Electronic voting - Knowledge (XXG)

1235:. The system is a set of two devices running on 7.5 volt batteries. One device, the voting Unit is used by the voter, and another device called the control unit is operated by the electoral officer. Both units are connected by a five-metre cable. The voting unit has a blue button for each candidate. The unit can hold 16 candidates, but up to four units can be chained, to accommodate 64 candidates. The control unit has three buttons on the surface – one button to release a single vote, one button to see the total number of votes cast till now, and one button to close the election process. The result button is hidden and sealed. It cannot be pressed unless the close button has already been pressed. A controversy was raised when the voting machine malfunctioned which was shown in Delhi assembly. On 9 April 2019, the Supreme Court ordered the ECI to increase 984:

Kempsey ward, where the margin between the last elected and first non-elected candidates was only 69 votes, the electoral commission determined that the outage caused a 60% chance that the wrong final candidate was elected. Singleton had a 40% chance of having elected the wrong councillor, Shellharbour was a 7% chance and two other races were impacted by a sub-1% chance of having elected the wrong candidate. The NSW Supreme Court ordered the elections in Kempsey, Singleton and Shellharbour Ward A to be re-run. In the 2022 Kempsey re-vote the highest placed non-elected candidate from 2021, Dean Saul, was instead one of the first councillors elected. This failure caused the NSW Government to suspend the iVote system from use in the

1518:'s demographics require them under U.S. federal election law to provide ballot access in Chinese. With any type of paper ballot, the county has to decide how many Chinese-language ballots to print, how many to make available at each polling place, etc. Any strategy that can assure that Chinese-language ballots will be available at all polling places is certain, at the very least, to result in a significant number of wasted ballots. (The situation with lever machines would be even worse than with paper: the only apparent way to reliably meet the need would be to set up a Chinese-language lever machine at each polling place, few of which would be used at all.) 1678:(NIST) states, "Simply put, the DRE architecture’s inability to provide for independent audits of its electronic records makes it a poor choice for an environment in which detecting errors and fraud is important." The report does not represent the official position of NIST, and misinterpretations of the report has led NIST to explain that "Some statements in the report have been misinterpreted. The draft report includes statements from election officials, voting system vendors, computer scientists and other experts in the field about what is potentially possible in terms of attacks on DREs. However, these statements are not report conclusions." 1571:

independent from the hardware and software running the election. Three aspects of verifiability are considered: individual, universal, and eligibility. Individual verifiability allows a voter to check that her own vote is included in the election outcome, universal verifiability allows voters or election observers to check that the election outcome corresponds to the votes cast, and eligibility verifiability allows voters and observers to check that each vote in the election outcome was cast by a uniquely registered voter.

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20% of e-votes came from voters between the ages of 45 and 54. This goes to show that e-voting is not supported exclusively by the younger generations, but finding some popularity amongst Gen X and Baby Boomers as well. In terms of electoral results as well, the expectation that online voting would favor younger candidates has not been borne out in the data, with mayors in Ontario, Canada who were elected in online elections actually being slightly older on average than those elected by pencil and paper.

1196:. After the election it produces a tabulation of the voting data stored in a removable memory component and as a printed copy. The system may also provide a means for transmitting individual ballots or vote totals to a central location for consolidating and reporting results from precincts at the central location. These systems use a precinct count method that tabulates ballots at the polling place. They typically tabulate ballots as they are cast and print the results after the close of polling. 1799: 1072: 1682: 649: 1510:. Systems which use them exclusively are called DRE voting systems. When electronic ballots are used there is no risk of exhausting the supply of ballots. Additionally, these electronic ballots remove the need for printing of paper ballots, a significant cost. When administering elections in which ballots are offered in multiple languages (in some areas of the United States, public elections are required by the 1709:-verified, the record itself must be verified by the voter and able to be done without assistance, such as visually or audibly. If the voter must use a bar-code scanner or other electronic device to verify, then the record is not truly voter-verifiable, since it is actually the electronic device that is verifying the record for the voter. VVPAT is the form of Independent Verification most commonly found in 1264: 1701:(VVPAT) concept (as described in her Ph.D. dissertation in October 2000 on the basic voter verifiable ballot system), proposes to answer the auditability question by having the voting machine print a paper ballot or other paper facsimile that can be visually verified by the voter before being entered into a secure location. Subsequently, this is sometimes referred to as the " 52: 6074: 1531: 1208: 1008: 1403:

already an established part of local referendums, voters get their passwords to access the ballot through the postal service. Most voters in Estonia can cast their vote in local and parliamentary elections, if they want to, via the Internet, as most of those on the electoral roll have access to an e-voting system, the largest run by any

3814:"The OSCE/ODIHR EAM was made aware of a program that could, if it was running on a voter’s computer, change the vote without the possibility for the voter to detect it. The case was brought to the attention of the project manager who assessed this threat to be theoretically plausible but nearly impossible to implement in reality." 1431:

Since a single vote has the potential to tilt a group decision, prevention of sybil attacks is an important priority in ensuring the security of voting. Sybil attacks are a common issue with implementations on open, peer-to-peer networks, as the system must have a way to prevent fake identities to prevent gaming of the vote.

3614:"Electronic ballot return faces significant security risks to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of voted ballots. These risks can ultimately affect the tabulation and results and, can occur at scale... Even with ... technical security considerations, electronic ballot return remains a high-risk activity." 890:

save time and cost by being able to vote independently from their location. This may increase overall voter turnout. The citizen groups benefiting most from electronic elections are the ones living abroad, citizens living in rural areas far away from polling stations and the disabled with mobility impairments.

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The solution was first demonstrated (New York City, March 2001) and used (Sacramento, California 2002) by AVANTE International Technology, Inc.. In 2004 Nevada was the first state to successfully implement a DRE voting system that printed an electronic record. The $ 9.3 million voting system provided

1562:, a ballot system using physical markers to indicate where a mark should be made, to vote a secret paper ballot. These ballots can be designed identically to those used by other voters. However, other disabled voters (including voters with dexterity disabilities) could be unable to use these ballots. 1521:

Critics argue the need for extra ballots in any language can be mitigated by providing a process to print ballots at voting locations. They argue further, the cost of software validation, compiler trust validation, installation validation, delivery validation and validation of other steps related to

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country. It has been made possible because most Estonians carry a national identity card equipped with a computer-readable microchip and it is these cards which they use to get access to the online ballot. All a voter needs is a computer, an electronic card reader, their ID card and its PIN, and they

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but have been decommissioned after public concerns. In Brazil, the use of DRE voting machines has been associated with a decrease in error-ridden and uncounted votes, promoting a larger enfranchisement of mainly less educated people in the electoral process, shifting government spending toward public

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During the 2021 NSW Local Government Elections the online voting system "iVote" had technical issues that caused some access problems for some voters. Analysis done of these failures indicated a significant chance of the outages having impacted on the electoral results for the final positions. In the

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through the use of personal voting devices sometime in the 22nd century AD. The practice gave rise to a 'voting class' of citizens composed mostly of homemakers and retirees who tended to be at home all day. Because they had the most free time to participate in voting, their opinions ultimately came

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Cost of having electronic machines receive the voter's choices, print a ballot and scan the ballots to tally results is higher than the cost of printing blank ballots, having voters mark them directly (with machine-marking only when voters want it) and scanning ballots to tally results, according to

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Various technologies can be used to assure DRE voters that their votes were cast correctly, and allow officials to detect possible fraud or malfunction, and to provide a means to audit the tabulated results. Some systems include technologies such as cryptography (visual or mathematical), paper (kept

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to replace old machines with more secure models with modern cybersecurity protections. By 2020, 93% of U.S. votes had a paper record, and only 0.5 percent of jurisdictions reported using electronic voting machines without paper audit trails. This reduced the risk of undetected cyber interference or

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varies and may include voting machines in polling places, centralized tallying of paper ballots, and internet voting. Many countries use centralized tallying. Some also use electronic voting machines in polling places. Very few use internet voting. Several countries have tried electronic approaches

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The concept of election verifiability through cryptographic solutions has emerged in the academic literature to introduce transparency and trust in electronic voting systems. It allows voters and election observers to verify that votes have been recorded, tallied and declared correctly, in a manner

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by having a protocol that verifies proof of identities using social interactions would allow a community of users to assign corresponding levels of trusts to different candidates in relation with others. However, this would require a fully decentralized system. This web-of-trust protocol could even

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Moreover, people without internet or the skills to use it are excluded from the service. The so-called digital divide describes the gap between those who have access to the internet and those who do not. Depending on the country or even regions in a country the gap differs. This concern is expected

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between him and the highly favored establishment candidate—a plot line that closely parallels the actual results of the 2003 election. When the private-eye protagonist of the book investigates at the behest of a powerful Chinatown businesswoman, he determines that the outcome was rigged by someone

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Electronic voting requires capital spending every few years to update equipment, as well as annual spending for maintenance, security, and supplies. If it works well, its speed can be an advantage where many contests are on each ballot. Hand-counting is more feasible in parliamentary systems where

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Electronic voting is perceived to be favored moreover by a certain demographic, namely the younger generation such as Generation X and Y voters. However, in recent elections about a quarter of e-votes were cast by the older demographic, such as individuals over the age of 55. Including this, about

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It has been argued political parties that have more support from less-wealthy voters—who tend to have less access to and familiarity with the Internet—may suffer in the elections due to e-voting, which tends to increase participation among wealthier voters. It is unsure as to whether narrowing the

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An audit system can be used in measured random recounts to detect possible malfunction or fraud. With the VVPAT method, the paper ballot is often treated as the official ballot of record. In this scenario, the ballot is primary and the electronic records are used only for an initial count. In any

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ballot voting systems must support auditability in different ways. An independently auditable system, sometimes called an Independent Verification, can be used in recounts or audits. These systems can include the ability for voters to verify how their votes were cast or enable officials to verify

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Electronic voting machines can be made fully accessible for persons with disabilities. Punched card and optical scan machines are not fully accessible for the blind or visually impaired, and lever machines can be difficult for voters with limited mobility and strength. Electronic machines can use

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One of the biggest weaknesses of online voting is the difficulty of dealing with fake identities, especially when voting is implemented using software without the cooperation of some kind of government agency. These attacks use sybils—fake or duplicate identities—to influence community decisions.

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between higher and lower socioeconomic classes. People who lived greater distances from polling areas voted at higher levels with this service now available. The 2007 Estonian elections yielded a higher voter turnout from those who lived in higher income regions and who received formal education.

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Electronic voting technology intends to speed the counting of ballots, reduce the cost of paying staff to count votes manually and can provide improved accessibility for disabled voters. Also in the long term, expenses are expected to decrease. Results can be reported and published faster. Voters

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released a report titled "Electronic Voting Offers Opportunities and Presents Challenges", analyzing both the benefits and concerns created by electronic voting. A second report was released in September 2005 detailing some of the concerns with electronic voting, and ongoing improvements, titled

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resulted in an average increase in turnout of around 3.5 percentage points. Similarly, a further study of the Swiss case found that while online voting did not increase overall turnout, it did induce some occasional voters to participate who would have abstained were online voting not an option.

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Electronic voting systems may offer advantages compared to other voting techniques. An electronic voting system can be involved in any one of a number of steps in the setup, distributing, voting, collecting, and counting of ballots, and thus may or may not introduce advantages into any of these

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Corporations and organizations routinely use Internet voting to elect officers and board members and for other proxy elections. Internet voting systems have been used privately in many modern nations and publicly in the United States, the UK, Switzerland and Estonia. In Switzerland, where it is

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A public network DRE voting system is an election system that uses electronic ballots and transmits vote data from the polling place to another location over a public network. Vote data may be transmitted as individual ballots as they are cast, periodically as batches of ballots throughout the

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The effects of internet voting on overall voter turnout are unclear. A 2017 study of online voting in two Swiss cantons found that it had no effect on turnout, and a 2009 study of Estonia's national election found similar results. To the contrary, however, the introduction of online voting in

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mandated that one handicapped accessible voting system be provided per polling place, which most jurisdictions have chosen to satisfy with the use of DRE voting machines, some switching entirely over to DRE. In 2004, 28.9% of the registered voters in the United States used some type of direct

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Krimmer R., Duenas-Cid D., Krivonosova I., Vinkel P., Koitmae A. (2018) How Much Does an e-Vote Cost? Cost Comparison per Vote in Multichannel Elections in Estonia. In: Krimmer R. et al. (eds) Electronic Voting. E-Vote-ID 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 11143. Springer, Cham.

1938:, the character played by Williams—a comedic host of political talk show—wins the election for President of the United States when a software error in the electronic voting machines produced by the fictional manufacturer Delacroy causes votes to be tallied inaccurately. 962:

and auditability, electronic voting has been criticized as unnecessary and expensive to introduce. While countries like India continue to use electronic voting, several countries have cancelled e-voting systems or decided against a large-scale rollout, notably the

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and other organizations, election officials also took steps to harden voting systems against potential cyberattacks. This included training election officials, sharing threat intelligence, and establishing secure systems for vote transmission and counting.

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technique, and thus even sealing DRE machines may not be sufficient protection. This claim is countered by the position that review and testing procedures can detect fraudulent code or hardware, if such things are present, and that a thorough, verifiable

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is to produce evidence that the votes were recorded as cast and tabulated as recorded. Election results produced by voting systems that rely on voter-marked paper ballots can be verified with manual hand counts (either valid sampling or full recounts).

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Online voting is widely used privately for shareholder votes, and other private organizations. The election management companies do not promise accuracy or privacy. In fact one company uses an individual's past votes for research, and to target ads.

1016: 927:. Cases were reported at the time of machines making unpredictable, inconsistent errors. The expert consensus centered on three primary solutions: the openness of a system to public examination from outside experts, the creation of an authenticable 4474: 920:," he said, and "software used on DRE machines must be open to public scrutiny" to ensure the accuracy of the voting system. Verifiable ballots are necessary because computers can and do malfunction and because voting machines can be compromised. 1759:

subsequent recounts or challenges, the paper, not the electronic ballot, would be used for tabulation. Whenever a paper record serves as the legal ballot, that system will be subject to the same benefits and concerns as any paper ballot system.

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Expenses for the installation of an electronic voting system are high. For some governments they may be too high so that they do not invest. This aspect is even more important if it is not sure whether electronic voting is a long-term solution.

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can provide the voter with a receipt that can be taken home. This receipt does not allow voters to prove to others how they voted, but it does allow them to verify that the system detected their vote correctly. End-to-end (E2E) systems include

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In 2013, researchers from Europe proposed that the electronic voting systems should be coercion evident. There should be a public evidence of the amount of coercion that took place in a particular elections. An internet voting system called

1223:(EVM) for its elections to its parliament with 380 million voters casting their ballots using more than one million voting machines. The Indian EVMs are designed and developed by two government-owned defence equipment manufacturing units, 1248:

election day, or as one batch at the close of voting. Public network DRE voting system can utilize either precinct count or central count method. The central count method tabulates ballots from multiple precincts at a central location.

2202: 1013: 1471: 1514:), electronic ballots can be programmed to provide ballots in multiple languages for a single machine. The advantage with respect to ballots in different languages appears to be unique to electronic voting. For example, 727:

A worthy e-voting system must perform most of these tasks while complying with a set of standards established by regulatory bodies, and must also be capable to deal successfully with strong requirements associated with

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may be limited to marking a paper ballot, or may be a comprehensive system of vote input, vote recording, data encryption and transmission to servers, and consolidation and tabulation of election results.

4466: 3558:"Secure Internet voting will likely not be feasible in the near future... At the present time, the Internet (or any network connected to the Internet) should not be used for the return of marked ballots" 1973:. Filmed over three years, it documents American citizens investigating anomalies and irregularities with electronic voting systems that occurred during America's 2000 and 2004 elections, especially in 1622:

Nedap-computers used till then did not fulfill that requirement. The decision did not ban electronic voting as such, but requires all essential steps in elections to be subject to public examinability.

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Siddarth, Divya; Ivliev, Sergey; Siri, Santiago; Berman, Paula (13 October 2020). "Who Watches the Watchmen? A Review of Subjective Approaches for Sybil-resistance in Proof of Personhood Protocols".

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estimates that 1 million more ballots were counted in the 2004 US presidential election than in 2000 because electronic voting machines detected votes that paper-based machines would have missed.

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Internet voting can use remote locations (voting from any Internet capable computer) or can use traditional polling locations with voting booths consisting of Internet connected voting systems.

938:(VVPATs). These paper records allow election officials to conduct audits and recounts, significantly enhancing transparency and security. Congress provided $ 380 million in funding through the 5784: 6196: 5093: 1239:(VVPAT) slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which means ECI has to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs before it certifies the final election results. 719:). It may encompass a range of Internet services, from basic transmission of tabulated results to full-function online voting through common connectable household devices. The degree of 2194: 3892: 1747:

Systems that allow the voter to prove how they voted are never used in U.S. public elections, and are outlawed by most state constitutions. The primary concerns with this solution are

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each level of government is elected at different times, and only one contest is on each ballot, for the national or regional member of parliament, or for a local council member.

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A paper on “remote electronic voting and turnout in the Estonian 2007 parliamentary elections” showed that rather than eliminating inequalities, e-voting might have enhanced the

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Polling place electronic voting or Internet voting examples have taken place in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Estonia, France, Germany, India, Italy, Namibia, the Netherlands (

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e-voting which is physically supervised by representatives of governmental or independent electoral authorities (e.g. electronic voting machines located at polling stations);

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that a lack of testing, inadequate audit procedures, and insufficient attention given to system or process design with electronic voting leaves "elections open to error and

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Gurchetan S Grewal, Mark D Ryan, Sergiu Bursuc, Peter Y A Ryan. Caveat Coercitor: coercion-evidence in electronic voting. 34th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2013

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Proceedings of Electronic Voting in Europe Technology, Law, Politics and Society. Lecture Notes in Informatics. Workshop of the ESF TED Programme Together with GI and OCG

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found that when using voting machines the "verification of the result must be possible by the citizen reliably and without any specialist knowledge of the subject." The

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Security experts have found security problems in every attempt at online voting, including systems in Australia, Estonia, Switzerland, Russia, and the United States.

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Smartphones are the mainstream for online voting used by the Japanese private sector, but e-voting is not possible due to the law in public office elections in Japan.

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replaced largely punched card voting systems and were chosen after feedback was solicited from the community through town hall meetings and input solicited from the

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Still regarding the Estonian Internet voting system, it was proved to be more cost-efficient than the rest of the voting systems offered in 2017 local elections.

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Halderman, J. Alex, and Vanessa Teague (13 August 2015). "The New South Wales iVote System: Security Failures and Verification Flaws in a Live Online Election".

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have criticized the accessibility of electronic voting machines and advocate alternatives. Some disabled voters (including the visually impaired) could use a

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remote e-voting via the Internet (also called i-voting) where the voter submits his or her vote electronically to the election authorities, from any location.

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published a study showing that, to change the outcome of the 2000 U.S. presidential election, only 2 votes in each precinct would have needed to be changed.

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Di Franco, A., Petro, A., Shear, E., and Vladimirov, V. 2004. Small vote manipulations can swing elections. Commun. ACM 47, 10 (Oct. 2004), 43–45. DOI=

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Poulos, John, et al. "System, method and computer program for vote tabulation with an electronic audit trail." U.S. Patent No. 8,195,505. 5 June 2012.

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Election Assistance Commission, National Institute of Standards and Technology, FBI, Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (11 May 2020).

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expand to allowing candidates to provide proof of personhood by physical attendance, which could lead to trusted clusters that grow into communities.

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claimed that computer security experts at the time were "unanimous on what to do" about concerns regarding electronic voting. "DRE machines must have

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systems debuted. Their first widespread use was in the US where 7 counties switched to this method for the 1964 presidential election. The newer

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by the voter or verified and left with election officials), audio verification, and dual recording or witness systems (other than with paper).

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Jardí-Cedó, Roger; Pujol-Ahulló, Jordi; Castellà-Roca, Jordi; Viejo, Alexandre (2012). "Study on Poll-Site Voting and Verification Systems".

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Internet voting systems have gained popularity and have been used for government and membership organization elections and referendums in

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There are also hybrid systems that include an electronic ballot marking device (usually a touch screen system similar to a DRE) or other

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Federal Efforts to Improve Security and Reliability of Electronic Voting Systems Are Under Way, but Key Activities Need to Be Completed

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Springall, Drew; Finkenauer, Travis; Durumeric, Zakir; Kitcat, Jason; Hursti, Harri; MacAlpine, Margaret; Halderman, Alex (2014),

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Internet Voting and the Equity of Participatory Budgeting Outcomes: A Study of New York City's Participatory Budgeting Initiative

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Several major reforms took place after the 2016 U.S. election, including the widespread adoption of voting machines that produce

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electronic voting is complex and expensive, thus electronic ballots are not guaranteed to be less costly than printed ballots.

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display provided with mechanical or electro-optical components that can be activated by the voter (typically buttons or a

6253: – a review of existing electronic voting systems and its verification systems in supervised environments 6136: 5899: 2631: 4805: 3667:. International Conference on E-Voting and Identity. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9269. pp. 35–53. 2450: 2382:. Retrieved 10 June 2019 from www.academia.edu/35246981/Advantages_and_Disadvantages_of_e-Voting_The_Estonian_Experience 1902: 1895: 1834:

and others demonstrates that existing seals can usually be quickly defeated by a trained person using low-tech methods.

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steps. Potential disadvantages exist as well including the potential for flaws or weakness in any electronic component.

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Lalley, Steven; Weyl, E. Glen (24 December 2017). "Quadratic Voting: How Mechanism Design Can Radicalize Democracy".

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came systems where paper cards or sheets could be marked by hand, but counted electronically. These systems included

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should be publicly available for inspection. Others have also suggested publishing voting machine software under a

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Electronic voting machines are able to provide immediate feedback to the voter detecting such possible problems as

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Douglas W. Jones; Lorrie Faith Cranor; Rebecca T. Mercuri; Peter G. Neumann (2003). A. Gritzalis, Dimitris (ed.).

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Zissis, D.; Lekkas (April 2011). "Securing e-Government and e-Voting with an open cloud computing architecture".

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would promote equal voting opportunities for people across various social, economic, and ethnic backgrounds.

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which collect and tabulate votes in a single machine, are used by all voters in all elections in Brazil and

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Shahaf, Gal; Shapiro, Ehud; Talmon, Nimrod (August 2019). "Sybil-Resilient Reality-Aware Social Choice".

2727:"'Angry and disappointed' voters in three NSW local government areas forced back to the polls on July 30" 923:

Concerns regarding security lapses in aging voting machines came to a head shortly before and during the

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Chaum, David; Peter Y. A. Ryan; Steve Schneider (2005). "A Practical Voter-Verifiable Election Scheme".

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was formed to maintain efforts toward publicly owned General Public License open source voting systems

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system similar to a DRE. Systems including a ballot marking device can incorporate different forms of

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Kremer, Steve; Mark Ryan; Ben Smyth (2010). "Election verifiability in electronic voting protocols".

4406:"Maine system combined with shareholder-style voting could overcome false fraud fears, boost turnout" 2040: 1986: 1452: 1134: 1103: 1099: 1088: 670: 5059: 1779: 1559: 5018: 4589: 1954: 1544: 1435: 1141: 415: 5500: 5239: 2290: 1592: 6288: 6210: 4784: 4386: 4163: 4101: 3783: 3668: 3585: 3317: 3202: 2874: 1803: 1748: 1619: 1534:

A Hart eSlate DRE voting machine with jelly buttons for people with manual dexterity disabilities

1192:); that processes data with computer software; and that records voting data and ballot images in 1157: 1033: 626: 585: 175: 160: 114: 109: 82: 5313:"Pilot Study of the Scantegrity II Voting System Planned for the 2009 Takoma Park City Election" 2148: 1729: 967:, Ireland, Germany and the United Kingdom due to issues in reliability or transparency of EVMs. 3099: 2756: 2195:"Res. 9597 Philippines concerning grid power requirements for various needs including i-voting" 5907: 5671: 5559: 4766: 4762: 4741: 4650: 4378: 4257: 4216: 4155: 3773: 3686: 3643: 3575: 3329: 3325: 3257: 3253: 3192: 2864: 2829: 2592: 2540:"Wichita State mathematician says Kansas voting machines need to be audited to check accuracy" 1966: 1775: 1604: 1511: 729: 595: 575: 514: 463: 344: 296: 230: 145: 124: 119: 36: 5392: 5212: 3155: 2399: 2346: 2327: 1736:

is an add-on that extends current optical scan voting systems with an E2E layer. The city of

6244: 5535: 5380: 4853: 4731: 4527: 4368: 4304: 4247: 4206: 4147: 4093: 3765: 3678: 3567: 3529: 3309: 3184: 2856: 2819: 2270: 2001: 1958: 1823: 1798: 1763: 1685:

A Diebold Election Systems, Inc. model AccuVote-TSx DRE voting machine with VVPAT attachment

1257: 1084: 776: 529: 458: 410: 253: 239: 6167: – a comprehensive list of research relating to technology use in elections 4621:"Retail Shareholder Participation in the Proxy Process: Monitoring, Engagement, and Voting" 3954:. Financial Cryptography 2020 – via International Financial Cryptography Association. 2849: 1416:. On election day itself people have to go to polling stations and fill in a paper ballot. 1071: 6273: 6223: 6191: 5399: 5376: 5269: 5219: 5150:"Ruling of the Second Senate of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, 3 March 2009" 4986: 4968: 4962: 4951: 4938: 4899: 4879: 4860: 4837: 4728:

Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence

3362: 3290: 3100:"SC Directs ECI To Increase VVPAT Verification From One EVM To Five EVMs Per Constituency" 2406: 2396: 2334: 2296: 2086: 2025: 1919:

To this date no Free or Open Source electronic voting systems have been used in elections.

1810: 1694: 1608: 1507: 1193: 959: 663: 653: 580: 563: 499: 425: 379: 77: 6000:

https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/dont-let-proprietary-digital-voting-disrupt-democracy

3250:"Effects of the Internet on Participation: Study of a Public Policy Referendum in Brazil" 2322:

Cook, T. (7 December 2016). How Electronic Voting Works: Pros and Cons vs. paper Voting.

971:

to become less important in future since the number of internet users tends to increase.

5337: 4979: 3248:

Spada, Paolo; Mellon, Jonathan; Peixoto, Tiago; Sjoberg, Fredrik M. (26 February 2015).

1782:

component. The new systems, implemented under the direction of then Secretary of State

1681: 6011: 3816: 2045: 1935: 1843: 1741: 1702: 1667: 1662: 1588: 1404: 1303: 1287: 1181: 1163: 1126: 1107: 1062: 1025: 913: 874: 741: 524: 468: 273: 268: 213: 208: 5866: 3070:"Supreme Court: Count VVPAT slips of 5 booths in each assembly seat | India News" 3007: 2808:"Voting Technology, Political Responsiveness, and Infant Health: Evidence From Brazil" 648: 6282: 6186: 5456: 4390: 4167: 4105: 3758:

Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security

3589: 3321: 1827: 1548: 1434:

Some future possible avenues of inquiries include to investigate more intersectional

1167: 1058: 909: 903: 899: 878: 745: 621: 539: 534: 194: 170: 165: 87: 4252: 4235: 4097: 3756: 3500:"Democracy Live internet voting: unsurprisingly insecure, and surprisingly insecure" 3206: 1474:

ISG TopVoter, a machine designed specifically to be used by voters with disabilities

6170: 4830: 4195:"Reducing the Cost of Voting: An Evaluation of Internet Voting's Effect on Turnout" 3787: 2878: 2669: 2636: 2378:, N. K. (n.d.). Advantages and Disadvantages of e-Voting: The Estonian Experience. 2137: 1946: 1752: 1540: 1439: 1425: 1413: 1130: 760: 616: 600: 548: 439: 430: 405: 185: 150: 5618: 4309: 4292: 1172:

Electronic voting in the United States § Direct-recording electronic counting

793:

Many countries have used electronic voting for at least some elections, including

6037: 2246:

Buchsbaum, T. (2004). "E-voting: International developments and lessons learnt".

1125:

or electronic ballot marker that allows voters to make their selections using an

6261: 5806: 5176:"German Federal Constitutional Court, Press release no. 19/2009 of 3 March 2009" 4558: 4016:"'Sloppy' Mobile Voting App Used in Four States Has 'Elementary' Security Flaws" 3682: 3188: 2096: 2020: 1906:

and stopped because of difficulties or concerns about security and reliability.

1847: 1783: 1733: 1725: 1263: 1189: 1045: 1024:

Electronic voting systems for electorates have been in use since the 1960s when

964: 866: 858: 850: 842: 753: 699: 590: 473: 453: 180: 6248: 5690:

Ron McCallum, 'Participating in Political and Public life' (2011) 32 AltLJ 80.

3980: 3817:"ESTONIA PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS OSCE/ODIHR Election Assessment Mission Report" 1917:), Norway, Peru, Switzerland, the UK, Venezuela, Pakistan and the Philippines. 1231:(ECIL). Both systems are identical, and are developed to the specifications of 6213:

summary of current technology status in the states of the U.S., as of May 2008

4373: 4356: 4276: 4211: 4194: 4151: 3407: 3126:"When the SC Says No for Software Audit Review of EVMs & VVPAT at Present" 2860: 2274: 2125: 2035: 838: 802: 720: 448: 316: 140: 100: 5911: 5522: 4736: 4382: 4261: 4220: 4159: 3946: 3752: 2833: 1872:, which are conducted on the Election Day with randomly picked machines. The 17: 5836: 4357:"Does the Introduction of Online Voting Create Diversity in Representation?" 3769: 3181:

Fifteen Years of Internet Voting in Switzerland: History, Governance and Use

2172: 2153: 1721: 1580: 1145: 1041: 798: 794: 96: 4872: 3305: 3249: 1279:

processes, including in Brazil, France, United States, Portugal and Spain.

5581:"Here's What Vendors Say It Would Cost To Replace Georgia's Voting System" 5417:"Nedap/Groenendaal ES3B voting computer a security analysis (chapter 7.1)" 4892: 4405: 4234:

Petitpas, Adrien; Jaquet, Julien M.; Sciarini, Pascal (12 November 2020).

1530: 1438:

systems that aren't directly blockchain-based. For example, extending the

4849: 3313: 2108: 2058: 1962:

who defeated the security on the city's newly installed e-voting system.

1584: 870: 846: 733: 349: 4702:"Liberal Radicalism: Can Quadratic Voting Be the Perfect Voting System?" 4134:

Alvarez, R. Michael; Hall, Thad E.; Trechsel, Alexander H. (July 2009).

2855:. Advances in Information Security. Vol. 7. Springer New York, NY. 1830:

are commonly employed in an attempt to detect tampering, but testing by

709:

Depending on the particular implementation, e-voting may use standalone

4939:

Protecting the Integrity and Accessibility of Voting in 2004 and Beyond

4437:"Standing Voting Instructions: Empowering the Excluded Retail Investor" 2080: 1982: 1295: 1272: 1137:. In 2004, Open Voting Consortium demonstrated the 'Dechert Design', a 1076: 947:

machine malfunction by enabling verification through physical ballots.

822: 806: 737: 2824: 2807: 1470: 1207: 51: 6266: 6205: 5750:"e-Democracy entrepreneur: 'Online voting will boom in coming years'" 5369: 5094:"ORG Election Report highlights problems with voting technology used" 3618:"RISK MANAGEMENT FOR ELECTRONIC BALLOT DELIVERY, MARKING, AND RETURN" 3465: 3435: 3376: 2613:"Protecting the 2016 Elections from Cyber and Voting Machine Attacks" 2455: 1591:. This immediate feedback can be helpful in successfully determining 1185: 1095: 854: 818: 814: 810: 772: 703: 695: 68: 43: 5076:

ESORICS'10: 15th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security

5047:

ESORICS'05: 10th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security

768: 6103:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

5642:"Pennsylvania Counties' New Voting Systems Selections: An Analysis" 4789: 3948:

Breaking the Encryption Scheme of the Moscow Internet Voting System

3673: 3571: 2989: 1067:

Electronic voting in the United States § Optical scan counting

1044:

and the United States. They have been used on a large scale in the

5005: 3885:"Researchers Find Critical Backdoor in Swiss Online Voting System" 2777:"Re-evaluation of the Use of Electronic Voting in the Netherlands" 2119: 2092: 1797: 1680: 1529: 1469: 1262: 1206: 1070: 1020:

Counting ballots by an optical scanner, San Jose, California, 2018

1006: 862: 834: 830: 826: 4136:"Internet Voting in Comparative Perspective: The Case of Estonia" 1643:" shows how coercion evidence in voting systems can be achieved. 904:

Vote counting § Errors in direct-recording electronic voting

6228: 5536:"Georgia State Election Technology Acquisition, A Reality Check" 4291:

Krimmer, Robert; Duenas-Cid, David; Krivonosova, Iuliia (2020).

3466:"Decide.Madrid.es Online Participatory Budgeting – Participedia" 3306:"e-Participatory Budgeting: e-Democracy from Theory to Success?" 3160:. Federal Election Commission, U.S. of America. 2002. p. 12 6179: 5939:"Venezuela's Election System Holds Up As A Model For The World" 4806:"Proposal for a Decentralized Unique Identity Seeding Protocol" 4619:

Brav, Alon, Matthew D. Cain, Jonathon Zytnick (November 2019).

2288:

Stott, Michael; Pooler, Michael; Harris, Bryan (22 June 2023).

6067: 5403: 5004:

Juels, Ari; Dario Catalano; Markus Jakobsson (November 2002).

4873:

Electronic Voting Offers Opportunities and Presents Challenges

3858:

Princeton University, Center for Information Technology Policy

1970: 6174: 5900:"Why electronic voting isn't secure – but may be safe enough" 4916: 3945:

Gaudry, Pierrick, and Alexander Golovnev (10 February 2020).

3040:"Aam Aadmi Party "proved" in voting machines in the assembly" 2451:"Security Analysis of the Diebold AccuVote-TS Voting Machine" 2347:"How Electronic Voting Works: Pros and Cons vs. Paper Voting" 1311:

Cost range per ballot (in euro) for the 2017 local elections

5724:

e-lected blog (a view on electronic voting around the world)

4355:

Wigginton, Michael J; Stockemer, Daniel (31 December 2021).

3436:"Participatory Budgeting in Lisbon, Portugal – Participedia" 4497:"NAACP Statement on the NAACP NC State Conference Election" 1826:

would prevent the insertion of such hardware or software.

3753:"Security Analysis of the Estonian Internet Voting System" 2328:

https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/how-electronic-voting-works/

1204:

recording electronic voting system, up from 7.7% in 1996.

782:

In general, two main types of e-voting can be identified:

715:(also called EVM) or computers connected to the Internet ( 5640:

Deluzio, Christopher, Kevin Skoglund (28 February 2020).

3377:"Participatory Budgeting in Paris, France – Participedia" 1168:

Vote counting § Direct-recording electronic counting

756:

and ecological sustainability trustworthiness inclusive.

702:

means to either aid or take care of casting and counting

6160:

An Electronic Voting Case Study in KCA University, Kenya

6146: 5213:

Caveat Coercitor: coercion-evidence in electronic voting

4079:"Internet voting and turnout: Evidence from Switzerland" 767:

and specialized voting kiosks (including self-contained

6141: 6092: 6087:

may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines

4050:"Can Internet voting increase political participation?" 1164:

Voting machine § Direct-recording electronic (DRE)

6180:

How do we vote in India with Electronic Voting machine

5969:"US, EU hail democratic milestone of Philippine polls" 5807:"BBC NEWS | Europe | Estonia forges ahead with e-vote" 4467:"Election Management Software Market Impressive Gains" 2757:

EFFECTIVE USE OF COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY IN VOTE-TALLYING

2482:

Norden, Lawrence; Codrington, Wilfred (8 March 2018).

2291:"The discreet US campaign to defend Brazil's election" 1032:

allow a computer to count a voter's mark on a ballot.

1868:

One method to detect errors with voting machines is

4891:

Government Accountability Office (September 2005) "

4671:"Proxy Services for Mutual Funds and ETF Providers" 4326:"How Estonia's E-Voting System Could Be The Future" 4057:

Centre for the Study of Imperfection in Democracies

3560:National Academies of Sciences (6 September 2018). 2105:(formerly Diebold Election Systems) (United States) 1762:To successfully audit any voting machine, a strict 1603:It has been alleged by groups such as the UK-based 931:of votes cast, and a chain of custody for records. 2848: 2289: 2217:"Switzerland's new legislation on internet voting" 3916:"Russia's Blockchain Voting Turned Into A Fiasco" 1049:healthcare, particularly beneficial to the poor. 5534:Perez, Edward, and Gregory Miller (March 2019). 4831:https://patents.google.com/patent/US8195505B2/en 4236:"Does E-Voting matter for turnout, and to whom?" 3563:Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy 2962:"A Short History of Voting in the United States" 2375: 1809:Inadequately secured hardware can be subject to 1674:A discussion draft argued by researchers at the 1371:Election day voting in ordinary polling stations 1294:municipal elections in the Canadian province of 1098:originated as a system where votes are cast and 5781:"A Comparative Assessment of Electronic Voting" 2510:"What's Wrong With Electronic Voting Machines?" 2484:"America's Voting Machines at Risk – An Update" 1885:studies in Georgia, New York and Pennsylvania. 1152:Direct-recording electronic (DRE) voting system 771:, or DRE). It can also involve transmission of 6151:National Institute of Standards and Technology 4286: 4284: 4193:Goodman, Nicole; Stokes, Leah C. (July 2020). 2990:"Direct Recording Electronic information page" 2697:"Number of internet users worldwide 2005-2018" 1676:National Institute of Standards and Technology 1144:paper ballot printing system with open source 1063:Voting machine § Optical scan (marksense) 6165:The Election Technology Library research list 6137:Electronic Vote around the World – Smartmatic 5471:"The Problem with Electronic Voting Machines" 5222:, 2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy 5178:. Bundesverfassungsgericht.de. Archived from 5152:. Bundesverfassungsgericht.de. Archived from 4992:International Foundation for Election Systems 4871:Government Accountability Office (May 2004) " 2665:"Should Britain introduce electronic voting?" 2400:What’s wrong with electronic voting machines? 671: 8: 5720:"E-voting scores another triumph in Belgium" 5693:"Participating in Political and Public Life" 5676:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5564:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5449:"Defeating Existing Tamper-Indicating Seals" 4655:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4077:Germann, Micha; Serdült, Uwe (1 June 2017). 3964:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3705:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3648:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3493: 3491: 900:Vote counting § Errors in optical scans 5497:"The electronic voting and counting system" 4277:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00419-4_8 1338:Advance voting in ordinary polling stations 380:Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian) 5523:http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1022594.1022621 5370:‘Paper trail’ voting system used in Nevada 3412:(MA thesis). City University of New York. 2570:"Election Audits Across the United States" 1628:California Association of Voting Officials 1102:, using paper ballots. With the advent of 1059:Vote counting § Optical scan counting 769:direct-recording electronic voting systems 678: 664: 569: 493: 399: 345:Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer) 283:Proportional and semi-proportional systems 235: 64: 31: 6123:Learn how and when to remove this message 5058: 5017: 5006:"Coercion-Resistant Electronic Elections" 4788: 4735: 4372: 4308: 4251: 4210: 3672: 2940:"2005 Voluntary Voting System Guidelines" 2823: 759:Electronic voting technology can include 6195:) is being considered for deletion. See 6038:"Infantry Archive, 'The Collective Era'" 2000:resulted from the global institution of 1309: 1229:Electronics Corporation of India Limited 925:2016 United States presidential election 4628:European Corporate Governance Institute 4590:"Online Service Terms & Conditions" 4066:from the original on 18 September 2016. 2906:"Voting machine gets LinuxWorld tryout" 2420:"An Incredibly Insecure Voting Machine" 2164: 1713:and other countries such as Venezuela. 1616:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany 940:Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2018 608: 547: 438: 324: 281: 238: 193: 132: 95: 67: 42: 5669: 5557: 5499:. Elections.act.gov.au. Archived from 4648: 4026:from the original on 20 September 2020 3957: 3722:"How NOT to Assess an E-voting System" 3698: 3641: 3358: 3347: 3286: 3275: 2996:from the original on 14 November 2007. 2590: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2183:from the original on 11 February 2017. 1969:" is a 2006 documentary film shown on 6018:from the original on 29 November 2020 5949:from the original on 14 February 2017 5867:"Know Your Electronic Voting Machine" 5847:from the original on 11 February 2017 5787:from the original on 14 February 2017 5760:from the original on 19 November 2016 5730:from the original on 14 February 2017 5591:from the original on 28 February 2020 5293:from the original on 14 February 2017 5199: 5197: 5096:. Openrightsgroup.org. Archived from 4778: 4776: 4336:from the original on 19 November 2020 4043: 4041: 3895:from the original on 2 September 2020 3050:from the original on 22 December 2017 3008:"Know Your Electronic Voting Machine" 2787:from the original on 25 February 2021 2357:from the original on 17 November 2020 1671:that votes were tabulated correctly. 1484:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1408:can vote from anywhere in the world. 1360:Election day voting in county centres 7: 5477:from the original on 8 February 2010 5336:Hardesty, Larry (13 November 2009). 4681:from the original on 31 January 2021 4637:from the original on 18 October 2020 4600:from the original on 18 October 2020 4507:from the original on 29 January 2022 4447:from the original on 18 October 2020 4416:from the original on 31 October 2020 4199:British Journal of Political Science 4140:PS: Political Science & Politics 4115:from the original on 18 October 2020 3995:from the original on 19 October 2020 3926:from the original on 19 October 2020 3833:from the original on 16 January 2021 3510:from the original on 19 January 2021 3416:from the original on 7 December 2020 3387:from the original on 12 January 2021 3304:Peixoto, Tiago (25 September 2008). 2737:from the original on 27 January 2023 2677:from the original on 8 December 2015 2644:from the original on 8 December 2015 2632:"Why electronic voting isn't secure" 2550:from the original on 3 December 2015 2520:from the original on 8 December 2015 2463:from the original on 8 December 2015 2430:from the original on 8 December 2015 2076:Electronics Corporation of India Ltd 1846:, have demanded that voting machine 1543:, foot pedals, joy sticks and other 1412:can only be cast during the days of 1180:A direct-recording electronic (DRE) 1053:Paper-based electronic voting system 952:U.S. Department of Homeland Security 27:Type of voting by election mechanism 6048:from the original on 3 January 2017 6012:"January Magazine, "The Fix Is In"" 5699:from the original on 6 January 2016 5429:from the original on 7 January 2010 4559:"Terms of Use & Linking Policy" 4528:"Terms of Use & Privacy Policy" 3979:Anderson, Ross (21 February 2020). 3797:from the original on 12 August 2017 2936:U.S. Election Assistance Commission 2885:from the original on 16 August 2022 1981:and culminates in the hacking of a 1813:. Some critics, such as the group " 1778:touchscreen DREs equipped with the 1717:End-to-end auditable voting systems 1657:End-to-end auditable voting systems 1199:In 2002, in the United States, the 986:2023 New South Wales state election 979:New South Wales 2021 iVote failures 918:voter-verifiable paper audit trails 5981:from the original on 10 March 2016 5817:from the original on 17 March 2017 4174:from the original on 12 March 2021 3854:"How to Assess an E-voting System" 3476:from the original on 12 March 2021 3446:from the original on 12 March 2021 3336:from the original on 12 March 2021 3264:from the original on 12 March 2021 3106:from the original on 10 April 2019 2391:Schneier, Bruce (September 2004), 1512:National Voting Rights Act of 1965 1502:Electronic voting systems may use 775:and votes via telephones, private 240:Plurality and majoritarian systems 25: 6199:to help reach a consensus. › 5918:from the original on 8 March 2017 5546:from the original on 30 July 2020 5351:from the original on 19 July 2011 5026:from the original on 7 April 2014 4569:from the original on 9 March 2021 4538:from the original on 15 June 2020 4477:from the original on 29 June 2022 4003:– via Newcastle University. 3630:from the original on 10 July 2020 3596:from the original on 9 March 2021 3540:from the original on 23 July 2020 3080:from the original on 9 April 2019 2707:from the original on 3 March 2021 2577:US Election Assistance Commission 2449:Feldman, Halterman & Felten. 2205:from the original on 2 July 2013. 1915:Rijnland Internet Election System 1815:Wij vertrouwen stemcomputers niet 1661:A fundamental challenge with any 936:voter-verified paper audit trails 350:Scorporo (negative vote transfer) 6072: 5974:ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs 5879:from the original on 5 June 2011 5393:Nevada improves odds with e-vote 4048:Bochsler, Daniel (26 May 2010). 4014:Zetter, Kim (13 February 2020). 3864:from the original on 8 July 2022 3732:from the original on 8 July 2022 3720:Teague, Vanessa (28 June 2022). 3136:from the original on 29 May 2019 3020:from the original on 5 June 2011 2986:U.S. Federal Election Commission 2916:from the original on 2 July 2021 2263:Government Information Quarterly 2016:Certification of voting machines 1894:This section is an excerpt from 1864:Certification of voting machines 1744:for its November 2009 election. 1699:Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail 1653:Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail 1491:Government Accountability Office 1457:voter verified paper audit trail 1327:Advance voting in county centres 1243:Public network DRE voting system 1237:voter-verified paper audit trail 647: 50: 5898:Kobie, Nicole (30 March 2015). 4804:Howitt, Aleeza (5 March 2019). 4253:10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102245 4098:10.1016/j.electstud.2017.03.001 2904:Gage, Deborah (2 August 2008). 2663:Hern, Alex (26 February 2015). 2630:Kobie, Nicole (30 March 2015). 2053:Electronic voting manufacturers 1040:, and also on a large scale in 6142:Election Assistance Commission 5283:"E-voting Audits in Venezuela" 5281:apleasant (25 November 2013). 3852:Appel, Andrew (27 June 2022). 2326:. Retrieved 10 June 2019 from 1955:San Francisco Mayoral election 1949:, a surprising showing by the 1711:elections in the United States 1349:Early voting in county centres 958:In addition to concerns about 355:Mixed ballot transferable vote 1: 5338:"Cryptographic voting debuts" 4700:Nebulas (21 September 2018). 4310:10.1080/09540962.2020.1732027 4297:Public Money & Management 3883:Zetter, Kim (12 March 2019). 3498:Appel, Andrew (8 June 2020). 2781:National Democratic Institute 2762:11 February 2016 at Wikiwix. 6267:VoteBox(tm) UK Online Voting 5611:"NYVV - Paper Ballots Costs" 4848:Friel, Brian (November 2006) 4404:Weil, Gordon (4 July 2020). 1992:The central conflict in the 1903:Electronic voting by country 1896:Electronic voting by country 1233:Election Commission of India 1184:records votes by means of a 1121:These systems can include a 632:End-to-end verifiable voting 292:Single non-transferable vote 5585:Georgia Public Broadcasting 5453:Argonne National Laboratory 5233:"Draft white paper on VVPR" 4944:People for the American Way 3981:"Electronic voting systems" 3683:10.1007/978-3-319-22270-7_3 3406:Saad, Rodrigo (June 2020). 3189:10.1109/ICEDEG.2015.7114487 1832:Argonne National Laboratory 1788:Nevada Gaming Control Board 1030:optical scan voting systems 942:under the framework of the 765:optical scan voting systems 490:Voting patterns and effects 6310: 6249:10.1016/j.cose.2012.08.001 6217:Internet Voting in Estonia 5937:Forum, Forbes Leadership. 4532:www.electionservicesco.com 3179:Serdült, U. (April 2015). 3130:Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS 2960:Kids Voting Central Ohio. 2597:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 2488:Brennan Center for Justice 2103:Premier Election Solutions 2064:Bharat Electronics Limited 1893: 1861: 1842:Security experts, such as 1650: 1566:Cryptographic verification 1556:Verified Voting Foundation 1554:Organizations such as the 1423: 1255: 1225:Bharat Electronics Limited 1221:Electronic Voting Machines 1213:electronic voting machines 1176:Electronic voting in India 1161: 1155: 1116:digital pen voting systems 1096:Paper-based voting systems 1056: 1000: 997:Electronic voting machines 950:In collaboration with the 897: 712:electronic voting machines 312:Single transferable voting 249:First-past-the-post voting 6202:Electronic Voting Systems 5010:Cryptology ePrint Archive 4374:10.1177/14789299211064450 4212:10.1017/S0007123417000849 4152:10.1017/S1049096509090787 2861:10.1007/978-1-4615-0239-5 2806:Fujiwara, Thomas (2015). 2275:10.1016/j.giq.2010.05.010 1858:Testing and certification 1854:as is done in Australia. 1774:included more than 2,600 1547:to provide the necessary 1003:Electronic voting machine 894:Concerns and improvements 505:Voting advice application 335:Mixed-member proportional 264:Plurality-at-large voting 6237:Computers & Security 6229:Progetto Salento eVoting 6222:19 November 2020 at the 6197:templates for discussion 5718:E-lected (28 May 2014). 5649:University of Pittsburgh 4950:12 December 2004 at the 4361:Political Studies Review 3157:Voting Systems Standards 2851:Secure Electronic Voting 2333:17 November 2020 at the 1979:Diebold Election Systems 1819:man in the middle attack 1256:Not to be confused with 736:, integrity, swiftness, 706:including voting time. 370:Rural–urban proportional 365:Dual-member proportional 340:Additional member system 6272:25 October 2017 at the 6262:Systems Behind E-Voting 6149: – the 6014:. Januarymagazine.com. 5375:22 October 2020 at the 5268:2 February 2007 at the 3770:10.1145/2660267.2660315 2070:Dominion Voting Systems 1975:Volusia County, Florida 1516:King County, Washington 1482:Charles Stewart of the 1277:participatory budgeting 1219:In 2004, India adopted 1211:VVPAT used with Indian 1127:electronic input device 1091:, United States in 2010 5837:"i-Voting - e-Estonia" 4985:29 August 2012 at the 4967:10 August 2007 at the 4850:Let The Recounts Begin 4836:8 October 2019 at the 4737:10.24963/ijcai.2019/81 4525:Election Services Co. 3357:Cite journal requires 3285:Cite journal requires 2544:Topeka Capital-Journal 2114:Sequoia Voting Systems 2005:to dominate politics. 1806: 1772:Sequoia Voting Systems 1686: 1587:which may result in a 1535: 1475: 1268: 1216: 1139:General Public License 1092: 1021: 908:In a 2004 article for 520:Passive electioneering 421:Straight-ticket voting 6154:Help America Vote Act 4594:www.computershare.com 3665:E-Voting and Identity 2031:Electronic referendum 1852:free software license 1801: 1738:Takoma Park, Maryland 1697:, the creator of the 1684: 1651:Further information: 1533: 1489:In May 2004 the U.S. 1473: 1266: 1210: 1201:Help America Vote Act 1162:Further information: 1123:ballot marking device 1104:electronic tabulation 1074: 1057:Further information: 1019: 944:Help America Vote Act 898:Further information: 375:Majority bonus system 360:Alternative Vote Plus 259:Instant-runoff voting 6171:E-Voting information 6093:improve this article 5398:3 March 2016 at the 5218:3 March 2016 at the 4859:19 June 2005 at the 4503:. 17 December 2021. 4441:Minnesota Law Review 4435:Fisch, Jill (2017). 3764:, pp. 703–715, 3726:Princeton University 3504:Princeton University 3472:. 23 February 2016. 3314:10.2139/ssrn.1273554 3183:. pp. 126–132. 2974:on 23 December 2010. 2783:. 25 November 2013. 2755:Saltman, Roy (NBS), 2619:. 13 September 2016. 2514:Schneier on Security 2424:Schneier on Security 2353:. 14 November 2019. 2221:electoralpractice.ch 2041:Vote counting system 1987:Leon County, Florida 1453:assistive technology 1135:assistive technology 1089:Johnson County, Iowa 326:Mixed-member systems 6105:footnote references 5813:. 14 October 2005. 5779:Canada, Elections. 5621:on 28 February 2020 5503:on 18 February 2011 5245:on 28 November 2009 5100:on 24 February 2009 4980:"Ballot Templates." 4919:on 20 November 2015 4410:Penobscot Bay Pilot 2949:on 7 February 2008. 2405:22 May 2008 at the 2395:9 June 2007 at the 1985:election system in 1545:adaptive technology 1436:proof of personhood 1312: 1215:in Indian Elections 1108:punched card voting 1034:DRE voting machines 912:, security analyst 654:Politics portal 416:Split-ticket voting 5459:on 7 October 2008. 4989:(tactile ballots) 4898:2016-02-09 at the 4878:2016-03-03 at the 4675:www.broadridge.com 4563:www.broadridge.com 3383:. 3 January 2014. 3074:The Times of India 1945:, a 2007 novel by 1924:In popular culture 1889:Adoption worldwide 1811:physical tampering 1807: 1804:DRE voting machine 1749:voter intimidation 1687: 1536: 1506:to store votes in 1498:Electronic ballots 1476: 1310: 1269: 1217: 1158:DRE voting machine 1093: 1075:A cart holding an 1022: 750:cost-effectiveness 627:Voter registration 586:Voter intimidation 110:Write-in candidate 83:Provisional ballot 6294:Electronic voting 6133: 6132: 6125: 5579:Fowler, Stephen. 5124:Open Rights Group 4747:978-0-9992411-4-1 4240:Electoral Studies 4086:Electoral Studies 3692:978-3-319-22269-1 3581:978-0-309-47647-8 3530:"Internet Voting" 3308:. Rochester, NY. 3252:. Rochester, NY. 3198:978-3-9075-8910-6 2870:978-1-4613-4981-5 2825:10.3982/ecta11520 2508:Schneier, Bruce. 2418:Schneier, Bruce. 1967:Hacking Democracy 1928:In the 2006 film 1634:Coercion evidence 1605:Open Rights Group 1504:electronic ballot 1392: 1391: 1194:memory components 1017: 777:computer networks 692:Electronic voting 688: 687: 639: 638: 596:Voter suppression 576:Ballot harvesting 554: 553: 515:Paradox of voting 481: 480: 464:None of the above 396:Voting strategies 387: 386: 297:Cumulative voting 231:Electoral systems 221: 220: 156:Electronic voting 146:Compulsory voting 16:(Redirected from 6301: 6252: 6128: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6108: 6076: 6075: 6068: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6042:freeinfantry.com 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6008: 6002: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5878: 5871: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5675: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5657: 5651:. 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To be truly 1695:Rebecca Mercuri 1659: 1649: 1636: 1601: 1577: 1568: 1528: 1508:computer memory 1500: 1468: 1449: 1428: 1422: 1382:Internet voting 1261: 1254: 1245: 1178: 1160: 1154: 1100:counted by hand 1069: 1055: 1007: 1005: 999: 994: 992:Types of system 981: 960:electoral fraud 906: 896: 887: 690: 684: 646: 641: 640: 581:Ballot stuffing 567: 564:Electoral fraud 556: 555: 500:Coattail effect 491: 483: 482: 426:Tactical voting 397: 389: 388: 302:Binomial system 233: 223: 222: 101:Ballot measures 78:Absentee ballot 62: 37:Politics series 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6307: 6305: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6232: 6226: 6214: 6208: 6184: 6182: 6177: 6168: 6162: 6157: 6144: 6139: 6131: 6130: 6085:external links 6080: 6078: 6071: 6065: 6064:External links 6062: 6060: 6059: 6029: 6003: 5992: 5960: 5929: 5890: 5858: 5828: 5811:news.bbc.co.uk 5798: 5771: 5741: 5710: 5683: 5632: 5602: 5571: 5540:OSET Institute 5526: 5514: 5488: 5462: 5440: 5408: 5385: 5362: 5328: 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2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1897: 1888: 1886: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1800: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1767: 1766:is required. 1765: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1672: 1669: 1664: 1658: 1654: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1626:In 2013, The 1624: 1621: 1617: 1614:In 2009, the 1612: 1610: 1606: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1574: 1572: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1549:accessibility 1546: 1542: 1532: 1526:Accessibility 1525: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1480: 1472: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1420:Sybil attacks 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770: 766: 762: 761:punched cards 757: 755: 751: 747: 746:accessibility 743: 739: 735: 731: 725: 722: 718: 717:online voting 714: 713: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 681: 676: 674: 669: 667: 662: 661: 659: 658: 655: 650: 645: 644: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 622:Secret ballot 620: 618: 615: 614: 613: 612: 607: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 573: 572: 571: 565: 560: 559: 550: 549:Protest votes 546: 541: 540:Voter turnout 538: 536: 535:Voter fatigue 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 497: 496: 495: 487: 486: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 445: 444: 441: 440:Protest votes 437: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 411:Fusion voting 409: 407: 404: 403: 402: 401: 393: 392: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 332: 331: 330: 327: 323: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 288: 287: 284: 280: 275: 272: 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