189:
of 3,138 criminal cases related to major crimes and 'counterrevolutionary' activity and the highlighting of over 6,000 cases of the 'Three Antis'. Elsewhere, however, the campaign continued until as late as 1972 or 1973, with it ending in
Shanghai in late 1972. According to the official report, 64,000 people from Shanghai and the surrounding area were 'struggled' against. Officially, the CCP reported that over 280,000 arrests of 'counterrevolutionaries' occurred in the first 10 months of the campaign, up to November 1970.
1234:
73:. According to government statistics released after the Cultural Revolution, 1.87 million people were persecuted during the campaign as traitors, spies, and counterrevolutionaries, and over 284,800 were arrested or killed from February to November 1970 alone. Ding Shu, an overseas Chinese scholar, estimated the campaign's death toll to be around 200,000.
127:'s blessing on 31 January, and the 'Three Antis' ('graft and embezzlement', 'profiteering' and 'extravagance and waste') were unveiled a week later on 5 February. In order for these issues to be effectively tacked, the Beijing leadership called for a national 'tide' of denunciations and the involvement of the 'masses' in the campaign.
172:, these 'red typhoons' occurred on average every two months, and involved the mass mobilization of thousands of police and militia to undertake raids across the city, in the hope of uncovering evidence of 'counterrevolutionary activity'. The ambiguous nature of the wording of the original orders from
188:
The One Strike-Three Anti campaign did not have a definite end, as it came to its conclusion at various times across China. In the capital, the proceedings were largely over by the end of 1970, with the report on the campaign reporting the discovery of 5,757 'counterrevolutionaries', the resolving
130:
However, these fairly vague parameters for what constituted 'active counterrevolutionary elements' led to a situation where interpretations and actions against these elements varied considerably in their definition and in their ferocity, tending to err on the harsh rather than the lenient side. For
106:
Another intention of the campaign was to improve China's economic situation and curb the corruption and anarchy in industry. At the end of 1969, production of every major item (with the exception of crude oil) failed to reach its respective target level, and across China production was hindered by
157:" and solitary confinement for the putting up of two controversial big-character posters. It was also more generally the case that those condemned in the movement were attacked for financial reasons rather than their political views or actions- for example, in Zhabei in
103:" and "minor criminals". However, the ambiguous and vague definitions of "illegal" behavior later led to a new wave of political persecution, and even the slightest "subversive" behavior including the mere act of meeting with another person, could result in execution.
1209:
267:
62:" and "minor criminals". The "Strike" referred to a crackdown on the activities of "counter-revolutionary" elements in China, while the "Three Antis" were "graft and embezzlement", "profiteering" and "extravagance and waste".
618:
119:
announced the start of the One Strike-Three Anti campaign with immediate effect. The order to local authorities in China to 'strike' against 'active counterrevolutionary elements' was issued by
257:
196:" in the Cultural Revolution, the majority were executed in the course of the One Strike and Three Antis Campaign. The campaign also led to a large number of suicides; for example, in
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82:
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223:
356:
472:
904:
1049:
968:
666:
876:
441:
140:
1167:
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603:
135:, three university graduates were arrested and executed for supposed 'counterrevolutionary' activity whilst only pretending to study
465:
1013:
543:
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897:
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29:
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1008:
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21:
1268:
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204:, 186 people committed suicide during the One Strike-Three Anti Campaign and the "Three Dark Lines (黑三线)" Movement.
346:
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51:
164:
The crackdowns on unsavory elements in the cities were periodic and therefore known as 'red typhoons'. In
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1081:
495:
218:
100:
59:
1023:
689:
978:
948:
807:
500:
1028:
988:
890:
481:
306:""Turning One's Back on the Party and the People": Suicides during the Chinese Cultural Revolution"
88:
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180:(and elsewhere) any small crime could be quickly made into a crime against the 'people'.
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258:"Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)"
253:
99:(CCP) leadership in early 1970, in an effort to consolidate power by targeting "
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Among the total of 10,402 political prisoners who received "official
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1107:
Hunan
Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee
317:
161:, only 6% of all cases in the movement were for political reasons.
146:
107:
continued factionalism and the actions of more radical groupings.
139:
theory (such activity included the desecration of a copy of the
58:. The campaign aimed to consolidate central power by targeting "
619:
Counterattack the Right-Deviationist
Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend
454:
426:
MacFarquhar, Roderick; Schoenhals, Michael (2009-06-30).
91:, the One Strike-Three Anti Campaign was launched by
83:
9th
National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
1155:
1037:
921:
861:
710:
637:
536:
488:
1102:Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group
1185:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
224:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
466:
409:Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals,
405:
403:
8:
248:
246:
244:
242:
240:
238:
905:Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits
65:The campaign resulted in a large number of
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459:
451:
1264:Campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
1210:3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee
234:
46:) was a national campaign launched by
7:
413:, Belknap Harvard (2006), p. 306-307
397:MacFarquhar & Schoenhals, p. 304
388:MacFarquhar & Schoenhals, p. 303
376:MacFarquhar & Schoenhals, p. 301
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115:In February 1970, the leadership in
604:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius
14:
1233:
1232:
1168:Mao Zedong's cult of personality
1014:Learn from Dazhai in agriculture
544:Down to the Countryside Movement
516:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
347:"China: the Cultural Revolution"
898:Six Articles of Public Security
359:from the original on 2024-02-25
270:from the original on 2024-01-14
149:province the outspoken wife of
54:(CCP) in early 1970 during the
1137:Worker-Peasant-Soldier student
1097:Central Case Examination Group
579:One Strike-Three Anti Campaign
42:
33:
25:
18:One Strike-Three Anti campaign
1:
1147:Xiang River Storm and Thunder
1009:Learn from Daqing in industry
884:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
964:Continuous Revolution Theory
954:Cow demons and snake spirits
877:Quotations from Chairman Mao
521:Socialist Education Movement
176:and Mao also meant that in
1295:
80:
1228:
1092:Cultural Revolution Group
549:Cleansing the Class Ranks
214:Cleansing the Class Ranks
1142:May Seventh Cadre School
934:Newborn socialist things
870:Bombard the Headquarters
680:Shaoyang County Massacre
614:1975 Banqiao Dam failure
434:Harvard University Press
168:, under the guidance of
1112:Revolutionary committee
662:Inner Mongolia incident
629:1976 Tiananmen Incident
599:Black Painting incident
564:February Countercurrent
304:Yan, Fei (2024-02-05).
97:Chinese Communist Party
52:Chinese Communist Party
1082:May Sixteenth elements
496:Anti-Rightist Campaign
219:May Sixteenth elements
111:Course of the campaign
101:counterrevolutionaries
60:counterrevolutionaries
1117:8341 Special Regiment
1024:Five Black Categories
690:Zhao Jianmin Spy Case
624:1976 Nanjing incident
429:Mao's Last Revolution
411:Mao's Last Revolution
355:. December 14, 2016.
184:Results and aftermath
77:Historical background
1050:Conservative Faction
979:One Divides into Two
949:Big-character poster
501:Great Chinese Famine
1269:History of Shanghai
1259:Cultural Revolution
1029:Five Red Categories
891:May 16 Notification
594:10th Party Congress
482:Cultural Revolution
256:(August 25, 2011).
89:Cultural Revolution
56:Cultural Revolution
43:Yìdǎ sānfǎn yùndòng
30:traditional Chinese
1205:Morning Sun (film)
1180:Great Leap Forward
1070:Ultra-Left Faction
1019:Stinking Old Ninth
667:Guangdong Massacre
574:9th Party Congress
526:Taoyuan Experience
506:Great Leap Forward
153:was subjected to "
22:simplified Chinese
1246:
1245:
1195:Sino-Soviet split
1055:Little Red Guards
999:Capitalist roader
989:Eight model plays
686:Yunnan Massacres
609:Hangzhou incident
589:Lin Biao incident
511:Lushan Conference
443:978-0-674-04041-0
310:The China Journal
155:struggle sessions
1286:
1279:1970 in Shanghai
1236:
1235:
974:Violent Struggle
969:Seizure of power
959:Bloodline theory
939:Struggle session
912:On Class Origins
695:Shadian incident
675:Daoxian massacre
671:Hunan Massacres
657:Guangxi Massacre
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1220:Scar literature
1215:Boluan Fanzheng
1151:
1132:Barefoot doctor
1122:Sent-down youth
1075:Xiaoyao Faction
1033:
917:
857:
706:
702:Ruijin Massacre
650:Daxing Massacre
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420:Further reading
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142:Little Red Book
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1156:Related topics
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198:Liuyang County
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1127:61 Renegades
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868:
828:Yang Chengwu
762:Wang Hongwen
743:Gang of Four
578:
537:Major events
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410:
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372:
361:. Retrieved
350:
309:
274:December 27,
272:. Retrieved
261:
254:Song, Yongyi
191:
187:
170:Wang Hongwen
163:
141:
131:example, in
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114:
105:
86:
64:
41:
17:
15:
1004:Yiku sitian
853:Ye Jianying
848:Hua Guofeng
843:Mao Yuanxin
833:Chen Zaidao
768:Peng Dehuai
757:Yao Wenyuan
711:Key figures
584:Project 571
312:: 000–000.
263:Sciences Po
87:During the
1253:Categories
1173:Mango cult
1045:Red Guards
838:Kang Sheng
823:Qiu Huizuo
803:Ji Dengkui
747:Jiang Qing
728:Zhou Enlai
723:Liu Shaoqi
718:Mao Zedong
645:Red August
363:2024-03-16
230:References
174:Zhou Enlai
145:), and in
125:Mao Zedong
121:Zhou Enlai
93:Mao Zedong
81:See also:
67:executions
48:Mao Zedong
929:Four Olds
862:Documents
818:Wu Faxian
798:Xie Fuzhi
788:Chen Boda
778:Peng Zhen
638:Massacres
326:1324-9347
137:communist
1238:Category
922:Concepts
813:Qi Benyu
733:Lin Biao
357:Archived
268:Archived
208:See also
178:Shanghai
166:Shanghai
159:Shanghai
151:Chen Yun
133:Yinchuan
95:and the
71:suicides
50:and the
808:Wang Li
783:Tao Zhu
489:Prelude
117:Beijing
1163:Maoism
1038:Groups
773:Wu Han
440:
324:
40::
38:pinyin
34:一打三反運動
32::
26:一打三反运动
24::
147:Hunan
123:with
438:ISBN
322:ISSN
276:2019
69:and
16:The
314:doi
200:of
1255::
436:.
432:.
402:^
381:^
349:.
334:^
320:.
308:.
284:^
266:.
260:.
237:^
36:;
28:;
764:)
745:(
474:e
467:t
460:v
446:.
366:.
328:.
316::
278:.
20:(
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