153:, he elicited the help from Zhuye Chixin by giving Zhuye 300 horses, and together, they defeated Zhangxin Khan, who then committed suicide, precipitating the subsequent collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate. In the next few years, when Uyghur Khaganate remnants tried to raid Tang borders, the Shatuo participated extensively in counterattacking the Uyghur Khaganate with other tribes loyal to Tang. In 843, Zhuye Chixin, under the command of the Han Chinese officer
20:
832:
875:
316:
The Ongud
Monument Ensemble was constructed by the Turkic tribes during the 6th-8th centuries for their noblemen. This consists of over 30 man-like figures, a lion and a sheep, and about 550 standing stones in alignments reminiscent of Carnac or Avebury. There is also a large tomb made of 4
141:. In 808, 30,000 Shatuo under Zhuye Jinzhong defected from the Tibetans to Tang China and the Tibetans punished them by killing Zhuye Jinzhong as they were chasing them. The Uyghurs also fought against an alliance of Shatuo and Tibetans at Beshbalik. The Shatuo Turks under Zhuye Chixin (
284:
in the 15th century. The Onguds gradually vanished from historical records and likely assimilated into other Turkic and Mongol tribes beginning in the post-Yuan period. The
Mongols of Inner Mongolia, Mongolia and western China eventually converted to
570:
222:
to one of Ala Kush's sons. However, political opponents killed Ala Kush Tegin. Genghis put down the rebellion and took the family under his protection, with his daughter the de facto ruler.
764:
Golden, Peter
Benjamin (1992). "An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis Ans State Formation in the Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East".
157:
with
Tuyuhun, Tangut and Han Chinese troops, participated in a raid against the Uyghur khaganate that led to the slaughter of Uyghur forces at Shahu mountain. A Shatuo warlord,
218:
plan to attack
Genghis Khan in 1205 and allied with the Mongols. When Genghis Khan invaded the Jin Dynasty in 1211, Ala Kush Tegin supported him. Genghis married his daughter
2557:
2524:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former
203:
believed that ethnically the Onguds were already the southern
Mongols. According to the Mongolian chronicler Sanan-Setsen, the Onguds at the time of
2790:
2629:
1272:
379:
330:
305:
from the Ongud region collected during the 1920s by F. A. Nixon, a
British postal official working in northern China. Although their designs vary,
859:
195:
as an Ongud tribe, another part as White Tatars. According to a number of authors, the Onguds were already
Mongolized tribe in the 13th century (
1040:
588:
From the Oxus River to the
Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica)
938:
885:
842:
773:
515:
446:
2550:
2752:
1013:
988:
724:
697:
638:
611:
545:
392:
3340:
3335:
1551:
335:
355:
2582:
2543:
2086:
1265:
166:
673:
657:
102:
3300:
2634:
628:
101:
and another a bit to the south at a place called
Koshang or Dongsheng. They acted as wardens of the marches for the
2152:
1033:
181:
177:
97:
and territories to the northeast of it. They appear to have had two capitals, a northern one at the ruin known as
2661:
586:
Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" in
714:
603:
From the Khitans to the Jurchens & Mongols: A History of Barbarians in Triangle Wars & Quartet Conflicts
601:
2484:
2443:
1611:
687:
122:
2622:
1651:
1576:
1340:
1333:
1258:
980:
298:
261:
captured and killed him later in 1298. A number of Öngüd were said to have been converted to Catholicism by
2649:
2474:
1049:
360:
Verbum et Calamus. Semitic and related studies in honour of Professor Tapani Harviainen. Studia Orientalia
149:. In 839, when the Uyghur khaganate (Huigu) general Jueluowu (掘羅勿) rose against the rule of then-reigning
129:-associated Suoge, and the Anqing of Sogdian origins. In the seventh century they moved to east of modern
3330:
3325:
3304:
2602:
2597:
2130:
1425:
1026:
234:
233:
Many famous post-Genghis Mongols are of Ongud descent, including the well-known traveler, diplomat, and
433:
3308:
Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.
2671:
2469:
1806:
1430:
1310:
531:
317:
sculptured slabs. Each slab has the front face decorated with a trellis-pattern like the walls of a
262:
3052:
2919:
2574:
2333:
1621:
1356:
1063:
250:
90:
2656:
2617:
2607:
2014:
1816:
1726:
1626:
456:
402:
238:
86:
43:
2959:
2587:
2172:
2071:
1532:
1390:
1115:
1009:
984:
934:
881:
838:
769:
720:
693:
634:
607:
541:
511:
442:
388:
161:, mobilized 10,000 Shatuo cavalrymen and served the Tang dynasty as an ally. In 923, his son
3237:
3022:
3017:
2989:
2704:
2592:
2566:
2479:
2125:
1972:
1841:
1773:
1702:
1646:
1631:
1616:
1601:
1571:
1561:
1537:
1473:
1380:
1120:
1095:
286:
242:
146:
47:
877:Проблемы этногенеза и этнической культуры тюрко-монгольских народов: сборник научных трудов
573:"阿剌兀思剔吉忽里，汪古部人，係出沙陀雁門之後。" Alawusi Tijihuli, a man of the Ongud tribe, descendant(s) of the
227:
3268:
3074:
2969:
2489:
2096:
2007:
1846:
1826:
1731:
1721:
1707:
1636:
1596:
1591:
1556:
1457:
1411:
1385:
1225:
1136:
1110:
753:
565:
469:
415:
302:
268:
After 1221 many Onguds were resettled in Khwarezm, where they served as governors for the
196:
3100:
2710:
1324:
3253:
3105:
3012:
2843:
2666:
2639:
2525:
2408:
2294:
2258:
2157:
1993:
1912:
1836:
1778:
1697:
1692:
1641:
1606:
1581:
1566:
1497:
1289:
1281:
1100:
1078:
997:
973:
200:
138:
74:
66:
953:
F. S. Drake, 'Nestorian Crosses and Nestorian Christians in China under the Mongols',
819:"The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization"
507:
Early Christian Remains of Inner Mongolia: Discovery, Reconstruction and Appropriation
3319:
3248:
3242:
3182:
3159:
3095:
3037:
2808:
2798:
2767:
2757:
2689:
2681:
2644:
2612:
2453:
2228:
2162:
2101:
1986:
1933:
1821:
1811:
1586:
1406:
1167:
1105:
1073:
435:Монгольские этнонимы: вопросы происхождения и этнического состава монгольских народов
306:
223:
219:
192:
150:
94:
23:
19:
3216:
3210:
3149:
3047:
2828:
2501:
2368:
2353:
2167:
2106:
2076:
2040:
2000:
1864:
1736:
1713:
1481:
1417:
1304:
1232:
1172:
1088:
1068:
277:
269:
204:
185:
134:
82:
2904:
1524:
98:
535:
505:
3221:
3144:
2899:
2747:
2505:
2388:
2383:
2327:
1831:
1747:
1674:
1543:
1347:
1083:
788:"The Notion of Tribe in Medieval China: Ouyang Xiu and the Shatup Dynastic Myth"
574:
246:
145:) served the Tang dynasty in fighting against their fellow Turkic people in the
142:
78:
137:. By the ninth century, the Shatuo were scattered over north Shanxi and modern
3273:
3226:
2717:
2373:
2188:
1517:
1435:
861:Сочинения. Том V. Работы по истории и филологии тюркских и монгольских народов
170:
126:
55:
2974:
2929:
2863:
2403:
2393:
2340:
2307:
2193:
1979:
1941:
1922:
1902:
1877:
1783:
1317:
1211:
561:
158:
154:
130:
301:
possesses a collection of around a thousand 13th- and 14th-century bronze
226:
ruled the Ongud as regent for several underage princes until the reign of
3187:
3164:
2914:
2888:
2858:
2853:
2833:
2823:
2513:
2358:
2302:
2288:
2273:
2248:
2238:
2208:
1897:
1884:
1870:
1451:
1215:
1203:
1193:
1142:
310:
162:
787:
176:
After the overthrow of the Li family, Shatuo commanders established the
3231:
3174:
3154:
3139:
3126:
3120:
3115:
3089:
3032:
3007:
3002:
2979:
2964:
2954:
2946:
2878:
2868:
2848:
2838:
2803:
2773:
2762:
2737:
2727:
2694:
2448:
2398:
2348:
2322:
2317:
2278:
2268:
2223:
2218:
2203:
2120:
2066:
2029:
2024:
1917:
1907:
1892:
1741:
1510:
1464:
1375:
1177:
1152:
215:
211:
70:
3278:
3258:
3132:
3084:
3079:
3066:
3027:
2883:
2873:
2818:
2813:
2732:
2699:
2423:
2413:
2363:
2312:
2263:
2253:
2233:
2213:
2198:
2112:
2048:
2034:
1966:
1951:
1946:
1927:
1755:
1669:
1207:
1157:
1147:
1005:
121:
Turks, who, in turn, descended mainly from the two remnant tribes of
118:
106:
2535:
3284:
3193:
3110:
3042:
2924:
2909:
2742:
2722:
2521:
2418:
2378:
2283:
2243:
1961:
1956:
1788:
1503:
1219:
1198:
281:
273:
254:
18:
1250:
2997:
2780:
2517:
2509:
318:
258:
2539:
1254:
1022:
1018:
191:
In the 13th century, a part of Shatuo probably included in the
955:
Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
253:
married Kublai's two granddaughters and fought against
381:Труды по истории и этническому составу тюркских племен
3203:
3173:
3065:
2988:
2945:
2938:
2789:
2680:
2573:
2462:
2436:
2181:
2139:
2085:
2057:
1855:
1797:
1764:
1683:
1660:
1490:
1444:
1399:
1368:
1297:
1288:
1186:
1129:
1056:
972:
880:. Калмыцкий гос. университет. 2007. p. 52.
540:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 52.
933:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 148.
280:. The Onguds in Mongolia became an otog of the
741:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
313:, the Buddhist good luck symbol, predominate.
199:, Ochir). Academicians Boris Vladimirtsov and
2551:
1266:
1034:
931:East Syriac Christianity in Mongol-Yuan China
245:(1220–1294). The Ongud proved good allies to
8:
481:
479:
356:"Nestorian Personal Names from Central Asia"
85:(1162–1227). Many Ongud were members of the
2985:
2942:
2558:
2544:
2536:
1294:
1273:
1259:
1251:
1041:
1027:
1019:
630:History of Central Asia, the: 4-volume set
373:
371:
309:with a square central panel displaying a
331:List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans
903:The Secret History of the Mongol Queens
427:
425:
347:
686:Dardess, John W. (10 September 2010).
465:
454:
441:. Элиста: КИГИ РАН. pp. 133–135.
411:
400:
590:Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252
61:"desolate, uninhabited; desert" plus
7:
117:The ancestors of the Ongud were the
627:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
537:The History of the Mongol Conquests
504:Halbertsma, Tjalling H. F. (2008).
89:. They lived in an area lining the
26:c.1207, Ongud and their neighbours
14:
713:Ven, Hans van de (26 July 2021).
2516:, distinct from Levantine (i.e.
975:The Medieval Expansion of Europe
905:. Broadway Paperbacks, New York.
821://The Turks, Ankara, 2002, p. 99
1130:Related ethnic groups and clans
786:Atwood, Christopher P. (2010).
600:Yuan, Hong (14 November 2022).
289:from the 16th century onwards.
249:. For example, the Ongud ruler
768:. 9. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
336:Christianity among the Mongols
321:, and a simple frieze on top.
1:
864:. Москва: Наука. p. 210.
387:. Бишкек: Илим. p. 103.
207:were part of the Su Mongols.
133:, then under the rule of the
93:in the northern part of the
1002:Histoire de l'Empire Mongol
971:Phillips, J. R. S. (1998).
901:Weatherford, Jack. (2010).
510:. Brill. pp. 150–157.
3357:
831:Владимирцов Б. Я. (2020).
716:Warfare in Chinese History
272:. They formed part of the
169:and became emperor of the
125:: namely, the Chuyue, the
3297:
2498:
1617:Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks
1241:
806:"Wang Kuo-wei researches"
752:Theobald, Ulrich (2013).
689:Governing China: 150-1850
354:Rybatzki, Volker. (2004)
2485:Turkish Cypriot diaspora
2153:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars
1243:Origin is controversial.
123:Western Turkic Khaganate
69:tribe that later became
1642:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman
1298:Azerbaijani communities
981:Oxford University Press
858:Бартольд В. В. (1968).
299:University of Hong Kong
103:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
65:"class marker") were a
3341:Extinct Turkic peoples
3336:Turkic peoples of Asia
2475:Crimean Tatar diaspora
1652:Western Thracian Turks
1587:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman
837:. Litres. p. 58.
378:Аристов Н. А. (2003).
73:active in what is now
27:
2182:Extinct Turkic groups
2140:Turkic minorities in
2087:Turkic minorities in
2058:Turkic minorities in
1856:Turkic minorities in
1334:Georgian Azerbaijanis
532:Saunders, John Joseph
22:
2500:Central Asian (i.e.
2470:Azerbaijani diaspora
1807:Iranian Azerbaijanis
1445:Turkmen communities
1341:Western Azerbaijanis
1311:Iranian Azerbaijanis
808:, Taipei, 1968: 4985
792:Miscellanea Asiatica
293:Art and architecture
263:John of Montecorvino
1491:Turkish communities
1357:Javanshir Qizilbash
1064:Tatar confederation
979:(second ed.).
754:"Shatuo Türks 沙陀突厥"
167:Later Liang dynasty
81:around the time of
3301:Donghu and Xianbei
2657:Mongolian nobility
2608:Slab Grave culture
2015:Siberian Bukharans
1817:Chaharmahali Turks
1798:Turkic minorities
1765:Turkic minorities
1684:Turkic minorities
1400:Kyrgyz communities
1369:Kazakh communities
464:Unknown parameter
410:Unknown parameter
239:Church of the East
171:Later Tang dynasty
113:History and origin
87:Church of the East
28:
3313:
3312:
3293:
3292:
3061:
3060:
2588:Mongolian Plateau
2533:
2532:
2432:
2431:
2343:
2336:
2297:
2173:Tatars of Romania
2146:
2115:
2072:Mongolian Kazakhs
2043:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1750:
1716:
1627:Palestinian Turks
1622:Montenegrin Turks
1546:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1476:
1467:
1460:
1420:
1391:Mongolian Kazakhs
1359:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1248:
1247:
1116:Astrakhan Khanate
940:978-3-447-06580-1
929:Tang, Li (2011).
887:978-5-91458-011-4
844:978-5-04-137262-0
774:978-3-447-03274-2
517:978-90-04-16708-7
448:978-5-903833-93-1
303:Nestorian crosses
3348:
2990:Southern Mongols
2986:
2943:
2593:Mongol heartland
2567:Mongolic peoples
2560:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2480:Turkish diaspora
2339:
2332:
2293:
2144:
2126:Karategin Uzbeks
2111:
2039:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1973:Astrakhan Tatars
1971:
1936:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1842:Iranian Turkmens
1774:Crimean Karaites
1746:
1712:
1612:Macedonian Turks
1577:Dodecanese Turks
1542:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1474:Iranian Turkmens
1472:
1463:
1456:
1416:
1355:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1295:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1252:
1096:Chagatai Khanate
1043:
1036:
1029:
1020:
994:
978:
958:
951:
945:
944:
926:
920:
913:
907:
906:
898:
892:
891:
872:
866:
865:
855:
849:
848:
828:
822:
815:
809:
802:
796:
795:
783:
777:
762:
756:
750:
744:
737:
731:
730:
710:
704:
703:
683:
677:
667:
661:
651:
645:
644:
624:
618:
617:
597:
591:
584:
578:
558:
552:
551:
528:
522:
521:
501:
495:
494:Phillips, p. 123
492:
486:
483:
474:
473:
467:
462:
460:
452:
440:
432:Очир А. (2016).
429:
420:
419:
413:
408:
406:
398:
386:
375:
366:
352:
287:Tibetan Buddhism
257:, whose protégé
243:Rabban Bar Sauma
210:The Ongud chief
147:Uyghur Khaganate
105:to the north of
46:: Онгуд, Онход;
3356:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3289:
3269:Sichuan Mongols
3199:
3169:
3075:Altai Uriankhai
3057:
2984:
2934:
2791:Medieval tribes
2785:
2676:
2662:Writing systems
2630:Medieval tribes
2569:
2564:
2534:
2529:
2494:
2490:Kazakh diaspora
2458:
2428:
2177:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2097:Afghan Turkmens
2088:
2081:
2059:
2053:
2008:Siberian Tatars
1932:
1857:
1851:
1847:Iranian Kazakhs
1827:Khorasani Turks
1799:
1793:
1766:
1760:
1703:Chinese Kazakhs
1685:
1679:
1662:
1661:Turkic peoples
1656:
1557:Bulgarian Turks
1533:Abkhazian Turks
1486:
1458:Afghan Turkmens
1440:
1395:
1386:Iranian Kazakhs
1381:Chinese Kazakhs
1364:
1284:
1279:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1182:
1125:
1111:Crimean Khanate
1052:
1047:
998:Roux, Jean-Paul
991:
970:
967:
962:
961:
952:
948:
941:
928:
927:
923:
914:
910:
900:
899:
895:
888:
874:
873:
869:
857:
856:
852:
845:
830:
829:
825:
816:
812:
803:
799:
785:
784:
780:
763:
759:
751:
747:
738:
734:
727:
712:
711:
707:
700:
685:
684:
680:
668:
664:
652:
648:
641:
626:
625:
621:
614:
599:
598:
594:
585:
581:
575:Wild Goose Pass
566:History of Yuan
559:
555:
548:
530:
529:
525:
518:
503:
502:
498:
493:
489:
484:
477:
463:
453:
449:
438:
431:
430:
423:
409:
399:
395:
384:
377:
376:
369:
353:
349:
344:
327:
307:Maltese crosses
295:
197:Nikolai Aristov
115:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3354:
3352:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3124:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:Eastern Dorbet
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2667:Soyombo symbol
2664:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2640:Nomadic empire
2637:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2623:Proto-Mongolic
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2409:Yenisei Kyrgyz
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2158:Finnish Tatars
2155:
2149:
2147:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:Crimean Tatars
1776:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1722:Chinese Uzbeks
1719:
1718:
1717:
1708:Chinese Kyrgyz
1705:
1700:
1698:Chinese Tatars
1695:
1689:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1647:Tunisian Turks
1644:
1639:
1634:
1632:Romanian Turks
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1602:Lebanese Turks
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:Egyptian Turks
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1562:Croatian Turks
1559:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1538:Algerian Turks
1535:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1412:Chinese Kyrgyz
1409:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1337:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1301:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1282:Turkic peoples
1280:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1101:Timurid Empire
1098:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1079:Kazakh Khanate
1076:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1023:
1017:
1016:
995:
989:
966:
963:
960:
959:
946:
939:
921:
908:
893:
886:
867:
850:
843:
823:
810:
804:Wang Kuo-wei,
797:
794:(16): 593–621.
778:
757:
745:
739:C. P. Atwood,
732:
725:
705:
698:
678:
670:Zizhi Tongjian
662:
654:Zizhi Tongjian
646:
639:
633:. Bloomsbury.
619:
612:
592:
579:
553:
546:
523:
516:
496:
487:
475:
447:
421:
393:
367:
346:
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
333:
326:
323:
294:
291:
212:Ala Kush Tegin
201:Vasily Bartold
139:Inner Mongolia
114:
111:
79:northern China
75:Inner Mongolia
34:(also spelled
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3353:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3263:Yunnan Mongol
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:Upper Mongols
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2939:Ethnic groups
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Khamag Mongol
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2682:Proto-Mongols
2679:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:Mongol Empire
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:Ordos culture
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2528:territories).
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Black Klobuks
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2145:(exc. Russia)
2138:
2132:
2131:Afghan Kyrgyz
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:Mishar Tatars
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:in Uzbekistan
1659:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:Serbian Turks
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:Kosovan Turks
1595:
1593:
1592:Israeli Turks
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:Cypriot Turks
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:Bosnian Turks
1550:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1426:Afghan Kyrgyz
1424:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1168:Mughal people
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1121:Kazan Khanate
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1106:Mughal Empire
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:Uzbek Khanate
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1014:2-213-03164-9
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
990:0-19-820740-9
986:
982:
977:
976:
969:
968:
964:
956:
950:
947:
942:
936:
932:
925:
922:
918:
912:
909:
904:
897:
894:
889:
883:
879:
878:
871:
868:
863:
862:
854:
851:
846:
840:
836:
835:
827:
824:
820:
814:
811:
807:
801:
798:
793:
789:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
761:
758:
755:
749:
746:
742:
736:
733:
728:
726:9789004482944
722:
718:
717:
709:
706:
701:
699:9781603844475
695:
691:
690:
682:
679:
675:
671:
666:
663:
659:
655:
650:
647:
642:
640:9781838608682
636:
632:
631:
623:
620:
615:
613:9781663242587
609:
606:. iUniverse.
605:
604:
596:
593:
589:
583:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:
563:
557:
554:
549:
547:0-8122-1766-7
543:
539:
538:
533:
527:
524:
519:
513:
509:
508:
500:
497:
491:
488:
482:
480:
476:
471:
466:|agency=
458:
450:
444:
437:
436:
428:
426:
422:
417:
412:|agency=
404:
396:
394:5-8355-1297-X
390:
383:
382:
374:
372:
368:
364:
361:
357:
351:
348:
341:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
324:
322:
320:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
292:
290:
288:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
265:(1246–1328).
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
224:Alakhai Bekhi
221:
220:Alakhai Bekhi
217:
214:revealed the
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:Mongol Empire
189:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
165:defeated the
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:Zhangxin Khan
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
112:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
95:Ordos Plateau
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
25:
24:Mongol Empire
21:
3331:Nestorianism
3326:Turco-Mongol
3305:Turco-Mongol
3262:
2893:
2650:Turco-Mongol
2635:Modern clans
2168:Lipka Tatars
2041:Tozhu Tuvans
2001:Volga Tatars
1714:Akto Turkmen
1607:Libyan Turks
1567:Cretan Turks
1482:Akto Turkmen
1431:Tajik Kyrgyz
1418:Akto Turkmen
1305:Azerbaijanis
1226:
1173:Aimaq people
1162:
1089:Budjak Horde
1069:Golden Horde
1050:Turco-Mongol
1001:
974:
954:
949:
930:
924:
916:
911:
902:
896:
876:
870:
860:
853:
833:
826:
818:
817:Ozkan Izgi,
813:
805:
800:
791:
781:
765:
760:
748:
740:
735:
715:
708:
688:
681:
669:
665:
653:
649:
629:
622:
602:
595:
587:
582:
560:
556:
536:
526:
506:
499:
490:
434:
380:
362:
359:
350:
315:
296:
278:Mughal tribe
270:Golden Horde
267:
232:
209:
205:Genghis Khan
190:
186:Northern Han
175:
135:Tang dynasty
116:
83:Genghis Khan
62:
58:
51:
39:
35:
31:
29:
16:Turkic tribe
3150:Sart Kalmyk
2900:Qara Khitai
2389:Toquz Oghuz
2328:Oghuz Turks
2295:Sir-Kıvchak
2089:Afghanistan
1832:Qarai Turks
1748:Tor Uyghurs
1727:Fuyu Kyrgyz
1675:Karakalpaks
1544:Kouloughlis
1348:Karapapakhs
1084:Nogai Horde
917:Kublai khan
766:Turcologica
692:. Hackett.
230:(1246–48).
143:Li Guochang
3320:Categories
3299:See also:
3274:Sogwo Arig
1436:Van Kyrgyz
1318:Shahsevans
1233:Tug banner
965:References
834:Чингис-хан
571:"Vol. 118"
485:Roux, p.40
228:Güyük Khan
178:[Later Jin
91:Great Wall
71:Mongolized
56:Old Turkic
3227:Dongxiang
2975:Khotogoid
2960:Dariganga
2930:Uriankhai
2905:Qara'unas
2864:Khongirad
2618:Languages
2463:Diasporas
2404:Xueyantuo
2394:Uriankhai
2341:Pechenegs
2334:Turkomans
2308:Kutrigurs
1980:Kryashens
1942:Kumandins
1923:Karachays
1903:Besermyan
1878:Telengits
1784:Krymchaks
1767:in Crimea
1732:Ili Turks
1325:Küresünni
1212:Ergenekon
915:John Man
719:. BRILL.
577:'s Shatuo
562:Song Lian
468:ignored (
457:cite book
414:ignored (
403:cite book
182:Later Han
159:Li Keyong
155:Shi Xiong
131:Dzungaria
99:Olon Süme
44:Mongolian
3188:Hamnigan
3165:Zakhchin
3053:Üzemchin
3023:Khorchin
3018:Kharchin
2915:Taichiud
2889:Olkhonud
2824:Borjigin
2672:Religion
2583:Timeline
2514:Turkmens
2502:Turkmeni
2359:Saragurs
2303:Kurykans
2289:Kipchaks
2274:Keraites
2259:Göktürks
2249:Dughlats
2239:Dingling
2209:Berendei
2060:Mongolia
2030:Tofalars
1994:Nağaybäk
1898:Bashkirs
1885:Tubalars
1871:Chelkans
1865:Altaians
1686:in China
1518:Tahtacıs
1511:Muhacirs
1452:Turkmens
1204:Tengrism
1194:Kurultai
1143:Keraites
776:. p. 165
674:vol. 247
658:vol. 246
564:et al.,
534:(2001).
365:. p. 271
325:See also
311:swastika
276:and the
184:and the
163:Li Cunxu
3254:Monguor
3238:Kangjia
3175:Buryats
3155:Torghut
3140:Myangad
3116:Khoshut
3106:Dzungar
3090:Chantuu
2980:Sartuul
2970:Khalkha
2965:Eljigin
2955:Darkhad
2947:Mongols
2869:Manghud
2854:Katagan
2839:Eljigin
2834:Dughlat
2763:Didouyu
2738:Tuyuhun
2728:Kumo Xi
2711:Yujiulü
2695:Xianbei
2575:History
2526:Ottoman
2510:Iranian
2506:Afghani
2454:Mughals
2449:Hazaras
2399:Utigurs
2374:Türgesh
2349:Onogurs
2323:Nushibi
2318:Naimans
2279:Khazars
2269:Karluks
2224:Chigils
2219:Bulgars
2204:Barsils
2142:Europe
2121:Ansarlu
2067:Khotons
2025:Teleuts
1918:Dolgans
1913:Chuvash
1908:Chulyms
1893:Balkars
1837:Qashqai
1822:Khalajs
1800:in Iran
1742:Uyghurs
1465:Ansarlu
1376:Kazakhs
1290:Peoples
1187:Culture
1178:Hazaras
1153:Naimans
919:, p.319
743:, p.424
237:of the
216:Naimans
127:Türgesh
54:; from
48:Chinese
3259:Khatso
3249:Moghol
3243:Mughal
3232:Hazara
3133:Buzava
3131:incl.
3127:Kalmyk
3121:Khoton
3101:Dörbet
3096:Choros
3080:Baatud
3067:Oirats
3033:Naiman
3028:Jaruud
3008:Chahar
3003:Baarin
2879:Naiman
2874:Merkit
2859:Kerait
2849:Jalair
2844:Gorlos
2829:Chonos
2814:Barlas
2804:Baarin
2772:incl.
2768:Khitan
2758:Shiwei
2733:Murong
2709:incl.
2705:Rouran
2700:Wuhuan
2690:Donghu
2603:Rulers
2598:States
2522:Syrian
2444:Abdals
2437:Others
2424:Yabaku
2414:Yueban
2364:Shatuo
2354:Sabirs
2313:Merkit
2264:Kangly
2254:Esegel
2234:Cumans
2214:Bulaqs
2199:Basmyl
2163:Gagauz
2113:Timuri
2107:Aimaqs
2102:Afshar
2049:Yakuts
2035:Tuvans
1967:Tatars
1962:Soyots
1952:Nogais
1947:Kumyks
1934:Koibal
1928:Khakas
1858:Russia
1812:Afshar
1756:Yugurs
1670:Uzbeks
1525:Yörüks
1407:Kyrgyz
1208:Tengri
1158:Merkit
1148:Barlas
1057:States
1012:
1006:Fayard
987:
957:, 1962
937:
884:
841:
772:
723:
696:
637:
610:
544:
514:
445:
391:
274:Argyns
251:George
247:Kublai
180:, the
119:Shatuo
107:Shanxi
67:Turkic
52:Wanggu
50:: 汪古,
3285:Yugur
3279:Tuvan
3217:Bonan
3211:Aimaq
3204:Other
3194:Soyot
3183:Barga
3111:Khoid
3085:Bayad
3043:Tumed
3038:Ordos
2925:Tumed
2920:Tatar
2910:Sunud
2894:Ongud
2884:Oirat
2819:Bayad
2809:Barga
2743:Tuoba
2723:Yuwen
2518:Iraqi
2419:Yagma
2384:Torks
2379:Tuhsi
2369:Tiele
2284:Kimek
2244:Duolu
2077:Dukha
1957:Shors
1789:Urums
1737:Salar
1504:Gajal
1498:Turks
1220:Erlik
1216:Ülgen
1199:Kumis
1163:Ongud
1137:Avars
439:(PDF)
385:(PDF)
342:Notes
282:Tumed
255:Kaidu
40:Öngüt
36:Ongut
32:Ongud
3222:Daur
3145:Olot
3048:Urad
2998:Asud
2781:Zubu
2774:Yelü
2753:Tufa
2748:Qifu
2718:Duan
2520:and
2508:and
2189:Alat
1693:Äynu
1227:Deel
1010:ISBN
985:ISBN
935:ISBN
882:ISBN
839:ISBN
770:ISBN
721:ISBN
694:ISBN
635:ISBN
608:ISBN
542:ISBN
512:ISBN
470:help
443:ISBN
416:help
389:ISBN
319:yurt
297:The
259:Duwa
235:monk
30:The
358:in
77:in
63:güt
59:öng
38:or
3322::
3303:·
3281:**
3245:**
3234:**
3213:**
2512:)
2504:,
2194:Az
1218:,
1214:,
1210:,
1008:,
1004:,
1000:,
983:.
790:.
672:,
656:,
569:,
478:^
461::
459:}}
455:{{
424:^
407::
405:}}
401:{{
370:^
363:99
241:,
188:.
173:.
109:.
42:;
3265:)
3261:(
3196:*
3190:*
3123:*
3092:*
2896:*
2559:e
2552:t
2545:v
1274:e
1267:t
1260:v
1222:)
1206:(
1139:*
1042:e
1035:t
1028:v
993:.
943:.
890:.
847:.
729:.
702:.
676:.
660:.
643:.
616:.
550:.
520:.
472:)
451:.
418:)
397:.
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