664:
New Power, which supports informal leadership and radical transparency, conducive for large amounts of participation by people on social media. Previously, the dominant form of old power limited participation in movements and leadership to a small group. Rapid mobilization helps people overcome pluralistic ignorance, where individuals believe that they are the only person with a particular view. Instead, the online networked sphere helps reveal otherwise preferences to each other in order to discover common ground. The increased visibility of a movement on the internet supports a sense of camaraderie, setting and maintaining a cause, even if it is otherwise decentralized. Social media can overcome pluralistic ignorance, which is the belief that your opinions are not shared by others, when in reality, they tend to be. The online world enables the synchronization of opinions across disparate geographies, creating new norms of behavior and belief through regular repetition and affirmation of messages. In the political sphere, active online groups increase political participation by providing a framework for discussion, leading petitions, and collecting donations in order to further a political agenda. This alignment of values has often results in the potential to organize, such as fund raising in the ALS Ice Bucket
Challenge that raised $ 100 million in just 30 days.
677:“Yes, Marcos is gay. Marcos is gay in San Francisco, black in South Africa, an Asian in Europe, a Chicano in San Ysidro, an anarchist in Spain, a Palestinian in Israel, a Mayan Indian in the streets of San Cristobal, a Jew in Germany, a Gypsy in Poland, a Mohawk in Quebec, a pacifist in Bosnia, a single woman on the subway at 10pm, a peasant without land, a gang member in the slums, an unemployed worker, an unhappy student and, of course, a Zapatista in the mountains. Marcos is all the exploited, marginalised, oppressed minorities resisting and saying 'Enough.' He is every minority who is now beginning to speak, and every majority that must shut up and listen. He is every untolerated group searching for a way to speak. Everything that makes power and the good consciences of those in power uncomfortable—this is Marcos.” -Subcommandant Marcos, from Social Justice E-Zine #27
728:’s relative limited scope of change, especially in Egypt. Zeynep draws a comparison between social media and Sherpas. Previously, climbing Mount Everest was a challenging task. However, with Sherpas, more people were capable of doing so, and this led to a spike in mountaineering tourism. These individuals remained unprepared for the reality of scaling the mountain, resulting in a spike in deaths. Similarly, social media has enabled more social movements to spread and enter the public sphere. However, there has not been long-term training and building of network internalities which is necessary to sustain these movements. The Civil Rights Movement had undergone strenuous planning and organisation, which has resulted in leaders who were able to represent the cause, such as Martin Luther King. In contrast, online social movements tend to be more short-lived. For instance,
668:
gather an online following around the world through the Tumblr blog, titled “We are the 99%”. The function of being able to post on a shared website supported the gathering of different narratives, unifying people. In fact, online social movements epitomizes the notion of “many yeses, one no”. This motto highlights how the online world brings together diverse voices against something they all feel strongly about by acting as integrating screens since people use these devices to connect with others, rather than to isolate themselves. In many ways, social media has created networks conducive for unification across different identities, supporting intersectional approaches to fighting injustice. People can inform themselves on the most equitable practices and gain insight on how best to accommodate everyone while fighting for a particular issue. For instance, the
697:, which explains the relative lack of censorship online. Zuckerman posits that the web is used primarily for innocuous purposes, such as connecting with families and friends and posting pictures of cats. While the affordances that social media provides activists nurtures a community that engages in political criticism, these activists are able to hide behind the largely mundane uses of the internet and cause censorship by governments to appear especially draconian. For instance, the Twitter ban in Turkey by Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan who intended to “wipe out” the social media platform was met with furious outrage from the population, experts and the global community. Similarly when ex-Tunisian President Ben Ali attempted to ban Facebook in 2010, his move backfired because so many Tunisians used Facebook to connect with family, friends and acquaintances.
246:
635:#MMIW Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women was created over ten years ago by the Sisters in Spirit group and Native Women's Association in Canada, where research began towards the violence against Indigenous women. This campaign has moved into the United States and has become a worldwide movement for Indigenous cultures. A majority of the movement and gatherings are led by those personally impacted by a missing or murdered indigenous woman in their lives. In 2014, Holly Jarret started the social media campaign with the #MMIW hashtag along with #ImNotNext, #NativeLivesMatter, #AmInext in a twitter campaign to bring attention to the Canadian Prime Minister to create an inquiry to MMIW where it was later acknowledged.
783:
to the essence of these social movements. The prevalence of these platforms also allows for an easier way to market, while simultaneously reaching a wider range of audience. While many more social media tools are available today and as a result granted faster and easier preparation of a movement, it is up to debate whether this change has been good for the success of current movements. It is essential to continue to monitor this shift in culture in social movements and understand the advantages and drawbacks of having access to social media as a means to advance a movement. With the continued rapid evolution of the internet, the future of online movements is hard to predict.
63:
of the ruling class. On May 10, 1768, Wilkes’ supporters and the king’s soldiers at St. George’s field began fighting, resulting in about six to eleven protesters dead. This event sparked speculation about where sovereignty lies. The rise of the Wilkes movement marked the beginning of a new phase in
British politics where the notion of popular sovereignty became dominant. Wilkes and his followers consistently challenged the leading authority through actions taken outside of parliament and on the basis of contesting laws. They created something that was so new that it laid the groundwork for political struggles to come: social movements.
770:
but ultimately, through their very functionality, encourage organizational centralization and fragmentation in social movements". The proprietary nature of the design of platforms, such as
Facebook pages, possibly fails to provide movements with the necessary instruments in a shared democratic management of their resources. Moreover, the inability to manage Facebook pages and groups according to commonly agreed values promotes vertical power structures within movements, contributing to a controversial management of Facebook pages and to internal divisions that significantly hinder the potential of protest.
157:
backgrounds to create social movements that are widespread and global. Collective identity can be emphasized through this gathering of geographically disparate people and the diffusion of a common narrative. For instance, Twitter hashtags, Facebook pages and Tumblr blogs have all played roles in organizing protests all around the world, with nearly 100,000 different hashtags related to the movement. There is also potential for cross-movement influence, where the Occupy
Movement that begun in the United States enabled the sharing of ideas with the Occupy Gezi protests in Turkey through digital exchange.
789:, a community builder and researcher in decision-making, believes that the biggest trend concerning online communities is the formation of private online communities. While these large networks that we encounter and use on a daily basis have provided us with a productive and collaborative experience, they have also increased to unmanageable sizes. To become a learning environment, these groups need to be much smaller and manageable, which reflects DiMauro's belief. This is where the idea and trend of private online communities could potentially be the future of online communities.
203:
793:
offline engagements, social media organizations have begun to find new avenues for their contribution to social change. Similarly, governments have found new ways to respond to online social movements. They have done this by developing new methods to adapt to social media threats, as well as by developing new methods of repression. As governments have evolved, dissidents have continued to adapt with the new technological affordances. In an online space, uncertain times continue to remain for social activists and governments.
682:
and awareness. In addition, the large numbers of people online allow for intentional overproduction. Amanda D. Lotz noted that this is a key strategy, where multiple shows and commercials are created in order to compete, so that the most effective version can succeed, while the others disappear. In online social movements, hashtag culture functions by having many people copy each other and come up with new permutations, allowing for the most successful version to spread.
119:
larger share, 77%, say social networking sites distract people from issues that are truly important, and 71% agree with the assertion that ‘social media makes people believe they're making a difference even when they really are not really making change.' The debate on whether social media has added or retracted to the function of social movements as compared to historical precedence remains at the forefront of modern discussions on these issues.
385:
503:. Similar to other social justice and empowerment movements based upon breaking silence, the purpose of "Me Too", as initially voiced by Burke as well as those who later adopted the tactic, is to empower women through empathy and strength in numbers, especially young and vulnerable women, by visibly demonstrating how many women have survived sexual assault and harassment, especially in the workplace. Following the exposure of the widespread
638:#EveryChildMatters is a grassroot movement to support and bring awareness to the Indigenous children of Canada and United States who never made it home and for the survivors and families who were impacted by the treatment of their children in the boarding schools. #EveryChildMatters is connected to the hashtag #WearOrangeDay, a campaign for people to wear orange shirts in remembrance of the survivors and those who didn't make it home.
471:
686:
463:
713:
744:, which can apply to movements with a lack of strong organizational power and cause opposing forces to easily adapt to tactics employed by social movements. If mobilizing action on social media is a sole or primary tactic of a social movement and no consistent tactical innovation poses a direct threat to government or institutions, the movement may have trouble gaining traction long-term.
71:
166:
levels of engagement possible, such as sharing opinions and engaging in forums, signing online petitions and participating in decision-making processes. To an extent, movements are able to establish legitimacy through content distributed through the
Internet, without relying on mass media or in-person organization.
760:
Online social movements, while effective in unifying people, might also amplify the tendency to tribalism. In particular, more people having access to social media might democratize the risk of promoting violence, especially where institutions are not stable and there can be large amounts of distrust
681:
Social media is also able to provide a creative milieu that is conducive for narrative building. Memes, in particular, have proven to be a useful tool when it comes to circulating certain ideas. They enter the public consciousness and are able to pique interest through a dual purpose of entertainment
667:
Online movements are able to sustain attention across boundaries, physical and temporal. For instance, during the
Egyptian Revolution in 2011, Facebook’s event function allowed for people to organize protests, which would then be acted out upon in real-life. Similarly, the Occupy movement was able to
22:
are organized efforts to push for a particular goal through the use of new communications and information technologies, such as the
Internet. In many cases, these movements seek to counter the mainstream public, claiming there is a wrong that should be righted. Online social movements have focused on
792:
The traditional role of actors, such as social media organizations and governments, have also changed with online social movements. In these online communities, social movement organizations have been less necessary for online participation. While these organizations have continued to play a role in
764:
Some critiques, specific to online social media activism, have been raised about the power mechanisms and organisational structure. This transition highlighted asymmetrical relationships between the for-profit aims of social media and the copy-left values that drive many online movements. According
708:
Most frequently, the limited capacity for tangible change is often raised. For social movements to be successful, there need to be network internalities, which are durable networks ideal for organised action. These networks are the result of long-term challenges that are collectively overcome, which
663:
Online social movements have been celebrated for their ability to amass large amounts of success. The online world provides the power to organize without any formal organisations, which speeds up the process of mobilization and allows for greater scale in rapid time frames. This can be understood as
156:
With better communication, the
Internet facilitates the development of collective understandings that encourages wider participation in movements. Physical constraints, such as geography and resources, can be overcome through online organizing. Social networks have assembled individuals of different
147:
The
Internet has supported the spread of information about movements through rapid dissemination so that there is greater traction and more individuals are exposed to the cause. The communication costs of the social movement also decline, allowing for cheaper and better communication with audiences.
62:
The mentality behind these was spurred on by sovereignty within
British politics through the Reformation and informed John Wilkes and his followers about alternative societal rule. Thus, in 1768, members of the English lower class began to mobilize underneath Wilkes’ movement against the sovereignty
782:
In comparing past social movements to social movements today, it is clear that many of them have heavily utilized online social media platforms to advance their agendas. With the help of many open source media platforms, such as Creative Commons and P2P Foundation, the public can easily gain access
114:
Since the late 2000s, there has been an increasing use of commercial social media platforms by social movements. According to Lopes, "Social Media websites such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and the various online blogs have arguably given a voice to individuals that otherwise would not be heard."
778:
Social movements have existed before the Internet, but the nature of social movements has been modified through the Internet. The online world's beneficial impacts are clear, but these impacts are accompanied with detriments. Online movements are able to scale up dramatically and more quickly, but
769:
t (Popolo Viola) in Italy and its extensive use of Facebook, Coretti (2014) demonstrates that, while the myth of the network as open and inclusive persists, it acts as a disguise for the communication protocols of commercial social networking platforms that may well enable large-scale mobilization
752:
protesters could not deviate tactically from their initial demand, which was to overthrow the Hosni Mubarak regime. Hence, there was a tactical freeze, where tactics could not be adjusted and new demands were not articulated by the social movement. Even the creator of “We are All Khaled Said”, the
536:
following the significant rise in the number of sexual harassment, molestation, and rape cases. However, the rights of some of the witnesses and victims who came forward with their complaints were abused. Seif Bedour is one such student who became the victim of Egypt’s flawed law enforcement after
130:, or limited the number of people that could gather, as in France and Germany. Many movements were forced to campaign online. Moreover, with the concept of people-less protests, first described by Yunus Berndt, a form of political activism at the intersection of online and offline spheres emerged.
118:
Many people have conflicting views on social media and its effectiveness when put to the task of activism. The Pew Research Center found that some 64% of Americans feel that the statement ‘social media help give a voice to underrepresented groups’ describes these sites very or somewhat well. But a
747:
There is also the concern of a lack of clear leadership in online social movements. This means that there might be a challenge in finding representatives to negotiate within the movement and with adversaries. These individuals might have little in common beyond the initial movement. For instance,
165:
The presence of the Internet supports the coordination of movements and the recruitment of resources. Grievances and public awareness alone are insufficient in driving social movements, but in addition require extensive coordination and resources. The online world also helps improve the different
138:
The use of the Internet in attempts to change society can be understood through different mechanisms, which have redefined traditional social movements. The Internet can be utilized through emails and social media, as well as online forums and petition platforms, which is unique in the context of
78:
Social movements have evolved to a more widespread and integral state than ever before, in part due to social movements presence on social media. The earliest online social movements began right after the Internet revolution. While the Arab Springs are commonly associated with the earliest online
193:
Online social movements advance their work primarily through media, traditional or digital. It is easier, less costly as well as less time-consuming to link collective behavior as real-time communication can occur vastly and simultaneously via social media. These movements exist in a range of
178:
was one of the more prominent online funding raising platforms in support of Tibetan independence. The website provided detailed information for potential donors, as well as clear indications of how the funds will be used. The low cost of access to communicate using the Internet also freed up
66:
These situations, while different in nature from social movements we experience today, started the idea of mass-gathering to contest an issue. Modern examples of social movements include the Movement of the Unemployed in the 1930s, the Free Speech and Civil Rights Movements in the 1960s, the
148:
In addition, the Internet serves as a forum where people can openly discuss grievances and inequalities. Improved communication becomes important in creating rational understanding of social injustices and inequalities, which are typically critical to driving social movements.
523:
movement is in part a supplemental movement to #MeToo focused on taking equitable action and organization against inequality and sexual harassment in professional settings. The movement was created in 2018 and consists of more than 300 prominent women in Hollywood, including
761:
and disinformation. For instance, while social media had helped Sri Lanka ease the path to its first democratic elections in 2015 after years of civil war, communal hatreds began to overrun the news feeds, which are the primary portal of news and information for many users.
672:
attempted to emphasize their inclusivity of the movement, which had begun as somewhat of a peasants revolt. The leader of the movement, Marcos, was famously presented in numerous identities, of different exploited and marginalized minorities who are saying “Enough” to their
263:. The date was set by various youth groups to coincide with the annual Egyptian "Police holiday" as a statement against increasing police brutality during the last few years of Mubarak's presidency. It consisted of demonstrations, marches, occupations of plazas, non-violent
38:
The ubiquity of online social movements has resulted in varying attitudes. Both proponents and critics have raised valid points about the potential and the shortcomings of online social movements, which have been increasing evident in the numerous examples around the world.
26:
Since then, online social movements gained momentum into the early 21st century and are now one of the most prevalent forms of social movement. The organizational structures and strategies behind social movements have changed as a result of the online world.
179:
financial resources for other activities, especially where the campaigns are operating under limited budgets. This strategy can also free up resources to supplement online movements with in person organization, making goals for expansion more tangible.
646:
The impact of online movements has seen a lot of growth since the introduction of the internet. With the accessible medium of social media, internet activism has reached the forefront of the internet. Through the use of social networking sites such as
1291:
87:
gained access to names, addresses and purchasing behavior of 120 million Americans in CD-ROM format. In response, nearly 30,000 consumers organized through emails and message boards in protest, halting the release of the database by 1991.
765:
to Fenton, "Claims for the extension and re-invention of activism need to be considered in the context of the material social and political world of inequality, injustice and corporate dominance." For example, "in his analysis of the
757:, there was an attempt to empower all protestors to be leaders of the movement. However, as a “leaderful” movement, there was a lack of ability to identify a clear representative to negotiate since there were too many perspectives.
753:
main Facebook page of the Egyptian Revolution, Wael Ghonim was in no position to concede anything. Ghonim was neither an elected leader, nor an informal one, which denied him legitimacy to engage in negotiations. Similarly, in the
2354:
541:
case. Bedour was arrested in August 2020 and has been held in detention for four months on charges of morality despite not having any connections to the alleged rape case or having been present at the crime scene in 2014. The
532:, and work with a legal fund to lobby and get protective laws passed. Time's Up is an example of how online movements can become a segway into more goal-oriented, action-forward work. The movement gained momentum in
291:
The Arab Spring was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s. It began in response to oppressive regimes and a low
740:
thereafter had a major breakdown and the social movement dissipated, which can be owed to lack of strong organization and network internalities. Related to this is the theory of tactical adaptation by
2686:
Felt, Mylynn (2016). "Mobilizing Affective Political Networks: The Role of Affect in Calls for a National Inquiry to Murdered and Missing Indigenous Women during the 2015 Canadian Federal Election".
282:. Violent clashes between security forces and protesters resulted in at least 846 people killed and over 6,000 injured. Protesters retaliated by burning over 90 police stations across the country.
35:, enabling the connection of persons worldwide to develop a base and gain awareness of issues. The internet supports the mobilization of a larger group of people within a shorter period of time.
242:" theme. Protests began the night of 12 June 2009, following the announcement that incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad won nearly 63% of the vote, despite several reported irregularities.
2730:
Rotman, D., Preece, J., Vieweg, S., Shneiderman, B., Yardi, S., Pirolli, P., Chi, E.H., Glaisyer, T. (2011). From Slacktivism to Activism: Participatory Culture in the Age of Social Media
2152:
2000:
546:
of witnesses in the case has cast shadow over the ‘Me Too’ movement started in the region and passed out a message that social morality is held above the rights of the Egyptian women.
320:, where either the regime was toppled or major uprisings and social violence occurred, including riots, civil wars or insurgencies. Sustained street demonstrations took place in
709:
supports trust building. This process requires the investment of time and energy in order for members of a social movement to learn how to cooperate to achieve their goals.
126:
forced social movements to reinvent their protest strategies. Strict social distancing measures prevented traditional physical demonstrations in several countries, such as
2461:
431:
2583:
1957:
1568:
1435:
1384:
2622:
1572:
1439:
1388:
1037:
419:
1380:
2077:
1825:
629:
3180:
2328:
736:. However, the small organization that directed the video, Invisible Children, was incapable of managing the sheer volume of attention received. The director
2053:
245:
211:
1292:"Vereinbarung zwischen der Bundesregierung und den Regierungschefinnen und Regierungschefs der Bundesländer angesichts der Corona-Epidemie in Deutschland"
1908:
2637:
504:
2303:
55:
led the "Wilkes and Liberty" movement to achieve legal and parliamentary reform. Across the Atlantic, the Boston merchants and the activists in the
3199:
2717:
2025:"Today in Entertainment: Wendy Williams collapses during her live show; 'House of Cards' halts production in wake of Kevin Spacey accusations"
3075:
2905:
2821:
2749:
1512:
1356:
1240:
1063:
1000:
940:
848:
669:
593:
427:
458:
in February 2012. The movement became nationally recognized for street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two African Americans.
716:
Zeynep Tufekci is known for her theories about social media, technology, politics and culture, in particular her "Mount Everest" metaphor
694:
127:
2845:
1971:
1599:
217:
2024:
1544:
1411:
1142:
573:
1882:
234:
by its proponents, reflecting Mousavi's campaign theme, and Persian Awakening, Persian Spring or Green Revolution, reflecting the "
2662:
2486:
2208:
1216:
99:
messaging was popularly used to mobilize citizens and coordinate protests, with an estimated 70 million messages (including via
194:
different locales covering a wide breadth of topics, and the extent of their eventual offline action varies from case to case.
1266:
628:
in the United States. Turnout was estimated to be between 1.2 and 2 million people in the United States, making it one of the
1850:
963:
365:
2386:
2184:
2598:
202:
1166:
259:
The Egyptian revolution of 2011, also known as the January 25 Revolution, started on 25 January 2011 and spread across
3001:
2151:
Carlsen, Audrey; Salam, Maya; Miller, Claire Cain; Lu, Denise; Ngu, Ash; Patel, Jugal K.; Wichter, Zach (2018-10-23).
617:
254:
2929:
733:
520:
483:
The Me Too (or #MeToo) movement, with a large variety of related local or international names, is a movement against
1190:
3316:
872:
693:
Social media platforms are harder to censor than real-life organization of movements. Ethan Zuckerman advanced the
621:
605:
3311:
2869:
597:
451:
443:
3026:
3228:
Tufekci, Zeynep (2014). "Social Movements and Governments in the Digital Age: Evaluating a Complex Landscape".
543:
188:
3144:
2559:
1713:كربوسة, عمراني (December 2017). "النظام السياسي المصري بعد ثورة 25 يناير 2011 بين تحدي الإخوان وحكم العسكر".
569:
2950:
2509:
1135:
Persuasion and privacy in cyberspace : the online protests over Lotus Marketplace and the Clipper Chip
51:
recognizes the first social movements in Britain and the US in the 1750s and 1760s, after the 7 Years War.
2307:
1951:
817:
589:
230:
92:
2127:
1495:
Castells, Manuel (2016-12-31), "75. Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age",
779:
these horizontalist movements come at the expense of weathering risks and responses from the government.
59:
initiated the opposition to the British that eventually lead to the Declaration of Independence in 1776.
2976:
1651:
812:
721:
843:. Scott, John, 1949-, Marshall, Gordon. (3rd ed. rev ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009.
1792:
2533:
407:
1090:
Rudbeck, Jens (2012-10-05). "Popular sovereignty and the historical origin of the social movement".
2329:"Florida student survivors announce "March For Our Lives": Here's a time to talk about gun control"
554:
537:
being arrested for accompanying one of his friends to the Cairo police station as a witness in her
221:
1933:
3287:
3245:
3125:
2699:
1562:
1518:
1429:
1374:
1115:
1018:
866:
393:
373:
293:
276:
268:
2663:"It's official: March for Our Lives was one of the biggest youth protests since the Vietnam War"
2599:"More than 2 million joined March for Our Lives protests in 90 percent of U.S. voting districts"
705:
There are numerous critiques posed against online social movements that populate the discourse.
1349:
Memes to movements : how the world's most viral media is changing social protest and power
3237:
3152:
3117:
3071:
3034:
2911:
2901:
2827:
2817:
2785:
2755:
2745:
2616:
2577:
2462:"'We will be the last mass shooting': Florida students want to be tipping point in gun debate"
2362:
2253:
2160:
1858:
1800:
1726:
1695:
1595:
1550:
1540:
1508:
1477:
1417:
1407:
1362:
1352:
1148:
1138:
1107:
1069:
1059:
1006:
996:
946:
936:
854:
844:
807:
613:
484:
333:
239:
123:
3279:
3107:
3099:
3063:
2846:"How Social Movements are Using the Internet to Change Politics | Scholars Strategy Network"
2691:
1749:
1744:"Godwin, Joseph, (Born 7 July 1964), Director, BBC Academy and BBC Birmingham, since 2015".
1718:
1687:
1639:
1620:
1500:
1469:
1099:
577:
566:
512:
508:
447:
423:
403:
384:
264:
28:
18:
2001:"The woman behind 'Me Too' knew the power of the phrase when she created it — 10 years ago"
1753:
1638:"OJJDP News newsletter for May/June 2009". American Psychological Association (APA). 2009.
2411:
1664:
1537:
The Dynamics of social movements : resource mobilization, social control, and tactics
1030:
786:
754:
585:
525:
478:
228:, occurred in major cities nationwide from 2009 into early 2010. The protests were titled
56:
32:
3090:
Costanza-Chock, Sasha (2012-08-01). "Mic Check! Media Cultures and the Occupy Movement".
2487:"The Fearless, Outraged Young Protesters at the March for Our Lives in Washington, D.C."
1624:
1615:"Bradshaw, Peter Nicholas, (Born 19 June 1962), film critic, the Guardian, since 1999".
74:
Equifax played a part in the development of online social movements in its early stages.
890:
488:
455:
272:
235:
225:
108:
104:
79:
movements, in reality, social movements began through email. In 1990, software company
462:
3305:
3291:
3267:
3129:
2703:
2102:
1588:
1119:
766:
749:
737:
581:
529:
279:
48:
3067:
2436:
1522:
47:
The earliest social movements were minimally related to the internet. For instance,
2153:"#MeToo Brought Down 201 Powerful Men. Nearly Half of Their Replacements Are Women"
685:
500:
492:
439:
411:
369:
67:
lower-profile 1990s movements, and the many digital movements in the 21st century.
3268:"The Future of Social Movement Organizations: The Waning Dominance of SMOs Online"
2777:
2412:"These Photos Show How Big the March For Our Lives Crowds Were Across The Country"
2078:"#MeToo: Alyssa Milano promotes hashtag that becomes anti-harassment rallying cry"
3103:
1473:
802:
741:
725:
712:
612:, raising the federal age of gun ownership and possession to 21, closing of the
601:
286:
80:
52:
23:
a broad range on social and political issues in countries all around the world.
1826:"How to Distinguish Between Antifa, White Supremacists, and Black Lives Matter"
1767:
470:
2915:
2870:"The ALS Association Expresses Sincere Gratitude to Over Three Million Donors"
2831:
2185:"#MeToo and Time's Up Founders Explain the Difference Between the 2 Movements"
1691:
1366:
1103:
1010:
720:
Zeynep Tufekci introduces the Mount Everest metaphor in her comparison of the
625:
361:
175:
3283:
3241:
3156:
3121:
3038:
2789:
2759:
2718:"B.C.'s transit operators show support for #EveryChildMatters. Cision Canada"
2366:
2279:
2164:
1862:
1804:
1730:
1699:
1481:
1111:
1073:
950:
858:
655:, the opportunity for wide-scale, online social participation has increased.
2695:
1972:"Tarana Burke Responds to Asia Argento Report: "There Is No Model Survivor""
1554:
1421:
1152:
729:
596:
a month earlier, which was described by several media outlets as a possible
1643:
2355:"March for Our Lives: Maps of the More Than 800 Protests Around the World"
1504:
1241:"Corona Update: Regelungen der Bundesländer im Umgang mit Veranstaltungen"
3112:
2742:
Here comes everybody : the power of organizing without organizations
648:
609:
399:
357:
3249:
2814:
TWITTER AND TEAR GAS : the power and fragility of networked protest
689:
Ethan Zuckerman, the creator of the Cute Cat Theory of Digital Activism
652:
516:
496:
435:
415:
337:
329:
321:
317:
297:
84:
2560:"The odds that a gun will kill the average American may surprise you"
1722:
345:
341:
249:
Crowd of protestors holding signs during the 2011 Egyptian Revolution
3200:"Misunderstanding the Internet: 2nd Edition (Paperback) - Routledge"
3182:
The Purple Movement: Social Media and Activism in Berlusconi's Italy
2898:
Professionals of hope: the selected writings of Subcomandante Marcos
2054:"Council Post: Sexual Harassment In The Workplace In A #MeToo World"
732:
brought attention to child soldiers being forced into Joseph Kony’s
70:
3060:
The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements
1909:"From Politics to Policy: Turning the Corner on Sexual Harassment"
933:
Twitter and Tear Gas The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest.
711:
684:
533:
469:
383:
353:
313:
309:
305:
301:
260:
244:
201:
100:
69:
1932:
Edwards, Stephanie Zacharek, Eliana Dockterman, Haley Sweetland.
580:, on March 24, 2018, with over 880 sibling events throughout the
1316:
538:
466:
In 2017, actress Alyssa Milano encouraged the use of the hashtag
349:
325:
174:
The Internet provides a means to raise funds for campaigns. The
2254:"Witness detentions cast shadow over Egyptian 'MeToo' movement"
2229:
1460:
Hara, Noriko; Huang, Bi-Yun (2011). "Online social movements".
1217:"France bans gatherings of 1,000 people to contain coronavirus"
2930:"Cute Cat Theory: The China Corollary | … My heart's in Accra"
2209:"Difference Between Me Too and Time's Up | Difference Between"
432:
racial inequality in the United States criminal justice system
96:
2951:"Furious reaction, political split after Turkey bans Twitter"
2128:"Why the Silence Breakers Are TIME's Person of the Year 2017"
1851:"#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement"
1535:
Zald, Mayer N. McCarthy, John D. (John David), 1940- (1988).
3058:
McAdam, Doug (2013), "Tactical Interaction and Innovation",
3027:"Kony 2012: nirvana of online campaigning or missed chance?"
491:. The phrase "Me Too" was initially used in this context on
2534:"Everything You Need to Know About the March for Our Lives"
3145:"Where Countries Are Tinderboxes and Facebook Is a Match"
1056:
John Wilkes : the Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty
1883:"How a death in Ferguson sparked a movement in America"
895:, Annual Review of Information Science & Technology
2510:"Teachers Are Fighting for Gun Control After Parkland"
1402:
Mills, C. Wright (Charles Wright), 1916-1962. (2000).
1590:
The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media
991:
Tilly, Charles 1929-2008 Verfasser. (5 August 2019).
143:
Improved communication and increased public awareness
1934:"TIME Person of the Year 2017: The Silence Breakers"
511:
in early October 2017, the movement began to spread
300:. The protests then spread to five other countries:
275:
and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of
271:
and strikes. Millions of protesters from a range of
1462:
Annual Review of Information Science and Technology
1267:"Bayern untersagt wegen Corona Großveranstaltungen"
2597:EDT, Ryan Sit On 3/26/18 at 3:28 PM (2018-03-26).
1678:Yarshater, Ehsan (January 1989). "Communication".
1587:
1167:"New Media Played a Role in the People's Uprising"
434:. In 2013, the movement began with the use of the
1195:Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech
1768:"Uprisings in the Region and Ignored Indicators"
2353:Carlsen, Audrey; Patel, Jugal K. (2018-03-22).
1499:, Columbia University Press, pp. 433–435,
406:community, that campaigns against violence and
206:Burning bus, Iranian presidential election 2009
152:Quicker and larger-scale mobilization of people
3261:
3259:
3185:(doctoral thesis). University of Westminster.
594:Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting
499:, by sexual harassment survivor and activist
398:Black Lives Matter (BLM) is an international
8:
2776:Heimans, Jeremy; Timms, Henry (2014-12-01).
2582:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1956:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1567:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1434:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
422:of black people, and broader issues such as
2621:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1383:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
964:"Social Movements: How People Make History"
388:Black Lives Matter Protest in New York City
212:2009 Iranian presidential election protests
1571:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1438:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1387:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1379:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
622:ban on the sale of high-capacity magazines
218:2009 Iranian presidential election results
216:Protests against the highly controversial
107:) exchanged during the event of president
3111:
2638:"Yesterday's global roar for gun control"
1594:(0 ed.). Stanford University Press.
584:and around the world, and was planned by
3143:Taub, Amanda; Fisher, Max (2018-04-21).
2387:"Take assault-weapons ban to the people"
1265:Nathusius, Philipp von (10 March 2020).
1036:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
461:
1748:. Oxford University Press. 2011-12-01.
1619:. Oxford University Press. 2007-12-01.
1347:Mina, An Xiao, 1983- (8 January 2019).
829:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3174:
3172:
2807:
2805:
2614:
2575:
1949:
1660:
1649:
1560:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1427:
1372:
1026:
1016:
864:
3194:
3192:
3000:Abad-Santos, Alexander (2012-03-08).
2891:
2889:
2771:
2769:
2437:"American teens demand 'Never Again'"
2047:
2045:
1994:
1992:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
884:
882:
835:
833:
572:in support of legislation to prevent
7:
2975:Bounenni, Bassam (12 January 2011).
1999:Ohlheiser, Abby (October 19, 2017).
1754:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u253970
1085:
1083:
1049:
1047:
986:
984:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
889:Hara, Noriko; Huang, Bi-Yun (2011),
630:largest protests in American history
220:in support of opposition candidates
2896:Marcos; Jauregui, Gabriela (2017).
2688:Association for Computing Machinery
995:. Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
695:Cute Cat Theory of Digital Activism
2435:Cooper, Kelly-Leigh (2018-02-18).
1824:Friedersdorf, Conor (2017-08-31).
1191:"Activism in the Social Media Age"
604:legislation. Protesters urged for
14:
2977:"The limits of silencing Tunisia"
1625:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.8497
574:gun violence in the United States
238:" of Iranians and the so-called "
3230:Journal of International Affairs
618:1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban
474:Time's Up movement official logo
374:Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara
3068:10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm209
3002:"The Problems with 'Stop Kony'"
2850:www.scholarsstrategynetwork.org
1539:. University Press of America.
935:, Yale University Press, 2017,
170:Efficient resource mobilization
1791:Ruthven, Malise (2016-06-23).
1215:Posaner, Joshua (2020-03-08).
366:Palestinian National Authority
139:traditional social movements.
1:
3272:American Behavioral Scientist
3266:Earl, Jennifer (2014-12-09).
1849:Day, Elizabeth (2015-07-19).
651:and content-sharing sites as
402:movement, originating in the
356:. Minor protests occurred in
3104:10.1080/14742837.2012.710746
3025:Curtis, Polly (2012-04-19).
2661:Lopez, German (2018-03-26).
2306:. 2018-03-25. Archived from
1913:Center for American Progress
1907:Frye, Jocelyn (2018-01-31).
1474:10.1002/aris.2011.1440450117
1404:The sociological imagination
296:, starting with protests in
95:in the Philippines in 2001,
3062:, American Cancer Society,
2778:"Understanding "New Power""
1406:. Oxford University Press.
993:Social movements, 1768-2018
606:universal background checks
380:Gender, race, and sexuality
255:Egyptian revolution of 2011
3333:
2784:. No. December 2014.
2558:Gould, Dave Mosher, Skye.
1298:(in German). 16 March 2020
1247:(in German). 12 March 2020
588:in collaboration with the
186:
31:on social media build off
2816:. YALE University Press.
2812:TUFEKCI, ZEYNEP. (2018).
1692:10.1080/00210868908701726
1137:. Yale University Press.
1104:10.1007/s11186-012-9180-x
1058:. Yale University Press.
841:A dictionary of sociology
724:’s achievements with the
592:. The event followed the
454:of African-American teen
3284:10.1177/0002764214540507
1797:New York Review of Books
1793:"How to Understand ISIS"
1133:Gurak, Laura J. (1999).
505:sexual-abuse allegations
189:List of social movements
3092:Social Movement Studies
2782:Harvard Business Review
2696:10.1145/2930971.2930978
2052:Serres, Nicole Smartt.
1586:Thompson, John (1995).
892:Online Social Movements
616:, a restoration of the
2740:Shirky, Clay. (2014).
1976:The Hollywood Reporter
1659:Cite journal requires
1644:10.1037/e560442009-001
1054:Cash, Arthur. (2008).
871:: CS1 maint: others (
734:Lord’s Resistance Army
717:
690:
679:
590:nonprofit organization
475:
467:
414:. BLM regularly holds
389:
250:
231:Iranian Green Movement
207:
161:Effective coordination
93:Second EDSA Revolution
75:
2304:"March for Our Lives"
1505:10.7312/blau17412-091
1321:peoplelessprotest.com
1245:HÄRTING RECHTSANWÄLTE
813:Accelerated pluralism
722:Civil Rights Movement
715:
688:
675:
519:on social media. The
473:
465:
438:#BlackLivesMatter on
418:speaking out against
387:
248:
205:
73:
3179:Coretti, L. (2014).
2126:Felsenthal, Edward.
1317:"Peopleless Protest"
134:Uses of the Internet
2485:Petrusich, Amanda.
2284:March For Our Lives
818:Tactical Adaptation
576:. It took place in
559:March for Our Lives
222:Mir-Hossein Mousavi
3149:The New York Times
2359:The New York Times
2211:. 20 December 2018
2157:The New York Times
1092:Theory and Society
1029:has generic name (
718:
691:
555:#MarchForOurLives:
476:
468:
452:the shooting death
390:
294:standard of living
277:Egyptian President
269:civil disobedience
251:
208:
83:and credit bureau
76:
29:Online communities
3317:Internet activism
3077:978-0-470-67487-1
2932:. 4 December 2007
2907:978-0-9967786-5-7
2823:978-0-300-23417-6
2751:978-1-4406-3224-2
2744:. Penguin Books.
2391:The Seattle Times
2084:. 16 October 2017
2031:. 31 October 2017
2029:Los Angeles Times
1514:978-0-231-53950-0
1358:978-0-8070-5658-5
1171:Nieman Foundation
1065:978-0-300-10871-2
1002:978-0-367-07607-8
942:978-0-300-21512-0
930:Tufekci, Zeynep.
850:978-0-19-953300-8
808:Internet activism
614:gun show loophole
485:sexual harassment
394:#BlackLivesMatter
334:Iranian Khuzestan
240:colour revolution
124:COVID-19 pandemic
3324:
3312:Social movements
3296:
3295:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3225:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3115:
3098:(3–4): 375–385.
3087:
3081:
3080:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2564:Business Insider
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:. 20 August 2018
1968:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1723:10.12816/0045136
1710:
1704:
1703:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1647:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1593:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1558:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1457:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1425:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1378:
1370:
1344:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1014:
988:
979:
978:
976:
975:
968:Mobilizing Ideas
960:
954:
953:
928:
903:
902:
901:
900:
886:
877:
876:
870:
862:
837:
578:Washington, D.C.
509:Harvey Weinstein
448:George Zimmerman
428:police brutality
424:racial profiling
404:African-American
265:civil resistance
236:Persian identity
111:'s impeachment.
33:social movements
19:social movements
3332:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3227:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3161:
3159:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3043:
3041:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2985:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2908:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2878:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2824:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2794:
2792:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2752:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2720:. June 9, 2021.
2716:
2715:
2711:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2518:
2516:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2460:Miller, Susan.
2459:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2371:
2369:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2288:
2286:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2238:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2007:
2005:Washington Post
1998:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1889:. 7 August 2015
1887:www.cbsnews.com
1881:
1880:
1876:
1867:
1865:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1834:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1772:www.payvand.com
1766:
1765:
1761:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1717:(16): 323–343.
1712:
1711:
1707:
1680:Iranian Studies
1677:
1676:
1672:
1658:
1648:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1559:
1547:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1515:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1459:
1458:
1447:
1426:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1371:
1359:
1346:
1345:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1145:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1066:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1015:
1003:
990:
989:
982:
973:
971:
962:
961:
957:
943:
931:
929:
906:
898:
896:
888:
887:
880:
863:
851:
839:
838:
831:
826:
799:
787:Vanessa DiMauro
776:
755:Occupy movement
703:
661:
644:
586:Never Again MSD
552:
550:Other movements
526:Natalie Portman
459:
420:police killings
408:systemic racism
382:
200:
191:
185:
172:
163:
154:
145:
136:
57:Sons of Liberty
45:
12:
11:
5:
3330:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3255:
3215:
3188:
3168:
3135:
3082:
3076:
3050:
3017:
2992:
2981:Foreign Policy
2967:
2942:
2921:
2906:
2885:
2861:
2837:
2822:
2801:
2765:
2750:
2732:
2723:
2709:
2678:
2653:
2628:
2589:
2550:
2525:
2501:
2490:The New Yorker
2477:
2452:
2427:
2403:
2378:
2345:
2320:
2295:
2280:"Terms of Use"
2271:
2260:. January 2021
2245:
2221:
2200:
2176:
2143:
2118:
2094:
2069:
2041:
2016:
1988:
1963:
1924:
1899:
1874:
1841:
1816:
1783:
1759:
1736:
1705:
1670:
1661:|journal=
1630:
1607:
1601:978-0804726795
1600:
1578:
1545:
1527:
1513:
1487:
1468:(1): 489–522.
1445:
1412:
1394:
1357:
1332:
1308:
1283:
1271:Süddeutsche.de
1257:
1232:
1207:
1182:
1158:
1143:
1125:
1098:(6): 581–601.
1079:
1064:
1043:
1001:
980:
955:
941:
904:
878:
849:
828:
827:
825:
822:
821:
820:
815:
810:
805:
798:
795:
775:
772:
767:Purple Movemen
702:
699:
660:
657:
643:
640:
551:
548:
489:sexual assault
456:Trayvon Martin
381:
378:
273:socio-economic
226:Mehdi Karroubi
199:
196:
184:
181:
171:
168:
162:
159:
153:
150:
144:
141:
135:
132:
109:Joseph Estrada
44:
41:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3329:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3205:
3204:Routledge.com
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3113:1721.1/122987
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3051:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3018:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2993:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:. Song Cave.
2899:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2679:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2643:
2639:
2636:Allen, Mike.
2632:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2491:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2310:on 2018-03-25
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2235:
2234:TIME'S UP Now
2231:
2225:
2222:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1952:cite magazine
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1546:0-8191-6750-9
1542:
1538:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1413:0-19-513373-0
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1144:0-300-07864-1
1140:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1004:
998:
994:
987:
985:
981:
969:
965:
959:
956:
952:
948:
944:
938:
934:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
905:
894:
893:
885:
883:
879:
874:
868:
860:
856:
852:
846:
842:
836:
834:
830:
823:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
796:
794:
790:
788:
784:
780:
773:
771:
768:
762:
758:
756:
751:
750:Tahrir Square
745:
743:
739:
738:Jason Russell
735:
731:
727:
723:
714:
710:
706:
700:
698:
696:
687:
683:
678:
674:
671:
665:
658:
656:
654:
650:
641:
639:
636:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:tipping point
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:United States
579:
575:
571:
570:demonstration
568:
564:
560:
556:
549:
547:
545:
540:
535:
531:
530:Rashida Jones
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:
472:
464:
460:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:the acquittal
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
395:
386:
379:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
283:
281:
280:Hosni Mubarak
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
256:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
219:
215:
213:
204:
197:
195:
190:
182:
180:
177:
169:
167:
160:
158:
151:
149:
142:
140:
133:
131:
129:
125:
122:In 2020, the
120:
116:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
86:
82:
72:
68:
64:
60:
58:
54:
50:
49:Charles Tilly
42:
40:
36:
34:
30:
24:
21:
20:
3278:(1): 35–52.
3275:
3271:
3233:
3229:
3207:. Retrieved
3203:
3181:
3160:. Retrieved
3148:
3138:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3059:
3053:
3042:. Retrieved
3031:The Guardian
3030:
3020:
3009:. Retrieved
3006:The Atlantic
3005:
2995:
2984:. Retrieved
2980:
2970:
2959:. Retrieved
2957:. 2014-03-21
2954:
2945:
2934:. Retrieved
2924:
2897:
2877:. Retrieved
2873:
2864:
2853:. Retrieved
2849:
2840:
2813:
2793:. Retrieved
2781:
2741:
2735:
2726:
2712:
2687:
2681:
2670:. Retrieved
2666:
2656:
2645:. Retrieved
2641:
2631:
2606:. Retrieved
2602:
2592:
2567:. Retrieved
2563:
2553:
2542:. Retrieved
2540:. 2018-03-23
2537:
2528:
2517:. Retrieved
2513:
2504:
2493:. Retrieved
2489:
2480:
2469:. Retrieved
2465:
2455:
2444:. Retrieved
2440:
2430:
2419:. Retrieved
2415:
2406:
2395:. Retrieved
2393:. 2018-03-21
2390:
2381:
2370:. Retrieved
2358:
2348:
2337:. Retrieved
2335:. 2018-02-18
2332:
2323:
2312:. Retrieved
2308:the original
2298:
2287:. Retrieved
2283:
2274:
2262:. Retrieved
2257:
2248:
2237:. Retrieved
2233:
2224:
2213:. Retrieved
2203:
2192:. Retrieved
2188:
2179:
2168:. Retrieved
2156:
2146:
2135:. Retrieved
2131:
2121:
2110:. Retrieved
2106:
2097:
2086:. Retrieved
2081:
2072:
2061:. Retrieved
2057:
2033:. Retrieved
2028:
2019:
2008:. Retrieved
2004:
1980:. Retrieved
1975:
1966:
1941:. Retrieved
1937:
1927:
1916:. Retrieved
1912:
1902:
1891:. Retrieved
1886:
1877:
1866:. Retrieved
1855:The Observer
1854:
1844:
1833:. Retrieved
1830:The Atlantic
1829:
1819:
1808:. Retrieved
1796:
1786:
1775:. Retrieved
1771:
1762:
1745:
1739:
1714:
1708:
1686:(1): 62–65.
1683:
1679:
1673:
1652:cite journal
1633:
1616:
1610:
1589:
1581:
1536:
1530:
1496:
1490:
1465:
1461:
1403:
1397:
1348:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:
1311:
1300:. Retrieved
1295:
1286:
1275:. Retrieved
1270:
1260:
1249:. Retrieved
1244:
1235:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:
1210:
1199:. Retrieved
1197:. 2018-07-11
1194:
1185:
1174:. Retrieved
1170:
1161:
1134:
1128:
1095:
1091:
1055:
992:
972:. Retrieved
970:. 2012-08-01
967:
958:
932:
897:, retrieved
891:
840:
791:
785:
781:
777:
763:
759:
746:
719:
707:
704:
692:
680:
676:
666:
662:
645:
637:
634:
562:
558:
553:
501:Tarana Burke
495:in 2006, on
493:social media
479:
477:
440:social media
412:black people
392:
391:
370:Saudi Arabia
285:
284:
253:
252:
229:
210:
209:
192:
173:
164:
155:
146:
137:
121:
117:
113:
90:
77:
65:
61:
46:
37:
25:
16:
15:
3236:(1): 1–18.
2103:"Weinstein"
1715:مجلة المفكر
1273:(in German)
1027:|last=
803:Slacktivism
742:Doug McAdam
726:Arab Spring
626:bump stocks
602:gun control
567:student-led
287:Arab Spring
53:John Wilkes
3306:Categories
3209:2018-04-18
3162:2020-04-14
3044:2020-04-14
3011:2020-04-14
2986:2020-04-14
2961:2020-04-14
2936:2020-04-14
2916:1004260843
2879:2017-03-14
2855:2017-04-13
2832:1002689516
2795:2020-04-14
2672:2020-03-11
2647:2020-03-11
2608:2020-03-11
2569:2020-03-11
2544:2020-03-11
2519:2020-03-11
2495:2020-03-11
2471:2020-03-11
2446:2020-03-11
2421:2020-03-11
2397:2020-03-11
2372:2020-03-11
2339:2020-03-11
2314:2020-03-11
2289:2020-03-11
2239:2020-05-15
2230:"Our Work"
2215:2020-05-15
2194:2020-05-15
2170:2020-03-11
2137:2020-03-11
2112:2020-03-11
2088:2020-03-11
2063:2020-03-11
2035:2020-03-11
2010:2020-03-11
1982:2020-03-11
1943:2020-03-11
1918:2020-03-11
1893:2020-03-11
1868:2020-03-11
1835:2020-03-11
1810:2020-03-11
1777:2020-03-11
1367:1039236703
1351:. Boston.
1326:2020-05-08
1302:2020-05-08
1296:Startseite
1277:2020-05-08
1251:2020-05-08
1226:2020-05-08
1201:2020-03-11
1176:2024-08-04
1011:1126812829
974:2017-04-13
899:2020-05-12
824:References
701:Detriments
673:situation:
670:Zapatistas
372:, and the
362:Mauritania
267:, acts of
187:See also:
176:Tibet Fund
3292:143157434
3242:0022-197X
3157:0362-4331
3130:143663319
3122:1474-2837
3039:0261-3077
2790:0017-8012
2760:883359654
2704:156761748
2466:USA TODAY
2367:0362-4331
2264:1 January
2165:0362-4331
2107:FRONTLINE
1863:0029-7712
1805:0028-7504
1746:Who's Who
1731:1112-8623
1700:0021-0862
1617:Who's Who
1563:cite book
1497:Democracy
1482:0066-4200
1430:cite book
1375:cite book
1120:143513084
1112:0304-2421
1074:952732211
1019:cite book
951:989057566
867:cite book
859:260204710
730:Kony 2012
610:gun sales
544:detention
521:Time's Up
198:Political
3250:24461703
2874:ALSA.org
2617:cite web
2603:Newsweek
2578:cite web
2441:BBC News
2082:NBC News
1555:16984632
1523:92981572
1422:41476714
1221:POLITICO
1153:40927039
797:See also
659:Benefits
649:Facebook
620:, and a
565:) was a
507:against
416:protests
410:towards
400:activist
358:Djibouti
183:Examples
103:and the
2955:Reuters
2258:Reuters
653:YouTube
642:Impacts
608:on all
517:hashtag
513:virally
497:Myspace
480:#MeToo:
436:hashtag
338:Lebanon
330:Algeria
322:Morocco
318:Bahrain
298:Tunisia
91:In the
85:Equifax
43:History
17:Online
3290:
3248:
3240:
3155:
3128:
3120:
3074:
3037:
2914:
2904:
2830:
2820:
2788:
2758:
2748:
2702:
2365:
2163:
2058:Forbes
1861:
1803:
1729:
1698:
1598:
1553:
1543:
1521:
1511:
1480:
1420:
1410:
1365:
1355:
1151:
1141:
1118:
1110:
1072:
1062:
1009:
999:
949:
939:
857:
847:
774:Future
442:after
430:, and
364:, the
346:Kuwait
342:Jordan
3288:S2CID
3246:JSTOR
3126:S2CID
2700:S2CID
2642:Axios
2538:PAPER
2333:Salon
1519:S2CID
1116:S2CID
534:Egypt
515:as a
354:Sudan
314:Syria
310:Yemen
306:Egypt
302:Libya
261:Egypt
128:Italy
101:email
81:Lotus
3238:ISSN
3153:ISSN
3118:ISSN
3072:ISBN
3035:ISSN
2912:OCLC
2902:ISBN
2828:OCLC
2818:ISBN
2786:ISSN
2756:OCLC
2746:ISBN
2623:link
2584:link
2514:Time
2416:Time
2363:ISSN
2266:2021
2189:Time
2161:ISSN
2132:Time
1958:link
1938:Time
1859:ISSN
1801:ISSN
1727:ISSN
1696:ISSN
1665:help
1596:ISBN
1573:link
1569:link
1551:OCLC
1541:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1478:ISSN
1440:link
1436:link
1418:OCLC
1408:ISBN
1389:link
1385:link
1381:link
1363:OCLC
1353:ISBN
1149:OCLC
1139:ISBN
1108:ISSN
1070:OCLC
1060:ISBN
1038:link
1031:help
1007:OCLC
997:ISBN
947:OCLC
937:ISBN
873:link
855:OCLC
845:ISBN
624:and
600:for
563:MFOL
557:The
539:rape
528:and
487:and
352:and
350:Oman
326:Iraq
316:and
224:and
3280:doi
3108:hdl
3100:doi
3064:doi
2692:doi
2667:Vox
1750:doi
1719:doi
1688:doi
1640:doi
1621:doi
1501:doi
1470:doi
1100:doi
450:in
446:of
105:Web
97:SMS
3308::
3286:.
3276:59
3274:.
3270:.
3258:^
3244:.
3234:68
3232:.
3218:^
3202:.
3191:^
3171:^
3151:.
3147:.
3124:.
3116:.
3106:.
3096:11
3094:.
3070:,
3033:.
3029:.
3004:.
2979:.
2953:.
2910:.
2888:^
2872:.
2848:.
2826:.
2804:^
2780:.
2768:^
2754:.
2698:.
2690:.
2665:.
2640:.
2619:}}
2615:{{
2601:.
2580:}}
2576:{{
2562:.
2536:.
2512:.
2464:.
2439:.
2414:.
2389:.
2361:.
2357:.
2331:.
2282:.
2256:.
2232:.
2187:.
2159:.
2155:.
2130:.
2105:.
2080:.
2056:.
2044:^
2027:.
2003:.
1991:^
1974:.
1954:}}
1950:{{
1936:.
1911:.
1885:.
1857:.
1853:.
1828:.
1799:.
1795:.
1770:.
1725:.
1694:.
1684:22
1682:.
1656::
1654:}}
1650:{{
1565:}}
1561:{{
1549:.
1517:,
1507:,
1476:.
1466:45
1464:.
1448:^
1432:}}
1428:{{
1416:.
1377:}}
1373:{{
1361:.
1335:^
1319:.
1294:.
1269:.
1243:.
1219:.
1193:.
1169:.
1147:.
1114:.
1106:.
1096:41
1094:.
1082:^
1068:.
1046:^
1023::
1021:}}
1017:{{
1005:.
983:^
966:.
945:,
907:^
881:^
869:}}
865:{{
853:.
832:^
632:.
426:,
376:.
368:,
360:,
348:,
344:,
340:,
336:,
332:,
328:,
324:,
312:,
308:,
304:,
3294:.
3282::
3252:.
3212:.
3165:.
3132:.
3110::
3102::
3066::
3047:.
3014:.
2989:.
2964:.
2939:.
2918:.
2882:.
2858:.
2834:.
2798:.
2762:.
2706:.
2694::
2675:.
2650:.
2625:)
2611:.
2586:)
2572:.
2547:.
2522:.
2498:.
2474:.
2449:.
2424:.
2400:.
2375:.
2342:.
2317:.
2292:.
2268:.
2242:.
2218:.
2197:.
2173:.
2140:.
2115:.
2091:.
2066:.
2038:.
2013:.
1985:.
1960:)
1946:.
1921:.
1896:.
1871:.
1838:.
1813:.
1780:.
1756:.
1752::
1733:.
1721::
1702:.
1690::
1667:)
1663:(
1646:.
1642::
1627:.
1623::
1604:.
1575:)
1557:.
1503::
1484:.
1472::
1442:)
1424:.
1391:)
1369:.
1329:.
1305:.
1280:.
1254:.
1229:.
1204:.
1179:.
1155:.
1122:.
1102::
1076:.
1040:)
1033:)
1013:.
977:.
875:)
861:.
561:(
396::
289::
257::
214::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
