zanzibar
895:New York
803:Al Hamra
768:Zanzibar
679:Portugal
673:) was a
561:Shilling
539:Currency
456:in Oman
216:Monarchy
164:Malagasy
118:Zanzibar
3181:largest
3176:Empires
3156:Swedish
3151:Spanish
3146:Russian
3109:Italian
3084:Chinese
3072:English
3067:British
3062:Belgian
3037:Vietnam
3027:Tay son
2973:Tsarist
2968:Russian
2963:Ottoman
2929:Dzungar
2924:Khoshut
2897:Mexican
2892:Maratha
2875:Pahlavi
2855:Safavid
2850:Iranian
2777:Haitian
2740:Chinese
2700:Ashanti
2672:Wagadou
2598:Eastern
2593:Western
2576:Timurid
2536:Tibetan
2526:Songhai
2516:Serbian
2437:Almohad
2427:Idrisid
2331:Samanid
2321:Tahirid
2316:Iranian
2294:Kannauj
2274:Genoese
2210:Chinese
2203:Eastern
2198:Western
2186:Fatimid
2181:Abbasid
2176:Umayyad
2149:Burmese
2109:Ayyubid
2104:Angevin
2074:Xianbei
2062:Eastern
2057:Western
2003:Magadha
1966:Iranian
1959:Xiongnu
1944:Hittite
1853:Chinese
1841:Kassite
1790:Ancient
1782:Empires
1437:Sources
1015:Decline
970:Muttrah
883:Morocco
838:Mombasa
818:Wahhabi
764:Bahrain
748:Mombasa
725:History
683:Britain
612:Kathiri
534:367,400
508:•
481:•
436:•
423:History
245:(first)
156:English
152:Swahili
148:Persian
144:Balochi
99:Capital
3119:Mongol
3104:German
3099:French
3089:Danish
3032:Dainam
3007:Tongan
2995:Somali
2990:Sokoto
2956:'Alawi
2934:Kalmyk
2914:Mongol
2907:Second
2887:Korean
2838:Mughal
2828:Indian
2811:German
2804:Second
2794:French
2787:Second
2723:Second
2695:Afghan
2687:Modern
2613:Kyrgyz
2608:Uighur
2603:Second
2583:Turkic
2551:Toltec
2487:Epirus
2472:Nicaea
2395:Mongol
2348:Yamato
2284:Huetar
2142:Second
2079:Rouran
2028:Shunga
2023:Maurya
1998:Kushan
1971:Median
1949:Hunnic
1907:Harsha
1740:
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854:Muscat
846:Lengeh
811:Rustaq
756:Gwadar
737:Muscat
667:Arabic
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426:
414:(last)
343:
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182:Minor:
160:French
136:Arabic
112:Muscat
106:Rustaq
37:Arabic
33:
3169:Lists
3124:Omani
3094:Dutch
3000:Isaaq
2951:Saadi
2919:Oirat
2902:First
2870:Qajar
2799:First
2782:First
2755:China
2728:Third
2588:First
2541:Tikal
2492:Morea
2462:Roman
2380:Latin
2375:Khmer
2370:Kanem
2336:Buyid
2262:Zagwe
2257:Aksum
2247:Chola
2154:First
2137:First
2124:Bornu
2119:Benin
2114:Aztec
2052:Roman
2033:Gupta
2018:Nanda
1954:White
1517:(PDF)
1159:JSTOR
1029:Nizwa
982:Barka
966:Sohar
954:Basra
807:falaj
470:Sohar
206:Omani
2939:Bogd
2865:Zand
2843:Sikh
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2630:Dinh
2400:Yuan
2390:Mali
2299:Pala
2289:Inca
2240:Yuan
2230:Song
2225:Liao
2220:Tang
1993:Kush
1875:Dʿmt
1738:ISBN
1701:ISBN
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1589:ISBN
1559:ISBN
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1269:help
1151:ISSN
911:Arab
786:The
689:and
681:and
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515:1856
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490:1749
475:1742
460:1718
448:1696
67:Flag
3017:Mac
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2235:Jīn
2215:Sui
1868:Jin
1863:Han
1858:Qin
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1003:in
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