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precedent for the future. Yet he also defended the outcome, claiming that the
Muslims were longing for Abu Bakr as for no one else. He apologized, moreover, that the Muhajirun present were forced to press for an immediate oath of allegiance since the Ansar could not have been trusted to wait for a legitimate consultation and might have proceeded to elect one of their own after the departure of the Mekkans. Another reason for Umar to censure the Saqifa meeting as a falta was no doubt its turbulent and undignified end, as he and his followers jumped upon the sick Khazraji leader Sa'd bin Ubada in order to teach him a lesson, if not to kill him, for daring to challenge the sole right of Quraysh to rule. This violent break-up of the meeting indicates, moreover, that the Ansar cannot all have been swayed by the wisdom and eloquence of Abu Bakr's speech and have accepted him as the best choice for the succession, as suggested by
1881:'s house where Ali and his supporters are said to have gathered. Umar is reported to have warned those in the House that unless Ali succumbed to Abu Bakr, he would set the House on fire and under these circumstances Ali was forced to capitulate. This version of events, fully accepted by Shia scholars, is generally rejected by Sunni scholars who, in view of other reports in their literature, believe that Ali gave an oath of alliance to Abu Bakr without any grievance. But then other Sunni and Shia sources say that Ali did not swear allegiance to Abu Bakr after his election but six months later after the death of his wife Fatimah putting into question al-Tabari's account. Either way the Sunni and the Shia accounts both accept that Ali felt that Abu Bakr should have informed him before going into the meeting with the Ansar and that Ali did swear allegiance to Abu Bakr.
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was that his earth-shaking qualities as a generalissimo were combined with the most distinctive cast of virtues. Rather than ape the manner of a Caesar, as the
Ghassanid kings had done, he drew on the example of a quite different kind of Christian. Umar's threadbare robes, his diet of bread, salt and water, and his rejection of worldly riches would have reminded anyone from the desert reaches beyond Palestine of a very particular kind of person. Monks out in the Judaean desert had long been casting themselves as warriors of God. The achievement of Umar was to take such language to a literal and previously unimaginable extreme."
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2622:, he was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who informed him about the plague and its intensity, and suggested that Umar go back to Medina. Umar tried to persuade Abu Ubaidah to come with him to Medina, but he declined to leave his troops in that critical situation. Abu Ubaidah died in 639 of the plague, which also cost the lives of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. After the plague had weakened, in late 639, Umar visited Syria for political and administrative re-organization, as most of the veteran commanders and governors had died of the plague.
2183:, one of Umar's most trusted men. In important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed by Umar to proceed to the spot, investigate the charge and take action. Sometimes an Inquiry Commission was constituted to investigate the charge. On occasion, the officers against whom complaints were received were summoned to Medina, and charged in Umar's administrative court. Umar was known for this intelligence service through which he made his officials accountable. This service was also said to have inspired fear in his subjects.
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2320:"Umar ordered Gentiles and a group of Jews to sweep the area of the Temple Mount. Umar oversaw the work. The Jews who had come sent letters to the rest of the Jews in Palestine and informed them that Umar had permitted resettlement of Jerusalem by Jews. Umar, after some consultation, permitted seventy Jewish households to return. They returned to live in the southern part of the city, i.e., the Market of the Jews. (Their aim was to be near the water of
3250:, meaning "leader, jurist and statesman", and the second of the rightly guided caliphs. He patched his clothes with skin, took buckets on his two shoulders, always riding his donkey without the saddle, rarely laughing and never joking with anyone. On his ring is written the words "Enough is Death as a reminder to you O' Umar". He did not seek advancement for his own family, but rather sought to advance the interests of the Muslim community, the
1430:. On his way to murder Muhammad, Umar met his best friend Nu'aym ibn Abd Allah who had secretly converted to Islam but had not told Umar. When Umar informed him that he had set out to kill Muhammad, Nu'aym said, “By God, you have deceived yourself, O Umar! Do you think that Banu Abd al-Manaf would let you run around alive once you had killed their son Muhammad? Why don't you return to your own house and at least set it straight?"
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1976:, delivered to the latter his disputed estates in Khayber. He followed Abu Bakr's decision over the disputed land of Fidak, continuing to treat it as state property. In the Ridda wars, thousands of prisoners from rebel and apostate tribes were taken away as slaves during the expeditions. Umar ordered a general amnesty for the prisoners, and their immediate emancipation. This made Umar quite popular among the
3044:. Umar was one of Muhammad's chief advisers. After Muhammad's passing, it was Umar who reconciled the Medinan Muslims to accept Abu Bakr, a Meccan, as the caliph. During Abu Bakr's era, he actively participated as his secretary and main adviser. After succeeding Abu Bakr as caliph, Umar won over the hearts of Bedouin tribes by emancipating all their prisoners and slaves taken during the Ridda wars.
2865:. These men, who according to the historical sources were appointed by Umar himself as members of the council who would elect the next caliph, were thought by scholars to have conspired to overthrow Umar's reign and to put Ali in his place. This hypothesis, however, is rejected by more recent scholars. Nevertheless, while Ubayd Allah was subsequently acquitted of his crimes by Umar's successor
2345:, who was Jewish before he converted to Islam, "Where do you advise me to build a place of worship?" Kaab indicated the Temple Rock, now a gigantic heap of ruins from the temple of Jupiter. The Jews, Kaab explained, had briefly won back their old capital a quarter of a century before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), but they had not had time to clear the site of the Temple, for the
1699:'s cavalry attacked the Muslim rear, turning the tide of battle, rumours of Muhammad's death were spread and many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield, Umar among them. However, hearing that Muhammad was still alive, he went to Muhammad at the mountain of Uhud and prepared for the defence of the hill. Later in the year Umar was a part of a campaign against the Jewish tribe of
2986:(working with two hands), both his eyes were black, with yellow skin; however, ibn Sa'ad in his book stated that he never knew that Umar had yellow skin, except for a certain part of Umar's life where his color changed due to his frequent consumption of oil. Moreover, it is also narrated that he was initially white but his color turned dark during the Year of Ashes (18 A.H) where a
3211:, Umar launched a full-scale invasion of the Sassanid Persian Empire. The invasion was a series of well-coordinated multi-pronged attacks designed to isolate and destroy their targets. Umar launched the invasion by attacking the very heart of Persia, aiming to isolate Azerbaijan and eastern Persia. This was immediately followed by simultaneous attacks on Azerbaijan and Fars. Next,
3177:, with instructions that they should appear in the form of small bands, one after the other, giving the impression of a continuous stream of reinforcements that finally lured the Byzantines to an untimely battle. On the other hand, Yazdegerd III was engaged in negotiations that further gave Umar time to transfer his troops from Syria to Iraq. These troops proved decisive in the
1448:. He started quarreling with his brother-in-law. When his sister came to rescue her husband, he also started quarreling with her. Yet still they kept on saying "you may kill us but we will not give up Islam". Upon hearing these words, Umar slapped his sister so hard that she fell to the ground bleeding from her mouth. When he saw what he did to his sister, he calmed down out of
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1529:), Muhammad ordered his followers to migrate to Medina. Most Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraish resistance, but Umar is reported to have left openly during the day saying: "Any one who wants to make his wife a widow and his children orphans should come and meet me there behind that cliff." Umar migrated to Medina accompanied by his cousin and brother-in-law
3333:(Sarhubiyya), don't accept Umar and Abu Bakr as legitimate caliphs. For instance, Jarudiyya believes that Muhammad appointed Ali and believes that the denial of the Imamate of Ali after Muhammad's passing would lead to infidelity and deviation from the right path. The other view accepts Umar and Abu Bakr as legitimate caliphs, albeit inferior to Ali. According to
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fell; it was the same two-sided dagger used in the assassination. Abdulrehman ibn Abu Bakr, son of the late caliph Abu Bakr, confirmed that, a few days before Umar's assassination, he saw this dagger in
Hurmuzan's possession. After this revelation, it seemed clear that it had been planned by the Persians residing in Medina. Infuriated by this, Umar's younger son
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2795:, Abu Lu'lu'a stabbed him with a double-bladed dagger. There are different versions of how this happened: according to one version, he also killed Kulayb ibn al-Bukayr al-Laythi who was behind Umar, while in another version he stabbed thirteen people who tried to restrain him. According to some accounts, the caliph died on the day of the stabbing (Wednesday
2301:, a financial institution and started annual allowances for the Muslims. As a leader, Umar was known for his simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than adopt the pomp and display affected by the rulers of the time, he continued to live much as he had when Muslims were poor and persecuted. In 638, his fourth year as caliph and the seventeenth year since the
1923:; accordingly, high-ranking companions of Abu Bakr attempted to discourage him from naming Umar. Nevertheless, Abu Bakr decided to make Umar his successor. Umar was well known for his extraordinary willpower, intelligence, political astuteness, impartiality, justice, and care for the poor. Abu Bakr is reported to have said to the high-ranking advisers:
1826:, proceeded to the meeting, presumably to head off the Ansars' plans for political separation. Arriving at the meeting, Umar was faced with a unified community of tribes from the Ansar who refused to accept the leadership of the Muhajirs. However, Umar was undeterred in his belief the caliphate should be under the control of the Muhajirs. Though the
3120:"Yet the abstinence and humility of Umar were not inferior to the virtues of Abubeker; his food consisted of barley bread or dates; his drink was water; he preached in a gown that was torn or tattered in twelve places; and a Persian satrap who paid his homage to the conqueror, found him asleep among the beggars on the steps of the mosque of Medina."
2634:. The Bayt al-mal aided the Muslim and non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years, from the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century through the Umayyad period (661–750) and well into the Abbasid era. Umar also introduced a child benefit and pensions for the children and the elderly.
2646:, often aided Muslims to take over their lands from the Byzantines and Persians, resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests. As new areas were attached to the Caliphate, they also benefited from free trade, while trading with other areas in the Caliphate (to encourage commerce, in Islam trade is not taxed, but wealth is subject to the
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was established during Umar's rule, he started building a nine-mile canal from the Tigris to the new city for irrigation and drinking water. Al-Tabari reports that Utba ibn
Ghazwan built the first canal from the Tigris River to the site of Basra when the city was in the planning stage. After the city was built, Umar appointed
2014:, personally and fastidiously selected by Umar. Provinces were further divided into about 100 districts. Each district or main city was under the charge of a junior governor or Amir, usually appointed by Umar himself, but occasionally also appointed by the provincial governor. Other officers at the provincial level were:
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force. By late 632 CE, Khalid ibn Walid had successfully united Arabia after consecutive victories against the rebels. During his own reign later, Umar would mostly adopt the policy of avoiding wars and consolidating his power in the incorporated lands rather than expanding his empire through continuous warfare.
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made it a point to pay high salaries to the staff. Provincial governors received as much as five to seven thousand dirham annually besides their shares of the spoils of war (if they were also the commander in chief of the army of their sector). Under Umar the empire was divided into the following provinces:
2341:, mother of Constantine the Great, who built churches in Jerusalem. "The Byzantines," he said, "had deliberately left the ancient site of the Temple as it was, and had even thrown rubbish on it, so that a great heap of rubble formed." It was only when Umar marched into Jerusalem with an army that he asked
2267:. He also permitted Jewish families to resettle in Jerusalem, which had previously been barred from all Jews. He issued orders that these Christians and Jews should be treated well and allotted them the equivalent amount of land in their new settlements. Umar also forbade non-Muslims from residing in the
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is said to have intercepted him and convinced him to hand over his sword. The murder of
Jafinah enraged Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, his foster brother, and he assaulted Ubaidullah ibn Umar; again the companions intervened. When Umar was informed about the incident, he ordered Ubaidullah imprisoned, and that
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a day, Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar to protest this tax. However, Umar refused to lift the tax, thus provoking Abu Lu'lu'a's rage. Although this is the reason given by most historical accounts for Abu Lu'lu'a's assassination of Umar, Umar's biased policies against non-Arab captives may also have played
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In 638 CE, Arabia fell into severe drought followed by a famine. Soon after, the reserves of food at Medina began to run out. Umar ordered caravans of supplies from Syria and Iraq, and personally supervised their distribution. His actions saved countless lives throughout Arabia. The first governor to
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and the Ma'qil, linking Basra with the Tigris River. These two canals were the basis for the agricultural development for the whole Basra region and used for drinking water. Umar also adopted a policy of assigning barren lands to those who undertook to cultivate them. This policy continued during the
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and asked his sister to give him what she was reciting. His sister replied in the negative and said "You are unclean, and no unclean person can touch the
Scripture." He insisted, but his sister was not prepared to allow him to touch the pages unless he washed his body. Umar at last gave in. He washed
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Under Umar's leadership, the empire expanded; accordingly, he began to build a political structure that would hold together the vast territory. He undertook many administrative reforms and closely oversaw public policy, establishing an advanced administration for the newly conquered lands, including
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Another important aspect of Umar's rule was that he forbade any of his governors and agents from engaging in any sort of business dealings whilst in a position of power. An agent of Umar by the name of Al Harith ibn K'ab ibn Wahb was once found to have extra money beyond his salary and Umar enquired
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Various other strict codes of conduct were to be obeyed by the governors and state officials. The principal officers were required to travel to Mecca on the occasion of the Hajj, during which people were free to present any complaint against them. In order to minimize the chances of corruption, Umar
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allied against their common enemy. He was lucky in that the
Persian Emperor Yazdegerd III couldn't synchronize with Heraclius as planned. Umar fully availed himself of the opportunity by inducing the Byzantines to act prematurely. This was contrary to the orders of Emperor Heraclius, who presumably
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Umar was strong, fit, athletic and good at wrestling. He is said to have participated in the wrestling matches on the occasion of the annual fair of Ukaz. From first hand accounts of his physical appearance Umar is said to be vigorous, robust and a very tall man; in markets he would tower above the
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and Abdur Rahman bin Awf revealed that they saw the dagger used by Abu Lu'lu'a, the assassin of Umar. A night before Umar's assassination, reported Abdur Rahman bin Awf, he saw
Hurmuzan, Jafina and Abu Lu'lu'a, while they were suspiciously discussing something. Surprised by his presence, the dagger
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According to Tom
Holland, Umar's historicity is beyond dispute. An Armenian bishop writing a decade or so after Qadisiyya describes Umar as a "mighty potentate coordinating the advance of the sons of Ismael from the depths of the desert". Tom Holland writes "What added incomparably to his prestige,
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Umar issued an order to invade the very homeland of the
Christian Arab forces besieging Emesa, the Jazirah. A three-pronged attack against Jazirah was launched from Iraq. To further pressure the Christian Arab armies, Umar instructed Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, commander of Muslim forces in Iraq, to send
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before Umar died famously said: "If Umar dies, Islam would be weakened". People asked him why and his reply was "You will see what I am speaking about if you survive." His greatest achievement from a religious perspective was the compilation of the Qur'an. This had not been done during the time of
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He also knew that just having a vision is not enough unless it is supported by effective strategies. He didn't only have a vision; he truly transformed his vision into actions. For example, to ensure that nobody sleeps hungry in his empire, he used to walk through the streets almost every night to
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Since Medina, with a rapidly growing population, was at risk of recurring famines when crops were lacking, Umar sought to facilitate the import of grain. He ordered the building of a canal connecting the Nile to the Red Sea and an improvement of port infrastructure on the Arabian coast. When Basra
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Umar judged the outcome of the Saqifa assembly to be a falta because of the absence of most of the prominent Muhajirun, including the Prophet's own family and clan, whose participation he considered vital for any legitimate consultation (shura, mashwara). It was, he warned the community, to be no
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Due to the delicate political situation in Arabia, Umar initially opposed military operations against the rebel tribes there, hoping to gain their support in the event of an invasion by the Romans or the Persians. Later, however, he came to agree with Abu Bakr's strategy to crush the rebellion by
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Western scholars tend to agree that Ali believed he had a clear mandate to succeed Muhammad, but offer differing views as to the extent of use of force by Umar in an attempt to intimidate Ali and his supporters. For instance, Madelung discounts the possibility of the use of force and argues that:
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according to Sunnis. The only one out of the 'famous ten' left out of the committee who was still alive at the time was Saeed ibn Zaid, the cousin and brother-in-law of Umar. He was excluded on the basis of being related by blood and of the same tribe as Umar. Umar had a policy of not appointing
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Isolated reports of use of force against Ali and Banu Hashim who unanimously refused to swear allegiance for six months are probably to be discounted. Abu Bakr no doubt was wise enough to restrain Umar from any violence against them, well realizing that this would inevitably provoke the sense of
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from this marriage Umar had a son named Zayd and a daughter named Ruqayya. This is, however, the Sunni view. The Shi'a do not accept that such a marriage took place. In fact, even some Sunnis scholars maintain that Umar's wife Umm Kulthum was actually Abu Bakr's daughter who was raised in Ali's
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Under Umar's rule, in order to promote strict discipline, Arab soldiers were settled outside of cities, between the desert and cultivated lands in special garrison towns known as "amsar". Known examples of such settlements are Basra and Kufa, in Iraq, and Fustat south of what would later become
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He would patrol the streets of Medina with a whip in his hand, ready to punish any offenders he might come across. It is said that Umar's whip was feared more than the sword of another man. But with all of this, he was also known for being kindhearted, answering the needs of the fatherless and
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Remember, I have not appointed you as commanders and tyrants over the people. I have sent you as leaders instead, so that the people may follow your example. Give the Muslims their rights and do not beat them lest they become abused. Do not praise them unduly, lest they fall into the error of
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He used to monitor public policy very closely, and had kept the needs of the public central to his leadership approach. As second caliph of Islam, he refused to chop off the hands of thieves because he felt he had fallen short of his responsibility to provide meaningful employment to all his
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records that "Umar was a man tall, stout, very bald, very ruddy with scanty hair on the cheeks, his moustaches large, and the ends thereof reddish". In addition, on the authority of Amir bin Rabi'ah, Ibn Sa'ad records that "I saw Umar a white man, pale. Prevailing ruddiness, tall and bald".
3341:), when asked about Abu Bakr and Umar, Zayd ibn Ali replied: "I have not heard anyone in my family renouncing them both nor saying anything but good about them...when they were entrusted with government they behaved justly with the people and acted according to the Qur'an and the Sunnah."
2845:(Iraq) who had been taken to Medina to serve as a private tutor to a family in Medina. After Ubayd Allah was detained for these murders, he threatened to kill all foreign captives residing in Medina, as well as some others. Although Ubayd Allah may have been encouraged by his sister
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Umar's submission to Islam was a conquest, his migration was a victory, his Imamate (period of rule) was a blessing, I have seen when we were unable to pray at the Kaabah until Umar submitted, when he submitted to Islam, he fought them (the pagans) until they left us alone and we
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Cairo. His soldiers were forbidden to own land outside of Arabia. There were restrictions on their right to seize buildings and other immovable things usually thought of as prizes of war. Movable spoils were shared with the people of the umma, regardless of their social stratum.
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R. B. Serjeant, "Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib: analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so-called 'Constitution of Medina'", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (1978), 41: 1–42, Cambridge University
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and declared, "Surely this is the word of Allah. I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah." On hearing this, Khabbab came out from inside and said: "O, Umar! Glad tidings for you. Yesterday Muhammad prayed to Allah, 'O, Allah! Strengthen Islam with either Umar or
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His (Umar's) strictness was there because of my softness when the weight of Caliphate will be over his shoulders he will remain no longer strict. If I will be asked by God to whom I have appointed my successor, I will tell him that I have appointed the best man among your
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was assigned the office of Chief Inspector of Accountability. Muslims remained in peace in Medina for approximately a year before the Quraish raised an army to attack them. In 624, Umar participated in the first battle between Muslims and Quraish of Mecca i.e., the
1854:. There would have been no sense in beating up the Khazraji chief if everybody had come around to swearing allegiance to Umar's candidate. A substantial number of the Ansar, presumably of Khazraj in particular, must have refused to follow the lead of the Muhajirun.
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Umar's embracing Islam was our victory, his migration to Medina was our success, and his reign a blessing from Allah. We didn't offer prayers in al-Haram Mosque until Umar had accepted Islam. When he accepted Islam, the Quraysh were compelled to let us pray in the
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went, remaining absent from his people for forty nights after which he has returned to them. By Allah, the messenger of Allah will indeed return just as Moses returned (to his people) and he will cut off the hands and legs of those men who claimed he has died."
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in the plains near Mecca. His merchant father was famed for his intelligence among his tribe. Umar himself said: "My father, al-Khattab, was a ruthless man. He used to make me work hard; if I didn't work he used to beat me and he used to work me to exhaustion."
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were annexed to the Rashidun Caliphate. According to one estimate more than 4,050 cities were captured during these military conquests. Prior to his death in 644, Umar had ceased all military expeditions apparently to consolidate his rule in recently conquered
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sought to kill all the Persians in Medina. He killed Hurmuzan, Jafinah, and the daughter of Umar's assassin Abu Lu'lu'a, who is believed to have been a Muslim. Ubaidullah was intercepted by the people of Medina, who prevented him from continuing the massacre.
2869:(r. 644–656), who considered the execution of Ubayd Allah an excessive measure in view of his father's recent assassination, Ali, among others, did protest against this and vowed to apply the regular punishment for murder if he were ever to be caliph.
1839:, who were ostracized as a result. The Khazraj tribe is said to have posed no significant threat as there were sufficient men of war from the Medinan tribes such as the Banu Aws to immediately organize them into a military bodyguard for Abu Bakr.
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When Muhammad died on 8 June 632 Umar initially disbelieved that he was dead. It is said that Umar promised to strike the head of any man who would say that Muhammad died. Umar said: "He has not died but rather he has gone to his lord just as
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Ibn Sa'd, Kitāb al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kabīr, vol 3, pp. 301, أخبرنا محمد بن عمر قال: أخبرنا عمر بن عمران بن عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر عن عاصم بن عبيد الله عن عبد الله بن عامر بن ربيعة قال: رأيتُ عمر رجلًا أبيض، أمْهَق. تعلوه حمرة، طُوالًا،
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assembly chose Abu Bakr as caliph, Umar marched with armed men to Ali's house in order to get the allegiance of Ali and his supporters. Sources indicate that a threat was made to burn Ali's house if he refused, but the encounter ended when
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and Khazraj tribes. Umar resolved the divisions by placing his hand on that of Abu Bakr as a unity candidate for those gathered in the Saqifah. Others at the Saqifah followed suit, with the exception of the Khazraj tribe and their leader,
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to avenge their father's death, his murder of Hurmuzān and Jufayna was likely the result of a mental breakdown rather than of a true conspiracy. It was regarded by his peers as a crime rather than as a legitimate act of retaliation.
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described his father as "a man of fair complexion, a ruddy tint prevailing, tall, bald and grey". Historian Salima bin al-Akwa'a said that "Umar was ambidextrous, he could use both his hands equally well". On the authority of
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Umar's political capacity first manifested as the architect of the caliphate after Muhammad died on 8 June 632. While the funeral of Muhammad was being arranged a group of Muhammad's followers who were natives of Medina, the
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would often weep whenever the subject of Umar was brought up. He said: "Umar was a fortress of Islam. People would enter Islam and not leave. When he died, the fortress was breached and now people are going out of Islam".
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Some historical sources report that Abu Lu'lu'a was taken prisoner and executed for his assassination of Umar, while other sources claim that he committed suicide. After Abu Lu'lu'a's death, his daughter was killed by
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reinforcements to Emesa. Umar himself led reinforcements there from Medina. Under this unprecedented pressure, the Christian Arabs retreated from Emesa before Muslim reinforcements could arrive. The Muslims annexed
1873:, Umar and Abu Bakr are also said to have used force to try to secure the allegiance from Ali and his party. It has been reported in mainly Persian historical sources written 300 years later, such as in the
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Ibn Sa'd, Kitāb al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kabīr, vol 3, pp. 301,قال: أخبرنا محمد بن عمر قال: أخبرنا شُعيب بن طلحة عن أبيه عن القاسم بن محمّد قال: سمعتُ ابن عمر يصف عمر يقول رجل أبيض تعْلُوه حُمْرَةٌ، طُوال، أصلع، أشيب.
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Abu Bakr was aware of Umar's power and ability to succeed him. His was perhaps one of the smoothest transitions of power from one authority to another in the Muslim lands. Before his death, Abu Bakr called
2606:, which was headed personally by Umar. For internally displaced people, Umar hosted a dinner every night at Medina, which according to one estimate, had attendance of more than a hundred thousand people.
2841:) that they had been seen conspiring with Abu Lu'lu'a while he was holding the double-bladed dagger, Ubayd Allah also killed Hurmuzān (Umar's Persian military adviser), and Jufayna, a Christian man from
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In early 20th-century scholarship it was sometimes supposed that Abu Lu'lu'a had really been an instrument in the hands of a conspiracy, though not a conspiracy led by Hurmuzān, but rather one led by
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Umar was the first to introduce the public ministry system, where the records of officials and soldiers were kept. He also kept a record system for messages he sent to Governors and heads of state.
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to the victims, and released Umar's son Ubaidullah on the ground that, after the tragedy of Umar's assassination, people would be further infuriated by the execution of his son the very next day.
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started preaching the message of Islam. However, like many others in Mecca, Umar opposed Islam and even threatened to kill Muhammad. He resolved to defend the traditional polytheistic religion of
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He built up an efficient administrative structure that held together his vast realm. He organized an effective intelligence network, one of the reasons for his strong grip on his bureaucracy.
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mention that Abu Miriam Zir, a native of Kufa, described Umar as being "advanced in years, bald, of a tawny colour – a left handed man, tall and towering above the people". Umar's eldest son
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conceit. Do not keep your doors shut in their faces, lest the more powerful of them eat up the weaker ones. And do not behave as if you were superior to them, for that is tyranny over them.
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Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote that Umar's stress was on the well-being of the poor and underprivileged. In addition to this, Umar, in order to improve his reputation and relation with the
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Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor before dying in 634 CE. Due to his strict and autocratic nature, Umar was not a very popular figure among the notables of Medina and members of
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To be close to the poor, Umar lived in a simple mud hut without doors and walked the streets every evening. After consulting with the poor, Umar established the first welfare state,
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Nuaimal Hakim told him to inquire about his own house where his sister and her husband had converted to Islam. Upon arriving at her house, Umar found his sister and brother-in-law
3054:, because he wanted people to know that it is Allah who grants victory, and to counter the cult of personality that had built up around Khalid, for the sake of the Muslim faith.
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The rulers of Khandesh who claimed descent from Caliph Umar Faruq evinced the Faruq - like spirit of statesmanship, worldly wisdom, tenacity of purpose, tolerance and patriotism
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2330:
and its gates). Then the Commander Umar granted them this request. The seventy families moved to Jerusalem from Tiberias and the area around it with their wives and children."
3073:, wanted Uthman to be more strict with his governors, saying, "I adjure you by God, do you know that Mu'awiyah was more afraid of Umar than was Umar's own servant Yarfa?"
1555:
5104:, p. 404 refers to Jufayna as "al-Naṣrānī", indicating that he was a man. Moreover, while the murder weapon seems to be depicted here as a split-blade sword (like
2935:
Umar appointed a band of fifty armed soldiers to protect the house where the meeting was proceeding. Until the appointment of the next caliph, Umar appointed a notable
7102:
3318:, reject these accounts of physical abuse as a "myth", although Fadlallah mentioned that his speech is a probability, and not a certain reason to reject that event.
2353:(rock) to be removed by the Nabataeans, and after three showers of heavy rain had cleansed the Rock, he instituted prayers there. To this day, the place is known as
2404:
1548:
1797:
Hearing this, Umar fell on his knees in sorrow and acceptance. Sunni Muslims say that this denial of Muhammad's death was occasioned by his deep love for him.
2223:
Umayyad period and resulted in the cultivation of large areas of barren lands through the construction of irrigation canals by the state and by individuals.
5957:
5882:
5868:
5467:
3134:
Muhammad. However, during the Battle of Yamama a great number of the memorizers of the Quran perished in the battle. On the advice of Umar, Abu Bakr tasked
6796:
5503:
4605:
3749:
3497:
3306:, intervened. According to the majority of Twelver scholar writings, Fatimah was physically assaulted by Umar, that this caused her to miscarry her child,
1751:
under Muhammad's command and he was reported to have given half of his wealth for the preparation of this expedition. He also participated in the farewell
350:
6544:
1503:
Umar's conversion to Islam granted power to the Muslims and to the Islamic faith in Mecca. It was after this event that Muslims offered prayers openly in
6903:
1791:
Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed away before him. If, then, he dies or is killed, will you turn back on your heel?
5486:"Hadith – Book of Model Behavior of the Prophet (Kitab Al-Sunnah) – Sunan Abi Dawud – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"
2888:
On his deathbed, Umar vacillated on his succession. However, it has been reported that he said that if Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, Khalid ibn Walid or
2175:
Umar was first to establish a special department for the investigation of complaints against the officers of the State. This department acted as the
6964:
3108:
2397:
1339:. He was tall, physically powerful and a renowned wrestler. He was also a gifted orator who succeeded his father as an arbitrator among the tribes.
7122:
1830:
were in disagreement, Umar, after strained negotiations lasting one or two days, brilliantly divided the Ansar into their old warring factions of
1777:"Whoever worshiped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad has died, and whoever worshiped Allah, let them know that Allah is alive and never dies."
1214:) as the first caliph and served as the closest adviser to the latter until August 634, when the dying Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor.
3908:
7087:
4393:
4140:
3731:
Bonner, M.; Levi Della Vida, G. "Umar (I) b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
3680:
Bonner, M.; Levi Della Vida, G. "Umar (I) b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
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Umar never appointed governors for more than two years, for they might amass too much local power. He dismissed his most successful general,
2928:
1114:
2896:
and freed Persian slave, were alive he would have appointed one of them his successor. Umar finally appointed a committee of six persons to
1890:
solidarity of the majority of Abdul Mannaf whose acquiescence he needed. His policy was rather not isolating Banu Hashim as far as possible.
1735:
with reinforcements, including Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they attacked and defeated the enemy. In 630, when Muslim armies rushed for the
6598:
3536:
3219:
were captured, thus isolating the stronghold of Persia, the Khurasan. The final expedition was launched against Khurasan, where, after the
5112:, p. 109 describes it as "a unique dagger", having "two pointed sharp edges, with a handle in the middle". The picture is taken from
2317:
Umar's visit to Jerusalem is documented in several sources. A recently discovered Judeo-Arabic text has disclosed the following anecdote:
4852:
2070:
Every appointment was made in writing. At the time of appointment an instrument of instructions was issued with a view to regulating the
6957:
3565:
3397:
2421:
2385:
1670:
570:
524:
238:
1980:. With the necessary public support on his side, Umar took the bold decision of recalling Khalid ibn Walid from supreme command on the
1782:
1248:
Umar is generally viewed by historians to be one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history. He is revered in the
6634:
6610:
6509:
6362:
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6171:
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caused him to exert considerable effort in running the caliphate whilst there was a widespread lack of food. It is also narrated by
2242:
several new ministries and bureaucracies, and ordered a census of all the Muslim territories. During his rule, the garrison cities (
476:
274:
5701:
2743:, where he may also have converted to Islam. Other historical sources report that he was rather taken captive by al-Mughira in the
6782:
4809:
2533:
The military conquests were partially terminated between 638 and 639 during the years of great famine in Arabia and plague in the
1477:
he intended to kill him with and accepted Islam in front of him and his companions. Umar was 39 years old when he accepted Islam.
7097:
4162:"Hadith – Book of Companions of the Prophet – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"
3714:"Hadith – Book of Companions of the Prophet – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"
3696:"Hadith – Book of Companions of the Prophet – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"
1659:
689:
2668:
1406:
When a small group of Muslims migrated, Umar became worried about the future unity of the Quraish and decided to have Muhammad
3085:
subjects. As a ruler of a vast kingdom, his vision was to ensure that every one in his kingdom should sleep on a full stomach.
2654:, drafted by Muhammad, the Jews and the Christians continued to use their own laws in the Caliphate and had their own judges.
6896:
3737:
Shi'i tradition has never concealed its antipathy to Umar for having thwarted the claims of Ali and the House of the Prophet.
2708:. His motivation for the assassination is not clear, but medieval sources attribute it to a tax dispute with his Arab master
1958:
Even though almost all of the Muslims had given their pledge of loyalty to Umar, he was feared more than loved. According to
631:
5752:
4906:
4279:
4879:
3184:
His strategy resulted in a Muslim victory at the Second Battle of Emesa in 638, where the pro-Byzantine Christian Arabs of
7117:
7092:
6682:
6420:
5250:. As pointed out by Pellat 2011, other accounts rather maintain that Abu Lu'lu'a's was angry about the caliph's raising a
4376:"Hadith – Book of Judgments (Ahkaam) – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"
2673:
2452:
2447:
2442:
7082:
5805:
5607:
3823:
3246:
Umar is remembered by Sunnis as a rigid Muslim of a sound and just disposition in matters of religion; a man they title
1907:
Umar advised Abu Bakr to compile the Quran in the form of a book after 300 huffāẓ (memorizers) of the Quran died in the
1874:
957:
4933:
3173:
wanted a coordinated attack along with the Persians. Umar did this by sending reinforcements to the Roman front in the
2643:
1937:
to write his will in which he declared Umar his successor. In his will he instructed Umar to continue the conquests on
397:ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb ibn Nufayl ibn ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā ibn Rāz ibn ʿAdiyy ibn Kaʿab ibn Luʿayy ibn Ghālib ibn Fihr ibn Mālik
6498:
2688:
2372:
brought relief to the country's Jewish citizens, who had previously been barred by the Byzantines from praying on the
891:
4996:
4969:
4783:
4620:
2947:), as a deputy or caretaker caliph to run state affairs. While the meeting for selection of a caliph was proceeding,
6949:
2574:
and the newly conquered Sassanid Empire (642–644). At his death in November 644, his rule extended from present day
2008:, that had accepted the suzerainty of the caliphate. The provinces were administered by the provincial governors or
6646:
6569:
3315:
3311:
2838:
996:
565:
7107:
6889:
6560:
5522:
4740:
3130:
2991:
2970:
2889:
2677:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2365:
1996:, where the sovereign political authority was the caliph. The empire of Umar was divided into provinces and some
1732:
1257:
1226:
1177:
1107:
719:
677:
7041:
5976:
5059:
Islam: An Illustrated History By Greville Stewart Parker Freeman-Grenville, Stuart Christopher Munro-Hay, p. 40
3977:
3530:
2948:
2477:
2467:
2462:
2457:
1823:
1812:(helpers), organised a meeting on the outskirts of the city, effectively locking out those companions known as
1455:
Verily, I am Allah: there is no God but Me; so serve Me (only), and establish regular prayer for My remembrance
6282:
5293:, p. 109 describes the dagger as "unique", having "two pointed sharp edges, with a handle in the middle".
3293:(the main branch of Shia Islam) and is often regarded as a usurper of Ali's right to the Caliphate. After the
2709:
2642:
Local populations of Jews and Christians, persecuted as religious minorities and taxed heavily to finance the
2435:
2337:(932–940 CE) that the rock known as the Temple Mount had been a place of ruins as far back as the time of the
2232:
575:
5780:
History of al-Tabari Vol. 15, The Crisis of the Early Caliphate: The Reign of 'Uthman A.D. 644-656/A.H. 24–35
3124:
His rule was one of the few moments in the history of Islam where Muslims were united as a single community.
6540:
4683:
3379:
3373:
3257:
2755:
military officer who had been working for Umar as an adviser after his own capture by the Muslims. Although
2705:
2663:
2334:
1242:
714:
223:
218:
6747:
3090:
If a dog dies hungry on the banks of the River Euphrates, Umar will be responsible for dereliction of duty.
3061:
Umar's swift imposition of justice against his governors for misdeeds made even powerful governors such as
7031:
5330:
3793:
3570:
3185:
2966:
2897:
2858:
2744:
2651:
2571:
2117:
1959:
1403:
1140:
1014:
699:
560:
5309:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 90.
5078:
Watt. Muhammad at Medina and R. B. Serjeant "The Constitution of Medina." Islamic Quarterly 8 (1964) p.4.
1496:
in practicing Islam openly. At this stage Umar even challenged anyone who dared to stop the Muslims from
7077:
7026:
7016:
4748:
2862:
2834:
2615:
2180:
1716:
1683:
1619:
732:
319:
35:
4646:
3367:
2998:(very white shining). He would always color his beard and take care of his hair using a type of plant.
2201:
about his wealth. Al Harith replied that he had some money and he engaged in trade with it. Umar said:
1836:
213:
2684:, and Jufayna (wrongly depicted here as a woman; the depiction of the murder weapon may also be wrong)
6602:
6015:
4817:
3435:
3403:
3220:
3178:
2953:
2909:
2901:
2830:
2724:
2176:
1708:
1649:
1609:
1100:
650:
547:
488:
329:
279:
243:
79:
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7067:
7021:
3350:
3039:
2921:
2905:
2697:
2603:
2253:
1485:
1049:
709:
471:
456:
259:
198:
66:
4595:"The Precious Pearls" by Muhammad Ayub Sipra, Darussalam publishers and distributors, 2002, p. 57.
2179:, where the legal proceedings were personally led by Umar. The department was under the charge of
6912:
6564:
6368:
6145:"شایعات – کلیپ رد هجوم به منزل حضرت زهرا(س)، توسط آیت الله سید حسین فضل الله ! / شایعه 0717"
3385:
3241:
3208:
3125:
2822:
2772:
2736:
2369:
2236:
2137:
1508:
1419:
1284:
1199:. Umar participated in almost all battles and expeditions under Muhammad, who bestowed the title
694:
624:
519:
228:
99:
3355:
Umar married nine women in his lifetime and had fourteen children: ten sons and four daughters.
1962:, the first challenge for Umar was to win over his subjects and the members of Majlis al Shura.
1261:
5751:
Ramadani, Veland; Dana, Léo-Paul; Gërguri-Rashiti, Shqipe; Ratten, Vanessa (2 September 2016).
2932:
anyone related to him to a position of authority even if they were qualified by his standards.
7036:
6730:
6707:
6686:
6663:
6630:
6606:
6579:
6526:
6480:
6474:
6440:
6358:
6288:
6167:
6106:
6081:
6055:
5849:
5811:
5784:
5758:
5707:
5310:
5002:
4975:
4939:
4912:
4885:
4858:
4789:
4752:
4626:
4576:
4549:
4543:
4331:
3989:
3954:
3948:
3774:
3663:
3639:
3633:
3281:
3201:
3174:
3066:
2917:
2342:
1965:
Umar was a gifted orator, and he used his ability to improve his reputation among the people.
1908:
1744:
1736:
1720:
1644:
1629:
1624:
1463:
1388:
991:
969:
829:
529:
253:
6075:
6049:
5118:('Our History in a Narrative style'), a popular history book first published in Iraq in 1935.
4570:
2259:
Umar also ordered the expulsion to Syria and Iraq of the Christian and Jewish communities of
1203:
upon him, for his judgements. After Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to
6873:
6720:
6651:
6552:
6350:
3985:
3552:
3523:
3153:, India, from 14th century until 16th century, has claimed their descent from Umar lineage.
3142:
3070:
3051:
2913:
2804:
2792:
2614:
While famine was ending in Arabia, many districts in Syria and Palestine were devastated by
2358:
2338:
2306:
2215:
2159:
2133:
1920:
1842:
1748:
1740:
1728:
1696:
1634:
1347:
1222:
1191:
kinsman and later son-in-law. Following his conversion to Islam in 616, he became the first
964:
177:
5088:
6863:
6821:
6751:
6620:
6548:
5675:
3476:
3391:
3216:
3135:
2846:
2814:
2595:
respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor of Syria and supreme commander of the
2554:
2249:
1870:
1704:
1639:
1525:
In 622 CE, due to the safety offered by Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply
1504:
1449:
1367:
1351:
1218:
1162:
1131:
1055:
974:
704:
500:
269:
233:
4328:
In the shadow of the sword, The Battle for Global Empire and the End of the Ancient World
4257:
3188:, aided by the Byzantine Emperor, made an unexpected flanking movement and laid siege to
1877:, that after Ali's refusal to pay homage, Abu Bakr sent Umar with an armed contingent to
6678:ÖMER b. el-Hattâb – An article published in 34th volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam
6434:
3164:
One strategic success was his sundering of the Byzantine-Sassanid alliance in 636, when
2876:
in al-Masjid al-Nabawi alongside Muhammad and the caliph Abu Bakr, by the permission of
2771:) under Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed to enter the capital of the
6743:
6655:
6556:
6494:
4687:
3307:
2958:
2940:
2349:(Byzantines) had recaptured the city. It was then that Umar ordered the rubbish on the
1977:
1865:
sources and Madelung, Umar and Abu Bakr had in effect mounted a political coup against
1692:
1688:
1599:
1589:
1530:
1434:
1366:
societies. As a merchant he was unsuccessful. Like others around him, Umar was fond of
1363:
906:
834:
403:
5926:
2271:
for longer than three days. He was first to establish the army as a state department.
7062:
7056:
6430:
6372:
5845:
3444:
3429:
3338:
3169:
3113:
3062:
2596:
2279:
2218:(17-29/638 – 650) as its first governor. He began building two important canals, the
2168:
1993:
1851:
1808:
1724:
1407:
1332:
1324:
916:
849:
824:
819:
617:
593:
494:
482:
289:
284:
6790:
6703:
The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni-Shia Split
6343:"Espaces de liberté et contraintes graphiques dans les graffiti du début de l'islam"
2248:) of Basra and Kufa were founded or expanded. In 638, he extended and renovated the
1229:
in less than two years (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar set aside the
5989:
5306:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIV: The Conquest of Iran, A.D. 641–643/A.H. 21–23
3560:
3533:, is a historic mosque in Dumat al-Jandal in northern Arabia, it was built by Umar.
3501:
Transcription of a Rock inscription, thought to be an autograph of Umar's signature
3326:
3224:
2798:
2542:
2373:
2327:
2283:
2040:
1712:
1614:
1594:
1359:
1328:
1288:
1230:
1090:
1070:
984:
605:
579:
85:
5160:, an anonymous work written c. 1126 CE, Abu Lu'lu'a came from Fin, a village near
4745:
The Hebrew-Arabic Dictionary of the Bible, Known as 'Kitāb Jāmiʿ al-Alfāẓ' (Agron)
3660:
Islam in Global History: From the Death of Prophet Muhammad to the First World War
2067:
was, in most cases, the Commander-in-chief of the army quartered in the province.
1480:
According to one account, after his conversion to Islam Umar openly prayed at the
898:
6724:
6701:
6676:
6624:
6520:
5932:
5901:
5304:
4287:
3768:
3376:, she was divorced by Umar. She was the mother of Ubayd Allah and Zayd al-Asghar.
2791:
a prominent role. One day when Umar was leading the congregational prayer in the
1395:
Muslims. He recommended Muhammad's death. He firmly believed in the unity of the
6843:
6770:
5831:
5373:, p. 69 (cf. p. 404, where Madelung refers to him as "Jufayna al-Naṣrānī").
3984:, published by Dar al-Wathan publications, Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1422
3197:
3150:
2748:
2716:
2681:
2631:
2579:
2472:
2298:
2154:
2149:
1969:
1392:
1249:
1065:
667:
658:
359:
31:
2309:
should be counted from the year of the Hijra of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina.
5981:
5650:
5150:, p. 75, note 67 finds the sources claiming he was Christian unreliable.
3981:
3506:
3019:
2873:
2732:
2693:
2602:
Later, Abu Ubaidah paid a personal visit to Medina and acted as an officer of
2583:
2302:
2001:
1997:
1700:
1604:
1493:
1422:
in 616, one year after the Migration to Abyssinia. The story was recounted in
1320:
1304:
1264:
902:
367:
154:
6667:
6354:
4756:
3388:, She married Umar about between May 627 and May 628. They had one son, Asim.
1283:
clan, which was responsible for arbitration among the tribes. His father was
6859:
6051:
An Introduction to Shiʿi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʿism
3510:
3509:
was found on a rock in al-Murakkab (Saudi Arabia) which is thought to be an
3334:
3330:
3322:
3165:
2538:
2219:
2125:
1981:
1814:
1423:
1336:
1238:
1217:
Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an unprecedented rate, conquering the
1031:
979:
6444:
2781:
1500:, although no one dared to interfere with Umar when he was openly praying.
856:
6342:
1176:) as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644. Umar was a senior
6996:
6923:
6852:
6813:
6726:
The Heirs Of The Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism
5105:
3290:
3146:
2762:
2752:
2735:, Abu Lu'lu'a was probably taken captive by his master al-Mughira in the
2720:
2562:
2550:
2050:
1831:
1770:
1384:
1343:
1300:
1280:
1252:
tradition as a great just ruler and paragon of Islamic virtues, and some
1204:
1181:
1166:
912:
779:
772:
552:
308:
125:
6347:
Savants, amants, poètes et fous : Séances offertes à Katia Zakharia
4730:, vol. XII, Albany: State University of New York Press 2007, pp. 194–195
3635:
History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period
3547:
3299:
3294:
3287:
2842:
2700:, Medina. The first window from the right gives a view of Umar's grave.
2558:
2264:
2005:
1878:
1859:
1827:
1396:
1391:. He was adamant and cruel in opposing Muhammad, and very prominent in
1355:
1312:
1308:
1192:
1188:
808:
739:
304:
299:
2969:
as caliph. After prolonged negotiations, the tribunal decided to give
2389:
2196:
He was the first to discipline the people when they became disordered.
7006:
6933:
6777:
5985:
5161:
3542:
3212:
3161:
Along with Khalid ibn Walid, Umar was influential in the Ridda wars.
2987:
2936:
2866:
2787:
2756:
2740:
2728:
2566:
2546:
2534:
2322:
2291:
2260:
2143:
2121:
2079:
1934:
1819:
1818:(The Emigrants) including Umar. Umar found out about this meeting at
1526:
1497:
1467:
1253:
1026:
1001:
935:
877:
870:
863:
789:
684:
555:
186:
135:
95:
4520:, ed. P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, Cambridge 1970
3370:, she was the mother of Hafsa, Abd Allah and Abd al-Rahman al-Akbar.
2825:), while other accounts maintain that he survived three more days.
2063:
In some districts there were separate military officers, though the
1540:
17:
6881:
6476:
Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs
6216:
Vol. 16, Mircea Eliade, Charles J. Adams, Macmillan, 1987, p. 243.
6103:
The Most Learned of the Shiʿa: The Institution of the Marjaʿ Taqlid
5992:, 1422 AH (2002), compiled by Muhammad ibn Shamil as-Sulami, p. 168
5851:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume III
5485:
3138:
with the momentous task of compiling the Quran into a single Book.
1399:
and saw the new faith of Islam as a cause of division and discord.
4375:
4161:
4156:
4154:
3713:
3695:
3496:
3252:
2893:
2877:
2768:
2687:
2667:
2647:
2575:
2287:
2268:
2244:
2105:
1942:
1765:
1489:
1481:
1474:
1458:
1445:
1438:
1292:
1276:
1196:
1021:
943:
926:
749:
744:
422:
384:
339:
159:
5703:
The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam
4410:
Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq, by Mohammad Allias Aadil, pp. 58–59
6227:
6225:
6191:. Vol. 8 (1st ed.). Lebanon: Dār al-ḍwāʾ. p. 289.
6126:
5581:
Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri, Genealogies of the Nobles, pp. 325
3223:, the Persian empire ceased to exist, and Yazdegerd III fled to
3189:
2619:
2275:
2111:
2010:
1938:
1862:
1752:
1442:
1316:
1234:
939:
812:
759:
754:
6953:
6885:
6404:('the one who distinguishes '), for his reputation as a jurist.
2833:, one of Umar's sons. Acting upon the claim of one man (either
2393:
1544:
7011:
6938:
6144:
4666:
4664:
3662:, American Institute of Islamic History and Cul, 2001, p. 34.
3303:
2854:
2193:
He was the first to appoint police forces to keep civil order.
1973:
1866:
1707:
was married to Muhammad. Later in 627, he participated in the
1402:
Due to persecution, Muhammad ordered some of his followers to
794:
6626:
The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History
3571:
7th century in Lebanon § Ṣaḥāba who have visited Lebanon
3329:, generally has two views about that. Some branches, such as
1773:
then publicly spoke to the community in the mosque, saying:
6789:
4782:
Numani, Shibli; Numani, Muhammad Shibli (6 November 2004).
3988:(2002), compiled by Muhammad ibn Shamil as-Sulami, p. 170,
2680:) witnessing the purported conspiracy of Abu Lu'lu'a,
1739:, he was part of that army. Later in 630, he fought in the
1241:
and to worship. Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave
84:
Calligraphic seal featuring Umar's name, on display in the
30:"Omar" redirects here. For other people with the name, see
6522:
The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate
3400:, She was married to Umar in 634 and was mother of Fatima.
1869:
at the Saqifah. According to one version of narrations in
1287:
and his mother was Hantama bint Hisham, from the tribe of
1225:. His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in the
6785:
by Shaykh Sayyed Muhammad bin Yahya al-Husayni al-Ninowy.
5958:"Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 2"
5928:
The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society Volumes 52-54
5869:"Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 2"
5504:"Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 2"
5468:"Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 2"
4958:
The challenge of Islamic renaissance By Syed Abdul Quddus
4606:"Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 2"
4223:
4221:
4102:
Sahih-al-Bhukari book of Maghazi, Ghazwa Zaat-ul-Sallasal
3750:"Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 1"
2715:
According to some historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a
5833:
Vision and Visionary Leadership – An Islamic Perspective
4530:
Commanding right and forbidding wrong in Islamic thought
3972:
3970:
3482:
Fatima, daughter of Umm Hakim bint al-Harith ibn Hisham.
1822:, and, taking with him two other Muhajirs, Abu Bakr and
1260:
after Abu Bakr. However, he is viewed negatively in the
434:
Al-Fārūq ("the distinguisher (between right and wrong)")
2704:
In 644, Umar was assassinated by a Persian slave named
2082:, and read the instrument of instructions before them.
6033:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFThe_World_Factbook2010 (
3735:. Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 820.
2880:
given to his son Abdullah ibn Umar on Umar's request.
2775:, being sent there by al-Mughira to serve the caliph.
1453:
his body and then began to read the verses that were:
5754:
Entrepreneurship and Management in an Islamic Context
5414:
5354:
5265:
5247:
5143:
4674:, Jerusalem 1946, pp. 20–21 (Hebrew and Judeo-Arabic)
4572:
A Critique of the Origins of Islamic Economic Thought
3684:. Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 820.
6982:
6314:
Nawawī, Tahdhīb al-asmāʾ wa l-lughāt, vol. 2, p. 630
5804:
Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr.; Boum, Aomar (7 July 2015).
5251:
5155:
5146:
merely state that he was a Christian slave, whereas
5113:
3286:
Umar is viewed very negatively in the literature of
3037:
2982:
people. The front part of his head was bald, always
2779:
2760:
2290:, and, as such, he started the process of codifying
1747:. He was part of the Muslim army that contested the
1145:
6218:"They were called "Rafida by the followers of Zayd"
6127:"تدلیس شبکه وهابی در سخنان آقای محمد حسین فضل الله"
5925:Mythic Society (Bangalore, India) (14 March 1962).
5883:"Umar Ibn Al-Khattab: His Life and Times, Volume 1"
3394:, she was married to Umar and had a son named Iyad.
1781:Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an
1584:
Campaigns Umar took part in during time of Muhammad
421:
402:
383:
366:
345:
335:
325:
315:
298:
252:
206:
193:
166:
145:
141:
131:
121:
105:
93:
45:
6645:
6028:
6003:The History of the Khalifas Who Took the Right Way
5230:Other sources speak of three dirhams a month; see
4971:Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective
4935:Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective
4545:Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective
2085:Umar's general instructions to his officers were:
5568:
5566:
5564:
4447:, Mohammad Hussain Haikal, chapter 4, pp. 112–113
2203:By Allah, we did not send you to engage in trade!
1327:, while still in his teenage years, Umar learned
6422:The Book of the Major Classes (Tabaqat al-Kubra)
4854:Umar bin Al Khattab – The Second Caliph of Islam
4081:, Mohammad Allias Aadil, p. 42, Sahih al Bukhari
2994:that he had reddish-white skin. His teeth were
2078:was required to assemble the people in the main
6595:Conquerors of Palestine Through Forty Centuries
6349:. Beirut: Presses de l’Ifpo. pp. 161–174.
5863:
5861:
4128:The History of Khalifahs Who Took The Right Way
3935:The History of Khalifahs Who Took The Right Way
3262:
3118:
3099:
3088:
3082:
2723:(Iran), though other reports describe him as a
2672:Early 20th-century depiction of Abd al-Rahman (
2618:. While Umar was on his way to visit Syria, at
2087:
1925:
1887:
1847:
1787:
1775:
1513:
1291:. In his youth he used to tend to his father's
7113:Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud
6644:Ishkevari, Hasan Yusofi; Nejad, Saleh (2008).
6204:by Tabarī, Carole Hillenbrand, 1989, pp. 37–38
5906:. Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i Delli. pp. 157, 165
5151:
4810:"Life and Works of 2nd Caliph Umar Al Khattab"
4122:
4120:
2497:Conquest of Isfahan & Tabaristan (642–643)
2368:(died before 1026 CE), the Muslim conquest of
2205:and he took from him the profits he had made.
1414:Conversion to Islam and service under Muhammad
6965:
6897:
6396:Umar had many titles and epithets, including
5172:
5170:
4911:. Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam Lahore USA.
4435:, Muhammad Ali, Muḥammad Yaʿqūb K̲h̲ān, p. 85
4370:
4368:
3866:
3864:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3256:. According to one of Muhammad's companions,
3036:Umar was the first caliph to adopt the title
2405:
1556:
1466:, whomsoever Thou likest.' It seems that his
1187:Umar initially opposed Muhammad, his distant
1108:
625:
8:
5394:
5326:
5142:. Modern authors also take different views:
5026:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFEsposito2010 (
4647:"History Of Science And Technology In Islam"
3849:Tabqat ibn Sa'ad. Chapter: Umar ibn Khattab.
3638:. Vol. 2. Cornwall Books. p. 326.
2778:When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a to pay a
2747:(636), or that he was sold to al-Mughira by
1319:himself, he developed a love for poetry and
1165:, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded
49:
5984:, published by Dar al-Wathan publications,
5045:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFHofmann2007 (
4908:The Living Thoughts of the Prophet Muhammad
4878:Khālid, Khālid Muḥammad (1 February 2005).
4214:. State University of New York Press. 1990.
3314:). However, some Twelver scholars, such as
2965:Umar died on 6 November 644; on 7 November
1437:(Umar's cousin) reciting the verses of the
1256:identify him as the second greatest of the
6972:
6958:
6950:
6904:
6890:
6882:
6804:
6570:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
6189:Kitāb al-Futūḥ by Aḥmad ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī
5545:
5543:
5541:
5454:
4772:, Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, p. 844
4321:
4319:
4317:
4206:
4204:
4089:
4087:
3485:Ruqayya, daughter of Umm Kulthum bint Ali.
2412:
2398:
2390:
1695:. In the second phase of the battle, when
1656:Campaigns Umar led during time of Muhammad
1563:
1549:
1541:
1492:. This further helped the Muslims to gain
1115:
1101:
643:
632:
618:
443:
78:
42:
6578:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 818−821.
6327:vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013).
4093:Tabqat ibn al-Saad book of Maghazi, p. 62
4052:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFArmstrong (
4009:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFArmstrong (
3884:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFArmstrong (
3426:Abd al-Rahman, son of Zaynab bint Maz'un.
2507:Conquest of Kerman & Makran (643–644)
1473:Umar then went to Muhammad with the same
1180:and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet
6981:The ten to whom Paradise was promised –
6783:Sirah of Amirul Muminin Umar Bin Khattab
6462:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6400:, as the first holder of the title, and
6166:. Oxford University Press. p. 186.
6105:. Oxford University Press. p. 211.
5637:
5442:
5430:
5410:
5398:
5382:
5370:
5342:
5322:
5290:
5278:
5218:
5202:
5189:
5147:
5109:
5101:
5021:
4968:Al-Buraey, Muhammad (6 September 1985).
4932:Al-Buraey, Muhammad (6 September 1985).
4703:
4308:
4239:
4227:
4195:
3950:Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar)
3310:, and led to her death soon after. (see
3109:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
2962:the next caliph should decide his fate.
7103:People of the Muslim conquest of Persia
6479:. New York: Columbia University Press.
6389:
6284:Life of Umar the Great, the (Al-Farooq)
5040:
4905:Ali, Maulana Muhammad (16 April 2015).
4851:Ahmad, Abdul Basit (6 September 2017).
4622:Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism
3947:Al Mubarakpury, Safi ur Rahman (2002).
3619:
3582:
3116:refers to Umar in the following terms:
3080:A modern researcher writes about this:
2333:It is also reported in the name of the
1354:, where he is said to have met various
646:
446:
6681:(in Turkish). Vol. 34. Istanbul:
6675:Fayda, Mustafa; Koçak, Muhşin (2007).
6460:The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History
6287:. Adam Publishers & Distributors.
6101:Walbridge, Linda S. (30 August 2001).
5549:"Hadrat Umar Farooq" by Masud-Ul-Hasan
5535:Haykal, 1944. Chapter "Death of Umar".
5418:
5358:
5243:
5231:
5214:
5176:
5139:
5127:
4995:Akgündüz, Ahmed; Öztürk, Said (2011).
4394:"The Biography of Abu Bakr As-Siddeeq"
4141:"The Biography of Abu Bakr As-Siddeeq"
2537:. During his reign the Levant, Egypt,
6519:Madelung, Wilferd (15 October 1998).
6054:. Yale University Press. p. 19.
5810:. Avalon Publishing. pp. 48–49.
5205:, pp. 108–109 (cf. also p. 112).
4751:. p. xxxix – xl (Introduction).
4747:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1. New Haven:
4047:
4004:
3879:
3441:Zayd, son of Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal.
3102:see if there is any one needy or ill.
2929:the ten to whom Paradise was promised
7:
6599:Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby
5807:A Concise History of the Middle East
5738:
5397:, vol. V, pp. 40–51, as reported by
4785:Umar: Makers of Islamic Civilization
4716:The origins of Islamic jurisprudence
4672:Meqorot u-Meḥqarim be-Toldot Yisrael
3537:Al Farooq Omar Bin Al Khattab Mosque
2186:Umar was a pioneer in some affairs:
1484:as the Quraish chiefs, Abu Jahl and
6469:, Princeton University Press, 1981.
6331:, p. 204. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
6202:The waning of the Umayyad caliphate
3840:Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1, pp. 40–41.
3566:Umar ibn Ibrahim ibn Waqid al-Umari
3398:Umm Hakim bint al-Harith ibn Hisham
2485:Conquest of Sassanid Persian Empire
2458:Conquest of Armenia (638 & 644)
2453:Campaigns in Eastern Anatolia (638)
2256:(Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina.
1470:has been answered in your favour."
1135:
50:
27:2nd Rashidun caliph from 634 to 644
6868:23 August 634 – c. 6 November 644
4619:Koehler, Benedikt (17 June 2014).
4360:Medieval Islamic political thought
4069:, Mohammad Allias Aadil, pp. 40–41
2739:(642) and subsequently brought to
1988:Political and civil administration
25:
6439:. 10 vols. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli.
6271:Tabari/Smith vol. 14 pp. 100–101.
6162:Ruthven, Malise (20 April 2006).
6077:The Conference of Baghdad's Ulema
5600:History of the Prophets and Kings
5415:Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000
5355:Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000
5266:Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000
5248:Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000
5144:Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000
3829:History of the Prophets and Kings
3479:, daughter of Zaynab bint Maz'un.
3438:, son of Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal.
2898:choose a caliph from amongst them
2692:Tombstone of caliph Umar, in the
2468:Conquest of Lower Egypt (641–642)
2463:Conquest of Upper Egypt (640–641)
2074:conduct. On assuming office, the
6455:, Oxford University Press, 1955.
5700:Crawford, Peter (16 July 2013).
4743:(1936). Solomon L. Skoss (ed.).
4649:. History-science-technology.com
4508:Haykal, 1944. Chapter 5, p. 140.
4499:Haykal, 1944. Chapter 5, p. 135.
4490:Haykal, 1944. Chapter 5, p. 130.
4479:Modern Islamic political thought
4469:Haykal, 1944. Chapter 5, p. 119.
3953:. Darussalam. pp. 130–131.
2759:was generally off-limits to the
2436:Conquest of Eastern Roman Empire
2386:Military conquests of Umar's era
1845:summarises Umar's contribution:
1671:Military conquests of Umar's era
1660:Expedition of Umar ibn al-Khatab
1323:. According to the tradition of
1221:and more than two-thirds of the
1084:
666:
599:
455:
349:
6080:. Forgotten Books. p. 45.
4625:. Lexington Books. p. 78.
4548:. Routledge. pp. 248–249.
4114:, Mohammad Allias Aadil, p. 56.
4038:, Mohammad Allias Aadil, p. 119
3898:Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1, p. 53.
3870:Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1, p. 51.
3858:Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1, p. 47.
3539:, mosque named for him in Dubai
2561:, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia,
2448:Conquest of Palestine (635–636)
1209:
1171:
7123:Burials at Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
6525:. Cambridge University Press.
6262:Ibn Saad/Bewley vol. 8 p. 236.
6253:Ibn Saad/Bewley vol. 3 p. 204.
5706:. Pen and Sword. p. 119.
5154:mention that according to the
4788:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 44–45.
4518:The Cambridge History of Islam
4254:"Institute of Ismaili Studies"
4026:, Mohammad Allias Aadil, p. 30
3770:Umar Al Farooq: Man and Caliph
3432:, son of Umm Kulthum bint Ali.
2522:Conquest of Khurasan (643–644)
2478:Conquest of North Africa (643)
2120:, in the upper reaches of the
1691:. In 625, he took part in the
1682:During Umar's reign as caliph
1303:being uncommon in pre-Islamic
1:
7088:7th-century murdered monarchs
6660:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online
6514:. Cambridge University Press.
6500:A History of the Arab Peoples
6458:Previte-Orton, C. W. (1971).
6231:Tabari/Fishbein vol. 8 p. 95.
5256:tax on his master al-Mughira.
5157:Mujmal al-tawārīkh wa-l-qiṣaṣ
4770:Medieval Islamic Civilization
3527:, modern biography about Umar
3450:Iyad, son of Atiqa bint Zayd.
3363:The known wives of Umar are:
1992:The government of Umar was a
1731:, after which, Muhammad sent
1715:. In 628, Umar witnessed the
1346:and made several journeys to
1151:
170:
149:
117:(10 years, 73 days)
110:
6773:The History of the Khalifahs
6729:, Little, Brown Book Group,
6593:Lock, Henry Osmond (2003) .
6214:The Encyclopedia of Religion
6016:"Shia Islam's Holiest Sites"
5931:. p. 30. Archived from
5783:. SUNY Press. 16 June 2015.
5608:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
4542:Al-Buraey, Muhammad (2002).
4330:. Abacus. pp. 381–382.
4112:Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq
4079:Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq
4067:Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq
4036:Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq
4024:Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq
3937:(London, 1995), pp. 107–108.
3909:"Umar's Conversion to Islam"
3824:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
3594:. Vol. 21. p. 199.
3453:Abd al-Rahman Abu'l-Mujabbar
3447:, son of Jamila bint Thabit.
3423:, son of Zaynab bint Maz'un.
3001:The early Muslim historians
2517:Conquest of Azerbaijan (643)
2512:Conquest of Sistan (643–644)
2335:Alexandrian Bishop Eutychius
2313:Visit to Jerusalem in 637 CE
2252:(Grand Mosque) in Mecca and
6983:
6467:The Early Islamic Conquests
5604:Tarikh ar-Rusul wa al-Muluk
5303:Smith, G. Rex, ed. (1994).
5252:
5156:
5114:
3609:. Vol. 4. p. 272.
3472:The daughters of Umar are:
3069:, during the later rule of
3038:
2780:
2761:
2443:Conquest of Syria (634–637)
2364:According to lexicographer
1801:Foundation of the caliphate
1719:. In 628, he fought in the
1315:in his youth. Though not a
1146:
7139:
6629:. Carol Publishing Group.
6511:The Succession to Muhammad
6508:Madelung, Wilferd (1997).
5520:Efendioğlu, Mehmet(2009).
5277:This is the hypothesis of
5152:Ishkevari & Nejad 2008
4575:. Brill. pp. 24, 67.
4130:(London, 1995), pp. 54–61.
3531:Omar ibn al-Khattab Mosque
3382:, divorced by Umar in 628.
3348:
3316:Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah
3279:
3239:
2839:Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr
2661:
2553:, almost the whole of the
2492:Conquest of Iraq (636–637)
2383:
2230:
1703:. In 625, Umar's daughter
29:
6992:
6984:al-ʿashara al-mubashshara
6919:
6870:
6857:
6849:
6842:
6807:
6700:Barnaby Rogerson (2008),
6545:"ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb"
6543:& Bonner, M. (2000).
6341:Imbert, Frédéric (2019).
6325:Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir
6304:– via Google Books.
6029:The World Factbook (2010)
5793:– via Google Books.
5523:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam
5201:See the sources cited by
5115:Tārīkhunā bi-uslūb qaṣaṣī
4984:– via Google Books.
4948:– via Google Books.
4894:– via Google Books.
4867:– via Google Books.
4841:Haykal, 1944. Chapter 21.
4832:Haykal, 1944. Chapter 22.
3590:Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir.
3131:Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
2473:Conquest of Bahnasa (639)
2431:
2366:David ben Abraham al-Fasi
2027:, the Military Secretary.
1824:Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
1733:Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
1581:
1370:in his pre-Islamic days.
892:Sunni schools of theology
438:
357:
77:
58:
7042:Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah
6473:El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010).
6355:10.4000/books.ifpo.13413
5977:al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah
5975:Tartib wa Tahthib Kitab
5757:. Springer. p. 27.
5680:jewishvirtuallibrary.org
5651:"Umar I | Muslim caliph"
5325:, p. 109. See also
4881:Men Around the Messenger
4728:The History of al-Tabari
4458:The History of al-Tabari
4421:The History of al-Tabari
4212:The History of al-Tabari
3976:Tartib wa Tahthib Kitab
3814:Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1.
2949:Abdulrehman ibn Abu Bakr
2033:, the Revenue Collector.
1723:. In 629, Muhammad sent
1488:, reportedly watched in
176:(c. 26 Dhu al-Hijjah 23
174: 6 November 644 CE
7098:Deaths by blade weapons
6797:Encyclopædia Britannica
6683:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi
6281:Nomani, Shibli (2003).
5903:The Kingdom of Khandesh
5655:Encyclopedia Britannica
5590:معرفة الصحابة 1/205،206
4718:, Harald Motzki, Marion
4684:Giorgio Levi Della Vida
4569:Essid, Yassine (1995).
4362:, Patricia Crone, p. 18
3605:Al-Tusi, Nasir Al-Din.
3380:Qurayba bint Abi Umayya
3374:Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal
3321:Another Shia sect, the
3312:Umar at Fatimah's house
2872:Umar was buried at the
2644:Byzantine–Sassanid Wars
2555:Sassanid Persian Empire
2297:In 641, he established
2286:as one of the greatest
1915:Appointment as a caliph
690:Prophets and Messengers
566:Umar at Fatimah's house
224:Qurayba bint Abi Umayya
219:Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal
6800:(11th ed.). 1911.
6329:The Companions of Badr
6048:Momen, Moojan (1985).
5854:. Harper. p. 410.
5455:Fayda & Koçak 2007
5221:, p. 75, note 64.
5192:, p. 75, note 67.
5089:"Madinah Peace Treaty"
4692:Encyclopaedia of Islam
4460:: vol. XI, p. 145-153.
3978:al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah
3794:Muhammad Husayn Haykal
3733:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3682:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3632:Dubnow, Simon (1968).
3502:
3493:Archeological evidence
3416:The sons of Umar are:
3273:
3270:Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud,
3122:
3104:
3098:
3087:
3027:Assessments and legacy
2992:Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani
2859:al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
2745:Battle of al-Qadisiyya
2701:
2685:
2652:Constitution of Medina
2502:Conquest of Fars (642)
2305:, he decreed that the
2092:
2021:, the Chief Secretary.
1960:Muhammad Husayn Haykal
1930:
1892:
1856:
1795:
1779:
1713:Battle of Banu Qurayza
1664:Campaigns Umar ordered
1518:
1237:and allowed them into
1195:to openly pray at the
958:Contemporary movements
773:Rightly-Guided Caliphs
700:Succession to Muhammad
561:Succession to Muhammad
34:. For other uses, see
7027:Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf
7017:Talha ibn Ubayd Allah
6756:Encyclopaedia Iranica
5900:Radhey Shyam (1981).
5729:, Efraim Karsh, p. 25
5676:"Umar ibn al-Khattab"
4749:Yale University Press
4481:, Hamid Enayat, p. 6.
4326:Holland, Tom (2013).
3513:of Umar's signature.
3500:
3170:Emperor Yazdegerd III
2863:Talha ibn Ubayd Allah
2835:Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf
2710:al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba
2691:
2671:
2233:Reforms of Umar's era
2181:Muhammad ibn Maslamah
1858:According to various
1717:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
1684:Muhammad ibn Muslamah
1404:migrate to Abyssinia.
1374:Early military career
525:Ten Promised Paradise
320:Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl
239:Umm Hakim bint Harith
114: 6 November 644
36:Omar (disambiguation)
7118:Shahnameh characters
7093:Assassinated caliphs
6819:Cadet branch of the
6603:Kessinger Publishing
6453:The Life of Muhammad
5830:Mohtsham, Saeed M.,
5188:This is the view of
4820:, MUZAFFARPUR, India
4818:Langat Singh College
3404:Umm Kulthum bint Ali
3258:Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud
3221:Battle of Oxus River
3179:Battle of Qadisiyyah
3016:Abu Raja al-U'taridi
2967:Uthman succeeded him
2910:Talha ibn Ubaidullah
2902:Abdur Rahman bin Awf
2831:Ubayd Allah ibn Umar
2582:in the east and the
2282:. He is regarded by
2274:Umar was founder of
2177:Administrative court
1875:History of al-Tabari
1755:of Muhammad in 632.
1709:Battle of the Trench
1507:for the first time.
1155: 582/583 – 644
1147:ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb
1136:عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب
740:Declaration of Faith
548:Treaty of Hudaybiyya
489:Ubayd Allah ibn Umar
330:Hantamah bint Hisham
244:Umm Kulthum bint Ali
7083:7th-century caliphs
7032:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
7022:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
6776:by Jalal ad-Din as-
6723:(4 November 2010),
6541:Levi Della Vida, G.
6323:Muhammad ibn Saad.
5727:Islamic Imperialism
5558:Lisan al-Arab 4/196
5526:, Volume 37, p.476.
5091:– via Scribd.
4884:. The Other Press.
4532:, M. A. Cook, p. 79
4456:K. Y. Blankinship,
4419:K. Y. Blankinship,
3800:. Chapter 1, p. 45.
3351:Family tree of Umar
3149:region in north of
3126:Abdullah ibn Masʿud
2977:Physical appearance
2954:Ubaidullah ibn Umar
2922:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
2906:Saad ibn Abi Waqqas
2727:. A highly skilled
2698:al-Masjid al-Nabawi
2604:disaster management
2578:in the west to the
2423:Wars of Caliph Umar
2254:al-Masjid al-Nabawi
2165:Azerbaijan (Persia)
2000:territories, e.g.,
1898:
1820:Saqifah Bani Saadah
1521:Migration to Medina
1379:Opposition to Islam
1128:Umar ibn al-Khattab
472:Family tree of Umar
6844:Sunni Islam titles
6685:. pp. 44–53.
6597:. Introduction by
6503:. Faber and Faber.
6187:Alī Shīrī (1991).
6164:Islam in the World
5935:on 17 January 2017
5413:, pp. 68–70;
4445:Umar Farooq-i-Azam
4280:"Wilfred Madelung"
4252:Dr Paul E Walker.
3915:. 10 November 2013
3503:
3386:Jamila bint Thabit
3368:Zaynab bint Maz'un
3242:Sunni view of Umar
3209:Battle of Nahavand
2927:All six are among
2823:Gregorian calendar
2737:Battle of Nahavand
2702:
2686:
2380:Military expansion
2237:Covenant of Umar I
2059:, the Chief Judge.
1994:unitary government
1954:Initial challenges
1509:Abdullah ibn Masud
1457:(Quran 20:14). He
1420:converted to Islam
1307:, Umar learned to
1285:Khattab ibn Nufayl
1227:conquest of Persia
997:Neo-traditionalism
571:Military conquests
520:Sunni view of Umar
229:Jamila bint Thabit
214:Zaynab bint Maz'un
153: 582 or 583
100:Rashidun Caliphate
7050:
7049:
6947:
6946:
6880:
6879:
6871:Succeeded by
6837:c. 6 November 644
6736:978-0-74-812470-1
6713:978-1-59-020022-3
6692:978-97-53-89456-2
6652:Madelung, Wilferd
6585:978-90-04-11211-7
6532:978-0-52-164696-3
6486:978-0-231-15082-8
6436:Annali dell'Islam
6061:978-0-300-03531-5
5572:ibn Sa'ad, 3/ 324
5445:, pp. 69–70.
5401:, pp. 68–70.
5395:Caetani 1905–1926
5327:Caetani 1905–1926
5316:978-0-7914-1293-0
4582:978-90-04-10079-4
4555:978-0-7103-0333-2
4423:: vol. XI, p. 157
4337:978-0-349-12235-9
3994:978-9960-28-117-9
3645:978-0-8453-6659-2
3282:Shia view of Umar
3202:Byzantine Armenia
3175:Battle of Yarmouk
3166:Emperor Heraclius
3067:Ali ibn Abu Talib
2918:Ali ibn Abi Talib
2821:according to the
2813:according to the
2706:Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz
2664:Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz
2530:
2529:
2047:Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal
1909:Battle of Yamamah
1759:Death of Muhammad
1737:conquest of Mecca
1721:Battle of Khaybar
1679:
1678:
1275:Umar was born in
1243:Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz
1161:, was the second
1144:
1125:
1124:
970:Deobandi movement
642:
641:
530:Shia view of Umar
477:Abdullah ibn Umar
442:
441:
430:
411:
392:
375:
16:(Redirected from
7130:
7108:Rashidun caliphs
6986:
6974:
6967:
6960:
6951:
6913:Rashidun Caliphs
6906:
6899:
6892:
6883:
6874:Uthman ibn Affan
6850:Preceded by
6838:
6831:
6805:
6801:
6793:
6759:
6752:Yarshater, Ehsan
6739:
6721:Barnaby Rogerson
6716:
6696:
6671:
6662:. Brill Online.
6649:
6640:
6621:Hart, Michael H.
6616:
6589:
6565:Heinrichs, W. P.
6536:
6515:
6504:
6490:
6448:
6426:
6405:
6398:Amir al-Mu'minin
6394:
6377:
6376:
6338:
6332:
6321:
6315:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6278:
6272:
6269:
6263:
6260:
6254:
6251:
6245:
6240:Malik ibn Anas.
6238:
6232:
6229:
6220:
6211:
6205:
6199:
6193:
6192:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6151:. 11 March 2017.
6141:
6135:
6134:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6018:. 25 April 2017.
6012:
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5993:
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5965:
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4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4286:. Archived from
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4256:. Archived from
4249:
4243:
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4225:
4216:
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4199:
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3791:
3785:
3784:
3773:. Notion Press.
3764:
3758:
3757:
3746:
3740:
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3722:
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3710:
3704:
3703:
3692:
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3649:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3271:
3231:Religious legacy
3145:which ruled the
3143:Farooqui dynasty
3096:
3071:Uthman ibn Affan
3052:Khalid ibn Walid
3043:
3040:amir al-mu'minin
3032:Political legacy
2945:Suhayb the Roman
2914:Uthman ibn Affan
2820:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2793:mosque of Medina
2785:
2766:
2426:
2424:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2391:
2359:Dome of the Rock
2355:ḳubbat es ṣakhra
2307:Islamic calendar
2216:Abu Musa Ashaari
1843:Wilferd Madelung
1749:Battle of Tabouk
1741:Battle of Hunayn
1729:Zaat-ul-Sallasal
1711:and also in the
1697:Khalid ibn Walid
1576:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1542:
1223:Byzantine Empire
1213:
1211:
1175:
1173:
1157:), also spelled
1156:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1091:Islam portal
1089:
1088:
1087:
965:Barelvi movement
931:
930:
844:
843:
670:
661:
655:
654:
644:
634:
627:
620:
606:Islam portal
604:
603:
602:
542:Related articles
459:
444:
424:
405:
386:
369:
353:
263:
199:Prophet's Mosque
183:
175:
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157:
151:
115:
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109:23 August 634 –
82:
67:Amir al-Mu'minin
54:
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7051:
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6915:
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6864:Rashidun Caliph
6862:
6860:Caliph of Islam
6855:
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6825:
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6810:
6788:
6767:
6762:
6744:Pellat, Charles
6742:
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6693:
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6656:Daftary, Farhad
6643:
6637:
6619:
6613:
6592:
6586:
6557:Bosworth, C. E.
6539:
6533:
6518:
6507:
6495:Hourani, Albert
6493:
6487:
6472:
6451:Guillaume, A.,
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5638:Madelung (1997)
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5022:Esposito (2010)
5020:
5016:
5009:
4998:Ottoman History
4994:
4993:
4989:
4982:
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4966:
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4957:
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4780:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4704:Madelung (1997)
4702:
4698:
4682:
4678:
4669:
4662:
4652:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4568:
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4563:
4556:
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4494:
4489:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4455:
4451:
4443:
4439:
4433:Early caliphate
4431:
4427:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4358:
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4338:
4325:
4324:
4315:
4309:Madelung (1997)
4307:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4290:on 26 June 2013
4278:
4277:
4273:
4263:
4261:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4240:Madelung (1997)
4238:
4234:
4228:Madelung (1997)
4226:
4219:
4210:
4209:
4202:
4196:Madelung (1997)
4194:
4181:
4171:
4169:
4168:. 26 April 2012
4160:
4159:
4152:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4125:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4085:
4077:
4073:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4034:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3804:
3798:Al Farooq, Umar
3792:
3788:
3781:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3658:Ahmed, Nazeer,
3657:
3653:
3646:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3592:Mir'at ul-Oqool
3589:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3519:
3495:
3456:Abd al-Rahman "
3392:Atiqa bint Zayd
3353:
3347:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3244:
3238:
3233:
3159:
3157:Military legacy
3136:Zayd ibn Thabit
3097:
3094:
3065:scared of him.
3034:
3029:
2979:
2886:
2847:Hafsa bint Umar
2818:
2815:Julian calendar
2810:
2803:
2796:
2773:early caliphate
2666:
2660:
2640:
2628:
2612:
2592:
2531:
2526:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2388:
2382:
2315:
2250:Masjid al-Haram
2239:
2231:Main articles:
2229:
2211:
2102:Medina (Arabia)
2037:Sahib-ul-Ahdath
2031:Sahib-ul-Kharaj
1990:
1972:, the tribe of
1956:
1951:
1921:Majlis al Shura
1917:
1901:
1871:primary sources
1837:Sa'd ibn 'Ubada
1803:
1761:
1725:Amr ibn al-A’as
1680:
1675:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1539:
1523:
1505:Masjid al-Haram
1416:
1381:
1376:
1273:
1219:Sasanian Empire
1208:
1170:
1163:Rashidun caliph
1154:
1121:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1056:Kutub al-Sittah
1045:
1037:
1036:
1017:
1007:
1006:
960:
950:
949:
924:
923:
894:
884:
883:
841:
840:
815:
800:
799:
775:
765:
764:
735:
725:
724:
680:
657:
656:
648:
647:
638:
600:
598:
586:
585:
543:
535:
534:
515:
507:
506:
501:Hafsa bint Umar
467:
450:
404:Teknonymic
385:Patronymic
294:
257:
256:
248:
234:Atiqa bint Zayd
202:
189:, Hejaz, Arabia
185:
181:
173:
162:, Hejaz, Arabia
158:
152:
116:
113:
89:
71:
48:
47:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7136:
7134:
7126:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7055:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7039:
7037:Sa'id ibn Zayd
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6993:
6990:
6989:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6954:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6901:
6894:
6886:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6869:
6856:
6851:
6847:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6818:
6811:
6808:
6803:
6802:
6786:
6780:
6766:
6765:External links
6763:
6761:
6760:
6740:
6735:
6717:
6712:
6697:
6691:
6672:
6641:
6635:
6617:
6611:
6590:
6584:
6561:van Donzel, E.
6549:Bearman, P. J.
6537:
6531:
6516:
6505:
6491:
6485:
6470:
6465:Donner, Fred,
6463:
6456:
6449:
6431:Caetani, Leone
6427:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6363:
6333:
6316:
6307:
6293:
6273:
6264:
6255:
6246:
6233:
6221:
6206:
6194:
6179:
6172:
6154:
6136:
6118:
6111:
6093:
6086:
6067:
6060:
6040:
6021:
6007:
5994:
5967:
5949:
5917:
5892:
5874:
5857:
5846:Gibbon, Edward
5837:
5823:
5816:
5796:
5789:
5770:
5763:
5743:
5731:
5719:
5712:
5692:
5667:
5642:
5630:
5620:
5611:
5592:
5583:
5574:
5560:
5551:
5537:
5528:
5513:
5495:
5477:
5459:
5447:
5435:
5423:
5403:
5387:
5375:
5363:
5347:
5345:, p. 109.
5335:
5315:
5295:
5283:
5270:
5258:
5236:
5223:
5207:
5194:
5181:
5166:
5132:
5120:
5094:
5080:
5071:
5061:
5052:
5041:Hofmann (2007)
5033:
5014:
5007:
4987:
4980:
4960:
4951:
4944:
4924:
4917:
4897:
4890:
4870:
4863:
4857:. Darussalam.
4843:
4834:
4825:
4801:
4794:
4774:
4762:
4732:
4720:
4708:
4696:
4688:Michael Bonner
4676:
4660:
4638:
4631:
4611:
4597:
4588:
4581:
4561:
4554:
4534:
4522:
4510:
4501:
4492:
4483:
4471:
4462:
4449:
4437:
4425:
4412:
4403:
4385:
4364:
4352:
4343:
4336:
4313:
4301:
4271:
4260:on 3 July 2015
4244:
4232:
4217:
4200:
4179:
4150:
4132:
4116:
4104:
4095:
4083:
4071:
4059:
4050:, p. 152.
4040:
4028:
4016:
3997:
3966:
3959:
3939:
3926:
3900:
3891:
3882:, p. 128.
3872:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3816:
3802:
3786:
3779:
3759:
3741:
3723:
3705:
3687:
3672:
3651:
3644:
3624:
3620:Hourani (1991)
3612:
3597:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3518:
3515:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3361:
3360:
3349:Main article:
3346:
3343:
3308:Muhsin ibn Ali
3280:Main article:
3277:
3274:
3267:
3240:Main article:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3158:
3155:
3092:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
2996:ashnabul asnan
2978:
2975:
2959:Amr ibn al-Aas
2941:Suhayb ar-Rumi
2885:
2882:
2819:6 November 644
2811:3 November 644
2662:Main article:
2659:
2656:
2639:
2636:
2627:
2624:
2611:
2608:
2591:
2588:
2586:in the north.
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2384:Main article:
2381:
2378:
2339:Empress Helena
2314:
2311:
2228:
2225:
2210:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2134:Iliyā' (إلياء)
2131:
2128:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2099:Mecca (Arabia)
2061:
2060:
2054:
2044:
2034:
2028:
2025:Katib-ud-Diwan
2022:
1989:
1986:
1978:Bedouin tribes
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1916:
1913:
1900:
1899:Abu Bakr's era
1897:
1802:
1799:
1760:
1757:
1745:Siege of Ta'if
1693:Battle of Uhud
1689:Battle of Badr
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1538:
1537:Life in Medina
1535:
1531:Saeed ibn Zaid
1522:
1519:
1435:Saeed bin Zaid
1415:
1412:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1342:Umar became a
1272:
1269:
1212: 632–634
1174: 632–634
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
988:
987:
982:
972:
967:
961:
956:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
921:
920:
910:
895:
890:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
816:
806:
805:
802:
801:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
776:
771:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
736:
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
717:
715:Predestination
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
681:
676:
675:
672:
671:
663:
662:
640:
639:
637:
636:
629:
622:
614:
611:
610:
609:
608:
596:
588:
587:
584:
583:
573:
568:
563:
558:
550:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
527:
522:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
505:
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
452:
451:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
419:
418:
413:
400:
399:
394:
381:
380:
377:
364:
363:
355:
354:
347:
343:
342:
337:
333:
332:
327:
323:
322:
317:
313:
312:
302:
296:
295:
293:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
266:
264:
260:(among others)
250:
249:
247:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
210:
208:
204:
203:
197:
195:
191:
190:
168:
164:
163:
147:
143:
142:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
107:
103:
102:
91:
90:
83:
75:
74:
70:
69:
61:
56:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7135:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6987:
6985:
6975:
6970:
6968:
6963:
6961:
6956:
6955:
6952:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6918:
6914:
6907:
6902:
6900:
6895:
6893:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6875:
6866:
6865:
6861:
6854:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6836:
6829:
6824:
6823:
6816:
6815:
6806:
6799:
6798:
6792:
6787:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6771:Excerpt from
6769:
6768:
6764:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6748:"Abū Loʾloʾa"
6745:
6741:
6738:
6732:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6718:
6715:
6709:
6705:
6704:
6698:
6694:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6679:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6648:
6642:
6638:
6636:9780806513508
6632:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6612:0-7661-3984-0
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6591:
6587:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6571:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6553:Bianquis, Th.
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6517:
6513:
6512:
6506:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6482:
6478:
6477:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6437:
6433:(1905–1926).
6432:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6390:
6383:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6364:9782351595503
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6337:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6320:
6317:
6311:
6308:
6296:
6294:9788174353382
6290:
6286:
6285:
6277:
6274:
6268:
6265:
6259:
6256:
6250:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6210:
6207:
6203:
6198:
6195:
6190:
6183:
6180:
6175:
6173:9780195305036
6169:
6165:
6158:
6155:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6132:
6128:
6122:
6119:
6114:
6112:9780195137996
6108:
6104:
6097:
6094:
6089:
6087:9781605067087
6083:
6079:
6078:
6071:
6068:
6063:
6057:
6053:
6052:
6044:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6025:
6022:
6017:
6011:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5971:
5968:
5963:
5959:
5953:
5950:
5946:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5921:
5918:
5905:
5904:
5896:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5870:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5827:
5824:
5819:
5817:9780813349633
5813:
5809:
5808:
5800:
5797:
5792:
5790:9781438407289
5786:
5782:
5781:
5774:
5771:
5766:
5764:9783319396798
5760:
5756:
5755:
5747:
5744:
5741:, p. 70.
5740:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5723:
5720:
5715:
5713:9781473828650
5709:
5705:
5704:
5696:
5693:
5681:
5677:
5671:
5668:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5640:, p. 49.
5639:
5634:
5631:
5624:
5621:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5596:
5593:
5587:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5552:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5532:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5517:
5514:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5457:, p. 46.
5456:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5443:Madelung 1997
5439:
5436:
5433:, p. 70.
5432:
5431:Madelung 1997
5427:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5411:Madelung 1997
5407:
5404:
5400:
5399:Madelung 1997
5396:
5391:
5388:
5385:, p. 69.
5384:
5383:Madelung 1997
5379:
5376:
5372:
5371:Madelung 1997
5367:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5343:El-Hibri 2010
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:, vol. V, p.
5328:
5324:
5323:El-Hibri 2010
5318:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5291:El-Hibri 2010
5287:
5284:
5281:, p. 75.
5280:
5279:Madelung 1997
5274:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5245:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5219:Madelung 1997
5216:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5203:El-Hibri 2010
5198:
5195:
5191:
5190:Madelung 1997
5185:
5182:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5148:Madelung 1997
5145:
5141:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5128:Pellat (2011)
5124:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5110:El-Hibri 2010
5107:
5103:
5102:Madelung 1997
5098:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5065:
5062:
5056:
5053:
5048:
5043:, p. 86.
5042:
5037:
5034:
5029:
5024:, p. 38.
5023:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5008:9789090261089
5004:
5000:
4999:
4991:
4988:
4983:
4981:9780710300591
4977:
4973:
4972:
4964:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4947:
4945:9780710303332
4941:
4937:
4936:
4928:
4925:
4920:
4918:9781934271223
4914:
4910:
4909:
4901:
4898:
4893:
4891:9789839154733
4887:
4883:
4882:
4874:
4871:
4866:
4864:9789960861081
4860:
4856:
4855:
4847:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4829:
4826:
4821:
4819:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4797:
4795:9781850436706
4791:
4787:
4786:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4766:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4712:
4709:
4706:, p. 74.
4705:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4670:Simha Assaf,
4667:
4665:
4661:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4634:
4632:9780739188835
4628:
4624:
4623:
4615:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4565:
4562:
4557:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4475:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4311:, p. 43.
4310:
4305:
4302:
4289:
4285:
4284:macmillan.com
4281:
4275:
4272:
4259:
4255:
4248:
4245:
4242:, p. 22.
4241:
4236:
4233:
4230:, p. 33.
4229:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4017:
4012:
4007:, p. 35.
4006:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3960:9960-899-55-1
3956:
3952:
3951:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3787:
3782:
3780:9789352061716
3776:
3772:
3771:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3668:0-7388-5963-X
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3628:
3625:
3622:, p. 23.
3621:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3583:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3325:followers of
3324:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3275:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3200:and parts of
3199:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2984:A'sara Yusran
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2658:Assassination
2657:
2655:
2653:
2650:). Since the
2649:
2645:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2626:Welfare state
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2597:Rashidun army
2589:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:Sunni Muslims
2281:
2280:jurisprudence
2278:, or Islamic
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1572:Campaigns of
1566:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:and analyzed
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:Sunni Islamic
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1148:
1142:
1133:
1129:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
959:
954:
953:
945:
941:
937:
934:
933:
932:
928:
918:
917:Ahl al-Hadith
914:
911:
908:
904:
900:
897:
896:
893:
888:
887:
880:
879:
875:
873:
872:
868:
866:
865:
861:
859:
858:
854:
852:
851:
847:
846:
845:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
814:
810:
804:
803:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
774:
769:
768:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
734:
729:
728:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
710:Judgement Day
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
679:
674:
673:
669:
665:
664:
660:
652:
645:
635:
630:
628:
623:
621:
616:
615:
613:
612:
607:
597:
595:
592:
591:
590:
589:
581:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
539:
538:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
511:
510:
502:
499:
496:
495:Asim ibn Umar
493:
490:
487:
484:
483:Zayd ibn Umar
481:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
463:
462:
458:
454:
453:
449:
445:
437:
433:
431:
428:
420:
417:
414:
412:
409:
401:
398:
395:
393:
390:
382:
378:
376:
373:
368:Personal
365:
362:
361:
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:
338:
334:
331:
328:
324:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
303:
301:
297:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
265:
262:
261:
255:
251:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
209:
205:
200:
196:
192:
188:
179:
169:
165:
161:
156:
148:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
108:
104:
101:
97:
92:
87:
81:
76:
73:
68:
65:
64:
63:
60:
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44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7078:Arab Muslims
7001:
6928:
6858:
6834:
6827:
6820:
6812:
6795:
6791:"Omar"
6772:
6755:
6725:
6706:, Overlook,
6702:
6677:
6659:
6647:"Abū Luʾluʾ"
6625:
6594:
6575:
6568:
6521:
6510:
6499:
6475:
6466:
6459:
6452:
6435:
6421:
6412:Bibliography
6401:
6397:
6392:
6346:
6336:
6328:
6324:
6319:
6310:
6298:. Retrieved
6283:
6276:
6267:
6258:
6249:
6241:
6236:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6201:
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6130:
6121:
6102:
6096:
6076:
6070:
6050:
6043:
6024:
6010:
6002:
5997:
5990:Saudi Arabia
5974:
5970:
5961:
5952:
5944:
5937:. Retrieved
5933:the original
5927:
5920:
5908:. Retrieved
5902:
5895:
5886:
5877:
5850:
5840:
5832:
5826:
5806:
5799:
5779:
5773:
5753:
5746:
5734:
5726:
5722:
5702:
5695:
5683:. Retrieved
5679:
5670:
5658:. Retrieved
5654:
5645:
5633:
5623:
5614:
5606:) 4/ 196 by
5603:
5599:
5595:
5586:
5577:
5554:
5531:
5521:
5516:
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5498:
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5438:
5426:
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5298:
5286:
5273:
5261:
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5226:
5210:
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4735:
4727:
4723:
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4699:
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4671:
4651:. Retrieved
4641:
4621:
4614:
4600:
4591:
4571:
4564:
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4537:
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4525:
4517:
4513:
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4428:
4420:
4415:
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4388:
4379:
4359:
4355:
4346:
4327:
4304:
4292:. Retrieved
4288:the original
4283:
4274:
4262:. Retrieved
4258:the original
4247:
4235:
4211:
4170:. Retrieved
4165:
4144:
4135:
4127:
4111:
4107:
4098:
4078:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4000:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3929:
3917:. Retrieved
3913:Al-Islam.org
3912:
3903:
3894:
3875:
3854:
3845:
3836:
3827:
3819:
3797:
3789:
3769:
3767:Qazi, Moin.
3762:
3753:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3675:
3659:
3654:
3634:
3627:
3615:
3606:
3600:
3591:
3585:
3561:Pact of Umar
3553:
3522:
3505:In 2012, an
3504:
3471:
3457:
3415:
3362:
3354:
3327:Zaid ibn Ali
3320:
3285:
3263:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3225:Central Asia
3206:
3194:
3190:Emesa (Homs)
3183:
3163:
3160:
3140:
3123:
3119:
3107:
3105:
3100:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3035:
3015:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2983:
2980:
2964:
2944:
2934:
2926:
2887:
2871:
2852:
2827:
2805:Islamic year
2799:Dhu al-Hijja
2777:
2714:
2703:
2678:ibn Abi Bakr
2641:
2629:
2613:
2610:Great plague
2601:
2593:
2590:Great famine
2543:Tripolitania
2532:
2374:Temple Mount
2363:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2332:
2328:Temple Mount
2321:
2319:
2316:
2296:
2273:
2258:
2243:
2240:
2212:
2202:
2199:
2185:
2174:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2046:
2041:Police chief
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2009:
1991:
1967:
1964:
1957:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1857:
1848:
1841:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1762:
1681:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1615:Banu Qurayza
1595:Banu Qaynuqa
1583:
1573:
1524:
1514:
1502:
1479:
1472:
1454:
1432:
1427:
1417:
1408:assassinated
1401:
1382:
1341:
1333:horse riding
1329:martial arts
1298:
1289:Banu Makhzum
1274:
1247:
1216:
1200:
1186:
1158:
1127:
1126:
1054:
985:Ahl-i Hadith
925:In terms of
922:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
839:
784:
733:Five Pillars
580:Pact of Umar
447:
426:
423:Epithet
415:
407:
396:
388:
371:
358:
258:
86:Hagia Sophia
72:
62:
59:
40:
6419:Ibn Sa'ad.
6149:shayeaat.ir
6001:as-Suyuti,
5962:archive.org
5887:archive.org
5739:Lock (2003)
5508:archive.org
5472:archive.org
5419:Pellat 2011
5359:Pellat 2011
5244:Pellat 2011
5232:Pellat 2011
5215:Pellat 2011
5177:Pellat 2011
5140:Pellat 2011
4741:Al-Fasi, D.
4398:archive.org
4198:, p. .
4145:archive.org
4126:as-Suyuti,
3986:Anno hegiræ
3933:as-Suyuti,
3754:archive.org
3556:(TV series)
3507:inscription
3458:Abu Shahmah
3436:Ubayd Allah
3236:Sunni views
3198:Mesopotamia
3151:Maharashtra
2971:blood money
2939:and mawla,
2786:tax of two
2717:Zoroastrian
2632:Bayt al-mal
2580:Indus river
2572:Roman Egypt
2299:Bayt al-mal
2292:Islamic Law
2155:Lower Egypt
2150:Upper Egypt
2146:(Palestine)
1970:Banu Hashim
1620:Hudaybiyyah
1393:persecuting
1267:tradition.
1071:Persecution
907:Ahl al-Ra'y
659:Sunni Islam
360:Arabic name
122:Predecessor
32:Omar (name)
7073:644 deaths
7068:584 births
7057:Categories
6300:18 January
6242:Al-Muwatta
5982:ibn Kathir
5490:Sunnah.com
4653:29 January
4380:Sunnah.com
4350:Sebeos 139
4172:29 January
4166:Sunnah.com
3982:ibn Kathir
3718:Sunnah.com
3700:Sunnah.com
3607:Al-Mabsoot
3577:References
3460:" ibn Umar
3339:Ibn A'tham
3302:, wife of
3276:Shia views
3207:After the
3020:Ibn Asakir
2874:Green Dome
2733:blacksmith
2694:Green Dome
2638:Free trade
2584:Oxus river
2557:including
2549:, Eastern
2002:Azerbaijan
1998:autonomous
1701:Banu Nadir
1605:Banu Nadir
1494:confidence
1486:Abu Sufyan
1321:literature
1271:Early life
1189:Qurayshite
1050:Literature
1015:Holy sites
903:Maturidism
760:Pilgrimage
695:Holy books
503:(Daughter)
280:Ubaydullah
182:aged 60–61
88:, Istanbul
6668:1875-9831
6574:Volume X:
6373:213324606
6005:, p. 112.
5685:22 August
5660:22 August
4757:745093227
4048:Armstrong
4005:Armstrong
3880:Armstrong
3524:Al-Farooq
3511:autograph
3468:Daughters
3463:Abd Allah
3421:Abd Allah
3335:al-Tabari
3331:Jaroudiah
3323:Zaidiyyah
2884:Aftermath
2725:Christian
2539:Cyrenaica
2370:Palestine
2220:al-Ubulla
2138:Palestine
2126:Euphrates
1949:Caliphate
1424:Ibn Ishaq
1337:wrestling
1239:Jerusalem
1231:Christian
1178:companion
1141:romanized
1032:Jerusalem
992:Modernism
980:Wahhabism
940:al-Wijdan
899:Ash'arism
416:Abul Hafs
346:Signature
132:Successor
6997:Abu Bakr
6924:Abu Bakr
6853:Abū Bakr
6814:Banu Adi
6746:(2011).
6658:(eds.).
6623:(1978).
6567:(eds.).
6497:(1991).
6402:al-Faruq
5848:(1833).
5106:Zulfiqar
3919:4 August
3796:(1944).
3517:See also
3268:—
3147:Khandesh
3093:—
3063:Muawiyah
3058:widows.
3011:Abdullah
3007:al-Hakim
3003:Ibn Saad
2753:Sassanid
2751:, an ex-
2749:Hurmuzān
2721:Nahavand
2682:Hurmuzān
2563:Caucasus
2551:Anatolia
2326:and the
2171:(Persia)
2162:(Persia)
2160:Khorasan
2053:Officer.
2051:Treasury
1945:fronts.
1815:Muhajirs
1771:Abu Bakr
1743:and the
1464:Abu Jahl
1385:Muhammad
1383:In 610,
1368:drinking
1356:scholars
1344:merchant
1301:literacy
1299:Despite
1281:Banu Adi
1245:in 644.
1205:Abu Bakr
1201:al-Fārūq
1182:Muhammad
1167:Abu Bakr
975:Salafism
944:al-Kashf
913:Atharism
780:Abu Bakr
651:a series
649:Part of
594:Category
553:Rashidun
336:Religion
309:Banu Adi
275:Abdullah
201:, Medina
126:Abu Bakr
6822:Quraysh
6754:(ed.).
6445:3423680
5939:6 March
5910:6 March
4974:. KPI.
4938:. KPI.
4400:. 2007.
4294:7 April
4264:7 April
4147:. 2007.
3548:Farooqi
3300:Fatimah
3295:Saqifah
3288:Twelver
3265:prayed.
2843:al-Hira
2802:of the
2788:dirhams
2674:ibn Awf
2559:Bactria
2265:Khaybar
2227:Reforms
2006:Armenia
1984:front.
1879:Fatimah
1860:Twelver
1852:Caetani
1828:Khazraj
1625:Khaybar
1516:Mosque.
1498:praying
1397:Quraish
1364:Persian
1325:Quraish
1279:to the
1262:Twelver
1258:Sahabah
1254:hadiths
1233:ban on
1143::
1066:History
835:Hanbali
830:Shafi'i
809:schools
755:Fasting
750:Charity
678:Beliefs
576:Reforms
305:Quraysh
98:of the
7007:Uthman
6934:Uthman
6833:
6830:c. 584
6778:Suyuti
6733:
6710:
6689:
6666:
6633:
6609:
6582:
6563:&
6529:
6483:
6443:
6371:
6361:
6291:
6170:
6131:آپارات
6109:
6084:
6058:
5986:Riyadh
5814:
5787:
5761:
5710:
5313:
5253:kharāj
5217:; cf.
5162:Kashan
5069:Press.
5005:
4978:
4942:
4915:
4888:
4861:
4792:
4755:
4629:
4579:
4552:
4334:
3992:
3957:
3777:
3666:
3642:
3543:Sahaba
3488:Zaynab
3407:house.
3345:Family
3217:Kirman
3213:Sistan
3186:Jazira
3114:Gibbon
3095:(Umar)
2988:Famine
2937:Sahabi
2892:, the
2867:Uthman
2861:, and
2782:kharāj
2757:Medina
2741:Arabia
2729:joiner
2616:plague
2567:Makran
2547:Fezzan
2535:Levant
2357:, the
2351:Ṣakhra
2323:Silwan
2261:Najran
2209:Canals
2144:Ramlah
2122:Tigris
2118:Jazira
2114:(Iraq)
2108:(Iraq)
2080:mosque
2072:Wali's
2049:, the
2039:, the
1943:Syrian
1935:Uthman
1705:Hafsah
1650:Tabouk
1635:Hunayn
1610:Trench
1527:Medina
1511:said,
1468:prayer
1389:Arabia
1352:Persia
1305:Arabia
1293:camels
1193:Muslim
1132:Arabic
1027:Medina
1002:Farahi
878:Jariri
871:Laythi
864:Thawri
857:Awza'i
850:Zahiri
842:Others
825:Maliki
820:Hanafi
807:Sunni
790:Uthman
745:Prayer
720:Sahaba
705:Angels
556:Caliph
466:Family
326:Mother
316:Father
207:Spouse
194:Burial
187:Medina
136:Uthman
96:caliph
6835:Died:
6828:Born:
6809:Umar
6750:. In
6650:. In
6547:. In
6384:Notes
6369:S2CID
6244:37:6.
5628:أصلع.
4813:(PDF)
3477:Hafsa
3359:Wives
3337:(and
3291:Shi'a
3253:ummah
3248:Fārūq
2894:mawla
2890:Salim
2878:Aisha
2817:, or
2809:, or
2769:Arabs
2767:(non-
2763:ʿajam
2719:from
2648:zakat
2576:Libya
2303:Hijra
2288:Faqih
2269:Hejaz
2245:amsar
2130:Syria
2106:Basra
2019:Katib
1982:Roman
1939:Iraqi
1809:Ansar
1783:3:144
1766:Moses
1645:Ta'if
1640:Autas
1630:Mecca
1490:anger
1482:Kaaba
1475:sword
1450:guilt
1446:Ta-Ha
1441:from
1439:Quran
1428:Sīrah
1418:Umar
1360:Roman
1313:write
1277:Mecca
1197:Kaaba
1044:Lists
1022:Mecca
938:(Ahl
936:Sufis
927:Ihsan
514:Views
497:(son)
491:(son)
485:(son)
479:(son)
427:Laqab
408:Kunya
389:Nasab
379:ʿUmar
340:Islam
300:Tribe
270:Hafsa
254:Issue
160:Mecca
106:Reign
51:عُمَر
7063:Umar
7002:Umar
6929:Umar
6731:ISBN
6708:ISBN
6687:ISBN
6664:ISSN
6631:ISBN
6607:ISBN
6580:ISBN
6527:ISBN
6481:ISBN
6441:OCLC
6359:ISBN
6302:2014
6289:ISBN
6168:ISBN
6107:ISBN
6082:ISBN
6056:ISBN
6035:help
5941:2024
5912:2024
5812:ISBN
5785:ISBN
5759:ISBN
5708:ISBN
5687:2017
5662:2017
5321:Cf.
5311:ISBN
5047:help
5028:help
5003:ISBN
4976:ISBN
4940:ISBN
4913:ISBN
4886:ISBN
4859:ISBN
4790:ISBN
4753:OCLC
4686:and
4655:2019
4627:ISBN
4577:ISBN
4550:ISBN
4332:ISBN
4296:2023
4266:2023
4174:2019
4054:help
4011:help
3990:ISBN
3955:ISBN
3921:2016
3886:help
3775:ISBN
3664:ISBN
3640:ISBN
3554:Omar
3445:Asim
3430:Zayd
3412:Sons
3215:and
3168:and
3141:The
3005:and
2920:and
2731:and
2620:Elat
2565:and
2347:Rums
2343:Kaab
2276:Fiqh
2263:and
2235:and
2169:Fars
2124:and
2112:Kufa
2076:Wali
2065:Wali
2057:Qadi
2011:Wali
2004:and
1941:and
1928:men.
1863:Shia
1753:Hajj
1600:Uhud
1590:Badr
1574:Umar
1459:wept
1443:sura
1362:and
1350:and
1348:Rome
1335:and
1317:poet
1311:and
1309:read
1265:Shia
1235:Jews
1159:Omar
901:and
785:Umar
448:Umar
290:Zayd
285:Asim
167:Died
146:Born
94:2nd
46:Umar
18:Omar
7012:Ali
6939:Ali
6576:T–U
6351:doi
5980:by
5331:216
5108:),
3980:by
3304:Ali
3106:In
2855:Ali
2837:or
2797:26
2696:in
2676:or
1974:Ali
1867:Ali
1832:Aws
1727:to
1426:'s
942:wa
813:law
811:of
795:Ali
685:God
372:Ism
180:) (
7059::
6794:.
6654:;
6605:.
6601:.
6572:.
6559:;
6555:;
6551:;
6367:.
6357:.
6345:.
6224:^
6147:.
6129:.
5988:,
5960:.
5943:.
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5860:^
5678:.
5653:.
5563:^
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5246:;
5169:^
5001:.
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3969:^
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3826:,
3805:^
3752:.
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3227:.
3204:.
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2376:.
2361:.
2294:.
1911:.
1785::
1533:.
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1331:,
1210:r.
1184:.
1172:r.
1152:c.
1150:;
1138:,
1134::
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178:AH
171:c.
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150:c.
111:c.
6973:e
6966:t
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