214:
Comparative work by Cabral (1996) demonstrated that Omagua (and its sister language Cocama) exhibit significant grammatical restructuring effects due to intense language contact between a Tupí-Guaraní language and speakers of one or more non-Tupí-Guaraní languages. Rodrigues and Cabral (2003) further
197:
These Omagua populations were decimated by disease, Portuguese slave raids, and conflicts with
Spanish colonial authorities during the early 18th century, leaving them drastically reduced. As of 2011, Omagua was spoken by "fewer than ten elderly individuals" in Peru, and by a number of semi-speakers
784:
Grenand, F. and P. Grenand. 1997. Thesaurus de la langue omawa (famille tupi-guarani, Brésil): Analyse comparée des données disponibles entre 1782 et 1990. Chantiers
Amerindia. Paris: Centre d’Etudes des Langues Indigènes d’Amérique (CELIA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
168:
classification of the family. Alternate names for Omagua include: Agua, Anapia, Ariana, Cambeba, Cambeeba, Cambela, Campeba, Canga-Peba, Compeva, Janbeba, Kambeba, Macanipa, Omagua-Yete, Pariana, Umaua, Yhuata.
177:
When
Europeans first arrived in the western Amazon Basin in significant number in the late 17th and early 18th century, Omagua was spoken by approximately 100,000 individuals in two major areas: along the
2166:
194:, a tributary of the upper Napo River. At this time, then, Omagua speakers lived in regions corresponding to modern eastern Peruvian Amazonia, western Brazilian Amazonia, and eastern Ecuadoran Amazonia.
215:
suggest that Cocama (and by extension, Omagua) could be considered the outcomes of rapid creolization. Cabral (1996) argued that this language contact transpired in the late 17th century in
486:
Omagua has thirteen consonants across five places of articulation. /ts/ and /tʃ/ only occur in a small number of words: /tʃ/ may have entered the inventory through loanwords from
219:
mission settlements, while
Michael (2014) argues that the language contact situation responsible for the genesis of Omagua and Cocama transpired during the Pre-Columbian period.
763:
Cabral, Ana Suelly. 1995. Contact-induced language change in the
Western Amazon: The non-genetic origin of the Kokama language. University of Pittsburgh, PhD dissertation.
885:
1758:
2474:
467:
568:
3204:
3189:
3082:
2783:
449:
878:
2132:
990:
412:
379:
1751:
601:
Omagua has five vowels: /i, ɪ, ɨ, u, a/. This is somewhat unusual, as there are four high vowels but only one low vowel (/a/).
2467:
790:
696:
545:
2706:
3199:
1793:
871:
405:
370:
140:
536:
2790:
2740:
2191:
1005:
267:
157:
76:
3194:
1995:
1744:
586:
440:
294:
287:
1972:
2884:
2591:
2460:
1603:
1593:
2247:
1252:
1141:
2804:
2434:
2341:
2201:
552:
2933:
2586:
1629:
1358:
3118:
1624:
1237:
934:
913:
636:
459:
305:
3011:
2537:
2429:
1990:
1872:
250:
3154:
2993:
2818:
1910:
1479:
335:
328:
3102:
2665:
2513:
2361:
1847:
1842:
1204:
980:
3072:
3063:
2957:
2938:
2919:
2769:
2581:
2010:
1935:
1916:
1895:
1862:
1634:
1608:
1538:
1487:
1423:
1393:
1267:
1156:
908:
3108:
3021:
2999:
2981:
2943:
2857:
2681:
2576:
2441:
2209:
2018:
1890:
1588:
1533:
1492:
1398:
1232:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1126:
1088:
1083:
1020:
894:
350:
3123:
1413:
3091:
3053:
3043:
2908:
2895:
2696:
2621:
2507:
2312:
2266:
2145:
2094:
2033:
1930:
1825:
1798:
1660:
1446:
1378:
1368:
1287:
1184:
1040:
972:
491:
245:
240:
3031:
2987:
2928:
2558:
2548:
2274:
2099:
1558:
1513:
1497:
1353:
1282:
1272:
1247:
1146:
1111:
1035:
3096:
2852:
2838:
2812:
2749:
2730:
2634:
2629:
2616:
2601:
2596:
2391:
2355:
2351:
2140:
2123:
2113:
2084:
2046:
2041:
1949:
1857:
1852:
1767:
1695:
1650:
1543:
1523:
1436:
1373:
1335:
1312:
1297:
1292:
1277:
1242:
1194:
1098:
1050:
1045:
1015:
1010:
995:
656:
257:
3113:
3037:
3005:
2847:
2797:
2763:
2758:
2714:
2690:
2651:
2543:
2531:
2523:
2491:
2483:
2401:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2320:
2289:
2237:
2229:
2176:
2170:
2108:
2089:
2079:
2071:
2059:
1783:
1775:
1720:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1528:
1518:
1431:
1345:
1302:
1262:
1189:
1179:
1171:
1151:
1136:
1116:
1073:
1060:
1030:
1000:
985:
946:
929:
805:
648:
560:
274:
71:
3048:
2971:
2890:
2671:
2659:
2568:
2553:
2500:
2396:
2366:
2325:
2297:
2279:
2219:
2103:
2023:
2000:
1962:
1957:
1834:
1725:
1715:
1690:
1670:
1655:
1568:
1563:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1408:
1363:
1257:
1227:
1161:
1131:
1106:
1078:
1025:
610:
487:
322:
262:
165:
161:
63:
1320:
684:, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.
3170:
3145:
2867:
2640:
2406:
2346:
2161:
2054:
1985:
1882:
1867:
1788:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1598:
1553:
1548:
1454:
1330:
1121:
951:
681:
191:
187:
132:
3183:
2877:
2827:
2606:
2242:
2214:
2181:
1980:
1900:
1403:
1068:
518:
312:
44:
2252:
2186:
1325:
179:
840:
530:
510:
428:
846:
768:
712:
164:, belonging to the Group III subgroup of the Tupí-Guaraní family, according to
145:
809:
580:
523:
183:
828:
660:
2949:
1383:
736:
397:
361:
125:
109:
697:
Michael, Lev . 2014. "On the Pre-Columbian Origin of Proto-Omagua-Kokama."
116:
358:
941:
281:
199:
30:
863:
827:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Schöningh, 2011. pp. 411–432. doi:
767:
CABRAL, Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara; RODRIGUES, Aryon Dall'Igna. (2003).
2776:
1806:
1665:
216:
34:
1736:
2452:
652:
2456:
1740:
867:
773:
PAPIA: Revista
Brasileira de Estudos Crioulos e Similares
791:"On the Pre-Columbian origin of Proto-Omagua-Kokama"
737:"Omagua: Documentation and Sociohistorical Analysis"
635:
Sandy, Clare S.; O’Hagan, Zachary (1 January 2020).
3144:
3081:
3062:
3020:
2970:
2918:
2866:
2837:
2748:
2739:
2723:
2705:
2680:
2650:
2615:
2567:
2522:
2490:
2419:
2334:
2311:
2288:
2265:
2228:
2200:
2154:
2131:
2122:
2070:
2032:
2009:
1971:
1948:
1923:
1909:
1881:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1774:
1643:
1617:
1581:
1506:
1478:
1445:
1422:
1344:
1311:
1203:
1170:
1097:
1059:
971:
962:
922:
901:
139:
123:
107:
102:
60:
50:
40:
26:
21:
841:OLAC resources in and about the Omagua language
769:"Evidências de crioulização abrupta em Kokáma?"
741:Research - Linguistics Department, UC Berkeley
2468:
1752:
879:
680:Cabral (2012) argues that Kokama/Omagua is a
641:International Journal of American Linguistics
8:
823:Dietrich, Wolf (eds). "Omagua-Sprache". In:
16:Endangered Tupian language of South America
2745:
2736:
2720:
2475:
2461:
2453:
2128:
1830:
1821:
1759:
1745:
1737:
968:
886:
872:
864:
829:https://doi.org/10.30965/9783657767793_007
202:in Brazil, where the language is known as
18:
851:World Atlas of Language Structures Online
717:World Atlas of Language Structures Online
501:
231:
630:
628:
626:
622:
7:
692:
690:
173:Historical and modern distribution
14:
637:"A Phonological Sketch of Omagua"
585:
567:
551:
544:
535:
466:
448:
439:
411:
404:
378:
369:
349:
334:
327:
311:
304:
293:
286:
1:
190:, and in the vicinity of the
825:Südamerikanische Grammatiken
206:(Grenand and Grenand 1997).
182:, between the mouths of the
3205:Endangered Tupian languages
798:Journal of Language Contact
699:Journal of Language Contact
3221:
779:. Belo Horizonte: 180–186.
3164:
2885:Paulista General Language
2426:Peruvian–Inmaculada Sign
1604:Paulista General Language
810:10.1163/19552629-00702004
2435:Inmaculada Sign Language
914:Brazilian Sign Language
3190:Tupi–Guarani languages
2430:Peruvian Sign Language
1609:Portunhol fronteiriço
789:Michael, Lev (2014).
233:Consonants of Omagua
158:Tupí-Guarani language
3200:Languages of Brazil
2442:Sivia Sign Language
895:Languages of Brazil
504:
234:
180:Amazon River proper
160:closely related to
2587:Gavião of Jiparaná
2335:Isolates and other
1359:Gavião of Jiparaná
923:Regional languages
502:
232:
3195:Languages of Peru
3177:
3176:
3171:extinct languages
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
2961:
2952:
2821:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2450:
2449:
2415:
2414:
2261:
2260:
2133:Cajamarca–Cañaris
1944:
1943:
1803:
1776:Spanish varieties
1768:Languages of Peru
1734:
1733:
1577:
1576:
1263:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
902:Official language
599:
598:
503:Vowels of Omagua
484:
483:
210:Genesis of Omagua
198:near the town of
151:
150:
3212:
2955:
2948:
2817:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2746:
2737:
2721:
2484:Tupian languages
2477:
2470:
2463:
2454:
2129:
1831:
1822:
1801:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1738:
969:
888:
881:
874:
865:
860:
858:
857:
813:
795:
780:
751:
750:
748:
747:
733:
727:
726:
724:
723:
709:
703:
694:
685:
678:
672:
671:
669:
667:
632:
589:
571:
555:
548:
539:
505:
470:
452:
443:
415:
408:
382:
373:
353:
338:
331:
315:
308:
297:
290:
235:
166:Aryon Rodrigues'
135:
119:
112:
66:
19:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3160:
3146:Proto-languages
3128:
3077:
3058:
3016:
2966:
2914:
2862:
2833:
2735:
2719:
2701:
2676:
2646:
2620:
2611:
2563:
2518:
2486:
2481:
2451:
2446:
2411:
2342:Candoshi-Shapra
2330:
2307:
2284:
2257:
2224:
2196:
2150:
2118:
2066:
2051:Achuar–Shiwiar
2028:
2005:
1967:
1940:
1919:
1905:
1877:
1817:
1811:
1770:
1765:
1735:
1730:
1639:
1613:
1573:
1502:
1474:
1441:
1418:
1340:
1307:
1199:
1166:
1093:
1055:
964:
958:
918:
897:
892:
855:
853:
845:
837:
820:
818:Further reading
793:
788:
766:
760:
755:
754:
745:
743:
735:
734:
730:
721:
719:
711:
710:
706:
695:
688:
679:
675:
665:
663:
634:
633:
624:
619:
611:Cocama language
607:
500:
269:
252:
230:
225:
212:
175:
131:
115:
108:
98:
67:
64:Language family
62:
53:
52:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3218:
3216:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3027:
3025:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2977:
2975:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2953:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2871:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2707:Maweti–Guarani
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2423:
2421:
2420:Sign languages
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2364:
2359:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2192:Yauyos–Chincha
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1996:Nüpode Huitoto
1993:
1988:
1986:Minica Huitoto
1983:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1681:Haitian Creole
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1625:Brazilian Sign
1621:
1619:
1618:Sign languages
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1582:Interlanguages
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
977:
975:
966:
960:
959:
957:
956:
955:
954:
944:
939:
938:
937:
926:
924:
920:
919:
917:
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835:External links
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804:(2): 309–344.
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3012:Xingu Asurini
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2724:Aweti–Guarani
2722:
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701:7(2):309{344.
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647:(1): 95–131.
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89:
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85:
84:Cocama–Omagua
83:
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78:
75:
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73:
69:
65:
59:
56:2 (2020)
55:
49:
46:
43:
39:
36:
33:; extinct in
32:
29:
25:
20:
3166:
3155:Proto-Tupian
3153:
3109:Urubu–Kaapor
3101:
3030:
3004:
2994:Ararandewara
2992:
2980:
2956:
2934:Avá-Canoeiro
2907:
2901:
2900:
2883:
2876:
2826:
2819:Pai Tavytera
2741:Tupi–Guarani
2689:
2664:
2639:
2536:
2506:
2499:
2302:
2248:Cusco–Collao
1911:Upper Amazon
1644:Non-official
1630:Ka'apor Sign
1388:
1213:Akwẽ-Xerénte
1006:Enawenê-Nawê
854:. Retrieved
850:
824:
801:
797:
776:
772:
758:Bibliography
744:. Retrieved
740:
731:
720:. Retrieved
716:
707:
698:
676:
664:. Retrieved
644:
640:
600:
485:
213:
203:
196:
176:
153:
152:
124:
87:
77:Tupi–Guarani
3119:Wayampipukú
2582:Cinta Larga
2210:Chachapoyas
1973:Bora–Witoto
1896:Mashco Piro
1863:Machiguenga
1656:Vlax Romani
1635:Terena Sign
1599:Macarrônico
1480:Nambikwaran
1238:Djeoromitxí
515:Near-front
429:Approximant
188:Jutaí River
3184:Categories
3040:(Jau-Navo)
2944:Tenetehara
2920:Tenetehara
2798:Paraguayan
2538:Kepkiriwát
2146:Lambayeque
2019:Chayahuita
2011:Cahuapanan
1816:Indigenous
1799:Equatorial
1594:Lanc-Patuá
1493:Nambikwara
1424:Chapacuran
1399:Tenetehara
1273:Mẽbêngôkre
1233:Chiquitano
1142:Pará Arára
1127:Hixkaryana
963:Indigenous
935:Pomeranian
909:Portuguese
856:2013-08-21
746:2013-08-21
722:2013-08-21
666:6 November
617:References
561:Near-close
228:Consonants
184:Napo River
3169:indicate
3103:Takunyapé
3092:Emerillon
3054:Uru-Pa-In
3044:Kagwahiva
2950:Guajajara
2909:Potiguara
2896:Nheengatu
2697:Munduruku
2682:Munduruku
2666:Maritsauá
2514:Karitiâna
2508:Kabixiana
2362:Harákmbut
2141:Cajamarca
2095:Kashinawa
1931:Chamicuro
1848:Ashéninga
1843:Asháninka
1818:languages
1661:Hungarian
1384:Nheengatu
1379:Munduruku
1369:Kagwahiva
1288:Rikbaktsa
1185:Kashinawa
1041:Wapishana
981:Asháninka
965:languages
661:0020-7071
398:fricative
396:Sibilant
362:affricate
223:Phonology
126:Glottolog
110:ISO 639-3
41:Ethnicity
3083:Northern
3073:Kamayurá
3064:Kamayurá
3038:Karipuna
2958:Turiwára
2939:Tapirapé
2878:Old Tupi
2853:Pauserna
2635:Puruborá
2622:Ramarama
2617:Puruborá
2392:Taushiro
2352:Ese Ejja
2313:Zaparoan
2267:Tucanoan
2238:Ayacucho
2230:Southern
2177:Pacaraos
2171:Huallaga
2124:Quechuan
2114:Yaminawa
2085:Iskonawa
2047:Huambisa
2042:Aguaruna
2034:Jivaroan
1936:Yanesha'
1917:Resígaro
1858:Caquinte
1853:Axininca
1826:Arawakan
1802:(Tumbes)
1784:Amazonic
1696:Romanian
1651:Japanese
1544:Katawixi
1539:Kanamarí
1488:Mamaindê
1447:Tukanoan
1394:Tapirapé
1293:Tapayúna
1268:Maxakalí
1243:Kaingang
1205:Macro-Jê
1195:Yaminawa
1157:Ye'kuana
1074:Jamamadí
1046:Warekena
1016:Mehinaku
1011:Mapidian
996:Barawana
973:Arawakan
847:"Omagua"
713:"Omagua"
605:See also
460:Tap/flap
359:Sibilant
253:alveolar
246:Alveolar
241:Bilabial
133:omag1248
3167:Italics
3114:Wayampi
3022:Kawahíb
3000:Araweté
2982:Amanayé
2858:Sirionó
2848:Guarayu
2839:Guarayu
2770:Chiripá
2764:Guarani
2750:Guarani
2691:Kuruaya
2577:Aruáshi
2544:Makurap
2532:Akuntsu
2402:Urarina
2387:Puquina
2382:Munichi
2377:Mochica
2373:family)
2358:family)
2356:Tacanan
2321:Arabela
2202:Lowland
2167:Huánuco
2155:Central
2109:Shipibo
2090:Kashibo
2080:Amawaka
2060:Shiwiar
1950:Aymaran
1924:Western
1891:Iñapari
1794:Coastal
1721:Chinese
1711:Turkish
1706:Tagalog
1701:Russian
1589:Cafundó
1534:Kadiwéu
1529:Irantxe
1519:Arutani
1432:Oro Win
1313:Nadahup
1303:Xavante
1298:Timbira
1253:Kĩsêdjê
1223:Arikapú
1218:Apinajé
1190:Shipibo
1180:Amawaka
1152:Sikiana
1137:Macushi
1117:Bakairi
1099:Cariban
1089:Zuruahá
1084:Paumarí
1031:Tariana
1021:Palikúr
986:Atorada
947:Italian
942:Hunsrik
785:(CNRS).
519:Central
492:Quechua
282:Plosive
268:Labial-
258:Palatal
204:Cambeba
3085:(VIII)
3049:Kayabi
3032:Apiaká
2988:Anambé
2929:Akwáwa
2902:Omagua
2891:Cocama
2777:Jopara
2672:Xipaya
2660:Juruna
2652:Yuruna
2559:Wayoró
2554:Tupari
2549:Mekens
2524:Tupari
2501:Arikem
2492:Arikem
2397:Ticuna
2371:Arauan
2367:Kulina
2326:Iquito
2303:Omagua
2298:Cocama
2290:Tupian
2280:Secoya
2275:Orejón
2220:Kichwa
2162:Ancash
2104:Pisabo
2100:Matsés
2072:Panoan
2055:Achuar
2024:Jebero
2001:Ocaina
1963:Jaqaru
1958:Aymara
1807:Loncco
1789:Andean
1726:Slovak
1716:Korean
1691:Polish
1671:French
1666:Arabic
1569:Xukuru
1564:Ticuna
1559:Pirahã
1514:Aikanã
1507:Others
1498:Sabanê
1470:Wanano
1465:Tuyuca
1460:Tukano
1409:Xipaya
1389:Omagua
1364:Juruna
1354:Akwáwa
1346:Tupian
1283:Panará
1258:Krenak
1248:Karajá
1228:Bororo
1172:Panoan
1162:Waiwai
1147:Salumá
1132:Ikpeng
1112:Apalaí
1107:Amonap
1079:Kulina
1061:Arawan
1036:Terêna
1026:Paresi
991:Baniwa
952:Talian
930:German
659:
498:Vowels
488:Cocama
275:Uvular
217:Jesuit
162:Cocama
154:Omagua
146:Omagua
88:Omagua
72:Tupian
45:Omagua
35:Brazil
22:Omagua
3097:Guajá
3066:(VII)
2972:Xingu
2870:(III)
2813:Kaiwá
2731:Awetï
2641:Urumi
2602:Suruí
2597:Mondé
2569:Mondé
2407:Yagua
2347:Culle
2243:Cusco
2215:Lamas
2182:Wanka
1868:Nanti
1835:Campa
1686:Greek
1676:Dutch
1554:Ninam
1549:Kwaza
1524:Guató
1455:Cubeo
1437:Wariʼ
1374:Kaiwá
1336:Nadëb
1331:Kakwa
1278:Ofayé
1122:Carib
1051:Waurá
794:(PDF)
531:Close
511:Front
323:Nasal
270:velar
263:Velar
251:Post-
156:is a
3124:Zo'é
3024:(VI)
3006:Aurá
2922:(IV)
2868:Tupi
2841:(II)
2828:Xeta
2791:Mbyá
2759:Aché
2715:Mawé
2630:Karo
2607:Zoro
2253:Puno
2187:Yaru
1981:Bora
1901:Yine
1883:Piro
1414:Zo'é
1404:Xeta
1069:Deni
1001:Baré
668:2022
657:ISSN
581:Open
524:Back
200:Tefé
186:and
81:Tupi
31:Perú
2974:(V)
2752:(I)
1326:Hup
1321:Dâw
806:doi
649:doi
490:or
380:t̠ʃ
141:ELP
117:omg
3186::
849:.
800:.
796:.
777:13
775:.
771:.
739:.
715:.
689:^
655:.
645:86
643:.
639:.
625:^
494:.
383:)
374:)
371:ts
313:kʷ
2619:–
2476:e
2469:t
2462:v
2369:(
2354:(
2173:)
2169:(
2102:/
1760:e
1753:t
1746:v
887:e
880:t
873:v
859:.
812:.
808::
802:7
781:.
749:.
725:.
670:.
651::
587:a
569:ɪ
553:u
546:ɨ
537:i
468:ɾ
450:w
441:j
413:ʃ
406:s
377:(
368:(
351:ɴ
336:n
329:m
306:k
295:t
288:p
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