346:. In his original theory, Oparin considered oxygen as one of the primordial gases; thus the primordial atmosphere was an oxidising one. However, when he elaborated his theory in 1936 (in a book by the same title, and translated into English in 1938), he modified the chemical composition of the primordial environment as strictly reducing, consisting of methane, ammonia, free hydrogen and water vapourâexcluding oxygen.
198:, criticised him for not using his theory to explain the origin of life. Haeckel wrote in 1862: "The chief defect of the Darwinian theory is that it throws no light on the origin of the primitive organismâprobably a simple cellâfrom which all the others have descended. When Darwin assumes a special creative act for this first species, he is not consistent, and, I think, not quite sincere."
342:. Such hydrocarbons were the first organic molecules. These further combined with oxygen and ammonia to produce hydroxy- and amino-derivatives, such as carbohydrates and proteins. These molecules accumulated on the ocean's surface, becoming gel-like substances and growing in size. They gave rise to primitive organisms (cells), which he called
319:
401:
However, the general approach of Oparin's theory had great implications for biology, since his work achieved the transformation of the study of the origin of life from a purely speculative field to a structured and broad research program. Thus, since the second half of the twentieth century, Oparin's
353:
The idea of a heterotrophic origin was based, in part, on the universality of fermentative reactions, which, according to Oparin, should have first appeared in evolution due to its simplicity. This was opposed to the idea, widely accepted at that time, that the first organisms emerged endowed with an
389:
O; under these conditions it was pointed out that the origin of life had been preceded by a period of abiotic synthesis and subsequent accumulation of various organic compounds in the seas of primitive Earth. This accumulation resulted in the formation of a primordial broth containing a wide variety
275:
According to the theory, organic compounds essential for life forms were synthesized in the primitive Earth under prebiotic conditions. The mixture of inorganic and organic compounds with water on the primitive Earth became the prebiotic or primordial soup. There, life originated and the first forms
397:
Like the coacervates, several of Oparin's original ideas have been reformulated and replaced; this includes, for example, the reducing character of the atmosphere on primitive Earth, the coacervates as a pre-cellular model and the primitive nature of glycolysis. In the same way, we now understand
213:
It is often said that all the conditions for the first production of a living being are now present, which could ever have been present. But if (and oh what a big if) we could conceive in some warm little pond with all sort of ammonia and phosphoric salts,âlight, heat, electricity present, that a
393:
There, according to Oparin, a particular type of colloid, the coacervates, were formed due to the conglomeration of organic molecules and other polymers with positive and negative charges. Oparin suggested that the first living beings had been preceded by pre-cellular structures similar to those
349:
In his 1936 work, impregnated by a
Darwinian thought that involved a slow and gradual evolution from the simple to the complex, Oparin proposed a heterotrophic origin, result of a long process of chemical and pre-biological evolution, where the first forms of life should have been microorganisms
1199:
JĂ´natas, AbrahĂŁo; Silva, Lorena; Silva, Ludmila Santos; Khalil, Jacques
Yaacoub Bou; Rodrigues, Rodrigo; Arantes, Thalita; Assis, Felipe; Boratto, Paulo; Andrade, Miguel; Kroon, Erna Geessien; Ribeiro, Bergmann; Bergier, Ivan; Seligmann, Herve; Ghigo, Eric; Colson, Philippe; Levasseur, Anthony;
116:
So with animals, some spring from parent animals according to their kind, whilst others grow spontaneously and not from kindred stock; and of these instances of spontaneous generation some come from putrefying earth or vegetable matter, as is the case with a number of insects, while others are
131:
Aristotle also states that it is not only that animals originate from other similar animals, but also that living things do arise and always have arisen from lifeless matter. His theory remained the dominant idea on origin of life (outside that of deity as a causal agent) from the ancient
265:, and ammonia, a vast variety of organic substances are made, including sugars and apparently some of the materials from which proteins are built up. before the origin of life they must have accumulated till the primitive oceans reached the consistency of hot dilute soup.
155:
in 1859 is regarded as the death blow to spontaneous generation. He experimentally showed that organisms (microbes) can not grow in sterilised water, unless it is exposed to air. The experiment won him the
Alhumbert Prize in 1862 from the
214:
protein compound was chemically formed, ready to undergo still more complex changes, at the present such matter would be instantly devoured, or absorbed, which would not have been the case before living creatures were formed .
433:
276:
of life were able to use the organic molecules to survive and reproduce. Today the theory is variously known as the heterotrophic theory, heterotrophic origin of life theory, or the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis. Biochemist
477:, performed an experiment that demonstrated how organic molecules could have spontaneously formed from inorganic precursors, under conditions like those posited by the OparinâHaldane hypothesis. The now-famous "
402:
theory of the origin and early evolution of life has undergone a restructuring that accommodates the experimental findings of molecular biology, as well as the theoretical contributions of evolutionary biology.
1442:
Menor-SalvĂĄn C, Ruiz-Bermejo DM, GuzmĂĄn MI, Osuna-Esteban S, Veintemillas-Verdaguer S (2007). "Synthesis of pyrimidines and triazines in ice: implications for the prebiotic chemistry of nucleobases".
163:
Evolutionary biologists believed that a kind of spontaneous generation, but different from the simple
Aristotelian doctrine, must have worked for the emergence of life. French biologist
1682:
398:
that the gradual processes are not necessarily slow, and we even know, thanks to the fossil record, that the origin and early evolution of life occurred in short geologic time lapses.
257:
independently arrived at a similar conclusion in 1929. It was
Haldane who first used the term "soup" to describe the accumulation of organic material and water in the primitive Earth
485:. This provided direct experimental support for the second point of the "soup" theory, and it is one of the remaining two points of the theory that much of the debate now centers.
452:) were synthesised. These molecules "accumulated till the primitive oceans reached the consistency of hot dilute soup." The first reproducing things were created from this soup.
512:(including cytosine and uracil), and adenine from urea solutions subjected to freeze-thaw cycles under a reductive atmosphere (with spark discharges as an energy source).
1288:
1284:
1697:
991:
563:
455:
As to the priority over the theory, Haldane accepted that Oparin came first, saying, "I have very little doubt that
Professor Oparin has the priority over me."
338:). This nucleus was surrounded by the lightest elements, i.e. gases, such as hydrogen. In the presence of water vapour, carbides reacted with hydrogen to form
167:
had speculated that the first life form started from non-living materials. "Nature, by means of heat, light, electricity and moisture", he wrote in 1809 in
1511:
405:
A point of convergence between these two branches of biology and that has been perfectly incorporated into the heterotrophic origin theory is found in the
1494:
1265:(Festschrift for Egon T. Degens on occasion of his 60th birthday). Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 255-278 (see p. 275).
373:
From the detailed analysis of the geochemical and astronomical data known at that date, Oparin also proposed a primitive atmosphere devoid of O
177:), "forms direct or spontaneous generation at that extremity of each kingdom of living bodies, where the simplest of these bodies are found".
1315:
1183:
902:
732:
448:
from the Sun induced reactions on a mixture of water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Organic substances such as sugars and protein components (
350:
dependent on the molecules and organic substances present in their external environment. That external environment was the primordial soup.
334:). According to Oparin, the primitive Earth's surface had a thick red-hot liquid, composed of heavy elements such as carbon (in the form of
1558:
488:
Apart from the MillerâUrey experiment, the next most important step in research on prebiotic organic synthesis was the demonstration by
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1100:
694:
1591:
680:
160:, and he concluded: "Never will the doctrine of spontaneous generation recover from the mortal blow of this simple experiment."
788:
1639:
412:
This links to the Soda Ocean
Hypothesis, characterizing the primitive ocean with a higher carbonate mineral supersaturation.
908:
738:
440:
J.B.S. Haldane independently postulated his primordial soup theory in 1929 in an eight-page article "The origin of life" in
1687:
1581:
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598:
370:
O; for Oparin it was impossible to reconcile the original photosynthetic organisms with the ideas of
Darwinian evolution.
1487:
984:
556:
1553:
1391:
OrĂł, J. (1961). "Mechanism of synthesis of adenine from hydrogen cyanide under possible primitive Earth conditions".
464:
416:
are considered as environments that conserve and/or mimic ancient life conditions and as "a recreated model of late
298:
These compounds accumulated in the prebiotic soup, which may have been concentrated at places such as shorelines and
249:
reacted to form the first organic compounds. Unbeknownst to Oparin, whose writing was circulated only in
Russian, an
104:
The notion that living beings originated from inanimate materials comes from the
Ancient Greeksâthe theory known as
157:
144:
developed from rotten meat only in a jar where flies could enter, but not in a closed-lid jar. He concluded that:
1634:
469:
One of the most important pieces of experimental support for the "soup" theory came in 1953. A graduate student,
136:
thinkers in various forms. With the birth of modern science, experimental refutations emerged. Italian physician
481:" used a highly reduced mixture of gasesâmethane, ammonia and hydrogenâto form basic organic monomers, such as
277:
190:
164:
420:
ocean chemistry" â that is, the "soda lake" environment that prepared the great explosion of life during the
1692:
1480:
1129:. World natural history. Translated by Synge, Ann. London: World Pub. Co. (published 1967). pp. 197â234
444:. According to Haldane the primitive Earth's atmosphere was essentially reducing, with little or no oxygen.
359:
1525:
169:
105:
1400:
1349:
1213:
1202:"Tailed giant Tupanvirus possesses the most complete translational apparatus of the known virosphere"
634:
206:
625:
Miller, Stanley L. (1953). "A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions".
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spontaneously generated in the inside of animals out of the secretions of their several organs.
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185:
85:
1259:"5.1. Calcium Carbonate Supersaturation and the Formation of in situ Calcified Stromatolites"
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1408:
1357:
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797:
642:
526:
493:
445:
254:
234:
81:
58:
54:
326:
Alexander Oparin first postulated his theory in Russian in 1924 in a small pamphlet titled
394:
coacervates, whose gradual evolution gave rise to the appearance of the first organisms.
291:
This atmosphere, exposed to energy in various forms, produced simple organic compounds ("
17:
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181:
137:
50:
1676:
1258:
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801:
195:
152:
1377:
1261:. In Venugopalan Ittekkot, Stephan Kempe, Walter Michaelis, Alejandro Spitzy (ed.).
1063:
817:
662:
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230:
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1503:
859:
497:
489:
482:
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417:
355:
133:
1225:
1016:
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280:
has summarized the basic points of the theory in its "mature form" as follows:
1519:
946:
509:
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343:
93:
1618:
1603:
1573:
676:
413:
406:
109:
1463:
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Miller, Stanley L.; Schopf, J. William; Lazcano, Antonio (1997). "Oparin's
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1071:
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877:
809:
654:
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492:
that the nucleic acid purine base, adenine, was formed by heating aqueous
772:
501:
421:
242:
69:
1170:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. pp. 829-832 (see p. 830).
1361:
306:
292:
246:
141:
89:
77:
1412:
1050:
Fry, Iris (2006). "The origins of research into the origins of life".
238:
201:
Although Darwin did not speak explicitly about the origin of life in
84:. The concept of a primordial soup gained credence in 1953 when the "
65:
689:. translated by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
721:
Ben-Menahem, Ari (2009). "The Spontaneous Generation Controversy".
432:
500:
in eutectic ice, more recent work demonstrated the formation of s-
431:
318:
317:
219:
Charles Darwin, Letter to Joseph Dalton Hooker on February 1, 1871
73:
64:
As formulated by Oparin, in the primitive Earth's surface layers,
38:
1472:
759:
Gottdenker, P. (1979). "Francesco Redi and the fly experiments".
362:, enzymes and the ability to synthesize organic compounds from CO
27:
Theoretical conditions under which life on earth might have begun
237:
in 1924. According to Oparin, in the primitive Earth's surface,
1476:
1119:(1924). "ĐŃОиŃŃ
ОМдонио МиСни" [The Origin of Life]. In
92:, ammonia and hydrogenâto form basic organic monomers, such as
786:
Schwartz, M. (2001). "The life and works of Louis Pasteur".
724:
Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences
41:
around 3.7 to 4.0 billion years ago. It is an aspect of the
1088:
Origins: A Skeptic's Guide to the Creation of Life on Earth
112:
in the 4th century BCE gave a proper explanation, writing:
1200:
Kroemer, Guido; Raoult, Didier; Scola, Bernard La (2018).
929:
PeretĂł, Juli; Bada, Jeffrey L.; Lazcano, Antonio (2009).
37:, is the hypothetical set of conditions present on the
897:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 79.
205:, he did mention a "warm little pond" in a letter to
727:(1st ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 270â280.
261:
When ultra-violet light acts on a mixture of water,
1649:
1627:
1572:
1541:
1510:
1257:Kempe, Stephan; Kazmierczak, Jozef (January 1990).
1162:Kempe, Stephan; Kazmierczak, JĂłzef (January 2011).
229:A coherent scientific argument was introduced by
305:By further transformation, more complex organic
1683:Evolutionarily significant biological phenomena
259:
211:
194:, his supporters, such as the German zoologist
114:
309:â and ultimately life â developed in the soup.
1488:
1166:. In Joachim Reitner and Volker Thiel (ed.).
8:
1283:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
844:"Historical Development of Origins Research"
1287:) CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (
935:Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres
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848:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
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978:
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88:" used a highly reduced mixture of gasesâ
931:"Charles Darwin and the Origin of Life"
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1276:
1045:
1043:
1698:Metaphors referring to food and drink
7:
585:
583:
270:J. B. S. Haldane, The Origin of Life
1559:Formamide-based prebiotic chemistry
761:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
25:
1564:Alternative abiogenesis scenarios
894:What is Life? On Earth and Beyond
151:The experiment of French chemist
1263:Facets of Modern Biogeochemistry
802:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01495.x
1318:from the original on 2017-10-04
1064:10.1016/j.endeavour.2005.12.002
1029:from the original on 2003-09-27
997:from the original on 2018-08-22
911:from the original on 2022-04-26
789:Journal of Applied Microbiology
741:from the original on 2022-04-26
604:from the original on 2003-09-27
569:from the original on 2018-08-22
1640:Last universal common ancestor
1342:Journal of Molecular Evolution
1:
1444:Chemistry: A European Journal
1176:10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_192
1164:"Soda Ocean Hypothesis (SOH)"
284:Early Earth had a chemically
1271:10.1007/978-3-642-73978-1_21
647:10.1126/science.117.3046.528
148:(All life comes from life).
1117:Oparin, Alexander Ivanovich
860:10.1101/cshperspect.a002089
358:metabolism, which included
1714:
1226:10.1038/s41467-018-03168-1
1168:Encyclopedia of Geobiology
1147:Oparin, Alexander (1938).
462:
158:French Academy of Sciences
140:demonstrated in 1668 that
80:reacted to form the first
1635:Earliest known life forms
947:10.1007/s11084-009-9172-7
496:solutions. In support of
184:introduced the theory of
175:The Philosophy of Zoology
124:On the History of Animals
47:OparinâHaldane hypothesis
18:Oparin-Haldane hypothesis
1302:Haldane, J.B.S. (1929).
1091:. Bantam Books. p.
1085:Shapiro, Robert (1987).
209:dated February 1, 1871:
203:On the Origin of Species
191:On the Origin of Species
180:When English naturalist
165:Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
891:Losch, Andreas (2017).
360:photosynthetic pigments
328:Proiskhozhdenie Zhizny
1554:MillerâUrey experiment
1526:Spontaneous generation
1456:10.1002/chem.200802656
1340:: Sixty Years Later".
1308:The Rationalist Annual
1273:(inactive 2024-07-17).
1151:. New York: MacMillan.
686:The History of Animals
479:MillerâUrey experiment
465:MillerâUrey experiment
442:The Rationalist Annual
437:
427:
323:
313:
273:
222:
170:Philosophie Zoologique
129:
106:spontaneous generation
86:MillerâUrey experiment
1206:Nature Communications
473:, and his professor,
435:
321:
100:Historical background
1688:Evolutionary biology
1304:"The origin of life"
1121:Bernal, John Desmond
1017:"The Origin of Life"
1015:Haldane, John B. S.
985:"The Origin of Life"
842:Lazcano, A. (2010).
592:"The Origin of Life"
590:Haldane, John B. S.
557:"The Origin of Life"
407:RNA world hypothesis
245:, water vapour, and
225:Heterotrophic theory
207:Joseph Dalton Hooker
132:philosophers to the
53:, first proposed by
43:heterotrophic theory
1597:Primordial sandwich
1542:Prebiotic synthesis
1512:History of research
1405:1961Natur.191.1193O
1354:1997JMolE..44..351M
1218:2018NatCo...9..749A
983:Oparin, Alexander.
639:1953Sci...117..528M
555:Oparin, Alexander.
532:Primordial sandwich
286:reducing atmosphere
45:(also known as the
1628:Earliest organisms
1614:Quasispecies model
1582:GADV-protein world
1362:10.1007/PL00006153
1149:The origin of life
1126:The Origin of Life
438:
377:and composed of CH
332:The Origin of Life
324:
146:omne vivum ex vivo
1670:
1669:
1609:Peptide-RNA world
1592:Ironâsulfur world
1549:Pseudo-panspermia
1413:10.1038/1911193a0
1185:978-1-4020-9211-4
904:978-1-107-17589-1
734:978-3-540-68834-1
459:Monomer formation
188:in his 1859 book
186:natural selection
82:organic compounds
49:) concerning the
16:(Redirected from
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1399:(4794): 1193â4.
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446:Ultraviolet rays
428:Haldane's theory
322:Alexander Oparin
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255:J. B. S. Haldane
235:Alexander Oparin
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127:
126:, Book V, Part 1
59:J. B. S. Haldane
55:Alexander Oparin
33:, also known as
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854:(11): a002089.
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1450:(17): 4411â8.
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1338:Origin of Life
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537:Primordial sea
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522:Common descent
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471:Stanley Miller
463:Main article:
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436:J.B.S. Haldane
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390:of molecules.
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356:autotrophic
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233:biochemist
134:Renaissance
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1520:Panspermia
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