1092:
530:
793:
649:
1216:
same level of politeness in the same relative situation. Thus, the difference in politeness was a result of the average social station of women versus men as opposed to an inherent characteristic. Usage in this respect has changed over time as well. A 2012 study from Kobe Shoin Women's
University found that the use of honorific suffixes and other polite speech markers have increased significantly over time, while age, sex, and other social variables have become less significant. The paper concluded that honorifics have shifted from a basis in power dynamics to one of personal distance.
45:
804:
394:
2111:. Many organizations in Japan award such titles upon a sincere study and dedication of Japanese martial arts. The below mentioned titles are awarded after observing a person's martial arts skills, their ability of teaching and understanding of martial arts and the most importantly as a role model and the perfection of one's character.
1267:, where the interlocutors approximately are of the same age or seniority, it can be acceptable to use family names without honorifics. Some people of the younger generation, roughly born since 1970, prefer to be referred to without an honorific. However, dropping honorifics is a sign of informality even with casual acquaintances.
2475:
In informal speech, some
Japanese people may use contrived suffixes in place of normal honorifics. This is essentially a form of wordplay, with suffixes being chosen for their sound, or for friendly or scornful connotations. Although the range of such suffixes that might be coined is limitless, some
695:
is generally used by people of senior status addressing or referring to those of junior status, or it can be used when referring to men in general, male children or male teenagers, or among male friends. It can be used by males or females when addressing a male to whom they are emotionally attached,
135:
when referring to others in a conversation. Suffixes are often gender-specific at the end of names, while prefixes are attached to the beginning of many nouns. Honorific suffixes also indicate the speaker's level and refer an individual's relationship and are often used alongside other components of
1215:
The use of honorifics is closely related to
Japanese social structures and hierarchies. For example, a 1986 study on the notion that Japanese women spoke more politely than men examined each sex's use of honorifics found that while women spoke more politely on average than men, both sexes used the
551:
is a more respectful version for individuals of a higher rank than oneself. Appropriate usages include divine entities, guests or customers (such as a sports venue announcer addressing members of the audience), and sometimes towards people one greatly admires. It is the root word for
1270:
When referring to a third person, honorifics are used except when referring to one's family members while talking to a non-family member or when referring to a member of one's company while talking to a customer or someone from another company—this is the
1037:
is used to refer to or address teachers, doctors, politicians, lawyers, and other authority figures. It is used to show respect to someone who has achieved mastery in an art form or some other skill, such as accomplished novelists, musicians, artists, and
1219:
They can be applied to either the first or last name depending on which is given. In situations where both the first and last names are spoken, the suffix is attached to whichever comes last in the word order. Japanese names traditionally follow the
518:
being gender-neutral and commonly used, it can refer to any stranger or acquaintance whom one does not see as a friend. However, it may not be appropriate when using it on someone close or when it is clear that other honorifics should be used.
1361:
are more specific as to the context in which they must be used as well as the implications they give off when attached to a person's name. These implications can only be translated into
English using adjectives or adjective word phrases.
696:
or whom they have known for a long time. Although it may seem rude in workplaces, the suffix is also used by seniors when referring to juniors in both academic situations and workplaces, more typically when the two people are associated.
507:, but both would be considered childish (akin to "Mr. Fish" or "Mr. Fishy" in English) and would be avoided in formal speech. When referring to their spouse as a third party in a conversation, married people often refer to them with
1091:
379:
Used to address non-royal heads of state and government and other high-ranking government officials (ambassadors, cabinet ministers, and other high officials such as the United
Nations Secretary-General or generals in an army).
1240:
Usually, when talking to one's interlocutor, it would be disconnected or even rude to refer to that person as 'you' if you know their name. It would be expected for you to refer to them by their name and respective honorifics.
1113:
is used in formal writing and sometimes in very formal speech for referring to a person who is unfamiliar to the speaker, typically a person known through publications whom the speaker has never actually met. For example, the
2671:
The general rule is that a younger family member (e.g., a young brother) addresses an older family member (e.g., a big sister) using an honorific form, while the more senior family member calls the younger one only by name.
1259:, implies a high degree of intimacy and is generally reserved for one's spouse, younger family members, social inferiors (as in a teacher addressing students in traditional arts), close friends and confidants. Within
2163:
refers to a senior expert considered a "teacher of teachers". This title is used by many different arts for the top few instructors of that style, and is sometimes translated "Grand Master". Awarded to 8th dan and
529:
733:
is not insulting and can also mean that the person is respected, although that is not the normal implication. Rarely, sisters with the same name, such as "Miku", may be differentiated by calling one "Miku
441:, is the most commonplace honorific and is a title of respect typically used between equals of any age. Although the closest analog in English are the honorifics "Mr.", "Miss", "Ms.", or "Mrs.",
1883:
in level of respect. This title is not commonly used in daily conversation, but it is still used in some types of written business correspondence, as well as on certificates and awards, and in
1944:. Nowadays, this suffix can be used as a metaphor for someone who behaves like a prince or princess from ancient times, but its use is very rare. Its main usage remains in historical dramas.
2586:
Words for family members have two different forms in
Japanese. When referring to one's own family members while speaking to a non-family-member, neutral, descriptive nouns are used, such as
2488:(friendly). Unlike a proper honorific, use of such suffixes is governed largely by how they sound in conjunction with a particular name, and on the effect the speaker is trying to achieve.
2500:
versions—mispronunciations stereotypically associated with small children and cuteness, and more frequently used in popular entertainment than in everyday speech. The baby talk version of
1483:
However, when referring to oneself, the title is used indirectly, as using it directly is perceived as arrogant. Thus, a department chief named Suzuki will introduce themselves as 部長の鈴木
1309:
While these honorifics are solely used on proper nouns, these suffixes can turn common nouns into appropriate nouns when attached to the end of them. This can be seen in words such as
3490:
Hijirida, Kyoko; Sohn, Ho-min (1986). "Cross-Cultural
Patterns of Honorifics and Sociolinguistic Sensitivity to Honorific Variables: Evidence from English, Japanese, and Korean".
1472:. When speaking of one's own company to a customer or another company, the title is used by itself or attached to a name, so a department chief named Suzuki is referred to as
5095:
1118:
title is common in the speech of newsreaders. It is preferred in legal documents, academic journals, and other formal written styles. Once a person's name has been used with
491:" by another nearby company. This may be seen on small maps often used in phone books and business cards in Japan, where the names of surrounding companies are written using
2476:
have gained such widespread usage that the boundary between established honorifics and wordplay has become a little blurred. Examples of such suffixes include variations on
1349:
honorific suffixes into
English, separate pronouns or adjectives must be used to convey characteristics to the person they are referencing. While some honorifics such as
254:
Most frequently used for girls and small children, close friends, or lovers. Occasionally may be used to refer to a boy, but in most situations would be inappropriate.
829:
is used for young children, close friends, babies, grandparents and sometimes female adolescents. It may also be used towards cute animals, lovers, or youthful women.
449:
can be used in formal and informal contexts, regardless of the person's gender. It is also commonly used to convert common nouns into proper ones, as discussed below.
1184:, and when applied to an object indicate respect for the owner of the object rather than the object itself. For example, one would refer to the parents of another as
2616:
for "older brother". Honorific forms are used when addressing one's own family members or addressing or referring to someone else's family members. Using the suffix
4946:
792:
2025:, reverent terms for "father", "mother" and "older sister" respectively. Receipts that do not require specification of the payer's name are often filled in with
840:(childlike because it suggests that one has not learned to distinguish between names used for oneself and names used by others). For example, a young girl named
836:
Although traditionally, honorifics are not applied to oneself, some people adopt the childlike affectation of referring to themselves in the third person using
3441:"The Imperial House Law (Chapter 4. Majority; Honorific Titles; Ceremony of Accession; Imperial Funeral; Record of Imperial Lineage; and Imperial Mausoleums)"
5142:
3889:
4941:
601:
customarily follows the addressee's name on all formal correspondence and postal services where the addressee is, or is interpreted as, a customer.
648:
980:
is used to address or refer to one's older or more senior colleagues and students in a school, workplace, dojo, or sports club. Teachers are not
143:
or unrelated people and are not used when referring to oneself. The omission of suffixes implies a high degree of intimacy or close friendship.
4568:
2108:
487:
is sometimes used with company names. For example, the offices or shop of a company called Kojima Denki might be referred to as "Kojima Denki
3709:
3662:
1887:. It is also used to indicate that the person referred to has the same (high) rank as the referrer, yet commands respect from the speaker.
1550:
However, although "suspect" and "defendant" began as neutral descriptions, they have become derogatory over time. When actor and musician
707:
can be used to name a close personal friend or family member of any gender. In business settings, young female employees are addressed as
3461:
2075:
Various titles are also employed to refer to senior instructors. Which titles are used depends on the particular licensing organization.
1353:
are very frequently used due to their gender neutrality and straightforward definition of polite unfamiliarity, other honorifics such as
4563:
1980:
literally means "above", and denotes a high level of respect. While its use is no longer common, it is still seen in constructions like
1432:
In a business setting, it is common to refer to people using their rank, especially for positions of authority, such as department chief
1499:
Convicted and suspected criminals were once referred to without any title. Still, now an effort is made to distinguish between suspects
3181:
4047:
88:
66:
4448:
5154:
4873:
3309:
1689:
can refer to either the speaker's or the listener's company. All of these titles are used by themselves, not attached to names.
4827:
4822:
4348:
3882:
4996:
3767:
1584:. But in addition to being criticized as an unnatural term, this title also became derogatory almost instantly—an example of
1233:), or when referring to an unrelated third party in speech. However, it is dropped by some superiors when referring to one's
729:
is not only used to address females formally; it can also be used for a very close friend or family member. Calling a female
310:
Used to refer to teachers as well as people who are experts in their respective fields, whether doctors, artists or lawyers.
4054:
1547:, so as not to presume guilt before anything has been proven. These titles can be used by themselves or attached to names.
4837:
4553:
3614:
3346:"What Happened to the Honorifics in a Local Japanese Dialect in 55 years: A Report from the Okazaki Survey on Honorifics"
5177:
4968:
4807:
4366:
3069:
1863:
when attached to a name, roughly means "lord" or "master". It does not imply noble status. Rather it is a term akin to "
1295:
106:
3264:
1614:
There are several different words for "our company" and "your company". "Our company" can be expressed with the humble
4701:
4681:
4485:
4438:
886:– similar to how, for example, a speaker of English might use "widdle" instead of "little" when speaking to a baby.
4817:
4691:
3875:
1381:
It is common to use a job title after someone's name, instead of using a general honorific. For example, an athlete
1229:
140:
3147:
5102:
5080:
4868:
3445:
3198:
1237:
or informal writing. It is never used to refer to oneself, except for dramatic effect or some exceptional cases.
3548:
5137:
5075:
5065:
5029:
4927:
4878:
4802:
4777:
4386:
3702:
1201:
363:
171:
125:
59:
53:
4443:
1692:
When mentioning a company's name, it is considered important to include its status depending on whether it is
580:
expresses extreme arrogance (or self-effacing irony), as in praising oneself to be of a higher rank, as with
4521:
3084:
1766:
4538:
3492:
2195:
2052:
1279:/ out-group) distinction. Honorifics are not used to refer to oneself, except when trying to be arrogant (
393:
70:
1591:
Criminals who are sentenced to death for serious crimes such as murder, treason, etc. are referred to as
5019:
4908:
4381:
3927:
3917:
3804:
3575:
3534:
3522:
2100:
2038:
1884:
563:
3667:
3573:
Shibamoto-Smith, Janet S. (2011). "Honorifics, "politeness," and power in
Japanese political debate".
455:
may be used in combination with workplace nouns, so a bookseller might be addressed or referred to as
5070:
4893:
4797:
4671:
4473:
4408:
3922:
3300:
1076:
887:
269:
3096:
1148:- (ご-) are honorific prefixes used to exalt nouns. They can be applied to things like a garden (お庭,
5119:
5001:
4888:
4468:
4413:
3737:
3695:
3557:
3501:
1585:
961:
761:
for females implies respectful endearment and that the person being referred to is sweet and kind.
711:
by older males of senior status. It can be used by male teachers addressing their female students.
277:
5090:
1554:
was arrested for a traffic accident in 2001, some media referred to him with the newly made title
803:
5149:
5011:
4898:
4832:
4722:
4717:
4430:
4172:
3846:
3832:
3811:
3760:
3751:
3744:
3730:
3634:
3626:
3605:
3526:
3323:
3102:
3074:
1221:
1181:
31:
4978:
4418:
4254:
4203:
3416:"Activities of Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress and other Members of the Imperial Family"
1753:, Empress Dowager or Grand Empress Dowager. All other members of the Imperial Family are styled
988:. Neither are students of the same or lower grade: they are referred to but never addressed as
4913:
4883:
4686:
4505:
4490:
4463:
4458:
4396:
4334:
4309:
4244:
4162:
4118:
3961:
3956:
3946:
3937:
3898:
3839:
3825:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3465:
3388:
3177:
3112:
3079:
1925:
1793:
1784:
1770:
1758:
102:
1333:
into a proper noun that would refer solely to that particular cat while adding the honorific
5107:
5085:
4863:
4659:
4500:
4302:
4292:
4287:
4275:
4223:
4167:
4128:
4064:
4020:
4005:
3795:
3618:
3584:
3561:
3505:
3415:
3380:
3313:
3236:
3224:
2215:
1912:
1806:
1762:
1750:
1746:
1693:
1209:
345:
341:
4628:
3657:
906:
representing operating systems. A more notorious use of the honorific was for the murderer
240:
Kun is a semi-formal title for a man—primarily men younger or the same age as the speaker.
5132:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4495:
4268:
4179:
4079:
4040:
4035:
3996:
3976:
3855:
2065:
1875:
1824:
1376:
1039:
907:
501:
can be attached to the names of animals or even for cooking; "fish" can be referred to as
4261:
1291:), or sometimes when talking to young children to teach them how to address the speaker.
1244:
Dropping the honorific suffix when referring to one's interlocutor, which is known as to
1947:
This suffix also appears when addressing lovers in letters from a man to a woman, as in
5127:
4478:
4453:
4376:
4356:
4329:
4280:
4232:
4196:
4150:
4094:
4089:
4069:
3440:
3107:
2104:
438:
321:
301:
3546:
Obana, Yasuko (1991). "A Comparison of
Honorifics in Japanese and English Languages".
3368:
2129:: Polished Instructor (skilled person or expert teacher) Awarded to 4th dan and above.
5171:
4918:
4664:
4643:
4361:
4213:
4157:
4025:
4015:
3991:
3981:
3971:
3638:
3530:
3384:
2311:
2250:, merely means chief instructor; unlike the titles above, it is not related to grade.
1227:
An honorific is generally used when referring to the person one is talking to (one's
765:
2146:
refers to an advanced teacher (senior teacher/expert). Awarded to 6th dan and above.
4903:
4732:
4297:
4191:
4135:
4104:
4099:
3912:
1920:
1916:
1780:
1712:
1551:
938:, it can be used for young children but exclusively for boys instead of girls. See
899:
895:
2915:. In more casual situations the speaker may omit this prefix but keep the suffix.
222:
Your Grace / Your Reverend / Your Eminence / Your Holiness (religious authorities)
3672:
3588:
3345:
1915:. It was used to denominate lords and ladies in the court, especially during the
1212:, and their proper use is deemed essential to proficient and appropriate speech.
4958:
4186:
3538:
2072:
prefix itself, translating roughly as "great" or "major", is also an honorific.
1869:
1828:
1745:", is the most formal style of nobility in Japan, and is reserved only for the
1302:) versus the plain form—that is, using the plain form with a polite honorific (
4987:
4953:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4633:
3682:
3565:
3509:
2317:
1260:
943:
939:
773:
608:
3677:
3392:
2060:
is the title of the (deceased) head of the style. This is how the founder of
1761:". Although the monarch of Japan is an emperor, he is not usually styled as "
4767:
4696:
4676:
4618:
3718:
3148:"-さん | definition in the Japanese-English Dictionary - Cambridge Dictionary"
2497:
1779:
was an ancient title for Empress Consort or Empress Dowager. Use during the
1346:
1272:
1234:
883:
305:
4638:
4623:
2224:
3622:
3318:
3295:
3137:
Reischauer, Edwin O. (2002). Encyclopedia of Japan. Tōkyō: NetAdvance Inc.
1126:
alone, without the name, as long as only one person is being referred to.
5047:
4932:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4530:
4371:
3241:
1276:
882:. It evokes a small child's mispronunciation of that form of address, or
3327:
1464:. Within one's own company or when speaking of another company, title +
17:
5024:
4963:
4580:
3668:
Japanese Dictionary with Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji virtual keyboards
3064:
1742:
1205:
1180:
is used with Chinese words still occur. They are only ever used in the
1043:
3630:
5042:
4575:
4543:
3603:
Poser, William J. (1990). "Evidence for foot structure in Japanese".
3269:
2912:
2668:, to express a higher level of closeness or reverence, respectively.
2580:
2236:
2220:
2169:
2061:
2045:
1864:
1264:
1023:
903:
875:
842:
293:
132:
128:
3867:
3014:: when a woman addresses her husband (the father of their children).
2305:
Levels of black belts are occasionally used as martial arts titles:
2448:, Protestant minister. This title is given to a Protestant minister
1741:(陛下 へいか), literally meaning "below the steps ", and equivalent to "
1152:) or to people in conjunction with a suffix, like a doctor (お医者さん,
5037:
4585:
4548:
2829:: big brother, or also a young gentleman. The descriptive noun is
1569:, originating from the English word "member", to avoid the use of
1164:
is used for words with Chinese roots, although exceptions such as
1090:
1062:
can be used not only as a suffix but also as a stand-alone title.
802:
791:
772:
when addressing Diet members and ministers. An exception was when
647:
528:
392:
202:
3054:(きょうだい): siblings, when they are referring to their relationship.
2415:, Orthodox or Catholic priest (lit. Godfather). A Catholic priest
1773:" whilst the Emperor's style in English is simply "His Majesty".
825:
expresses that the speaker finds a person endearing. In general,
4595:
2210:
1081:
is sometimes used when addressing holders of a doctoral degree.
1051:
703:
is generally used for boys, it is not a hard rule. For example,
558:
3871:
3691:
2997:: when a man addresses his wife (the mother of their children).
2223:. In ancient times, it was also used by samurai to address the
227:
People of higher status (including deities, guests, customers)
2301:, used for sumo wrestlers in the top two divisions (sekitori).
198:
182:
178:
38:
3687:
2911:
prefix in those nouns spelled as such is itself an honorific
776:
was the Speaker of the lower house, where she used the title
2869:: big sister, or also a young lady. The descriptive noun is
1003:. In a business environment, those with more experience are
139:
Honorific suffixes are generally used when referring to the
3265:"Legendary Sega Consoles Turned into Colorful Anime Ladies"
300:
Teacher / Master (in the sense of "master and disciple") /
2522:
There are even baby talk versions of baby talk versions.
1644:, and "your company" can be expressed with the honorific
3673:
Japanese Honorifics - How to use San, Sama, Kun and Chan
3405:
Inoue, Fumio. 1999. Keigo-wa Kowaku-nai. Tokyo: Kodansha
3350:
University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
1730:. These are often abbreviated as 株 and 有, respectively.
833:
is never used for strangers or people one has just met.
3369:"A sociolinguistic analysis of the Japanese honorifics"
2068:
is often referred to by practitioners of that art. The
30:"Hanshi" redirects here. For the Chinese festival, see
3645:
Japanese Linguistics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics
3296:"Honorific particles in Japanese and personal monemes"
1487:("Suzuki, the department chief"), rather than ×鈴木部長 *
757:
occasionally mean similar things. The general use of
220:
Your Lordship/Your Ladyship (judges of higher courts)
1294:
Use of honorifics is correlated with other forms of
5118:
5058:
5010:
4852:
4710:
4652:
4594:
4529:
4520:
4429:
4395:
4347:
4320:
4243:
4117:
3945:
3936:
3905:
2267:, intermediate instructor, also unrelated to grade.
2284:, another title used for martial arts instructors.
3176:. Honolulu, HI: Courtney Wendleton. p. 240.
2579:"Nii-san" redirects here. For the car brand, see
2050:. Junior and senior students are organized via a
1050:typically refers to someone who is the head of a
2043:Martial artists often address their teachers as
1208:of Japanese, they are a fundamental part of its
721:for females is a more respectful honorific than
445:is almost universally added to a person's name;
187:Adults of equal status, informally and formally
3034:
3017:
3000:
2983:
2966:
2951:
2934:
2919:
2897:
2870:
2855:
2830:
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2796:
2779:
2762:
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2602:
2587:
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2542:
2527:
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2322:
2309:
2287:
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2234:
2193:
2167:
2149:
2132:
2115:
2085:
2011:
1996:
1981:
1966:
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1930:
1897:
1849:
1834:
1723:
1704:
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1390:
1325:
1310:
1245:
1099:
1063:
1021:
989:
966:
920:
860:
811:
717:can mean different things depending on gender.
670:
652:
630:
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612:
581:
567:
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502:
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423:
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110:
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1435:
1408:
1384:
1317:
1252:
1106:
1070:
1030:
996:
973:
927:
867:
818:
677:
659:
588:
544:
430:
415:
117:
3883:
3703:
3172:Wendleton, Courtney M. (2019). "Honorifics".
2948:: when a child addresses their elder brother.
2810:: grandmother, or also female senior-citizen.
1823:"Dono" redirects here. For the comedian, see
1783:is exemplified for example for the character
1160:is used for words with Japanese roots, while
946:for more info on this linguistic phenomenon.
768:(Legislature), the Speaker of the House uses
8:
3647:. Oxford: Routledge, 2005, pp. 159–190.
2980:: when a child addresses their elder sister.
2109:International Martial Arts Federation Europe
1377:Corporate title § Japan and South Korea
796:Badges for sale bearing names suffixed with
2742:: grandfather, or also male senior-citizen.
348:, Empress Dowager or Grand Empress Dowager
4526:
4401:
3942:
3890:
3876:
3868:
3710:
3696:
3688:
3048:: when children address their grandfather.
3031:: when children address their grandmother.
2183:: awarded by a special board of examiners.
327:Persons with very high academic expertise
287:Senior colleague and student or classmate
3317:
3240:
2099:are martial arts titles developed by the
89:Learn how and when to remove this message
3199:"Chan, Kun, Senpai? Japanese Honorifics"
2056:system. Also in some systems of karate,
1919:. The most famous example is the Prince
153:
52:This article includes a list of general
3683:Learn Japanese - Grammar and Vocabulary
3123:
3099:(politeness differences more generally)
2725:: uncle, or also middle-aged gentleman.
2213:coach. The literal sense is of someone
1188:(ご両親) while their own parents would be
2622:, as is most common, "mother" becomes
1672:, "honorable company", used in speech)
1421:named Suzuki might be referred to as "
1397:named Ichiro might be referred to as "
1298:, such as the use of the polite form (
850:rather than the first-person pronoun.
3643:Reprinted in Natsuko Tsujimura (ed.)
3344:Matsuda, Kenjiro (1 September 2012).
1122:, the person can be referred to with
7:
3460:McCarthy, Patrick (1 October 2005).
3339:
3337:
3289:
3287:
3225:"Japanese Ways of Addressing People"
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
151:The most common honorifics include:
3263:Ashcraft, Brian (30 January 2013).
3197:Kincaid, Chris (14 November 2011).
1657:, "noble company", used in writing)
1035:, literally meaning "born earlier")
27:Polite forms of address in Japanese
2761:: mother. The descriptive noun is
2693:: father. The descriptive noun is
576:". When used to refer to oneself,
58:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2793:: aunt, or also middle-aged lady.
1873:" or Portuguese/Spanish/Italian "
3310:Presses Universitaires de France
1769:are customarily styled "His/Her
1765:", however other members of the
934:also expresses endearment. Like
556:. Deities such as native Shinto
43:
3519:An honorific index for Japanese
725:, implying childlike cuteness.
162:Approximate English equivalent
2471:Euphonic suffixes and wordplay
1911:is another suffix coming from
894:, e.g., the commercial mascot
362:Princes and princesses of the
1:
3615:Linguistic Society of America
3420:The Imperial Household Agency
1757:(殿下 でんか), the equivalent of "
1495:For criminals and the accused
1491:("Department Chief Suzuki").
5034:Kanji pronunciation sources
4808:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
3658:How to use Japanese suffixes
3589:10.1016/j.pragma.2011.09.003
3385:10.1016/0378-2166(86)90007-X
3367:Hori, Motoko (1 June 1986).
3229:Investigationes Linguisticae
3223:Mogi, Norie (10 June 2002).
3070:Honorific speech in Japanese
2664:may also be used instead of
2637:and "older brother" becomes
2097:, "title", "name", "degree")
1674:. Additionally, the neutral
1324:which turns the common noun
1296:honorific speech in Japanese
636:("thank you for a good job")
141:person someone is talking to
5143:Speculative fiction writers
4702:Transcription into Japanese
3035:
3018:
3001:
2984:
2967:
2952:
2935:
2920:
2898:
2871:
2856:
2831:
2816:
2797:
2780:
2763:
2748:
2729:
2712:
2695:
2680:
2639:
2624:
2603:
2588:
2558:
2543:
2528:
2506:
2458:
2435:
2429:, lit. minister of worship)
2425:
2402:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2310:
2288:
2271:
2254:
2235:
2194:
2168:
2150:
2133:
2116:
2086:
2012:
1997:
1982:
1967:
1954:("My beloved Ms. Murasaki")
1949:
1931:
1898:
1850:
1835:
1724:
1705:
1676:
1661:
1646:
1631:
1616:
1593:
1571:
1556:
1541:
1525:
1509:
1468:is used, so a president is
1458:
1442:
1415:
1391:
1326:
1311:
1246:
1100:
1064:
1022:
990:
967:
921:
878:or affectionate variant of
861:
812:
671:
653:
631:
622:
613:
582:
568:
538:
503:
470:
457:
424:
409:
398:
224:Your Omnipotence (deities)
136:Japanese honorific speech.
111:
5194:
4061:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
3294:Akamatsu, Tsutomu (2011).
2578:
2036:
1822:
1374:
959:
745:", and on some occasions,"
627:("thank you for the meal")
403:(Happy Birthday, Mr. Endō)
107:system of honorific speech
29:
4404:
3725:
3566:10.1080/10371399108521974
3510:10.1080/08351818609389264
3446:Imperial Household Agency
3042:
3025:
3008:
2991:
2974:
2959:
2942:
2927:
2905:
2878:
2863:
2838:
2823:
2805:お-祖母さん／御-祖母さん／御-婆さん／お-婆さん
2804:
2787:
2770:
2755:
2736:
2719:
2702:
2687:
2675:The honorific forms are:
2660:
2654:
2646:
2631:
2610:
2595:
2565:
2550:
2535:
2513:
2452:
2442:
2419:
2409:
2295:
2278:
2261:
2244:
2203:
2188:Other martial arts titles
2177:
2157:
2140:
2123:
2093:
2019:
2004:
1989:
1974:
1938:
1905:
1857:
1842:
1718:
1699:
1683:
1668:
1653:
1638:
1623:
1600:
1578:
1563:
1535:
1519:
1503:
1452:
1436:
1409:
1405:", and a master carpenter
1385:
1371:Occupation-related titles
1318:
1287:
1281:
1253:
1204:are not essential to the
1107:
1071:
1031:
997:
974:
928:
868:
819:
679:
678:
660:
618:("thank you for waiting")
589:
572:, meaning "Revered spirit
545:
431:
416:
118:
4928:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
4387:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
3152:dictionary.cambridge.org
2618:
1627:, "clumsy/poor company")
778:
399:Endō-san tanjōbi omedetō
364:Japanese Imperial Family
4874:Godan and ichidan verbs
4692:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
3678:How to use Otsukaresama
3517:Nakazato, Yuji (1997).
3085:Zen ranks and hierarchy
2850:(おとうと): little brother.
2737:お-祖父さん／御爺さん／お-爺さん／御祖父さん
2209:, master, especially a
874:is intended as an even
422:, sometimes pronounced
359:Your Imperial Highness
73:more precise citations.
3462:"Dai Nippon Butokukai"
2890:(いもうと): little sister.
2299:, literally "barrier")
2227:they serve, as he was
1182:second or third person
1096:
984:, but rather they are
808:
800:
667:
534:
405:
212:Ladies and Gentlemen (
4979:Court lady language (
4449:Southern Amami Ōshima
4382:Yilan Creole Japanese
3623:10.1353/lan.1990.0031
3576:Journal of Pragmatics
3523:Georgetown University
3373:Journal of Pragmatics
3319:10.3917/ling.471.0037
2496:Some honorifics have
2101:Dai Nippon Butoku Kai
2039:Japanese martial arts
1094:
1044:Japanese martial arts
890:are often labeled as
888:Moe anthropomorphisms
806:
795:
737:" and the other "Miku
651:
607:also appears in such
593:, "my esteemed self")
532:
396:
270:moe anthropomorphisms
4798:Small Kana Extension
4409:Eastern Old Japanese
4048:Northern Izu Islands
3558:Taylor & Francis
3502:Taylor & Francis
3493:Paper in Linguistics
3242:10.14746/il.2002.8.3
2492:Baby talk variations
2431:receives this title.
2364:Shichidan or Nanadan
1827:. For the film, see
1642:, "our own company")
1448:or company president
1337:can also mean cute.
1075:, lit. "Doctor" or "
475:("butcher's shop" +
5178:Japanese honorifics
4349:Pidgins and creoles
3468:on 10 December 2005
2575:Familial honorifics
2219:. Also used by the
2033:Martial arts titles
1801:later gave way for
1586:euphemism treadmill
898:, the manga figure
846:might call herself
566:are referred to as
218:Your Honor (judges)
155:
5150:Classical Japanese
4997:Gender differences
4833:Extended shinjitai
3103:Chinese honorifics
3075:Etiquette in Japan
2541:, and less often,
2526:can be changed to
1879:", and lies above
1306:) can be jarring.
1222:Eastern name order
1097:
809:
801:
668:
535:
406:
154:
5165:
5164:
4869:Verb conjugations
4848:
4847:
4516:
4515:
4397:Japonic languages
4343:
4342:
4335:Okinawan Japanese
3899:Japanese language
3865:
3864:
3583:(15): 3707–3719.
3113:Korean honorifics
3080:Japanese pronouns
2652:. The honorifics
2601:for "mother" and
2231:, the clan's don.
1926:The Tale of Genji
1923:, protagonist of
1794:The Tale of Genji
1785:Kiritsubo Consort
1771:Imperial Highness
1759:Imperial Highness
1687:, "this company")
468:and a butcher as
384:
383:
147:Common honorifics
124:, which includes
103:Japanese language
99:
98:
91:
16:(Redirected from
5185:
5108:Polivanov system
4969:Honorific speech
4864:Japanese grammar
4527:
4402:
3943:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3869:
3858:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3689:
3642:
3592:
3569:
3549:Japanese Studies
3542:
3513:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3464:. Archived from
3457:
3451:
3450:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3244:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3004:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2955:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2800:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2627:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2484:(scornful), and
2465:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2315:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2216:in loco parentis
2208:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1955:
1952:
1950:Murasaki no kimi
1943:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1913:Japanese history
1910:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1789:Kiritsubo no Kōi
1763:Imperial Majesty
1729:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1706:kabushiki-gaisha
1702:
1701:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1210:sociolinguistics
1112:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1002:
1000:
999:
993:
979:
978:, "former born")
977:
976:
970:
962:Senpai and kōhai
933:
931:
930:
924:
873:
871:
870:
864:
824:
822:
821:
815:
694:
692:
691:
690:
674:
665:
663:
662:
656:
637:
634:
628:
625:
619:
616:
594:
592:
591:
585:
571:
550:
548:
547:
541:
506:
480:
473:
467:
460:
436:
434:
433:
427:
421:
419:
418:
412:
404:
401:
376:Your Excellency
156:
123:
121:
120:
114:
94:
87:
83:
80:
74:
69:this article by
60:inline citations
47:
46:
39:
21:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5114:
5059:Transliteration
5054:
5030:Sound symbolism
5006:
4988:Role language (
4947:from Portuguese
4879:Irregular verbs
4857:
4855:
4844:
4793:Kana Supplement
4788:Kana Extended-B
4783:Kana Extended-A
4706:
4682:Historical kana
4648:
4590:
4569:by stroke count
4560:Kanji radicals
4554:by stroke count
4512:
4425:
4391:
4367:Hawaiian Creole
4339:
4316:
4239:
4113:
3932:
3901:
3896:
3866:
3861:
3854:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3721:
3716:
3654:
3602:
3599:
3597:Further reading
3572:
3545:
3516:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3301:La Linguistique
3293:
3292:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3174:A Ninja In Time
3171:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3154:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3125:
3121:
3097:T–V distinction
3093:
3091:Other languages
3061:
3039:
3022:
3005:
2988:
2971:
2956:
2939:
2924:
2902:
2875:
2860:
2835:
2820:
2801:
2784:
2767:
2752:
2733:
2716:
2699:
2684:
2643:
2628:
2607:
2592:
2584:
2577:
2562:
2547:
2532:
2510:
2494:
2473:
2462:
2449:
2439:
2416:
2406:
2398:
2292:
2275:
2258:
2241:
2200:
2190:
2174:
2154:
2137:
2120:
2090:
2083:
2066:Morihei Ueshiba
2041:
2035:
2016:
2001:
1986:
1971:
1964:
1953:
1935:
1929:who was called
1902:
1895:
1854:
1839:
1832:
1825:Dono (comedian)
1821:
1807:empress consort
1767:imperial family
1736:
1734:Imperial styles
1715:
1696:
1680:
1665:
1650:
1635:
1629:or the neutral
1620:
1612:
1597:
1575:
1560:
1532:
1516:
1500:
1497:
1485:buchō no Suzuki
1449:
1433:
1425:" rather than "
1406:
1401:" rather than "
1382:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1343:
1330:
1315:
1285:), to be cute (
1250:
1198:
1139:
1104:
1089:
1068:
1040:martial artists
1028:
1019:
994:
971:
964:
958:
925:
918:
865:
858:
816:
790:
675:
657:
646:
635:
626:
617:
586:
542:
527:
474:
462:("bookstore" +
461:
428:
413:
402:
391:
223:
221:
219:
217:
211:
206:Dear customer (
205:
149:
115:
105:makes use of a
95:
84:
78:
75:
65:Please help to
64:
48:
44:
35:
32:Hanshi Festival
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5191:
5189:
5181:
5180:
5170:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4985:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4930:
4925:
4919:Native words (
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4858:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4600:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4524:
4522:Writing system
4518:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4435:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4377:Pseudo-Chinese
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4357:Bamboo English
4353:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4330:Amami Japanese
4326:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4251:
4249:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4125:
4123:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4003:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3653:
3652:External links
3650:
3649:
3648:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3570:
3543:
3514:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3452:
3432:
3407:
3398:
3379:(3): 373–386.
3359:
3333:
3283:
3255:
3235:. Poland: 14.
3215:
3189:
3183:978-1095633984
3182:
3164:
3139:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3108:Chinese titles
3105:
3100:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3032:
3015:
2998:
2981:
2949:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2794:
2788:伯母さん／小母さん／叔母さん
2745:
2744:
2743:
2726:
2720:叔父さん／小父さん／伯父さん
2576:
2573:
2493:
2490:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2432:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2303:
2302:
2285:
2268:
2251:
2232:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2165:
2147:
2130:
2105:Kokusai Budoin
2082:
2077:
2034:
2031:
1963:
1958:
1932:Hikaru no kimi
1894:
1889:
1885:tea ceremonies
1820:
1811:
1735:
1732:
1611:
1608:
1531:, and convicts
1496:
1493:
1375:Main article:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1342:
1339:
1197:
1194:
1138:
1128:
1088:
1083:
1018:
1009:
960:Main article:
957:
948:
917:
912:
857:
852:
789:
784:
689:
686:
683:
645:
640:
526:
521:
439:Kansai dialect
390:
385:
382:
381:
377:
374:
367:
366:
360:
357:
350:
349:
339:
336:
329:
328:
325:
319:
312:
311:
308:
298:
289:
288:
285:
282:
273:
272:
266:
263:
256:
255:
252:
249:
242:
241:
238:
236:
229:
228:
225:
196:
189:
188:
185:
176:
167:
166:
163:
160:
148:
145:
97:
96:
51:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5190:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5103:Cyrillization
5101:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5091:Wāpuro rōmaji
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4921:yamato kotoba
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4909:Counter words
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4851:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4644:Kana ligature
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4539:Script reform
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4362:Bonin English
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:Earlier forms
3904:
3900:
3893:
3888:
3886:
3881:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3449:. 3 May 1947.
3448:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3204:
3203:Japan Powered
3200:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3165:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3037:
3033:
3020:
3016:
3003:
2999:
2986:
2982:
2969:
2954:
2950:
2937:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2900:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2873:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2818:
2814:
2799:
2795:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2765:
2750:
2746:
2731:
2727:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2641:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2605:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2572:
2560:
2545:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2480:(see below),
2479:
2470:
2460:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2290:
2286:
2273:
2269:
2256:
2252:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2152:
2148:
2135:
2131:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2014:
1999:
1984:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1867:" or French "
1866:
1852:
1848:, pronounced
1837:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1805:(皇后) for the
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1714:
1707:
1695:
1690:
1678:
1663:
1648:
1633:
1618:
1610:For companies
1609:
1607:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1573:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1527:
1511:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1444:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1404:
1400:
1399:Ichiro-senshu
1393:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1328:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1102:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1006:
992:
987:
983:
969:
963:
956:
952:
949:
947:
945:
941:
937:
923:
916:
913:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
863:
856:
853:
851:
849:
845:
844:
839:
834:
832:
828:
814:
805:
799:
794:
788:
785:
783:
781:
780:
775:
771:
767:
766:National Diet
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
710:
706:
702:
697:
687:
684:
681:
673:
655:
650:
644:
641:
639:
633:
632:otsukare sama
624:
615:
614:omachidō sama
610:
606:
602:
600:
596:
584:
579:
575:
570:
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561:
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531:
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347:
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340:
338:Your Majesty
337:
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93:
90:
82:
79:December 2014
72:
68:
62:
61:
55:
50:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5096:In Esperanto
5066:Romanization
5020:Pitch accent
5002:Dictionaries
4989:
4981:nyōbō kotoba
4980:
4973:
4934:
4933:Loan words (
4920:
4904:Topic marker
4818:ARIB STD B24
4564:by frequency
4444:Amami Ōshima
4321:
4310:
4269:
4255:
4245:
4233:
4220:East San'in
4204:
4180:
4151:
4129:
4119:
4055:
4006:
3962:
3947:
3928:Early Modern
3918:Early Middle
3818:
3644:
3610:
3604:
3580:
3574:
3553:
3547:
3518:
3497:
3491:
3484:Bibliography
3470:. Retrieved
3466:the original
3455:
3444:
3435:
3423:. Retrieved
3419:
3410:
3401:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3353:
3349:
3305:
3299:
3274:. Retrieved
3268:
3258:
3246:. Retrieved
3232:
3228:
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3202:
3192:
3173:
3167:
3155:. Retrieved
3151:
3142:
3051:
2896:The initial
2895:
2887:
2847:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2617:
2585:
2523:
2521:
2501:
2495:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2304:
2229:Oyakata-sama
2228:
2214:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2026:
1965:
1960:
1946:
1924:
1921:Hikaru Genji
1917:Heian period
1896:
1891:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1833:
1817:
1813:
1802:
1798:
1797:. The title
1792:
1788:
1781:Heian period
1776:
1775:
1754:
1738:
1737:
1725:yūgen-gaisha
1694:incorporated
1691:
1613:
1590:
1552:Gorō Inagaki
1549:
1515:, defendants
1498:
1489:Suzuki-buchō
1488:
1484:
1482:
1478:Suzuki-buchō
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1431:
1426:
1423:Suzuki-tōryō
1422:
1402:
1398:
1380:
1366:Other titles
1358:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1334:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1269:
1261:sports teams
1243:
1239:
1230:interlocutor
1228:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1199:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1176:(お客様) where
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1098:
1085:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1004:
985:
981:
965:
954:
950:
935:
919:
914:
900:Afghanis-tan
896:Habanero-tan
891:
879:
859:
854:
847:
841:
837:
835:
830:
826:
810:
797:
786:
777:
769:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:
708:
704:
700:
698:
669:
666:on an eraser
654:Matomaru-kun
642:
623:gochisō sama
604:
603:
598:
597:
577:
573:
564:Jesus Christ
557:
553:
536:
523:
515:
513:
508:
498:
497:
492:
488:
484:
483:
476:
463:
452:
451:
446:
442:
407:
387:
370:
353:
332:
315:
292:
276:
259:
245:
232:
213:
208:o-kyaku-sama
207:
192:
170:
150:
138:
100:
85:
76:
57:
36:
5076:Nihon-shiki
4959:Wasei-kango
4894:Possessives
4854:Grammar and
4687:Modern kana
4672:Punctuation
4653:Orthography
4474:Tokunoshima
4086:Gifu-Aichi
4056:Tōkai–Tōsan
3923:Late Middle
3504:: 365–401.
3425:10 February
3208:29 February
1870:monseigneur
1829:Dono (film)
1347:translating
1341:Translation
1304:-san, -sama
1300:-masu, desu
848:Kanako-chan
609:set phrases
533:Okyaku-sama
71:introducing
5120:Literature
4990:yakuwarigo
4974:Honorifics
4954:Wasei-eigo
4942:from Dutch
4889:Adjectives
4856:vocabulary
4634:Hentaigana
4629:Man'yōgana
4469:Okinoerabu
4173:Okuyoshino
3805:Indonesian
3719:Honorifics
3663:Stason.org
3617:: 78–105.
3276:30 January
3248:21 October
3157:7 November
3119:References
2391:– 10th dan
2262:指導員【しどういん】
2107:, and the
2037:See also:
1582:, suspect)
1470:Shachō-san
1427:Suzuki-san
1403:Ichiro-san
1265:classmates
1202:honorifics
1174:okyakusama
1054:. As with
944:hypocorism
940:diminutive
908:Nevada-tan
774:Takako Doi
504:sakana-san
471:nikuya-san
458:hon'ya-san
297:(先生、せんせい)
281:(先輩、せんぱい)
251:Little...
159:Honorific
54:references
5012:Phonology
4899:Particles
4838:Half/Full
4768:Shift JIS
4697:Yotsugana
4677:Kanazukai
4619:Okurigana
4531:Logograms
4143:Shiramine
3988:Southern
3968:Northern
3639:143885748
3560:: 52–61.
3539:304341222
3531:152383846
3472:25 August
3393:0378-2166
3312:: 37–49.
2498:baby talk
2383:– 9th dan
2375:– 8th dan
2367:– 7th dan
2359:– 6th dan
2351:– 5th dan
2343:– 4th dan
2335:– 3rd dan
2327:– 2nd dan
1983:chichi-ue
1594:shikeishū
1312:neko-chan
1273:uchi–soto
1263:or among
1200:Although
1186:goryōshin
1144:(お-) and
884:baby talk
699:Although
569:kami-sama
373:(閣下、かっか)
356:(殿下、でんか)
335:(陛下、へいか)
318:(博士、はかせ)
306:Professor
214:mina-sama
165:Used for
126:honorific
109:, called
5172:Category
4935:gairaigo
4914:Numerals
4884:Pronouns
4823:Enclosed
4803:Katakana
4778:Hiragana
4774:Unicode
4729:ISO/IEC
4711:Encoding
4614:Furigana
4609:Katakana
4604:Hiragana
4506:Yonaguni
4486:Southern
4464:Okinawan
4459:Kunigami
4439:Northern
4431:Ryukyuan
4372:Kyowa-go
4303:Tsushima
4293:Nagasaki
4288:Kumamoto
4276:Chikuzen
4140:Kanazawa
4130:Hokuriku
4065:Shizuoka
4032:Eastern
4021:Kanagawa
4012:Western
3957:Hokkaidō
3938:Dialects
3819:Japanese
3768:Filipino
3738:Canadian
3606:Language
3535:ProQuest
3328:41447858
3059:See also
2817:O-niisan
2730:O-jiisan
2396:Religion
2372:Hachidan
2279:師匠【ししょう】
2204:親方【おやかた】
2141:教士【きょうし】
2058:O-Sensei
1542:jukeisha
1282:ore-sama
1277:in-group
1247:yobisute
1235:in-group
1170:oishasan
1168:(お嬢さん),
1154:oishasan
583:ore-sama
268:Babies,
235:(君【くん】)
133:prefixes
129:suffixes
18:Oneesama
5138:Writers
5071:Hepburn
5025:Rendaku
4964:Engrish
4660:Braille
4581:Ryakuji
4501:Yaeyama
4419:grammar
4414:Hachijō
4311:Satsugū
4270:Hichiku
4256:Hōnichi
4210:San'yō
4205:Chūgoku
4181:Shikoku
4120:Western
4080:Nagaoka
4076:Echigo
4041:Tochigi
4036:Ibaraki
3997:Nairiku
3977:Tsugaru
3948:Eastern
3847:Russian
3833:Sinhala
3812:Italian
3761:English
3752:Hokkien
3745:Chinese
3731:Burmese
3521:(PhD).
3065:Aizuchi
3052:Kyoudai
3036:Jiichan
2921:Niichan
2857:O-nēsan
2798:O-bāsan
2749:O-kāsan
2681:O-tōsan
2640:oniisan
2436:Bokushi
2356:Rokudan
2255:Shidōin
2245:師範【しはん】
2196:Oyakata
2158:範士【はんし】
2124:錬士【れんし】
2027:ue-sama
1998:haha-ue
1899:No kimi
1892:No kimi
1787:(桐壺更衣,
1751:Empress
1747:Emperor
1743:Majesty
1713:limited
1572:yōgisha
1510:yōgisha
1206:grammar
1190:ryōshin
1172:above,
1072:博士【はかせ】
1032:先生、せんせい
998:後輩、こうはい
975:先輩、せんぱい
904:OS-tans
902:or the
764:In the
514:Due to
346:Empress
342:Emperor
324:or PhD
284:Senior
265:Lil...
195:(様、さま)
67:improve
5133:Poetry
5081:Kunrei
5043:Kan-on
4814:Other
4723:EUC-JP
4639:Sōgana
4624:Gojūon
4576:Kokuji
4544:Kanbun
4496:Tarama
4491:Miyako
4281:Hakata
4246:Kyūshū
4234:Umpaku
4197:Sanuki
4163:Banshū
4152:Kansai
4095:Mikawa
4090:Nagoya
4070:Narada
3963:Tōhoku
3840:Slavic
3826:Korean
3789:Indian
3782:German
3775:French
3637:
3631:415280
3629:
3537:
3529:
3391:
3326:
3270:Kotaku
3180:
3019:Bāchan
2953:Nēchan
2936:Niisan
2913:prefix
2888:Imouto
2848:Otouto
2781:Obasan
2713:Ojisan
2696:chichi
2625:okāsan
2581:Nissan
2544:-chama
2507:-chama
2459:shisai
2453:司祭，しさい
2443:牧師，ぼくし
2426:shisai
2420:司祭，しさい
2410:神父，しんぷ
2403:Shinpu
2340:Yondan
2332:Sandan
2316:– 1st
2312:Shodan
2272:Shishō
2237:Shihan
2225:daimyō
2221:yakuza
2170:Meijin
2164:above.
2151:Hanshi
2134:Kyōshi
2117:Renshi
2103:, the
2062:Aikido
2046:sensei
2013:ane-ue
1865:milord
1617:heisha
1526:hikoku
1459:shachō
1392:senshu
1192:(両親).
1166:ojōsan
1137:prefix
1065:Hakase
1060:sensei
1056:senpai
1048:sensei
1024:Sensei
1016:hakase
1012:Sensei
1005:senpai
986:sensei
982:senpai
968:Senpai
951:Senpai
843:Kanako
741:" or "
661:まとまるくん
322:Doctor
316:Hakase
302:Doctor
294:Sensei
278:Senpai
248:(ちゃん)
112:keishō
56:, but
5155:texts
5128:Books
5048:Tō-on
5038:Go-on
4665:Kanji
4586:Ateji
4549:Kanji
4479:Yoron
4454:Kikai
4322:Other
4224:Inshū
4214:Bingo
4168:Kishū
4158:Awaji
4026:Tokyo
4016:Gunma
4007:Kantō
3992:Kesen
3982:Akita
3972:Nanbu
3796:Tamil
3635:S2CID
3627:JSTOR
3613:(1).
3556:(3).
3527:S2CID
3500:(3).
3324:JSTOR
3308:(1).
3043:祖父ちゃん
3026:祖母ちゃん
3002:Tōsan
2985:Kāsan
2968:Nēsan
2864:お-姉さん
2824:お-兄さん
2756:お-母さん
2688:お-父さん
2661:-sama
2655:-chan
2559:-tama
2502:-sama
2478:-chan
2388:Jūdan
2380:Kudan
2348:Godan
2324:Nidan
2296:関【ぜき】
2087:Shōgō
2080:Shōgō
1881:-sama
1851:-dono
1791:) in
1755:Denka
1739:Heika
1677:tōsha
1662:onsha
1647:kisha
1632:jisha
1557:menbā
1474:Buchō
1443:buchō
1416:tōryō
1355:-chan
1345:When
1335:-chan
1331:(cat)
1288:-chan
1196:Usage
1150:oniwa
1042:. In
991:kōhai
955:kōhai
936:-chan
880:-chan
876:cuter
838:-chan
827:-chan
798:-chan
743:-sama
735:-chan
723:-chan
629:, or
578:-sama
574:-sama
546:様, さま
371:Kakka
354:Denka
333:Heika
262:(たん)
203:Ma'am
175:(さん)
4763:0213
4758:0212
4753:0211
4748:0208
4743:0201
4739:JIS
4733:2022
4596:Kana
4298:Saga
4262:Ōita
4192:Tosa
4136:Kaga
4105:Hida
4100:Mino
3856:Thai
3474:2007
3427:2023
3389:ISSN
3356:(2).
3278:2017
3250:2018
3210:2020
3178:ISBN
3159:2020
2960:姉ちゃん
2928:兄ちゃん
2764:haha
2666:-san
2658:and
2647:お兄さん
2632:お母さん
2619:-san
2589:haha
2529:-tan
2524:Chan
2486:-rin
2482:-bee
2289:Zeki
2211:sumo
2048:｜｜先生
2010:and
1843:殿 との
1836:Tono
1818:tono
1814:Dono
1803:Kōgō
1719:有限会社
1700:株式会社
1564:メンバー
1359:-kun
1351:-san
1327:neko
1319:猫ちゃん
1254:呼び捨て
1133:and
1120:-shi
1116:-shi
1052:dojo
1014:and
953:and
942:and
929:坊、ぼう
892:-tan
831:Chan
813:Chan
787:Chan
779:-san
770:-kun
759:-kun
755:-kun
753:and
751:Chan
747:-kun
739:-san
731:-kun
709:-kun
705:-kun
701:-kun
605:Sama
599:Sama
562:and
559:kami
554:-san
539:Sama
524:Sama
516:-san
509:-san
493:-san
489:-san
447:-san
443:-san
246:Chan
193:Sama
131:and
101:The
5086:JSL
4828:EIS
4718:EUC
4187:Iyo
3913:Old
3619:doi
3585:doi
3562:doi
3506:doi
3381:doi
3314:doi
3237:doi
3009:父さん
2992:母さん
2975:姉さん
2965:or
2943:兄さん
2933:or
2872:ane
2832:ani
2604:ani
2556:to
2551:ちゃま
2514:ちゃま
2504:is
2318:dan
1939:光の君
1876:don
1799:Kōi
1777:Kōi
1711:or
1659:or
1601:死刑囚
1579:容疑者
1536:受刑者
1504:容疑者
1476:or
1466:san
1429:".
1357:or
1162:go-
1156:).
1135:go-
1124:shi
1108:氏、し
1101:Shi
1095:Shi
1086:Shi
1077:PhD
862:Tan
855:Tan
820:ちゃん
807:Tan
749:".
727:Kun
719:Kun
715:Kun
672:Kun
643:Kun
611:as
499:San
485:San
477:san
464:san
453:San
437:in
425:han
410:San
388:San
260:Tan
233:Kun
199:Sir
183:Ms.
179:Mr.
172:San
5174::
3633:.
3625:.
3611:66
3609:.
3581:43
3579:.
3554:11
3552:.
3533:.
3525:.
3498:19
3496:.
3443:.
3418:.
3387:.
3377:10
3375:.
3371:.
3354:18
3352:.
3348:.
3336:^
3322:.
3306:47
3304:.
3298:.
3286:^
3267:.
3231:.
3227:.
3201:.
3150:.
3126:^
2906:お-
2899:o-
2884:.
2844:.
2776:.
2708:.
2571:.
2566:たま
2536:たん
2519:.
2456:,
2423:,
2178:名人
2094:称号
2070:O-
2064:,
2053:後輩
2029:.
2020:姉上
2005:母上
1995:,
1990:父上
1968:Ue
1961:Ue
1956:.
1906:の君
1858:どの
1816:/
1809:.
1749:,
1722:,
1703:,
1684:当社
1669:御社
1654:貴社
1639:自社
1624:弊社
1606:.
1588:.
1539:,
1523:,
1520:被告
1507:,
1480:.
1456:,
1453:社長
1440:,
1437:部長
1413:,
1410:棟梁
1389:,
1386:選手
1224:.
1178:o-
1158:O-
1146:go
1142:O-
1131:O-
1079:")
1058:,
1046:,
1007:.
922:Bō
915:Bō
910:.
869:たん
782:.
685:くん
638:.
620:,
595:.
590:俺様
511:.
495:.
481:.
432:はん
417:さん
344:,
304:/
201:/
181:/
119:敬称
4992:)
4983:)
4937:)
4923:)
3891:e
3884:t
3877:v
3711:e
3704:t
3697:v
3641:.
3621::
3591:.
3587::
3568:.
3564::
3541:.
3512:.
3508::
3476:.
3429:.
3395:.
3383::
3330:.
3316::
3280:.
3252:.
3239::
3233:8
3212:.
3186:.
3161:.
3046:)
3040:(
3029:)
3023:(
3012:)
3006:(
2995:)
2989:(
2978:)
2972:(
2963:)
2957:(
2946:)
2940:(
2931:)
2925:(
2909:)
2903:(
2882:)
2879:姉
2876:(
2867:)
2861:(
2842:)
2839:兄
2836:(
2827:)
2821:(
2808:)
2802:(
2791:)
2785:(
2774:)
2771:母
2768:(
2759:)
2753:(
2740:)
2734:(
2723:)
2717:(
2706:)
2703:父
2700:(
2691:)
2685:(
2650:)
2644:(
2635:)
2629:(
2614:)
2611:兄
2608:(
2599:)
2596:母
2593:(
2583:.
2569:)
2563:(
2554:)
2548:(
2539:)
2533:(
2517:)
2511:(
2466:.
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2450:(
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2293:(
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2175:(
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2155:(
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2138:(
2127:)
2121:(
2091:(
2023:)
2017:(
2008:)
2002:(
1993:)
1987:(
1978:)
1975:上
1972:(
1942:)
1936:(
1909:)
1903:(
1861:)
1855:(
1846:)
1840:(
1831:.
1728:)
1716:(
1709:)
1697:(
1681:(
1666:(
1651:(
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1576:(
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1561:(
1545:)
1533:(
1529:)
1517:(
1513:)
1501:(
1462:)
1450:(
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1434:(
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1407:(
1395:)
1383:(
1322:)
1316:(
1275:(
1257:)
1251:(
1111:)
1105:(
1069:(
1029:(
1001:)
995:(
972:(
932:)
926:(
872:)
866:(
823:)
817:(
693:)
688:）
682:（
680:君
676:(
664:)
658:(
587:(
549:)
543:(
479:)
466:)
435:)
429:(
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414:(
216:)
210:)
122:)
116:(
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77:(
63:.
34:.
20:)
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