On-board diagnostics - Knowledge (XXG)

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with how to encode the data for each. There is a pin in the connector that provides power for the scan tool from the vehicle battery, which eliminates the need to connect a scan tool to a power source separately. However, some technicians might still connect the scan tool to an auxiliary power source to protect data in the unusual event that a vehicle experiences a loss of electrical power due to a malfunction. Finally, the OBD-II standard provides an extensible list of DTCs. As a result of this standardization, a single device can query the on-board computer(s) in any vehicle. This OBD-II came in two models OBD-IIA and OBD-IIB. OBD-II standardization was prompted by emissions requirements, and though only emission-related codes and data are required to be transmitted through it, most manufacturers have made the OBD-II

536: 528: 945:(on diesel engines), and emissions-related powertrain control module inputs and outputs for circuit continuity, data rationality, and output functionality. EMD+ was used on model year 2010-2012 California and Federal petrol-engined vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating of over 14,000 lb (6,400 kg), it added the ability to monitor nitrogen oxide catalyst performance. EMD and EMD+ are similar to OBD-I in logic but use the same SAE J1962 data connector and CAN bus as OBD-II systems. 334:(Assembly Line Diagnostic Link) is sometimes referred to as a predecessor to, or a manufacturer's proprietary version of, an OBD-I diagnostic starting in 1981. This interface was made in different varieties and changed with power train control modules (aka PCM, ECM, ECU). Different versions had slight differences in pin-outs and baud rates. Earlier versions used a 160 baud rate, while later versions went up to 8192 baud and used bi-directional communications to the PCM. 1615:

vehicles has an engine problem and by interpreting the code the nature of the problem. It can be used to detect reckless driving in real time based on the sensor data provided through the OBD port. This detection is done by adding a complex events processor (CEP) to the backend and on the client's interface. OBD II is also monitored to block mobile phones when driving and to record trip data for insurance purposes.

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the blinking patterns of the 'Check Engine Light' (CEL) or 'Service Engine Soon' (SES) light. By connecting certain pins of the diagnostic connector, the 'Check Engine' light will blink out a two-digit number that corresponds to a specific error condition. The DTC's of some OBD-I cars are interpreted in different ways, however. Cadillac petrol fuel-injected vehicles are equipped with actual

1092:(250 kbit/s or 500 kbit/s). The CAN protocol was developed by Bosch for automotive and industrial control. Unlike other OBD protocols, variants are widely used outside of the automotive industry. While it did not meet the OBD-II requirements for U.S. vehicles prior to 2003, as of 2008 all vehicles sold in the US are required to implement CAN as one of their signaling protocols. 1418:

behavior in addition to reading Diagnostics Trouble Codes (DTC). Even more advanced devices allow users to reset engine DTC codes, effectively turning off engine lights in the dashboard; however, resetting the codes does not address the underlying issues and can in worst-case scenarios even lead to engine breakage where the source issue is serious and left unattended for long periods.

547:, where type A is used for 12-volt vehicles and type B for 24-volt vehicles. Unlike the OBD-I connector, which was sometimes found under the bonnet of the vehicle, the OBD-II connector is required to be within 2 feet (0.61 m) of the steering wheel (unless an exemption is applied for by the manufacturer, in which case it is still somewhere within reach of the driver). 1372: 1506: 74: 1116:(ECU) and offers a valuable source of information when troubleshooting problems inside a vehicle. The SAE J1979 standard defines a method for requesting various diagnostic data and a list of standard parameters that might be available from the ECU. The various available parameters are addressed by "parameter identification numbers" or 520: 1124:. Manufacturers are not required to implement all PIDs listed in J1979 and they are allowed to include proprietary PIDs that are not listed. The PID request and data retrieval system gives access to real time performance data as well as flagged DTCs. For a list of generic OBD-II DTCs suggested by the SAE, see 1614:

Although originally not intended for the above purposes, commonly supported OBD II data such as vehicle speed, RPM, and fuel level allow GPS-based fleet tracking devices to monitor vehicle idling times, speeding, and over-revving. By monitoring OBD II DTCs a company can know immediately if one of its

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In the United States, many states now use OBD-II testing instead of tailpipe testing in OBD-II compliant vehicles (1996 and newer). Since OBD-II stores trouble codes for emissions equipment, the testing computer can query the vehicle's onboard computer and verify there are no emission related trouble

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is a Request for emission-related diagnostic trouble codes detected during current or last completed driving cycle. It enables the external test equipment to obtain "pending" diagnostic trouble codes detected during current or last completed driving cycle for emission-related components/systems. This

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OBD systems give the vehicle owner or repair technician access to the status of the various vehicle sub-systems. The amount of diagnostic information available via OBD has varied widely since its introduction in the early 1980s versions of onboard vehicle computers. Early versions of OBD would simply

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OBD-II is an improvement over OBD-I in both capability and standardization. The OBD-II standard specifies the type of diagnostic connector and its pinout, the electrical signalling protocols available, and the messaging format. It also provides a candidate list of vehicle parameters to monitor along

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adapters plugged into the car's OBD II connector. Newer devices on the market are equipped with GPS sensors and the ability to transmit vehicle location and diagnostics data over a cellular network. Modern OBD-II devices can therefore nowadays be used to for example locate vehicles, monitor driving

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For newly introduced models, the regulation dates applied a year earlier – January 1, 2005 for petrol and January 1, 2006, for diesel. The ADR 79/01 standard was supplemented by the ADR 79/02 standard which imposed tighter emissions restrictions, applicable to all vehicles of class M1 and N1 with a

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The Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTC's) of OBD-I vehicles can usually be found without an expensive scan tool. Each manufacturer used their own Diagnostic Link Connector (DLC), DLC location, DTC definitions, and procedure to read the DTC's from the vehicle. DTC's from OBD-I cars are often read through

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starting in 1988, and denying registration to vehicles that did not pass, drivers would tend to purchase vehicles that would more reliably pass the test. OBD-I was largely unsuccessful, as the means of reporting emissions-specific diagnostic information was not standardized. Technical difficulties

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Auto enthusiasts have traditionally installed additional gauges such as manifold vacuum, battery current etc. The OBD standard interface has enabled a new generation of enthusiast instrumentation accessing the full range of vehicle data used for diagnostics, and derived data such as instantaneous

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The European on-board diagnostics (EOBD) regulations are the European equivalent of OBD-II, and apply to all passenger cars of category M1 (with no more than 8 passenger seats and a Gross Vehicle Weight rating of 2,500 kg, 5,500 lb or less) first registered within EU member states since

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that light up in a specific pattern to indicate the DTC. General Motors, some 1989–1995 Ford vehicles (DCL), and some 1989–1995 Toyota/Lexus vehicles have a live sensor data stream available; however, many other OBD-I equipped vehicles do not. OBD-I vehicles have fewer DTC's available than OBD-II

917:– Emission Control for Light Vehicles) 2005) standard is the Australian equivalent of OBD-II. It applies to all vehicles of category M1 and N1 with a Gross Vehicle Weight rating of 3,500 kg (7,700 lb) or less, registered from new within Australia and produced since January 1, 2006 for 493:

Additional vehicle-specific diagnostic and control circuits are also available on this connector. For instance, on the Corvette there are interfaces for the Class 2 serial data stream from the PCM, the CCM diagnostic terminal, the radio data stream, the airbag system, the selective ride control

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In North America, EMD and EMD+ are on-board diagnostic systems that were used on vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating of 14,000 lb (6,400 kg) or more between the 2007 and 2012 model years if those vehicles did not already implement OBD-II. EMD was used on California emissions

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Each of the EOBD fault codes consists of five characters: a letter, followed by four numbers. The letter refers to the system being interrogated e.g. Pxxxx would refer to the powertrain system. The next character would be a 0 if complies to the EOBD standard. So it should look like P0xxx.

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program, the CARB issues the OBD-II specification and mandates that it be adopted for all cars sold in California starting in model year 1996 (see CCR Title 13 Section 1968.1 and 40 CFR Part 86 Section 86.094). The DTCs and connectors suggested by the SAE are incorporated into this

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1975: Bosch and Bendix EFI systems are adopted by major automotive manufacturers to improve tailpipe (exhaust) emissions. These systems are also analog, though some provide rudimentary diagnostic capability through factory tools, such as the Kent Moore J-25400, compatible with the

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2010: Start of required phase-in of the OBD-II specification to all vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating of 14,000 lb (6,400 kg) and above, this was completed by the 2013 model year. Vehicles that did not have OBD-II during this time period were required to have

176:(PWM) signaling and monitors all engine management functions. It reports real-time sensor data, component overrides, and Diagnostic Trouble Codes. The specification for this link is as defined by GM's Emissions Control System Project Center document XDE-5024B. 510:

the only one in the vehicle through which all systems are diagnosed and programmed. OBD-II Diagnostic Trouble Codes are 4-digit, preceded by a letter: P for powertrain (engine and transmission), B for body, C for chassis, and U for network.

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J1850 – Defines a serial data protocol. There are 2 variants: 10.4 kbit/s (single wire, VPW) and 41.6 kbit/s (2 wire, PWM). Mainly used by US manufacturers, also known as PCI (Chrysler, 10.4K), Class 2 (GM, 10.4K), and SCP (Ford,

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There have been reports of thieves using specialist OBD reprogramming devices to enable them to steal cars without the use of a key. The primary causes of this vulnerability lie in the tendency for vehicle manufacturers to extend the

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A PC-based OBD analysis tool that converts the OBD-II signals to serial data (USB or serial port) standard to PCs or Macs. The software then decodes the received data to a visual display. Many popular interfaces are based on the

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For passenger cars with a Gross Vehicle Weight rating of greater than 2500 kg and for light commercial vehicles, the regulation dates applied from January 1, 2002, for petrol models, and January 1, 2007, for diesel models.

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Five signaling protocols are permitted with the OBD-II interface. Most vehicles implement only one of the protocols. It is often possible to deduce the protocol used based on which pins are present on the J1962 connector:

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lists emission-related "permanent" diagnostic trouble codes stored. As per CARB, any diagnostic trouble codes that is commanding MIL on and stored into non-volatile memory shall be logged as a permanent fault code. See

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OBD II information is commonly used by vehicle telematics devices that perform fleet tracking, monitor fuel efficiency, prevent unsafe driving, as well as for remote diagnostics and by Pay-As-You-Drive insurance.

1035:; however, the signal levels are different, and communications happen on a single, bidirectional line without additional handshake signals. ISO 9141-2 is primarily used in Chrysler, European, and Asian vehicles. 1568:

is instrumentation installed in a vehicle in addition to that provided by the vehicle manufacturer and intended for display to the driver during normal operation. This is opposed to scanners used primarily for

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mandatory for all diesel vehicles sold in the European Union. All petrol-powered vehicles in the United States with a gross vehicle weight rating of up to 14,000 lb (6,400 kg) are required to have

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is a Request for On-Board Monitoring Test Results for Continuously and Non-Continuously Monitored System. There are typically a minimum value, a maximum value, and a current value for each non-continuous

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data may be performed periodically, automatically transmitted wirelessly to a third party or retrieved for forensic analysis after an event such as an accident, traffic infringement or mechanical fault.

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CVN (Calibration Verification Number): Number used to verify the integrity of the vehicle software. The manufacturer is responsible for determining the method of calculating CVN(s), e.g. using checksum.

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is used by service technicians after a vehicle repair, and after clearing diagnostic information to see test results after a single driving cycle to determine if the repair has fixed the problem. See

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lists the emission-related "confirmed" diagnostic trouble codes stored. It either displays numeric, 4 digit codes identifying the faults or maps them to a letter (P, B, U, C) plus 4 digits. See

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used on some vehicles in 1994, 1995, & 1996. (GM did not use the term OBD 1.5 in the documentation for these vehicles — they simply have an OBD and an OBD-II section in the service manual.)

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2008: Certain light vehicles in China are required by the Environmental Protection Administration Office to implement OBD (standard GB18352) by July 1, 2008. Some regional exemptions may apply.

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are required to be OBD-II compliant after January 1, 2006. All vehicles in the United States of 14,000 lb (6,400 kg) gross vehicle weight rating and under are required to have OBD-II.

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light if a problem was detected, but would not provide any information as to the nature of the problem. Modern OBD implementations use a standardized digital communications port to provide

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or STN OBD Interpreter ICs, both of which read all five generic OBD-II protocols. Some adapters now use the J2534 API allowing them to access OBD-II Protocols for both cars and trucks.

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The first character, representing category can only be one of the following four letters, given here with their associated meanings. (This restriction in number is due to how only two

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Some US auto insurance companies offer reduced premiums if OBD-II vehicle data loggers or cameras are installed – and if the driver's behaviour meets requirements. This is a form of

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Diesel engine : NMHC catalyst, NOx reduction catalyst, NOx absorber Particulate matter filter, Exhaust gas sensor, EGR system, VVT system, Boost pressure control, Fuel system.

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As a carputer is essentially a PC, the same software could be loaded as for PC-based scan tools and vice versa, so the distinction is only in the reason for use of the software.

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used by some vehicle manufacturers to refer to manufacturer-specific features that are not actually part of the OBD or EOBD standard. In this case "E" stands for Enhanced.

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Holding down 'Off' and 'Warmer' for several seconds activates the diagnostic mode without the need for an external scan tool. Some Honda engine computers are equipped with

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1997: The OBD-II specification is made mandatory for California emissions diesel-engined vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating up to 14,000 lb (6,400 kg).

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examined the security around OBD and found that they were able to gain control over many vehicle components via the interface. Furthermore, they were able to upload new

425:(Buick Skylark, Oldsmobile Achieva, Pontiac Grand Am) for 1995 and 1996 and also for North American delivered 1994–1995 Saab vehicles with the naturally aspirated 2.3. 932:

The technical implementation of this standard is essentially the same as OBD-II, with the same SAE J1962 diagnostic link connector and signal protocols being used.

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Whilst this is commonly referred to as the network category, it may originally have been the 'undefined' category, hence the use of the letter 'U' rather than 'N'.

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Various tools are available that plug into the OBD connector to access OBD functions. These range from simple generic consumer level tools to highly sophisticated

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The extent that a PC tool may access manufacturer or vehicle-specific ECU diagnostics varies between software products as it does between hand-held scanners.

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s which are defined in J1979. For a list of basic PIDs, their definitions, and the formula to convert raw OBD-II output to meaningful diagnostic units, see

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The technical implementation of EOBD is essentially the same as OBD-II, with the same SAE J1962 diagnostic link connector and signal protocols being used.

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with obtaining standardized and reliable emissions information from all vehicles led to an inability to implement the annual testing program effectively.

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and Seville models. Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) are displayed through the electronic climate control system's digital readout when in diagnostic mode.

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ISO 15031: Communication between vehicle and external equipment for emissions-related diagnostics, International Organization for Standardization, 2010.

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vehicles between model years 2007 and 2009 that did not already have OBD-II. EMD was required to monitor fuel delivery, exhaust gas recirculation, the

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cars (Buick Regal, Chevrolet Lumina (for 1995 only), Chevrolet Monte Carlo (1995 only), Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme) for 1994–1995,

2342: 36:) is a term referring to a vehicle's self-diagnostic and reporting capability. In the United States, this capability is a requirement to comply with 37: 1322:

Petrol engine : Catalyst, Primary oxygen sensor, Evaporating system, EGR system, VVT system, Secondary air system, and Secondary oxygen sensor

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All OBD-II pinouts use the same connector, but different pins are used with the exception of pin 4 (battery ground) and pin 16 (battery positive).

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2007: All California emissions vehicles over 14,000 lb (6,400 kg) gross vehicle weight rating are required to support EMD/EMD+ or OBD-II.

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less than 8,500 lb (3,900 kg) in the United States. The OBD-II specification is also made mandatory for all petrol-powered vehicles with

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displays the oxygen sensor monitor screen and the test results gathered about the oxygen sensor. There are ten numbers available for diagnostics:

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introduced its "Computer Command Control" system on all US passenger vehicles for model year 1981. Included in this system is a proprietary 5-pin

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is used to clear emission-related diagnostic information. This includes clearing the stored pending/confirmed DTCs and Freeze Frame data.

3241: 2279:"ISO 15765-4:2005 — Road vehicles — Diagnostics on Controller Area Networks (CAN) — Part 4: Requirements for emissions-related systems" 1409:

Mobile device applications allow mobile devices such as cell phones and tablets to display and manipulate the OBD-II data accessed via

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applied after the introduction of OBD-II. The data link connector and its position are not standardized, nor is the data protocol. The

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For newly introduced models, the regulation dates applied a year earlier – January 1, 2000 for petrol and January 1, 2003, for diesel.

3396: 3345: 3330: 2220: 1792: 2235:"Relating to measures to be taken against air pollution by emissions from motor vehicles and amending Council Directive 70/220/EEC" 2146: 1438:) can help diagnose the onboard system, read and erase DTCs, turn off MIL, show real-time data, and measure vehicle fuel economy. 3386: 3178: 544: 539:

Female OBD-II type B connector pinout – front view. Wire placement is identical to type A, but the center groove is split in two.

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diagnostics, providing trouble codes, actuator tests and sensor data through the new digital Electronic Climate Control display.

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ISO 15765: Road vehicles – Diagnostics on Controller Area Networks (CAN). International Organization for Standardization, 2004.

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defines an analog STE/ICE (simplified test equipment for internal combustion engines) vehicle diagnostic standard used in the

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ISO 14230: Road vehicles – Diagnostic systems – Keyword Protocol 2000, International Organization for Standardization, 1999.

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Multi-brand vehicle diagnostics system handheld Autoboss V-30 with adapters for connectors of several vehicle manufacturers.

1795:(Single-Wire CAN) protocol, used in newer GM vehicles. Often accessible on the OBD connector as PIN 1 on newer GM vehicles. 3391: 3359: 2234: 1527: 1307: 1020: 985: 241: 570:

Mercedes (K-Line): Ignition control (EZS), air-conditioner (KLA), PTS, safety systems (Airbag, SRS, AB) and some other.

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Gross Vehicle Weight rating of 3500 kg or less, from July 1, 2008, for new models, July 1, 2010, for all models.

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The second character is a number in the range of 0–3. (This restriction is again due to memory storage limitations).

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Cox, Ronald W. (November 1985). "Local Area Network Technology Applied to Automotive Electronic Communications".

1453:) plugged in the OBD-II port to enable the vehicle to connect with the computer where the software is installed. 942: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 394: 346:

that remain effective for the vehicle's "useful life". The hope was that by forcing annual emissions testing for

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ISO 11898: Road vehicles – Controller area network (CAN). International Organization for Standardization, 2003.

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1996: The OBD-II specification is made mandatory for all passenger cars and petrol-powered light trucks with a

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With Euro V and Euro VI emission standards, EOBD emission thresholds are lower than previous Euro III and IV.

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codes and that the vehicle is in compliance with emission standards for the model year it was manufactured.

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For ALDL connections, pin 9 is the data stream, pins 4 and 5 are ground, and pin 16 is the battery voltage.

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could enable the off-board test device to control the operation of an on-board system, test, or component.

1137: 994: 959: 173: 168:(ECM) to initiate a diagnostic request and provide a serial data stream. The protocol communicates at 160 49: 2521: 1627:) are five characters long, with the first letter indicating a category, and the remaining four being a 1125: 1065: 165: 57: 3012: 198:

introduces an upgraded version of the ALDL protocol, which communicates at 8192 baud with half-duplex

2292: 363: 1031:. This protocol has an asynchronous serial data rate of 10.4 kbit/s. It is somewhat similar to 1986: 1939: 1516:

are designed to capture vehicle data while the vehicle is in normal operation, for later analysis.

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from 1988 onward have some basic OBD capability (such as detecting problems with fuel metering and

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The OBD-II specification provides for a standardized hardware interface — the female 16-pin (2x8)

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according to ISO 15031. In SAE J1979 these "modes" were renamed to "services", starting in 2003.

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J2178-1 – Defines standards for network message header formats and physical address assignments

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Typical simple USB KKL Diagnostic Interface without protocol logic for signal level adjustment.

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is used to retrieve vehicle information. Among others, the following information is available:

1128:. Individual manufacturers often enhance the OBD-II code set with additional proprietary DTCs. 3341: 3326: 1602:

These enthusiast systems may also include some functionality similar to the other scan tools.

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TEXA OBD log. Small data logger with the possibility to read out the data later on PC via USB.

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Various views of a "MaxScan OE509" – a fairly typical onboard diagnostics (OBD) scanner, 2015.

2641:"Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 79/02 – Emission Control for Light Vehicles) 2005" 2627:"Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 79/01 – Emission Control for Light Vehicles) 2005" 2113: 140: 2379: 1477:

In addition to the functions of a hand-held scan tool, the PC-based tools generally offer:

2094: 1951: 1943: 1786: 1541: 882: 598: 300: 2694: 2278: 2695:"Implementation and Validation of K Line (ISO 9141) Protocol for Diagnostic Application" 2139: 873:

The following two characters would refer to the individual fault within each subsystem.

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Real-time monitoring or graphing of engine parameters to facilitate diagnosis or tuning

376: 266: 251: 237: 195: 157: 146: 53: 3126: 2012:"OBD-I & OBD-II: A Complete Guide to Diagnosis, Repair & Emissions Compliance" 1701:

The third character may denote a particular vehicle system that the fault relates to.

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The regulatory intent of OBD-I was to encourage auto manufacturers to design reliable

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mandatory for all petrol vehicles sold in the European Union, starting in MY2001 (see

21: 3380: 2814: 1959: 1581: 1533: 800:

The assignment of unspecified pins is left to the vehicle manufacturer's discretion.

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cars (the Chevrolet Caprice, Impala, and Buick Roadmaster) for 1994–1995model years,

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Directive 98/69/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998.

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system, the low tire pressure warning system, and the passive keyless entry system.

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Part 3: Diagnostic connector and related electrical circuits, specification and use

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of memory are used to indicate the category when DTCs are stored and transmitted).

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Mercedes (K-Line): Gearbox and other transmission components (EGS, ETC, FTC).

99: 2237:. The European Parliament and of the Council. October 13, 1998. Directive 98/69/EC 2179: 225:

recommends a standardized diagnostic connector and set of diagnostic test signals.

217:.) These requirements are generally referred to as "OBD-I", though this name is a 2470:. General Motors Corporation. December 1993. pp. 6E3–A-166 : 6E3–A-223. 1772:

J2178-3 – Defines standards for network message frame IDs for single byte headers

2728: 1991: 1975: 1903: 1628: 1624: 1513: 1331: 1256: 1164: 1151: 1121: 922: 814: 490:

An OBD 1.5 compatible scan tool is required to read codes generated by OBD 1.5.

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Part 3: Verification of the communication between vehicle and OBD II scan tool

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For the 'P' category this is indicates a code that has been 'jointly' defined.

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In the Netherlands, 2006 and later vehicles get a yearly EOBD emission check.

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Engine and vehicle monitoring under normal operation, for diagnosis or tuning.

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Many BMWs: A second K-line for non OBD-II (Body/Chassis/Infotainment) systems.

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Mercedes (K-Line): All activity module (AAM), Radio (RD), ICS (and more)

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Simple fault code readers/reset tools are mostly aimed at the consumer level.

2343:"China's stage 6 emission standard for new light-duty vehicles (final rule)" 2207:

Ford Powertrain Control and Emissions Diagnostic Manual for Gasoline Engines

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To use OBD-II software, one needs to have an OBD-II adapter (commonly using

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CALID (Calibration Identification): ID for the software installed on the ECU

1061: 605: 278: 88: 3077:"Cloud-based driver monitoring and vehicle diagnostic with OBD2 telematics" 2815:"Driving Behaviour Identification based on OBD Speed and GPS Data Analysis" 2754: 1736:

Finally the fourth and fifth characters define the exact problem detected.

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OBD information for repair technicians, vehicle owners, and manufacturers

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for purposes other than those for which it was designed, and the lack of

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J2178-4 – Defines standards for network messages with three byte headers*

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On-Board Diagnostics for Light and Medium Duty Vehicles Standards Manual

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with a gross vehicle weight rating up to 14,000 lb (6,400 kg).

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to more than 150% of the standard to which it was originally certified.

3036: 2380:"Reading GM's 160 baud ALDL Data Stream with a Standard PC Serial Port" 654:

Ford DCL(-) Argentina, Brazil (pre OBD-II) 1997–2000, USA, Europe, etc.

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Ford DCL(+) Argentina, Brazil (pre OBD-II) 1997–2000, USA, Europe, etc.

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For example, the 1994–1995 model year Corvettes have one post-catalyst

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models. This system is entirely analog with no diagnostic capabilities.

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Center for Automotive Science and Technology at Weber State University

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Professional hand-held scan tools may possess more advanced functions

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The active/dominant state is driven low with an open-collector driver.

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which allow malfunctions within the vehicle to be rapidly identified.

2076:"GM Today Vol 6 No 8 September 1980". General Motors. September 1980. 1750:

J1962 – Defines the physical connector used for the OBD-II interface.

1593: 1471: 1032: 918: 810: 519: 2140:"STE/ICE Design Guide for Vehicle Diagnostic Connector Assemblies" 1876:

Part 2: Guidance on terms, definitions, abbreviations and acronyms

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For other categories indicates a manufacturer-specific (OEM) code.

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Audi: Switched +12 to tell a scan tool whether the ignition is on.

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Mahajan, Gauri; Parchandekar, S.K.; Tahir, Mohammad (July 2017).

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J1978 – Defines minimal operating standards for OBD-II scan tools

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For the 'P' category this indicates a generic (SAE defined) code.

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2008: All cars sold in the United States are required to use the

2942:"OBD2 Data Logger – Easily Record & Visualize Your Car Data" 2854:"How to choose an OBD II adapter: Wi-Fi or Bluetooth – inCarDoc" 1828:

Part 2: CARB requirements for interchange of digital information

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The ability to use multiple software programs adding flexibility

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shows current sensor live data from PIDs ("Parameter IDs"). See

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VW: Switched +12 to tell a scan tool whether the ignition is on.

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The pinout for the ALDL connection on these cars is as follows:

331: 325: 199: 169: 161: 3084:

IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology

2484:. General Motors Corporation. December 1993. pp. 6E3–A–11. 2281:. International Organization for Standardization. January 2005. 2992:"Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Dash Cam | Moneyshake Blog" 1635: 1450: 1410: 1395:

Access and control other control units, such as air bag or ABS

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P00xx – Fuel and Air Metering and Auxiliary Emission Controls.

180: 67: 2172:"On-Board Diagnostic II (OBD II) Systems - Fact Sheet / FAQs" 1845:

Part 3: Low-speed, fault-tolerant, medium-dependent interface

3050:"Advantages and Disadvantages of Personal digital assistant" 2702:

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology

1808:– Defines a data protocol for heavy duty commercial vehicles 1016:

Message length is restricted to 12 bytes, including CRC

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An OBD 1.5 has also been used in the Ford Scorpio since 95.

417:(Chevrolet Camaro and Pontiac Firebird) for 1995 and on the 3098:"What is Vehicle Telematics? Definition and FAQs | OmniSci" 1825:

Part 1: Requirements for interchange of digital information

1695:

For other categories this has been reserved for future use.

1481:

Large storage capacity for data logging and other functions

375:

OBD 1.5 refers to a partial implementation of OBD-II which

3370: 1163:

makes Freeze Frame data accessible via the same PIDs. See

40:

to detect failures that may increase the vehicle tailpipe

1962:

in the OBD specifications, which instead rely largely on

1705:

0 – Fuel and air metering and auxiliary emission controls

1426:

An OBD-II software package when installed in a computer (

1222:

High sensor voltage threshold for switch time measurement

978:

Message length is restricted to 12 bytes, including

1763:

J2012 – Defines standards trouble codes and definitions.

1216:

Low sensor voltage threshold for switch time measurement

893:

JOBD is a version of OBD-II for vehicles sold in Japan.

708:

Mercedes (K-Line): AB diagnostic – safety systems.

124:

introduces the first on-board computer system, in their

3207:"Experimental Security Analysis of a Modern Automobile" 3179:"Car hacks could turn commutes into a scene from Speed" 2496:"EEC IV Code Reader: For 2.9L 12 Valve & Early Tdi" 1908:

Part 3: Implementation of unified diagnostic services (

860:

P05xx – Vehicle Speed Controls and Idle Control System.

588:

Mercedes (K-Line): ABS, ASR, ESP, ETS, BAS diagnostic.

191:

and other military vehicles of the era for the US Army.

95: 2797:"Intro to OBD-II vehicle diagnostics and GPS tracking" 390:), and have a subset of the OBD-II codes implemented. 2966: 2037:"Regulations for Emissions from Vehicles and Engines" 1560: 1379:

A range of rugged hand-held scan tools is available.

1083:

Message may contain up to 255 bytes in the data field

3163: 3161: 3159: 2442:"On-Board Diagnostic II (OBD II) Systems Fact Sheet" 1392:

Set manufacturer- or vehicle-specific ECU parameters

1347: 1282: 1177: 1047:

K-line idles high, with a 510 ohm resistor to V

3120: 3118: 1873:

Part 1: General information and use case definition

1760:

J1979 – Defines standards for diagnostic test modes

1056:

Message length is Max 260Bytes. Data field MAX 255.

3268:"Video: Key fob reprogrammers steal BMW in 3 mins" 2395:OBD-I to OBD-II: A History of On-Board Diagnostics 1915:Part 4: Requirements for emissions-related systems 1720:5 – Vehicle speed control and idle control systems 1642:P – Powertrain (engine, transmission and ignition) 984:Employs a multi-master arbitration scheme called ' 841:The next character would refer to the sub system. 550:SAE J1962 defines the pinout of the connector as: 531:Female OBD-II type A connector pinout – front view 3242:"$ 25 gadget lets hackers seize control of a car" 3146:"Complete OBD2 Codes List With Basic Explanation" 2576:. Publications Office of the European Parliament. 1865:Part 4: Requirements for emission-related systems 1675:1 – Indicates a manufacturer-specific (OEM) code. 851:P02xx – Fuel and Air Metering (Injector Circuit). 2629:. Australian Government ComLaw. April 28, 2007. 2574:"Directive 98/69/EC of the European Parliament" 1839:Part 1: Data link layer and physical signalling 1648:B – Body (includes air conditioning and airbag) 1580:Instrumentation may take the form of dedicated 1363:dealership tools to vehicle telematic devices. 897:ADR 79/01 & 79/02 (Australian OBD standard) 3127:"OBD2 Codes Guides and List for Free Download" 2643:. Australian Government ComLaw. June 30, 2010. 2398:, US: The Morey Corporation, December 21, 2022 2145:. US: Department of the Army. August 1, 1982. 1820:International Organization for Standardization 1818:ISO 9141: Road vehicles – Diagnostic systems. 1800:SAE standards documents on HD (Heavy Duty) OBD 1566:Driver's supplementary vehicle instrumentation 1561:Driver's supplementary vehicle instrumentation 1490:The identification and clearance of fault code 228:~1994: Motivated by a desire for a state-wide 209:(CARB) requires that all new vehicles sold in 3371:United States Environmental Protection Agency 2351:International Council on Clean Transportation 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 1885:Part 5: Emissions-related diagnostic services 421:(Chevrolet Cavalier and Pontiac Sunfire) and 149:introduces the first data link on their 1980 8: 2063:Digital Electronic Fuel Injection 16007.02-1 1711:2 – Fuel and air metering (injector circuit) 1484:Higher resolution screen than handheld tools 988:with Non-Destructive Arbitration' (CSMA/NDA) 921:-engined cars and since January 1, 2007 for 813:-engined cars and since January 1, 2004 for 2293:"CAN Bus Explained – A Simple Intro (2021)" 2110:IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2065:. GM Product Service Training. August 1979. 1888:Part 6: Diagnostic trouble code definitions 1672:0 – Indicates a generic (SAE defined) code. 1573:diagnosis, tuning, or hidden data logging. 413:(Chevrolet Corvette) for 1994–1995, on the 409:(Chevrolet Beretta/Corsica) for 1994–1995, 3075:Shashika, Muramudalige (August 24, 2015). 2318:"GB 18352.6-2016 – PDF BOOK Auto-delivery" 1769:J2178-2 – Gives data parameter definitions 1645:C – Chassis (includes ABS and brake fluid) 1457:PC-based scan tools and analysis platforms 640:Mercedes (TNA): TD engine rotation speed. 2613:"OBD-II Check Engine Light Trouble Codes" 1493:Data shown by intuitive graphs and charts 2924:"OBD2 Diagnostic Software for Laptop/PC" 2729:"How Can I Read OBD2 Freeze Frame Data?" 1946:are not designed with security in mind. 1210:Lean-to-Rich O2 sensor threshold voltage 1204:Rich-to-Lean O2 sensor threshold voltage 1136:Here is a basic introduction to the OBD 1112:OBD-II provides access to data from the 552: 430: 2002: 1655: 774:Activate Ethernet (Diagnostics over IP) 2780:"Autoboss 30 Diagnostic Coverage List" 2212: 2090: 2079: 1405:Mobile device-based tools and analysis 1252:Time between voltage transitions in ms 1077:Physical layer identical to ISO 9141-2 620:SAE J1850 PWM only (not SAE 1850 VPW) 1842:Part 2: High-speed medium access unit 997:— 10.4/41.6 kB/sec, standard of 857:P04xx – Auxiliary Emissions Controls. 393:This hybrid system was present on GM 295:signaling standard (a variant of the 223:Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) 7: 3321:Birnbaum, Ralph and Truglia, Jerry. 3289:Van den Brink, Rob (July 10, 2012). 2755:"How To Read OBD2 Freeze Frame Data" 2548:"OBD II diagnostic interface pinout" 2482:1994 Corvette Service Manual, Book 2 2468:1994 Corvette Service Manual, Book 2 2178:. September 28, 2009. Archived from 1848:Part 4: Time-triggered communication 962:— 41.6 kB/sec, standard of the 706:Ford: FEPS – Programming PCM voltage 564:GM: J2411 GMLAN/SWC/Single-Wire CAN. 3013:"Periodic motor vehicle test (APK)" 2417:"OBD - On-Board Diagnostic Program" 2209:. Ford Motor Company. June 9, 2011. 2152:from the original on August 6, 2020 1942:. Their conclusion is that vehicle 854:P03xx – Ignition System or Misfire. 277:2006: All vehicles manufactured in 3215:University of California San Diego 3205:Mastakar, Gaurav (April 6, 2012). 2366:ALDL Bluetooth AdapterUser's Guide 2041:US Environmental Protection Agency 1532:Monitoring of driver behaviour by 704:Ethernet RX- (Diagnostics over IP) 680:Ethernet RX+ (Diagnostics over IP) 652:Ethernet TX- (Diagnostics over IP) 634:Ethernet TX+ (Diagnostics over IP) 16:Automotive engineering terminology 14: 2922:Miller, Tim (February 12, 2019). 2753:Miller, Tim (February 28, 2018). 1745:SAE standards documents on OBD-II 1623:OBD-II diagnostic trouble codes ( 901:The ADR 79/01 (Vehicle Standard ( 3125:Miller, Tim (October 25, 2021). 2878:Miller, Tim (October 31, 2021). 2833:"OBD Software – Elm Electronics" 1714:3 – Ignition systems or misfires 1389:Access more advanced diagnostics 1348:#OBD-II_diagnostic_trouble_codes 1283:#OBD-II_diagnostic_trouble_codes 1178:#OBD-II_diagnostic_trouble_codes 1108:OBD-II diagnostic data available 1080:Data rate 1.2 to 10.4 kBaud 863:P06xx – Computer Output Circuit. 793:(+24 Volt for type B connector) 582:GM: 8192 baud ALDL where fitted. 523:Female OBD-II connector on a car 72: 3144:Richard, David (June 4, 2021). 1902:Part 2: Network layer services 1882:Part 4: External test equipment 1723:6 – Computer and output circuit 1717:4 – Auxiliary emission controls 1619:OBD-II diagnostic trouble codes 791:(+12 Volt for type A connector) 3177:Bright, Peter (May 15, 2010). 2880:"How Does OBD2 Software Work?" 2655:"Diagnosing Serial Data Buses" 2446:California Air Resources Board 2421:California Air Resources Board 2176:California Air Resources Board 1234:Lean-to Rich switch time in ms 1228:Rich-to-Lean switch time in ms 1132:Mode of operation/OBD services 848:P01xx – Fuel and Air Metering. 207:California Air Resources Board 87:format but may read better as 1: 3240:Marks, Paul (July 17, 2013). 3039:open source OBD trip computer 2219:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 1528:auto insurance risk selection 1308:Vehicle Identification Number 1013:Decision point is +3.5 V 986:Carrier Sense Multiple Access 760:(ISO 9141-2 and ISO 14230-4) 748:(ISO 9141-2 and ISO 14230-4) 2727:Miller, Tim (June 7, 2019). 1319:In-use performance counters 734:(ISO 15765-4 and SAE J2284) 722:(ISO 15765-4 and SAE J2284) 3365:National OBD Clearing House 1982:Unified Diagnostic Services 1899:Part 1: General information 1519:Data logging uses include: 515:OBD-II diagnostic connector 260:European emission standards 238:gross vehicle weight rating 38:federal emissions standards 3415: 1964:security through obscurity 1891:Part 7: Data link security 1732:A-F – Hybrid Trouble Codes 764: 738: 712: 686: 662: 624: 592: 554: 323: 3086:– via Academia.edu. 1862:Part 3: Application layer 1708:1 – Fuel and air metering 1074:pin 15: L-line (optional) 1041:pin 15: L-line (optional) 1010:High voltage is +7 V 975:High voltage is +5 V 943:diesel particulate filter 270: 255: 215:Exhaust gas recirculation 202:signaling on some models. 164:that interfaces with the 3397:Vehicle security systems 3291:"Dude, Your Car is Pwnd" 3266:Riggers (July 2, 2012). 3211:University of Washington 1932:University of California 1928:University of Washington 1689:3 – Category dependent: 1678:2 – Category dependent: 1651:U – Network (wiring bus) 1246:Maximum voltage for test 1240:Minimum voltage for test 386:(although they have two 344:emission control systems 58:diagnostic trouble codes 3387:Automotive technologies 2322:www.chinesestandard.net 2118:10.1109/TIE.1985.350105 2089:Cite magazine requires 1859:Part 2: Data link layer 1778:J2284-3 – Defines 500K 949:OBD-II signal protocols 770:Manufacturer discretion 700:Manufacturer discretion 676:Manufacturer discretion 648:Manufacturer discretion 630:Manufacturer discretion 578:Manufacturer discretion 560:Manufacturer discretion 297:Controller Area Network 96:converting this section 3340:. Pennsylvania, 2003. 3323:Getting to Know OBD II 2502:. UK. January 14, 2006 2368:, 1320 Electronics LLC 2112:. IE-32 (4): 327–333. 1856:Part 1: Physical layer 1791:J2411 – Describes the 1510: 1466: 1376: 1334:for an extensive list. 1332:OBD-II PIDs#Service_09 1257:OBD-II PIDs#Service_05 1165:OBD-II PIDs#Service_02 1154:for an extensive list. 1152:OBD-II PIDs#Service_01 1138:communication protocol 960:pulse-width modulation 540: 532: 524: 174:Pulse-width modulation 26: 3307:on February 23, 2013. 3221:on September 20, 2012 3167:ELM327DSL.pdf, p. 36. 2898:"OBD Interpreter ICs" 2588:"Blog | Indramat USA" 2257:"OBDII Compatibility" 1508: 1464: 1374: 1126:Table of OBD-II Codes 1066:Keyword Protocol 2000 869:P08xx – Transmission. 866:P07xx – Transmission. 538: 530: 522: 166:Engine Control Module 24: 3392:Industrial computing 2528:. September 30, 2019 2448:. September 19, 2019 1940:engine control units 1592:, smartphones, or a 1540:Analysis of vehicle 1367:Hand-held scan tools 995:variable pulse width 881:The term "EOBD2" is 809:January 1, 2001 for 401:cars for 1994–1995, 388:catalytic converters 262:Directive 98/69/EC). 242:California emissions 30:On-board diagnostics 3336:SAE International. 3056:. December 15, 2020 1987:Engine control unit 1926:Researchers at the 1740:Standards documents 1114:engine control unit 656:Chrysler CCD Bus(-) 638:Chrysler CCD Bus(+) 586:Toyota: RPM signal. 508:Data Link Connector 367:equipped vehicles. 315:Standard interfaces 3325:. New York, 2000. 2657:. August 25, 2016. 2554:. December 2, 2017 1606:Vehicle telematics 1511: 1467: 1413:adaptor cables or 1377: 964:Ford Motor Company 778:Mercedes: Ignition 541: 533: 525: 98:, if appropriate. 27: 2669:"ISO 9141-2:1994" 2522:"Mercedes PinOut" 2182:on June 27, 2013. 1978:("Parameter IDs") 1596:navigation unit. 1588:or interfaces to 798: 797: 616:Bus negative Line 485: 484: 230:emissions testing 151:Cadillac Eldorado 141:Cadillac Seville. 117: 116: 3404: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3300:. Archived from 3295: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3217:. Archived from 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3154: 3153: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3122: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3081: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3009: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2699: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2592:indramat-usa.com 2584: 2578: 2577: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2347: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2218: 2210: 2203: 2184: 2183: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2151: 2144: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2043:. April 15, 2016 2033: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2007: 1944:embedded systems 1729:8 – Transmission 1726:7 – Transmission 1663: 1660: 1549:Emission testing 1343: 1301: 1292: 1278: 1268: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1215: 1209: 1203: 1196: 1187: 1174: 1161: 1148: 833:EOBD fault codes 584:BMW: RPM signal. 553: 431: 112: 109: 103: 94:You can help by 76: 75: 68: 3414: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3377: 3376: 3356: 3351: 3312: 3304: 3293: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3157: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3124: 3123: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3102:www.omnisci.com 3096: 3095: 3091: 3079: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3017:business.gov.nl 3011: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2946:CSS Electronics 2940: 2939: 2935: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2858:CarDoctorPortal 2852: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2711: 2709: 2697: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2552:Pinoutguide.com 2546: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2526:Pinoutguide.com 2520: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2401: 2399: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2326: 2324: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2301: 2299: 2297:CSS Electronics 2291: 2290: 2286: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2187: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2091:|magazine= 2088: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2020: 2018: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1972: 1924: 1922:Security issues 1815: 1802: 1787:data link layer 1747: 1742: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1621: 1608: 1563: 1551: 1503: 1459: 1424: 1422:OBD-II Software 1407: 1369: 1357: 1341: 1340:Service / Mode 1299: 1298:Service / Mode 1290: 1289:Service / Mode 1276: 1275:Service / Mode 1266: 1265:Service / Mode 1249: 1243: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1201: 1194: 1193:Service / Mode 1185: 1184:Service / Mode 1172: 1171:Service / Mode 1159: 1158:Service / Mode 1146: 1145:Service / Mode 1134: 1110: 1098:pin 14: CAN Low 1095:pin 6: CAN High 1050: 993:SAE J1850 VPW ( 958:SAE J1850 PWM ( 951: 938: 925:-engined cars. 899: 891: 883:marketing speak 879: 835: 821: 806: 792: 789: 787:Battery voltage 779: 777: 775: 772: 758: 746: 732: 720: 707: 705: 702: 681: 678: 657: 655: 653: 650: 639: 637: 635: 632: 618: 603: 587: 585: 583: 580: 569: 567: 565: 562: 545:J1962 connector 517: 503: 373: 340: 328: 322: 317: 113: 107: 104: 93: 77: 73: 66: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3355: 3354:External links 3352: 3350: 3349: 3334: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3310: 3298:SANS Institute 3281: 3258: 3232: 3197: 3169: 3155: 3136: 3114: 3089: 3067: 3041: 3029: 3004: 2983: 2967:"Home • IOSiX" 2958: 2933: 2914: 2889: 2870: 2845: 2824: 2806: 2801:OBD By Tramigo 2788: 2771: 2745: 2719: 2685: 2660: 2646: 2632: 2618: 2604: 2579: 2565: 2539: 2513: 2487: 2473: 2459: 2433: 2408: 2385: 2371: 2357: 2334: 2309: 2284: 2270: 2248: 2226: 2185: 2163: 2131: 2100: 2068: 2054: 2028: 2010:CarTechBooks. 2001: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1971: 1968: 1956:authentication 1923: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1789: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1665: 1664: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1620: 1617: 1607: 1604: 1582:trip computers 1577:fuel economy. 1562: 1559: 1550: 1547: 1538: 1537: 1530: 1524: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1458: 1455: 1423: 1420: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1368: 1365: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1295: 1286: 1272: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1253: 1247: 1241: 1235: 1229: 1223: 1217: 1211: 1205: 1190: 1181: 1168: 1155: 1133: 1130: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1044:UART signaling 1042: 1039: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 999:General Motors 991: 990: 989: 982: 976: 973: 970: 950: 947: 937: 934: 898: 895: 890: 887: 878: 875: 871: 870: 867: 864: 861: 858: 855: 852: 849: 846: 834: 831: 817:engined cars. 805: 802: 796: 795: 784: 781: 767: 763: 762: 753: 750: 741: 737: 736: 727: 724: 715: 711: 710: 697: 694: 689: 685: 684: 673: 670: 668:Chassis ground 665: 661: 660: 645: 642: 627: 623: 622: 613: 610: 595: 591: 590: 575: 572: 557: 516: 513: 502: 499: 483: 482: 479: 476: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 457: 456: 453: 450: 447: 444: 441: 438: 435: 377:General Motors 372: 369: 339: 336: 324:Main article: 321: 318: 316: 313: 312: 311: 307: 304: 289: 286: 275: 267:European Union 263: 252:European Union 248: 245: 234: 233:specification. 226: 203: 196:General Motors 192: 177: 158:General Motors 154: 147:General Motors 143: 132: 115: 114: 108:September 2021 80: 78: 71: 65: 62: 54:real-time data 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3410: 3409: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3346:0-7680-1145-0 3343: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3331:0-9706711-0-5 3328: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3313: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3285: 3282: 3270:. 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