278:. As a result, into the 1960s, plural voting was still allowed not only for local government (as it was for local government in Great Britain), but also for the Parliament of Northern Ireland. This meant that in local council elections (as in Great Britain), ratepayers and their spouses, whether renting or owning the property, could vote, and company directors had an extra vote by virtue of their company's status. However, unlike the situation in Great Britain, non-ratepayers did not have a vote in local government elections. The franchise for elections to the Parliament of Northern Ireland had been extended in 1928 to all adult citizens who were not disqualified, at the same time as the franchise for elections to Westminster. But, university representation and the business vote continued for elections to the House of Commons of Northern Ireland until 1969. They were abolished in 1948 for elections to the UK House of Commons (including Westminster seats in Northern Ireland). Historians and political scholars have debated the extent to which the franchise for local government contributed to
44:
182:, needed to have representation in both houses that was based on districts containing roughly equal populations, with redistricting as needed after the decennial censuses. Some states had established an upper house based on an equal number of representatives to be elected from each county, modelled after the US Senate. Because of changes following industrialization and urbanization, most population growth had been in cities, and the bicameral state legislatures gave undue political power to rural counties. In the 1964
356:
Representatives. In many states, both North and South, this inaction resulted in a skewing of influence for voters in some districts over those in others, generally with a bias toward rural districts. For example, if the 2nd congressional district eventually had a population of 1.5 million, but the 3rd had only 500,000, then, in effect – since each district elected the same number of representatives – a voter in the 3rd district had three times the voting power of a 2nd-district voter.
673:. As of 2019, only the Cherokee have attempted to exercise that right. Because all tribal governments related to the two in question exist within present-day state boundaries, it has been suggested that such an arrangement could potentially violate the "one man, one vote" principle by granting a "super-vote"; a Cherokee or Choctaw voter would have two House representatives (state and tribal), whereas any other American would only have one.
753:, but electoral reform in recent decades has resulted in electoral legislation and policy frameworks based on the "one vote, one value" principle. However, in the Western Australian and Queensland Legislative Assemblies, seats covering areas greater than 100,000 square kilometres (38,600 sq mi) may have fewer electors than the general tolerance would otherwise allow.
718:
Currently, for the House of
Representatives, the number of enrolled voters in each division in a state or territory can vary by up to 10% from the average quota for the state or territory, and the number of voters can vary by up to 3.5% from the average projected enrolment three-and-a-half years into
382:
When states established their legislatures, they often adopted a bicameral model based on colonial governments or the federal government. Many copied the Senate principle, establishing an upper house based on geography - for instance, a state senate with one representative drawn from each county. By
359:
Alabama's state legislature resisted redistricting from 1910 to 1972 (when forced by federal court order). As a result, rural residents retained a wildly disproportionate amount of power in a time when other areas of the state became urbanized and industrialized, attracting greater populations. Such
226:
representing the constituencies varied widely, with different qualifications over time, such as owning property of a certain value, holding an apprenticeship, qualifying for paying the local-government rates, or holding a degree from the university in question. Those who qualified for the vote in
355:
Some U.S. states redrew their House districts every ten years to reflect changes in population patterns; many did not. Some never redrew them, except when it was mandated by reapportionment of
Congress and a resulting change in the number of seats to which that state was entitled in the House of
351:
that were often based on traditional counties or parishes that had preceded founding of the new government. The question then arose as to whether the legislatures were required to ensure that House districts were roughly equal in population and to draw new districts to accommodate demographic
293:
was founded in 1967. It had five primary demands, and added the demand that each citizen in
Northern Ireland be afforded the same number of votes for local government elections (as stated above, this was not yet the case anywhere in the United Kingdom). The slogan "one man, one vote" became a
188:
decision, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that equality of voting—one person, one vote—means that "the weight and worth of the citizens' votes as nearly as is practicable must be the same". They ruled that states must draw federal congressional districts containing roughly equal represented
595:
The constitutionality of non-plurality systems has subsequently been upheld by several federal courts, against challenges. In 2018, a federal court ruled on the constitutionality of Maine’s use of ranked-choice voting, stating that "'one person, one vote' does not stand in opposition to
468:, as the equal protection issue in this case was separate from any political questions. The "one person, one vote" doctrine, which requires electoral districts to be apportioned according to population, thus making each district roughly equal in population, was further affirmed by the
360:
urban areas were under-represented in the state legislature and underserved; their residents had difficulty getting needed funding for infrastructure and services. Such areas paid far more in taxes to the state than they received in benefits in relation to the population.
156:
By the second half of the 20th century, many states had neglected to redistrict for decades, because their legislatures were dominated by rural interests. But during the 20th century, population had increased in urban, industrialized areas. In addition to applying the
383:
the 20th century, this often resulted in state senators having widely varying amounts of political power, with ones from rural areas having votes equal in power to those of senators representing much greater urban populations.
405:. Numerous court challenges were raised, including in Alabama, to correct the decades in which state legislative districts had not been redefined or reapportioned, resulting in lack of representation for many residents.
640:
between 14 and 17 years of age (who otherwise cannot vote) a fractional vote in state elections. Among the criticisms leveled at the proposed initiative was that it violated the "one man, one vote" principle.
666:
698:. The principle calls for all electoral divisions to have the same number of enrolled voters (not residents or population), within a specified percentage of variance. The electoral laws of the federal
375:
considered this principle of such importance that they included a clause in the
Constitution to prohibit any state from being deprived of equal representation in the Senate without its permission; see
1831:
238:
Reformers argued that
Members of Parliament and other elected officials should represent citizens equally, and that each voter should be entitled to exercise the vote once in an election. Successive
59:
attempted to be seated; they had been excluded from the regular
Democratic Party of the state and general voting by Mississippi's racial segregation and discriminatory voter registration practices.
2040:
Electoral
Amendment and Repeal Act 2005 (WA). Allows additional nominal voters of 1.5% per km when a district is greater than 100,000 km. This is capped at 20% less than the average enrollment.
2013:
Electoral
Districts Act 1991 (Qld). Allows additional nominal voters of 2% per km when a district is greater than 100,000 km. The Electoral Act 1992 (Qld) introduced automatic redistributions.
2159:
1042:
294:
rallying cry for this campaign. The
Parliament of Northern Ireland voted to update the voting rules for elections to the Northern Ireland House of Commons, which were implemented for the
254:), and also reduced and finally eliminated plural voting for Westminster elections. Plural voting for local-government elections outside the City of London was not abolished until the
981:
841:
to require the use of population to determine the size of electorates rather than alternative methods of distributing seats, such as geographical size. The bill was not passed by the
985:
461:
335:
among the states, based on their population. Reapportionment has generally been conducted without incident with the exception of the reapportionment that should have followed the
977:
572:
558:
537:
519:
501:
483:
441:
420:
756:
The following chart documents the years that the upper and lower houses of each
Australian state parliament replaced malapportionment with the 'one vote, one value' principle.
695:
1752:
724:
838:
371:, which established representation for the U.S. Senate. Each state was equally represented in the Senate with two representatives, without regard to population. The
1347:
1321:
603:
In 1975, a Michigan state court clarified that one-man, one-vote does not mandate plurality vote, and upheld Instant Runoff as permitted by the state constitution.
553:
1351:
465:
139:
1812:
428:
2081:
1019:
853:
846:
1535:
376:
1562:
393:
to restore the ability of African Americans in the South to register and vote highlighted other voting inequities across the country. In 1964–1965, the
1510:
965:
290:
734:
However, for various reasons, such as the constitutional requirement that Tasmania must have at least five lower house members, larger seats like
880:. The referendum proposal was not carried, obtaining a majority in no States and achieving just 37.6% support, an overall minority of 2,335,741.
270:
was established in 1921, it adopted the same political system then in place for the Westminster Parliament and British local government. But the
2051:
670:
332:
295:
207:
316:
1789:
1479:
849:. The referendum was not carried, obtaining a majority in just one State and achieving 47.20% support, an overall minority of 407,398 votes.
651:
545:
255:
56:
699:
654:
431:
left to the legislature of each state the authority to establish the time, place, and manner of holding elections for representatives.
2110:
2085:
1331:
1131:
509:
344:
2031:
An Act To Further Amend The Constitution Act 1906 (Tas). Subsequent amendments continue to be made at each Federal redistribution.
592:; however, court cases in the United States have consistently ruled against this interpretation the admissibility of other rules.
1379:
644:
2144:
1603:
1299:
702:, and of the state and territory parliaments, follow the principle, with a few exceptions. The principle does not apply to the
629:
379:. For this reason, "one person, one vote" has never been implemented in the U.S. Senate, in terms of representation by states.
275:
227:
more than one constituency were entitled to vote in each constituency, while many adults did not qualify for the vote at all.
1121:
1104:
271:
138:
where majority populations sought to gain political power in proportion to their numbers. The slogan was notably used by the
127:
48:
215:
719:
the future. The allowable quota variation of the number of electors in each division was reduced from 20% to 10% by the
607:
1189:
On Democracy's Doorstep: The Inside Story of How the Supreme Court Brought "One Person, One Vote" to the United States
909:
877:
340:
96:
107:
The violation of equal representation on a seat per vote basis in various electoral systems can be measured with the
873:
691:
364:
324:
232:
1604:"Provisions of the Federal Electoral Act from which the effect of negative voting weight emerges unconstitutional"
231:
was also present in local government, whereby the owners of business property qualified for votes in the relevant
108:
2149:
1629:
904:
707:
398:
336:
52:
1857:
Rosser, Ezra (7 November 2005). "The Nature of Representation: The Cherokee Right to a Congressional Delegate".
130:, who used the phrase "one man, one vote" in political pamphlets. During the mid-to-late 20th-century period of
394:
1240:
857:
619:
532:
457:
219:
158:
1008:
43:
611:
527:
1887:
1935:
1919:
615:
576:
562:
541:
523:
505:
487:
445:
424:
390:
1903:
710:, each state is entitled to the same number of senators, irrespective of the population of the state.
328:
223:
135:
2164:
1280:
942:
869:
739:
514:
279:
184:
149:
In the United States, the "one person, one vote" principle was invoked in a series of cases by the
1487:
2154:
1071:
973:
914:
743:
735:
728:
491:
415:
162:
88:
80:
2139:
2106:
1866:
1785:
1779:
1327:
1137:
1127:
1100:
1096:
1089:
899:
842:
703:
567:
402:
283:
1870:
1753:"The Cherokee Nation Is Entitled to a Delegate in Congress. But Will They Finally Send One?"
938:
861:
750:
589:
496:
372:
368:
267:
174:
84:
37:
1454:
1157:
969:
960:
894:
889:
478:
319:"One man, one vote" emblem (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC - New Jersey)
299:
112:
92:
33:
1375:
242:
by 1950 had both extended the franchise eventually to almost all adult citizens (barring
71:" is a slogan used to advocate for the principle of equal representation in voting. This
1031:
What is the Gallagher Index? The Gallagher Index measures how unfair a voting system is.
1220:
The End of Inequality: One Person, One Vote and the Transformation of American Politics
865:
251:
131:
1624:
1400:
315:
2133:
1995:
Constitutional and Electoral Legislation Amendment (Electoral Equality) Act 2021 (WA)
1371:
597:
436:
427:
549 (1946) the United States Supreme Court held in a 4–3 plurality decision that
228:
179:
166:
1020:
Read the full electoral reform committee report, plus Liberal and NDP/Green opinions
1009:
December 2016, Canada's 2016 Special Committee On Electoral Reform, Recommendation 1
1947:
Constitution and Parliamentary Electorates and Elections (Amendment) Act 1978 (NSW)
1317:
469:
348:
150:
143:
123:
The phrase surged in English-language usage around 1880, thanks in part to British
2100:
17:
1511:"Federal court rules against Bruce Poliquin's challenge of ranked-choice voting"
637:
618:) do violate the principle of equal voting rights, as they assign some voters a
588:
The slogan "one man, one vote" has occasionally been misunderstood as requiring
449:
347:, however, initially established election of congressional representatives from
169:
124:
633:
239:
134:
and the struggles for national sovereignty, this phrase became widely used in
845:
and instead the referendum was put to voters using the deadlock provision in
1141:
738:(New South Wales) comprise almost double the electors of smaller seats like
683:
76:
1030:
1832:"Citing treaties, Cherokees call on Congress to seat delegate from tribe"
1563:"Read the federal judge's decision on Poliquin's ranked-choice challenge"
1376:"How much discrimination was there under the unionist regime, 1921-1968?"
658:
386:
247:
243:
203:
1587:
1075:
872:'s term as the Queensland Premier. The proposal was opposed by both the
1356:
662:
1606:. Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court). 3 July 2008
142:
movement during the 1980s, which sought to end white minority rule in
1425:
1253:
837:
The Whitlam Labor government proposed to amend the Constitution in a
749:
Historically, all states (other than Tasmania) have had some form of
72:
2099:
Singleton, Gwynneth; Don Aitkin; Brian Jinks; John Warhurst (2012).
1938:- Proposed electoral redistribution must be within numerical limits.
401:
were passed, in part to enforce the constitutional voting rights of
153:
in the 1960s during the height of related civil rights activities.
448:
186 (1962) the United States Supreme Court under Chief Justice
650:
Due to treaties signed by the United States in 1830 and 1835, two
314:
42:
579:
2016, said states may use total population in drawing districts.
202:
This phrase was traditionally used in the context of demands for
690:
is a democratic principle, applied in electoral laws governing
331:
for the purpose of assuring fair apportionment of seats in the
1781:
Broken Landscape: Indians, Indian Tribes, and the Constitution
1625:"Should 14-year-olds vote? OK, how about a quarter of a vote?"
1243:, Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School.
1126:. United States: Little, Brown and Warner Books. p. 37.
600:, so long as all electors are treated equally at the ballot."
1739:
Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare Lake Basin Water Storage District,
298:, and for local government elections, which was done by the
2082:"Part 5 - Referendums and Plebiscites - Referendum results"
1281:
Charlie B. Tyler, "County Government in the Palmetto State"
860:. The referendum question came about due to the widespread
339:, which was effectively skipped pending resolution by the
1784:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 333.
1715:
Kessler v. Grand Central District Management Association,
1681:, 489 U.S. 688, 109 S. Ct. 1433, 103 L. Ed. 2d 717 (1989)
1813:"The Cherokee Nation wants a representative in Congress"
1200:"One person, one vote", in David Andrew Schultz (2010).
1974:
Legislative Council Electoral Boundaries Act 1995 (Tas)
1965:
Constitution and Electoral Acts Amendment Act 1973 (SA)
964:(1963): "The conception of political equality from the
1729:, 377 U.S. 533, 84 S. Ct. 136, 12 L. Ed. 2d 506 (1964)
1657:
451 U.S. 355, 101 S. Ct. 1811, 68 L. Ed. 2d 150 (1981)
1561:
U.S. District Judge Lance Walker (13 December 2018).
1645:
390 U.S. 474, 88 S. Ct. 1114, 20 L. Ed. 2d 45 (1968)
696:
electoral divisions of the House of Representatives
2052:"Resolving Deadlocks in the Australian Parliament"
1693:397 U.S. 50, 90 S. Ct. 791, 25 L. Ed. 2d 45 (1970)
1360:. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 452.
1088:
2160:United States one person, one vote legal doctrine
1509:Collins, Steve; Journal, Sun (13 December 2018).
178:(1964) ruled that state legislatures, unlike the
1669:229 Cal. App. 3d 1568, 281 Cal. Rptr. 548 (1991)
852:In 1988, the Hawke Labor government submitted a
610:in Germany has ruled that systems violating the
2022:Constitution Act Amendment Act (No 5) 1975 (SA)
1542:. United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
1480:"The Supreme Court: One-Man, One-Vote, Locally"
1300:"ONE MAN, ONE VOTE: DECADES OF COURT DECISIONS"
1214:
1212:
1210:
647:must also follow the one person, one vote rule.
554:Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris
456:holding that malapportionment claims under the
32:"One member, one vote" redirects here. For the
1218:Stephen Ansolabehere, James M. Snyder (2008).
1202:Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution
988:can mean only one thing—one person, one vote."
1859:Boston University Public Interest Law Journal
1276:
1274:
282:electoral success in controlling councils in
274:did not follow Westminster in changes to the
206:reform. Historically the emphasis within the
8:
2105:. Pearson Higher Education AU. p. 271.
1956:Constitution Act Amendment Act of 1922 (Qld)
1283:, University of South Carolina, 1998, p. 221
1183:
1181:
115:, and other measures of disproportionality.
2075:
2073:
1589:Stephenson v Ann Arbor Board of Canvassers,
1066:George Howell (1880). "One man, one vote".
464:were not exempt from judicial review under
377:Article V of the United States Constitution
1120:Bond, Larry; Larkin, Patrick (June 1991).
727:in 1974. The change was instigated by the
551:The Warren Court's decision was upheld in
1830:Krehbiel-Burton, Lenzy (23 August 2019).
300:Electoral Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1969
291:Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association
1922:Districts, how State to be divided into.
758:
2079:Handbook of the 44th Parliament (2014)
2004:Constitution (Amendment) Act 1979 (NSW)
1900:Commonwealth Electoral Act (No. 2) 1973
1778:Pommersheim, Frank (2 September 2009).
1001:
926:
721:Commonwealth Electoral Act (No. 2) 1973
1982:
1980:
1352:"City of London (Ward Elections) Bill"
333:United States House of Representatives
296:1969 Northern Ireland general election
1448:
1446:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1087:Peter Duignan; Lewis H. Gann (1991).
289:Based on a number of inequities, the
256:Representation of the People Act 1969
7:
2050:Richardson, Jack (31 October 2000).
1298:Goldman, Ari L. (21 November 1986).
1095:. Hoover Institution Press. p.
490:368 (1963), which concerned the
472:in the landmark cases that followed
452:overturned the previous decision in
57:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1986:Electoral Commission Act 1982 (Vic)
2086:Parliamentary Library of Australia
1751:Ahtone, Tristan (4 January 2017).
1691:Hadley v. Junior College District,
1401:"We Shall Overcome -- The Players"
1235:377 U.S. 533, 558 (1964) (quoting
1175:. Cambridge University Press, 196.
222:. The entitlement to vote for the
47:"One Man One Vote" protest at the
25:
2102:Australian Political Institutions
1459:LII / Legal Information Institute
1239:, 372 U.S. 368 (1963)), cited in
856:to enshrine the principle in the
833:Proposed constitutional amendment
1705:824 F. Supp. 1511 (D. Kan. 1993)
1380:Conflict Archive on the Internet
1323:British Social Trends since 1900
1884:Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918
1759:. Bainbridge Island, Washington
1486:. 12 April 1968. Archived from
1357:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1171:Richard H. Fallon, Jr. (2013).
630:Training Wheels for Citizenship
544:474 (1968) which concerned
508:533 (1964) which concerned
367:incorporates the result of the
632:, a failed 2004 initiative in
526:1 (1964), which concerned
302:, passed on 25 November 1969.
272:Parliament of Northern Ireland
165:majority opinion (5–4) led by
55:, 1964, when delegates of the
49:Democratic National Convention
1:
1068:Manchester Selected Pamphlets
643:Courts have established that
1453:Anonymous (19 August 2010).
1191:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
608:Federal Constitutional Court
83:, especially with regard to
1717:158 F.3d 92. (2d Cir. 1998)
1679:Board of Estimate v. Morris
1593:, accessed 6 November 2013.
1455:"one-person, one-vote rule"
1241:"One-person, one-vote rule"
1204:. Infobase Publishing, 526.
1155:Boam, Jeffrey (July 1989).
1043:"Google Books Ngram Viewer"
966:Declaration of Independence
910:Proportional representation
878:National Party of Australia
725:joint sitting of Parliament
665:) each hold the right to a
341:Reapportionment Act of 1929
97:proportional representation
2181:
874:Liberal Party of Australia
325:United States Constitution
31:
1630:Christian Science Monitor
1326:. Springer. p. 298.
1187:Douglas J. Smith (2014).
905:Anonymity (social choice)
868:which was endemic during
645:special-purpose districts
399:Voting Rights Act of 1965
161:of the constitution, the
53:Atlantic City, New Jersey
2056:Research Paper 9 2000-01
1890:Redistribution of State.
1643:Avery v. Midland County,
1540:, 640 F. 3d 1098 (2011)"
1173:The Dynamic Constitution
729:Whitlam Labor government
700:House of Representatives
671:House of Representatives
395:Civil Rights Act of 1964
75:is used by advocates of
2058:. Parliamentary Library
1703:Hellebust v. Brownback,
937:" or—in the context of
858:Australian Constitution
708:Australian constitution
533:Avery v. Midland County
458:Equal Protection Clause
159:Equal Protection Clause
103:Metrics and definitions
2145:Political catchphrases
1091:Hope for South Africa?
620:negative voting weight
612:monotonicity criterion
320:
60:
36:of party leaders, see
986:Nineteenth Amendments
466:Article IV, Section 4
391:Civil Rights Movement
318:
311:Historical background
224:Members of Parliament
198:Historical background
109:Loosemore–Hanby index
46:
1667:Bjornestad v. Hulse,
1515:Lewiston Sun Journal
1350:(24 February 1999).
1318:Halsey, Albert Henry
947:one member, one vote
943:leadership elections
636:, attempted to give
462:Fourteenth Amendment
429:Article I, Section 4
210:was on representing
136:developing countries
65:One person, one vote
1741:410 U.S. 719 (1973)
1490:on 2 September 2009
870:Joh Bjelke-Petersen
854:referendum proposal
706:because, under the
688:one vote, one value
667:non-voting delegate
515:Wesberry v. Sanders
276:franchise from 1945
250:and members of the
185:Wesberry v. Sanders
69:one vote, one value
1932:Electoral Act 1992
1916:Electoral Act 1907
1627:, Daniel B. Wood,
1426:"Reynolds v. Sims"
1304:The New York Times
1254:"Reynolds v. Sims"
974:Gettysburg Address
933:Sometimes called "
915:Universal suffrage
839:referendum in 1974
791:Abolished in 1922
744:Northern Territory
528:U.S. congressional
492:county unit system
416:Colegrove v. Green
345:State legislatures
321:
216:counties, boroughs
163:U.S. Supreme Court
89:universal suffrage
81:political equality
61:
1838:. Tulsa, Oklahoma
1791:978-0-19-970659-4
1567:Bangor Daily News
1233:Reynolds v. Sims,
958:Justice Douglas,
935:one man, one vote
900:Electoral College
830:
829:
606:By contrast, the
568:Evenwel v. Abbott
510:state legislature
403:African Americans
286:-majority areas.
85:electoral reforms
18:One Man, One Vote
16:(Redirected from
2172:
2150:1880s quotations
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1929:
1923:
1913:
1907:
1906:Re-distribution.
1897:
1891:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1727:Reynolds v. Sims
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1633:, Mar. 12, 2004.
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1295:
1284:
1278:
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723:, passed at the
714:Malapportionment
669:position in the
590:plurality voting
565:688 (1989).
546:local government
497:Reynolds v. Sims
373:Founding Fathers
369:Great Compromise
329:decennial census
268:Northern Ireland
262:Northern Ireland
208:House of Commons
175:Reynolds v. Sims
93:direct elections
38:primary election
27:Political slogan
21:
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895:Democratization
890:Democracy Index
886:
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680:
652:Native American
585:
530:districts; and
479:Gray v. Sanders
411:
313:
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264:
218:and, later on,
200:
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113:Gallagher index
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1865:(91): 91–152.
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1655:Ball v. James,
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1538:Dudum v. Arntz
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1471:
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132:decolonisation
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189:populations.
187:
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180:U.S. Congress
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176:
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167:Chief Justice
164:
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1598:
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1588:
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1571:. Retrieved
1569:. p. 21
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1556:
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1537:
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1514:
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1492:. Retrieved
1488:the original
1483:
1474:
1464:17 September
1462:. Retrieved
1458:
1435:17 September
1433:. Retrieved
1429:
1420:
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1366:
1355:
1348:Peter Brooke
1342:
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1263:21 September
1261:. Retrieved
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785:Upper House
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473:
470:Warren Court
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1836:Tulsa World
1817:www.msn.com
1573:10 February
1520:19 December
1405:www.nps.gov
1052:16 December
982:Seventeenth
847:Section 128
548:districts.
512:districts;
450:Earl Warren
409:Court cases
337:1920 census
327:requires a
284:nationalist
240:Reform Acts
170:Earl Warren
2165:Principles
2134:Categories
2062:20 October
1920:s 16G
1106:0817989528
996:References
634:California
583:Other uses
2155:Democracy
1936:s 45
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659:Cherokee
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244:convicts
204:suffrage
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740:Solomon
663:Choctaw
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389:in the
119:History
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817:1975
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
