1403:
2351:
1651:
1271:(with varying in size from 7 to 36 seats) and 39 districts. Voters are able to cast a single party vote and one preference votes each on the federal, state and electoral district level for their preferred candidates within that party. The thresholds for a candidate to move up the list are 7% of the candidate's party result on the federal level, 10% on the state level and 14% on the electoral district level. Candidates for the district level are listed on the ballot while voters need to write-in their preferred candidate on state and federal level.
1422:
926:
2304:
1411:
1943:
2061:
1930:
1995:
2213:
61:
2174:
1390:, the "most open" list is used, but a person needs to receive 5% of the party's votes for the personal vote to overrule the ordering on the party list. Voting without expressing a preference between individuals is possible, although the parties urge their voters to support the party's prime candidate, to protect them from being beaten by someone ranked lower by the party. The share of voters using the open list option at
901:
1725:
1369:, each voter may, in addition to the party, select one to four candidates from the ordered party list. Candidates who are selected by more than 3% of the party's voters are elected (in order of total number of votes) first and only then is the party ordering used. For European elections, voters select two candidates and the candidates must have more than 10% of the total votes to override the party list. In the
2252:
2200:
2187:
1869:
1812:
1338:, to indicate no special preference for any individual candidate, but support for the party in general. Sometimes, however, people want to express their support for a particular person. Many women, for example, vote for the first woman on the list. If a candidate gathers enough preference votes, then they get a seat in parliament, even if their position on the list would leave them without a seat. In the
2278:
2265:
1956:
1777:
1738:
1699:
968:
2317:
2118:
2087:
2034:
2021:
2008:
1969:
1917:
1904:
1891:
1856:
1712:
2338:
2226:
2161:
2105:
2074:
1982:
1843:
1751:
1686:
913:
2047:
1799:
1764:
1441:. Tamura received roughly half of her votes in Tokyo, other proportional candidates on the same list won most of their votes in other prefectures. The proportional district is nationwide; but limited by a very short legal campaign period, some proportional candidates focus their campaign efforts on only certain regions where they personally or their party have a local base.
2291:
2239:
1673:
2131:
1825:
1590:) is to have a separate ballot paper for each party. To maintain voter secrecy, the voter is handed ballot papers for every party. The voter chooses the candidates (or may vote for the party as a whole) on one of the ballot papers, for example, by drawing circles around the candidate numbers (which is why casting preference votes is called
1575:, when electronic voting is used (in Flanders and Ostbelgien), the voter has to choose with an electronic pencil on a touchscreen between lists and blank vote, then on the list's page between the top box (vote for the list without preference for specific candidates) or the box(es) for one or several candidates on the same list.
1064:
In both parliamentary and municipal elections, voters may alter the order of the party list or strike candidates from the list completely. How many votes need to be altered in this way to have an effect on the results varies by the number of seats won by the party in the constituency or municipality
1052:
of votes on their own to be assured of winning a seat. The total number of seats won by the party minus the number of its candidates that achieved this quota gives the number of unfilled seats. These are then successively allocated to the party's not-yet-elected candidates who were ranked highest on
1247:
In practice, with such a strict threshold, only very few candidates succeed to precede on their lists as the required number of votes is huge. Where the threshold is lower (e.g. in Czech parliamentary elections, 5% of the total party vote is the required minimum), results defying the original list
1088:
In a "more open" list system, the quota for election could be lowered from the above amount. It is then (theoretically) possible that more of a party's candidates achieve this quota than the total seats won by the party. It should therefore be made clear in advance whether list ranking or absolute
1295:
parliamentary elections, voters are given 4 preference votes. Only candidates who have received more than 5% of preferential votes at the regional level take precedence over the list. For elections to the
European Parliament, the procedure is identical but each voter is only allowed 2 preference
1243:
Candidates #1, #7 and #4 have each achieved 25% of the quota (250 preference votes or more). They get the first three of the five seats the party has won. The other two seats will be taken by #2 and #3, the two highest remaining positions on the party list. This means that #5 is not elected even
1079:
In parliamentary elections, 50% of the voters need to vote for a candidate in order to change the order of the party list, meaning that, in practice, it is almost impossible for voters to change the result and it is de facto a closed list system. In county elections there is a threshold of 8%.
1609:, each candidate is assigned a number (in which the first 2 digits are the party number and the others the candidate's number within the party). The voting machine has a telephone-like panel where the voter presses the buttons for the number of their chosen candidate. In
2484:
Party lists run-off, but only if necessary to ensure stable majority of 54% if it is not achieved either immediately (one party) or through building a coalition. If a party would win more than 2/3 seats, at least 1/3 seats are distributed to the other parties.
1019:
An open list system allows voters to select individuals rather than, or in addition to parties. Different systems give the voter different amounts of influence to change the default ranking. The voter's candidate choices are usually called
1377:
of SMER) was elected solely by virtue of her position on the party list (having fewer preference votes than a number of other candidates who themselves, nevertheless had preferences from fewer than 10 percent of their party's voters).
1092:
Example: The quota is 1000 votes and the open list threshold is specified as 25% of the quota, i.e. 250 votes. Therefore, a party which received 5000 votes wins five seats, which are awarded to its list candidates as follows:
1445:
The "most open" list system is the one where the absolute number of votes every candidate receives fully determines the "order of election" (the list ranking only possibly serving as a "tiebreaker").
1334:
in Dutch). Candidate with at least 25% of the quota takes priority over the party's other candidates who stand higher on the party list but received fewer preference votes. Most people vote for the
5120:
5604:
4903:
1283:, the voter can give their vote to a single candidate on the list, but only candidates who have received at least 10% of the party's votes take precedence over the other candidates on the list.
1089:
votes take precedence in that case. The quota for individuals is usually specified either as a percentage of the party list quota, or as a percentage of the total votes received by the party.
5141:
5178:
1012:, in which party lists are in a predetermined, fixed order by the time of the election and gives the general voter no influence at all on the position of the candidates placed on the
4843:
1073:, voters altered the party lists enough to change the ranking of candidates within party lists. However, this did not affect which candidates ultimately got elected to parliament.
5090:
5359:
1406:
Finnish parliamentary election uses the open list method. Here an official poster rack in central
Helsinki displays the candidates and their assigned ballot numbers by party.
954:
5642:
2656:
3204:
of 50 seats (out of 300), but this system will be abolished two elections after 2016. In 2020 parliament voted to return to the majority bonus two elections thereafter.
2896:
1509:
are not forced to support candidates of only one party, and can support candidates across multiple lists, while still ensuring the results are ultimately proportional.
1236:
5115:[Information Booklet on Parliamentary and Local Electoral Processes in Albania, on Political Parties, Legislation, OSCE / ODIHR Recommendations (1991-2020)]
4633:
6252:
5600:
5483:
5018:
5617:- Paper presented by Jurij Toplak at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association's 67th Annual National Conference, Chicago, IL, April 2009.
1370:
5113:"Broshurë Informative mbi proceset zgjedhore Parlamentare dhe Lokale në Shqipëri, mbi partitë politike, legjislacionin, rekomandimet e OSBE/ODIHR (1991-2020)"
1373:
three of
Slovakia's thirteen MEPs were elected solely by virtue of preference votes (having party-list positions too low to have won otherwise) and only one (
6092:
1471:
multiple-seat elections. Since 2001, lists of this "most open" type have also been used in the elections to fill the 96 proportional seats in the 242-member
5860:
645:
1438:
1327:
5112:
4519:
4900:
3960:
5262:
4542:
1505:
voting. This gives the voters full control over which candidates are elected, not just within a particular party, but even across them. As a result,
5988:
5840:
1028:
677:
539:
534:
6087:
5865:
5137:
4681:
947:
640:
5850:
5635:
5182:
4037:
3982:
3937:
3870:
3816:
3777:
3738:
3701:
3664:
3594:
3544:
3536:
3496:
3424:
3391:
3357:
3324:
3290:
3257:
3219:
3135:
3101:
3070:
3037:
2998:
2939:
2875:
2845:
2814:
2784:
2744:
2704:
2664:
2624:
2548:
2512:
2462:
2423:
997:
322:
5211:
4648:
4818:
1070:
1066:
4634:
2022 Swedish election results, Section: Voting patterns, Personal votes in
Riksdag elections (number), 2022, The Swedish electoral authority
846:
6214:
2616:
97:
4840:
4786:
4927:
4824:
5897:
5308:
4463:
3029:
2651:
1415:
5459:
1251:
Parties usually allow candidates to ask for preference votes, but without campaigning negatively against other candidates on the list.
5356:
5086:
4433:
940:
5628:
1402:
6232:
841:
5614:
5378:
6082:
6028:
5065:
5000:
4951:
4728:
4593:
4568:
3488:
1656:
831:
581:
552:
492:
5880:
6209:
4659:
4492:
2865:
1548:
1292:
563:
88:
5504:
4870:
4617:
6008:
5181:. European Parliament in Brussels: European Centre for Parliamentary Research and Documentation. October 2000. Archived from
4392:
4362:
4336:
4310:
4284:
4258:
4232:
4155:
4129:
4028:
626:
5336:
4976:
4206:
4103:
4181:
1391:
268:
253:
238:
4707:
6051:
6036:
5855:
3929:
3531:
2990:
2776:
2736:
2696:
1472:
1453:
1323:
884:
504:
427:
348:
5025:
1638:
in individual constituencies. Some countries use open list may only be used in one of the chambers of the legislature.
1374:
6102:
5825:
5815:
5676:
2454:
1339:
1264:
316:
298:
139:
5049:
869:
6067:
5758:
4892:
2540:
1635:
1513:
1346:
1260:
760:
743:
710:
690:
474:
462:
432:
233:
191:
124:
5434:
568:
6117:
6072:
6018:
5930:
4050:
616:
609:
93:
6107:
5993:
5951:
5870:
5795:
5731:
5689:
4023:
3898:
3825:
3787:
3636:
3464:
3414:
3229:
3177:
3024:
2391:
1529:
1521:
1430:
670:
598:
587:
450:
437:
420:
397:
375:
338:
328:
5726:
5259:"Zakon o izborima zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor (Act on Election of Representatives to the Croatian Parliament)"
4539:"Zakon o izborima zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor (Act on Election of Representatives to the Croatian Parliament)"
4512:
3758:
If needed to ensure a stable majority, the two best-placed parties participate in a run-off vote to receive a
6132:
6122:
6097:
5913:
5790:
4657:
Proportional election, Japanese
Communist Party results (lists preference votes by candidate and prefecture)
3862:
3728:
3483:
2960:
2642:
1517:
1421:
796:
650:
333:
6173:
6112:
5975:
5918:
5258:
4538:
3998:
3857:
3719:
3605:
3445:
3367:
3334:
3300:
3280:
3011:
2762:
2674:
2573:
2479:
2440:
1948:
1602:). Then, the voter puts the party ballot paper into an envelope and puts the envelope into the ballot box.
1311:
1305:
1032:
825:
705:
635:
442:
1571:) is to have a large ballot paper with a box for each party and sub-boxes for the various candidates. In
6077:
5998:
5763:
5562:
Elgie, Robert (2016). "Government
Systems, Party Politics, and Institutional Engineering in the Round".
5237:"Report on Proportional Electoral Systems: the Allocation of Seats inside the Lists (open/closed lists)"
4060:
3924:
3806:
3767:
3759:
3209:
3201:
3167:
2731:
2414:
1533:
1366:
733:
573:
457:
263:
242:
174:
152:
5236:
4678:
925:
791:
2719:
2% distributed in at least 9 Federation Units with at least 1% of the valid votes in each one of them
1410:
6147:
5716:
5484:"Sri Lanka electors can vote for one party, three preferences in 2020 general elections: polls chief"
4064:
4014:
3572:
3522:
3381:
3247:
3125:
2985:
2925:
2804:
2682:
2611:
2535:
2449:
2409:
1834:
1537:
1525:
1460:
1280:
864:
851:
819:
83:
17:
6127:
5721:
5204:
4645:
3969:
3688:
3581:
3347:
3314:
3158:
2835:
2722:
2691:
2504:
2396:
2152:
2140:
1559:
Some ways to operate an open list system when using traditional paper-based voting are as follows:
1468:
1464:
1387:
770:
604:
257:
4047:
May vote for or delete as many candidates as there are mandates in the district
Panachage allowed
3507:
May vote for or delete as many candidates as there are mandates in the district
Panachage allowed
6168:
5778:
5579:
5544:
4778:
4067:
2771:
2499:
1544:
930:
801:
412:
196:
5736:
4725:"IPU PARLINE database: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (Assemblée nationale), Electoral system"
3716:
5% threshold or more for single parties, 8% or more for coalitions or 0% or more for minorities
879:
5379:
https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/open-list-proportional-representation.pdf
4755:
6137:
6046:
6003:
5923:
5845:
5768:
5753:
5711:
5571:
4924:
4821:
4814:
3950:
3887:
3843:
3748:
3711:
3674:
3654:
3560:
3510:
3401:
3267:
3145:
3111:
3091:
3047:
2714:
2634:
2604:
2522:
2471:
2432:
2148:
1540:
1506:
1498:
1326:, the voter can give their vote to any candidate in a list (for example, in elections for the
1268:
836:
806:
728:
665:
499:
226:
201:
184:
52:
4456:
1221:
6178:
5810:
5666:
5651:
5608:
5534:
5300:
5285:
4770:
2144:
1620:, the voter must write the name of each chosen candidate in blank boxes under the party box.
1350:
1024:; the voters are usually allowed one or more preference votes for the open list candidates.
917:
874:
765:
753:
467:
343:
169:
163:
145:
134:
129:
117:
78:
40:
4425:
6226:
6142:
5983:
5961:
5773:
5694:
5684:
5662:
5508:
5363:
5004:
4931:
4907:
4896:
4874:
4847:
4828:
4711:
4685:
4663:
4652:
4621:
4523:
3626:
3454:
2905:
2356:
1502:
1342:
1049:
1001:
905:
738:
593:
558:
479:
390:
293:
216:
158:
36:
1493:
or mixed list, is a variant on the most open list where voters may support candidates on
60:
6041:
5746:
5706:
2079:
2000:
1595:
775:
715:
700:
511:
380:
355:
206:
5416:
5390:
5061:
4997:
4947:
4724:
4589:
4564:
3364:
May vote for as many candidates or reject as many candidates as there are on the list
900:
6246:
5785:
5304:
4002:
2179:
1434:
1314:, any candidate who has obtained at least 30% of the quota is automatically elected.
1065:
in question and the candidate's place on the list. In the parliamentary elections of
784:
484:
272:
110:
73:
48:
5548:
5138:"Armenia's New Electoral Code: Open vs. Closed Party Lists and Other Considerations"
4656:
4488:
1634:
Some of these states may use other systems in addition to an open list, for example
5800:
5741:
5501:
4867:
4614:
524:
288:
281:
211:
4384:
4358:
4332:
4306:
4280:
4254:
4228:
4151:
4125:
1048:
A "relatively closed" open list system is one where a candidate must reach a full
5391:"Armenia, Parliamentary Elections, 2 April 2017: Needs Assessment Mission Report"
5332:
4972:
4202:
4099:
6183:
5946:
5885:
5805:
5701:
5539:
5522:
4756:"Politicians, Parties, and Electoral Systems: Brazil in Comparative Perspective"
4177:
3193:
2367:
Types of open list systems used in the lower house of the national legislature.
2309:
2218:
1730:
1568:
1335:
1009:
402:
360:
303:
248:
967:
5956:
5892:
4704:
4565:"IPU PARLINE database: Czech Republic (Poslanecka Snemovna), Electoral system"
4526:
3791:
3640:
3468:
3233:
3181:
2754:
2591:
2565:
2257:
2205:
1354:
1013:
5575:
4590:"IPU PARLINE database: INDONESIA (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat), Electoral system"
1244:
though being the fifth on the list and having more preference votes than #2.
6193:
6188:
5367:
4391:. Consortium for Elections and Political Process Strengthening. 2010-08-08.
4042:
3875:
3501:
3060:
2930:
2192:
1874:
1817:
1490:
1484:
1031:, also known as "personalized proportional representation" in Germany. Some
1005:
370:
4877:(reproduction of ballot papers and explanation of the new voting system)",
4646:
Results of the 24th regular election of members of the House of
Councillors
912:
6013:
5395:
4714: », video posted on Youtube by the Belgian Federal Interior Ministry
4070:
3586:
2587:
10% on the regional (state) level (among votes for the candidates party)
2283:
2270:
1961:
1782:
1743:
1704:
1599:
1583:
621:
5583:
5523:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"
4889:
4457:"Greining á úthlutun þingsæta eftir alþingiskosningarnar 27. apríl 2013"
3602:
May change order of candidates on list or cross out rejected candidates
3264:
May change order of candidates on list or cross out rejected candidates
2601:: 7% of the on the federal level (among votes for the candidates party)
5875:
3974:
2322:
2123:
2092:
2066:
2052:
2039:
2026:
2013:
1974:
1935:
1922:
1909:
1896:
1861:
1717:
1610:
1572:
1564:
407:
4782:
6163:
4901:
El
Salvador joins the panachage ranks, president's party holds steady
2343:
2296:
2244:
2231:
2166:
2110:
1987:
1848:
1756:
1678:
1606:
1579:
5620:
4948:"IPU PARLINE database: PANAMA (Asamblea Nacional), Electoral system"
4841:
Voters head to the polls in El Salvador to elect legislators, mayors
5062:"IPU PARLINE database: JORDAN (Majlis Al-Nuwaab), Electoral system"
4774:
3569:
threshold, but an effective threshold of 0.67% (1/150) for a seat
2136:
1830:
1691:
1617:
1587:
1426:
1420:
1409:
1401:
1349:
of migration and integration, was elected into parliament for the
1000:
where voters have at least some influence on the order in which a
2558:
14% on the district level (among votes for the candidates party)
971:
Countries using open-list proportional representation as of 2020.
3693:
3226:
As many as there are mandates in the district Panachage allowed
3044:
As many as there are mandates in the district Panachage allowed
3008:
As many as there are mandates in the district Panachage allowed
1804:
1769:
5624:
4426:"Hvað þurfa margir að strika út mann til að hann færist niður?"
3200:
in multi-member districts. The winning party used to receive a
1330:); the vote for this candidate is called a "preference vote" (
59:
5119:(in Albanian). Instituti i Studimeve Politike (ISP). 2020.
3886:
Hare quota with largest party receives bonus seat de facto
3174:
0-1 to 0-5 depending on number of mandates in the district
2912:
0-1 to 0-5 depending on number of mandates in the district
3991:(5% of the party vote to override the default party-list)
2999:
two tiers proportional representation without compensating
1035:, however, may use open lists in their list-PR component.
5603:- A debate on the merits of open and closed lists by the
3871:
Two tier proportional representation without compensating
3504:(number of votes equal to the number of members elected)
1448:
When such a system is used, one could make the case that
5435:"Greek MPs approve end to bonus seats, lower voting age"
5601:
British Columbia Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform
5460:"Parliament votes to change election law | Kathimerini"
5333:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Lithuania"
3983:
Two tiers proportional representation with compensating
3595:
Two tier proportional representation with compensating
3553:(25% of the quota to override the default party-list)
2940:
two tier proportional representation with compensating
5357:
UkrInform: Ukrainian parliament adopts Electoral Code
5087:"Lebanon to hold parliamentary elections in May 2018"
1497:
lists. Candidates are typically elected using either
1224:
5615:"Preferential Voting: Definition and Classification"
4705:
Voilà comment voter électroniquement avec Smartmatic
6202:
6156:
6060:
6027:
5974:
5939:
5906:
5833:
5824:
5675:
4998:
http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2299_B.htm
4513:
Vorzugsstimmenvergabe bei einer Nationalratswahl ("
982: Countries where most parties use an open list
4973:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Peru"
1230:
976: Countries where all parties use an open list
4644:Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications:
1536:, as well as in local elections in a majority of
1267:in nine multi-member constituencies based on the
5286:"Pork-Barrel Politics in Postwar Italy, 1953-94"
3599:De facto closed list (50% of votes to override)
4489:"Valgloven §7-2, §11-5, §11-10, §11-12 og §6-2"
3633:As many as there are mandates in the district
3431:As many as there are mandates in the district
2631:As many as there are mandates in the district
1613:, each candidate is assigned a 3-digit number.
5636:
2562:1 in each geographic level of candidate list
948:
8:
6093:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives
5284:Miriam A. Golden; Lucio Picci (April 2008).
27:Personalized list proportional voting system
1353:by preference votes even though he was the
5830:
5643:
5629:
5621:
5179:"Electoral Systems in Europe: An Overview"
5173:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5159:
955:
941:
31:
5538:
5521:Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005).
4515:Preferential voting in a federal election
1512:It is used in elections at all levels in
1223:
4749:
4747:
4745:
2369:
1095:
1029:mixed-member proportional representation
966:
6088:Independence of irrelevant alternatives
5866:Sequential proportional approval voting
4417:
4091:
47:
6253:Party-list proportional representation
5605:Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform
5205:"Izborni zakon BiH, članovi 9.5 i 9.8"
4031:(Lower house of national legislature)
2852:0-1 for every 4 seats in the district
1416:Finnish parliamentary election of 2011
998:party-list proportional representation
5502:Elections in Sweden: The way its done
5293:American Journal of Political Science
5126:from the original on 1 February 2021.
4615:Elections in Sweden: The way its done
2097:Municipal elections in various states
1547:with under 1,000 inhabitants, and in
18:Open list proportional representation
7:
5144:from the original on August 24, 2022
4545:from the original on August 28, 2018
4469:from the original on 24 January 2022
2437:4% nationally or 2.5% in a district
5898:Indirect single transferable voting
5239:. Venice Commission. March 23, 2015
4261:from the original on March 27, 2016
1489:A "free list", more usually called
1008:are elected. This is as opposed to
5265:from the original on April 9, 2018
5217:from the original on March 7, 2021
4868:Papeletas para las elecciones 2015
4754:Mainwaring, Scott (October 1991).
4339:from the original on April 1, 2016
4235:from the original on April 2, 2016
1452:every party an additional virtual
25:
5093:from the original on 18 June 2018
4178:"Country Profile: Czech Republic"
4038:party proportional representation
3938:party proportional representation
3817:party proportional representation
3778:party proportional representation
3739:party proportional representation
3702:party proportional representation
3665:party proportional representation
3545:party proportional representation
3497:party proportional representation
3425:party proportional representation
3392:party proportional representation
3358:party proportional representation
3325:party proportional representation
3291:party proportional representation
3258:party proportional representation
3220:party proportional representation
3136:party proportional representation
3102:party proportional representation
3071:party proportional representation
3038:party proportional representation
2876:party proportional representation
2846:party proportional representation
2815:party proportional representation
2785:party proportional representation
2745:party proportional representation
2705:party proportional representation
2665:party proportional representation
2625:party proportional representation
2549:party proportional representation
2513:party proportional representation
2463:party proportional representation
2424:party proportional representation
2388:Number of votes (for candidates)
5305:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00312.x
4436:from the original on 28 May 2022
2897:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2349:
2336:
2315:
2302:
2289:
2276:
2263:
2250:
2237:
2224:
2211:
2198:
2185:
2172:
2159:
2153:national parliamentary elections
2129:
2116:
2103:
2085:
2072:
2059:
2045:
2032:
2019:
2006:
1993:
1980:
1967:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1915:
1902:
1889:
1867:
1854:
1841:
1823:
1810:
1797:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1697:
1684:
1671:
1657:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1649:
1524:, in congressional elections in
924:
911:
899:
847:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem
493:Semi-proportional representation
125:First preference plurality (FPP)
5339:from the original on 2018-08-20
5314:from the original on 2021-03-01
5068:from the original on 2018-08-19
4979:from the original on 2021-04-22
4954:from the original on 2022-04-07
4792:from the original on 2016-05-08
4731:from the original on 2021-02-24
4690:ACE Electoral Knowledge Network
4596:from the original on 2018-10-16
4571:from the original on 2021-02-24
4495:from the original on 2021-06-05
4395:from the original on 2016-03-29
4365:from the original on 2016-03-29
4313:from the original on 2016-03-24
4287:from the original on 2016-04-02
4209:from the original on 2016-03-30
4184:from the original on 2017-08-16
4158:from the original on 2016-03-26
4132:from the original on 2016-03-29
4106:from the original on 2016-04-02
6009:Mixed ballot transferable vote
4281:"Country Profile: Netherlands"
3987:
3942:
3549:
3474:5% (parties), 7% (coalitions)
2598:
2582:
2553:
2383:
2151:elections. (formerly used for
885:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
842:Moulin's impossibility theorem
807:Conflicting majorities paradox
1:
4255:"Country Profile: Luxembourg"
3961:Assembly-independent republic
3737:Majority jackpot / Open list
1392:2022 Swedish general election
711:Frustrated majorities paradox
6210:Comparison of voting systems
6052:Satisfaction approval voting
6037:Single non-transferable vote
5856:Proportional approval voting
5607:in the Canadian province of
5500:Swedish Election Authority:
4679:Open, closed, and free lists
4613:Swedish Election Authority:
4152:"Country Profile: Sri Lanka"
4126:"Country Profile: Indonesia"
1328:House of the Representatives
1248:order are much more common.
880:Condorcet dominance theorems
820:Social and collective choice
5816:Graduated majority judgment
5540:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087
4359:"Country Profile: Slovenia"
4333:"Country Profile: Slovakia"
4100:"Country Profile: Colombia"
3879:(up to 3 preference votes)
2330:Partially recognized states
1459:This system is used in all
1265:proportional representation
546:By mechanism of combination
317:Proportional representation
6269:
6068:Condorcet winner criterion
5759:First-past-the-post voting
4879:Tribunal Supremo Electoral
4203:"Country Profile: Estonia"
2617:Chamber of Representatives
1482:
1456:election is taking place.
1355:last candidate on the list
1303:
744:Multiple districts paradox
475:Fractional approval voting
463:Interactive representation
6223:
6215:Voting systems by country
6118:Mutual majority criterion
6073:Condorcet loser criterion
6019:Vote linkage mixed system
5931:Largest remainders method
5658:
4385:"Country Profile: Sweden"
4307:"Country Profile: Norway"
4229:"Country Profile: Latvia"
4051:Hagenbach-Bischoff system
3902:
3897:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3805:
2933:(Unicameral legislature)
2577:
2572:
2569:
2561:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2483:
2478:
2476:5% (parties), 7% (blocs)
2475:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2378:
1439:2016 Councillors election
1371:European election in 2009
1263:are elected by open list
1218:
996:describes any variant of
691:Paradoxes and pathologies
540:Mixed-member proportional
535:Mixed-member majoritarian
530:By results of combination
421:Approval-based committees
6108:Majority loser criterion
5994:Additional member system
5952:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota
5871:Single transferable vote
5796:Positional voting system
5732:Minimax Condorcet method
5690:Combined approval voting
5017:Fijan elections office.
4010:in a given constituency
3899:Semi-presidential system
3537:House of Representatives
2657:House of Representatives
2639:5% (per constitutiency)
1578:Another method (used in
870:Condorcet's jury theorem
671:Double simultaneous vote
646:Rural–urban proportional
641:Dual-member proportional
603:
592:
559:Parallel (superposition)
451:Fractional social choice
438:Expanding approvals rule
267:
252:
237:
168:
157:
133:
6133:Resolvability criterion
6123:Participation criterion
6098:Later-no-harm criterion
5914:Highest averages method
5019:"Electoral decree 2014"
4811:Democratic Latin Americ
2643:Constitutional monarchy
1479:Free lists or panachage
1433:proportional candidate
1231:{\displaystyle \vdots }
1027:Open lists differ from
797:Tyranny of the majority
574:Fusion (majority bonus)
391:Quota-remainder methods
6174:First-preference votes
6113:Monotonicity criterion
6083:Independence of clones
5786:Simple majoritarianism
3720:Parliamentary republic
2763:Parliamentary republic
2652:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2574:Parliamentary republic
2480:Parliamentary republic
2441:Parliamentary republic
1949:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1442:
1418:
1407:
1306:Elections in Indonesia
1232:
990:
931:Mathematics portal
837:Majority impossibility
826:Impossibility theorems
622:Negative vote transfer
443:Method of equal shares
64:
6078:Consistency criterion
5999:Alternative vote plus
5764:Instant-runoff voting
4061:Semi-direct democracy
4008:4% nationally or 12%
3587:Parliament (Storting)
2723:Presidential republic
1551:municipal elections.
1454:non-transferable vote
1424:
1413:
1405:
1233:
988: Varies by state
970:
734:Best-is-worst paradox
723:Pathological response
458:Direct representation
111:Single-winner methods
63:
6148:Seats-to-votes ratio
5919:Webster/Sainte-Laguë
5464:www.ekathimerini.com
4763:Comparative Politics
4335:. February 1, 2012.
4257:. February 4, 2010.
4065:assembly-independent
4015:Parliamentary system
3573:Parliamentary system
3523:Parliamentary system
3030:Legislative Assembly
2683:directorial republic
2401:Governmental system
2392:Apportionment method
1835:House of Councillors
1563:One method (used in
1473:upper house of Japan
1222:
918:Economics portal
865:Median voter theorem
84:Comparative politics
6128:Plurality criterion
5727:Kemeny–Young method
4839:George Rodriguez, "
4813:a, Routledge, 2015
4462:. Landskjörstjórn.
4455:Helgason, Þorkell.
3999:Sainte-Laguë method
3894:(per constituency)
3606:Sainte-Laguë method
3489:Chamber of Deputies
3368:Sainte-Laguë method
3335:Sainte-Laguë method
3301:Sainte-Laguë method
3012:Sainte-Laguë method
2777:Chamber of Deputies
2697:Chamber of Deputies
2675:Sainte-Laguë method
2397:Electoral threshold
1636:first-past-the-post
1375:Katarína Neveďalová
1259:The members of the
906:Politics portal
617:Vote linkage system
588:Seat linkage system
175:Ranked-choice (RCV)
6169:Election threshold
6103:Majority criterion
5779:Supplementary vote
5507:2009-02-25 at the
5362:2021-03-08 at the
5003:2018-07-15 at the
4930:2021-04-24 at the
4906:2021-02-28 at the
4895:2021-02-24 at the
4890:Matthew S. Shugart
4873:2021-02-27 at the
4854:, 28 February 2015
4846:2021-05-07 at the
4827:2021-02-25 at the
4710:2016-09-23 at the
4684:2021-01-12 at the
4662:2017-08-31 at the
4651:2019-04-10 at the
4620:2009-02-25 at the
4522:2019-03-02 at the
4231:. August 5, 2011.
1443:
1425:A campaign bus in
1419:
1414:Ballot during the
1408:
1228:
1099:Candidate position
991:
802:Discursive dilemma
761:Lesser evil voting
636:Supermixed systems
339:Largest remainders
197:Round-robin voting
65:
6240:
6239:
6138:Reversal symmetry
6047:Cumulative voting
6029:Semi-proportional
6004:Mixed single vote
5970:
5969:
5846:Mixed single vote
5754:Exhaustive ballot
5717:Copeland's method
5712:Condorcet methods
5652:Electoral systems
5490:. August 4, 2020.
4936:Election Passport
4819:978-1-317-34882-5
4809:Craig Arceneaux,
4078:
4077:
3930:National Assembly
3826:Largest remainder
3788:Largest remainder
3637:Largest remainder
3465:Largest remainder
3230:Largest remainder
3178:Largest remainder
2991:National Congress
2737:National Assembly
2455:National Assembly
2376:Legislative body
1429:for (successful)
1241:
1240:
1107:25% of the quota
1104:Preference votes
1044:Relatively closed
965:
964:
852:Gibbard's theorem
792:Dominance paradox
729:Perverse response
433:Phragmen's method
299:Majority judgment
227:Positional voting
185:Condorcet methods
53:electoral systems
16:(Redirected from
6260:
6179:Liquid democracy
5831:
5811:Two-round system
5722:Dodgson's method
5645:
5638:
5631:
5622:
5609:British Columbia
5588:
5587:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5542:
5518:
5512:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5387:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5313:
5290:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5216:
5209:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5175:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5140:. 12 July 2018.
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5118:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5089:. 14 June 2017.
5083:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5058:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5030:
5024:. Archived from
5023:
5014:
5008:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4944:
4938:
4921:
4915:
4912:Fruits and Votes
4887:
4881:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4837:
4831:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4791:
4760:
4751:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4721:
4715:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4642:
4636:
4631:
4625:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4535:
4529:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4468:
4461:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4422:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4096:
4029:National Council
2541:National Council
2370:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1351:Pim Fortuyn List
1261:National Council
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1096:
1053:the party list.
987:
981:
975:
957:
950:
943:
929:
928:
916:
915:
904:
903:
859:Positive results
754:Strategic voting
651:Majority jackpot
608:
597:
468:Liquid democracy
344:National remnant
334:Highest averages
271:
256:
241:
173:
164:Alternative vote
162:
146:Partisan primary
138:
79:Mechanism design
32:
21:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6219:
6198:
6152:
6143:Smith criterion
6056:
6023:
5984:Parallel voting
5966:
5962:Imperiali quota
5935:
5902:
5820:
5774:Contingent vote
5737:Nanson's method
5695:Unified primary
5685:Approval voting
5671:
5654:
5649:
5597:
5592:
5591:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5527:French Politics
5520:
5519:
5515:
5509:Wayback Machine
5499:
5495:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5468:
5466:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5444:
5442:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5401:
5399:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5373:
5364:Wayback Machine
5355:
5351:
5342:
5340:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5268:
5266:
5261:(in Croatian).
5257:
5256:
5252:
5242:
5240:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5188:
5186:
5177:
5176:
5157:
5147:
5145:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5123:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5094:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5071:
5069:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5044:
5034:
5032:
5031:on 14 July 2014
5028:
5021:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5005:Wayback Machine
4995:
4991:
4982:
4980:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4957:
4955:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4932:Wayback Machine
4922:
4918:
4908:Wayback Machine
4897:Wayback Machine
4888:
4884:
4875:Wayback Machine
4863:
4862:
4858:
4848:Wayback Machine
4838:
4834:
4829:Wayback Machine
4808:
4804:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4743:
4734:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4712:Wayback Machine
4700:
4699:
4695:
4686:Wayback Machine
4676:
4672:
4666:
4664:Wayback Machine
4653:Wayback Machine
4643:
4639:
4632:
4628:
4622:Wayback Machine
4612:
4608:
4599:
4597:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4574:
4572:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4548:
4546:
4541:(in Croatian).
4537:
4536:
4532:
4524:Wayback Machine
4511:
4507:
4498:
4496:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4437:
4430:Landskjörstjórn
4424:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4398:
4396:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4342:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4290:
4288:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4236:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4210:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4187:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4159:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4083:
3909:
3627:Parallel voting
3455:Parallel voting
3005:
2906:Parallel voting
2492:
2365:
2357:Northern Cyprus
2350:
2348:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2316:
2314:
2303:
2301:
2290:
2288:
2277:
2275:
2264:
2262:
2251:
2249:
2238:
2236:
2225:
2223:
2212:
2210:
2199:
2197:
2186:
2184:
2173:
2171:
2160:
2158:
2130:
2128:
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1545:French communes
1503:block plurality
1487:
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1400:
1384:
1363:
1343:Hilbrand Nawijn
1320:
1308:
1302:
1289:
1277:
1257:
1220:
1219:
1100:
1086:
1059:
1050:electoral quota
1046:
1041:
1022:preference vote
989:
985:
983:
979:
977:
973:
961:
923:
922:
910:
898:
890:
889:
856:
832:Arrow's theorem
822:
812:
811:
780:
750:
739:No-show paradox
720:
706:Cloning paradox
696:Spoiler effects
693:
683:
682:
657:
544:
527:
517:
516:
489:
480:Maximal lottery
447:
428:Thiele's method
417:
387:
319:
309:
308:
294:Approval voting
282:Cardinal voting
278:
223:
217:Maximal lottery
181:
113:
103:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6266:
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6042:Limited voting
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5808:
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5788:
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5782:
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5776:
5771:
5769:Coombs' method
5761:
5756:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5747:Schulze method
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5709:
5707:Bucklin voting
5704:
5699:
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5612:
5596:
5595:External links
5593:
5590:
5589:
5564:Insight Turkey
5554:
5533:(3): 323–351.
5513:
5493:
5475:
5451:
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5417:"DocumentView"
5408:
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5349:
5324:
5299:(2): 268–289.
5276:
5250:
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5196:
5185:on May 9, 2013
5155:
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5009:
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4916:
4914:, 8 March 2015
4882:
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4775:10.2307/422200
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4407:
4406:
4376:
4361:. 2012-02-28.
4350:
4324:
4309:. 2011-03-18.
4298:
4283:. 2010-10-14.
4272:
4246:
4220:
4205:. 2011-04-15.
4194:
4169:
4154:. 2010-02-18.
4143:
4128:. 2010-11-26.
4117:
4102:. 2012-06-19.
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4003:leveling seats
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3951:d'Hondt method
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3849:
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3844:d'Hondt method
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3828:(Droop quota)
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3168:Majority bonus
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3146:D'Hondt method
3143:
3140:
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3112:D'Hondt method
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3048:D'Hondt method
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2715:D'Hondt method
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2681:Parliamentary
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2469:
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2433:d'Hondt method
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2016:
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2001:Czech Republic
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776:Turkey-raising
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718:
716:Center squeeze
713:
708:
703:
701:Spoiler effect
694:
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660:By ballot type
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518:
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512:Limited voting
509:
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488:
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477:
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446:
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381:Localized list
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349:Biproportional
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153:Instant-runoff
150:
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140:Jungle primary
127:
116:Single vote -
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5677:Single-winner
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5130:
5122:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5046:
5043:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4953:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4667:(in Japanese)
4665:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4509:
4506:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4448:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4411:
4394:
4390:
4389:ElectionGuide
4386:
4380:
4377:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3415:Liechtenstein
3413:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:Variation of
2381:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2347:
2345:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2313:
2311:
2300:
2298:
2287:
2285:
2274:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2248:
2246:
2235:
2233:
2222:
2220:
2209:
2207:
2196:
2194:
2183:
2181:
2180:Liechtenstein
2170:
2168:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2127:
2125:
2114:
2112:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2083:
2081:
2070:
2068:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2043:
2041:
2030:
2028:
2017:
2015:
2004:
2002:
1991:
1989:
1978:
1976:
1965:
1963:
1952:
1950:
1939:
1937:
1926:
1924:
1913:
1911:
1900:
1898:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1865:
1863:
1852:
1850:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1821:
1819:
1808:
1806:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1773:
1771:
1760:
1758:
1747:
1745:
1734:
1732:
1721:
1719:
1708:
1706:
1695:
1693:
1682:
1680:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:Ballot format
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:Liechtenstein
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1435:Tomoko Tamura
1432:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1345:, the former
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:top candidate
1333:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1225:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1033:mixed systems
1030:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
969:
958:
953:
951:
946:
944:
939:
938:
936:
935:
932:
927:
919:
914:
909:
907:
902:
897:
896:
894:
893:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
875:May's theorem
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
861:
860:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
828:
827:
821:
816:
815:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
788:
787:
786:
785:majority rule
783:Paradoxes of
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
756:
755:
745:
742:
741:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
725:
724:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
697:
692:
687:
686:
679:
676:
672:
669:
668:
667:
664:
663:
662:
661:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
637:
634:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
618:
615:
611:
606:
602:
600:
595:
591:
590:
589:
586:
585:
584:
583:
579:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
555:
554:
549:
548:
547:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
531:
526:
525:Mixed systems
521:
520:
513:
510:
506:
503:
502:
501:
498:
497:
496:
495:
494:
486:
485:Random ballot
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
456:
455:
454:
453:
452:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
424:
423:
422:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
394:
393:
392:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
357:
354:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
330:
329:Apportionment
327:
326:
325:
324:
318:
313:
312:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
283:
274:
270:
265:
264:Antiplurality
262:
259:
255:
250:
247:
244:
240:
235:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
198:
195:
193:
192:Condorcet-IRV
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
176:
171:
167:
165:
160:
156:
155:
154:
151:
147:
144:
143:
141:
136:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
121:
119:
112:
107:
106:
99:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
74:Social choice
72:
71:
69:
68:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:Social choice
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
6231:
6225:
5841:Mixed-member
5826:Proportional
5801:Score voting
5742:Ranked pairs
5661:Part of the
5660:
5570:(4): 79–92.
5567:
5563:
5557:
5530:
5526:
5516:
5496:
5487:
5478:
5467:. Retrieved
5463:
5454:
5443:. Retrieved
5441:. 2016-07-21
5438:
5429:
5421:www.arlis.am
5420:
5411:
5400:. Retrieved
5394:
5385:
5374:
5352:
5341:. Retrieved
5327:
5316:. Retrieved
5296:
5292:
5279:
5267:. Retrieved
5253:
5241:. Retrieved
5231:
5221:September 2,
5219:. Retrieved
5199:
5187:. Retrieved
5183:the original
5146:. Retrieved
5132:
5107:
5095:. Retrieved
5081:
5070:. Retrieved
5056:
5045:
5033:. Retrieved
5026:the original
5012:
4992:
4981:. Retrieved
4967:
4956:. Retrieved
4942:
4935:
4919:
4911:
4885:
4878:
4864:(in Spanish)
4859:
4851:
4835:
4810:
4805:
4794:. Retrieved
4769:(1): 21–43.
4766:
4762:
4733:. Retrieved
4719:
4696:
4689:
4673:
4640:
4629:
4609:
4598:. Retrieved
4584:
4573:. Retrieved
4559:
4547:. Retrieved
4533:
4514:
4508:
4497:. Retrieved
4483:
4471:. Retrieved
4450:
4438:. Retrieved
4429:
4420:
4397:. Retrieved
4388:
4379:
4367:. Retrieved
4353:
4341:. Retrieved
4327:
4315:. Retrieved
4301:
4289:. Retrieved
4275:
4263:. Retrieved
4249:
4237:. Retrieved
4223:
4211:. Retrieved
4197:
4186:. Retrieved
4172:
4160:. Retrieved
4146:
4134:. Retrieved
4120:
4108:. Retrieved
4094:
4085:
4084:
4056:No threshold
4055:
4009:
3990:
3956:No threshold
3955:
3918:No threshold
3917:
3893:
3878:
3566:
3552:
3516:
3197:
3194:closed lists
2586:
2557:
2366:
2307:
1790:Asia-Pacific
1633:
1591:
1558:
1511:
1507:independents
1494:
1488:
1458:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1394:was 22.49%.
1385:
1364:
1332:voorkeurstem
1331:
1321:
1309:
1290:
1278:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1101:on the list
1091:
1087:
1076:
1075:
1061:
1060:
1047:
1026:
1021:
1018:
993:
992:
858:
857:
824:
782:
781:
766:Exaggeration
752:
751:
722:
721:
695:
659:
658:
627:Mixed ballot
582:Compensatory
580:
553:compensatory
550:
545:
529:
491:
490:
449:
448:
419:
418:
389:
388:
376:List-free PR
365:
321:
289:Score voting
280:
279:
225:
224:
212:Ranked pairs
183:
182:
115:
29:
6184:Spoilt vote
5947:Droop quota
5886:Schulze STV
5861:Rural–urban
5806:STAR voting
5702:Borda count
5488:EconomyNext
5243:January 24,
4701:(in French)
4068:directorial
4024:Switzerland
3532:Netherlands
3192:Nationwide
3025:El Salvador
2310:Switzerland
2219:Netherlands
1731:El Salvador
1569:Netherlands
1530:El Salvador
1522:Switzerland
1437:in Japan's
1324:Netherlands
1318:Netherlands
1199:x (second)
1010:closed list
666:Single vote
569:Conditional
564:Coexistence
413:Quota Borda
403:Schulze STV
361:Closed list
304:STAR voting
249:Borda count
6203:Comparison
5957:Hare quota
5907:Allocation
5893:Spare vote
5881:Hare-Clark
5851:Party-list
5469:2020-01-25
5445:2019-06-22
5402:2022-05-30
5343:2018-08-19
5318:2012-08-01
5148:August 24,
5072:2018-08-19
4983:2018-08-19
4958:2018-08-19
4852:Tico Times
4796:2012-08-01
4735:2018-08-19
4600:2018-08-27
4575:2018-08-27
4549:August 27,
4527:HELP.gv.at
4499:2021-06-05
4412:References
4188:2017-08-16
4036:Open list
3981:Open list
3936:Open list
3869:Open list
3863:Parliament
3815:Open list
3792:Hare quota
3776:Open list
3729:San Marino
3700:Open list
3663:Open list
3641:Hare quota
3593:Open list
3543:Open list
3519:threshold
3495:Open list
3484:Luxembourg
3469:Hare quota
3423:Open list
3390:Open list
3356:Open list
3323:Open list
3289:Open list
3256:Open list
3234:Hare quota
3218:Open list
3198:open lists
3182:Hare quota
3134:Open list
3100:Open list
3069:Open list
3036:Open list
2997:Open list
2961:East Timor
2938:Open list
2874:Open list
2844:Open list
2813:Open list
2783:Open list
2755:Hare quota
2743:Open list
2703:Open list
2663:Open list
2623:Open list
2592:Hare quota
2566:Hare quota
2547:Open list
2511:Open list
2505:Parliament
2461:Open list
2422:Open list
2417:(Kuvendi)
2415:Parliament
2384:open lists
2258:San Marino
2206:Luxembourg
1630:By country
1518:Luxembourg
1499:cumulative
1161:x (third)
1121:x (first)
1014:party list
1006:candidates
771:Truncation
500:Cumulative
323:Party-list
98:By country
89:Comparison
6194:Unseating
6189:Sortition
5791:Plurality
5667:Economics
5576:1302-177X
5511:(page 16)
5368:Kyiv Post
5050:ja:非拘束名簿式
4624:(page 16)
4063:under an
4043:Panachage
3988:More open
3943:Most open
3876:Panachage
3858:Sri Lanka
3550:More open
3502:Panachage
3446:Lithuania
3281:Indonesia
2931:Folketing
2599:More open
2583:More open
2554:More open
2193:Lithuania
2149:municipal
1875:Sri Lanka
1837:elections
1818:Indonesia
1495:different
1491:panachage
1485:Panachage
1469:Brazilian
1431:Communist
1398:Most open
1312:Indonesia
1300:Indonesia
1226:⋮
1084:More open
994:Open list
678:Dual-vote
371:Panachage
366:Open list
356:List type
234:Plurality
130:Two-round
118:plurality
41:Economics
6247:Category
6061:Criteria
6014:Scorporo
5663:politics
5584:26300453
5549:73642272
5505:Archived
5396:osce.org
5360:Archived
5337:Archived
5309:Archived
5269:April 8,
5263:Archived
5212:Archived
5142:Archived
5121:Archived
5091:Archived
5066:Archived
5001:Archived
4977:Archived
4952:Archived
4928:Archived
4925:Honduras
4904:Archived
4893:Archived
4871:Archived
4844:Archived
4825:Archived
4787:Archived
4729:Archived
4708:Archived
4682:Archived
4660:Archived
4649:Archived
4618:Archived
4594:Archived
4569:Archived
4543:Archived
4520:Archived
4493:Archived
4464:Archived
4434:Archived
4393:Archived
4369:June 30,
4363:Archived
4343:June 30,
4337:Archived
4311:Archived
4291:June 30,
4285:Archived
4259:Archived
4239:June 30,
4233:Archived
4213:June 30,
4207:Archived
4182:Archived
4162:June 30,
4156:Archived
4136:June 30,
4130:Archived
4104:Archived
4071:republic
3925:Suriname
3807:Slovenia
3768:Slovakia
3210:Honduras
2732:Bulgaria
2373:Country
2284:Slovenia
2271:Slovakia
2145:regional
2141:European
1962:Bulgaria
1783:Suriname
1744:Honduras
1705:Colombia
1664:Americas
1600:Slovakia
1592:circling
1584:Slovakia
1567:and the
1534:Honduras
1367:Slovakia
1361:Slovakia
1347:minister
1110:Elected
1062:Iceland:
1057:Examples
1039:Variants
398:Hare STV
37:Politics
35:A joint
6233:Project
5924:D'Hondt
5876:CPO-STV
5834:Systems
5611:, 2004.
5439:Reuters
5189:July 6,
5097:23 June
4703:«
4399:July 8,
4317:July 8,
4265:July 8,
4110:July 8,
3975:Riksdag
3619:Panama
3567:de jure
3517:de jure
3382:Lebanon
3248:Iceland
3126:Finland
3061:Estonia
2986:Ecuador
2926:Denmark
2805:Croatia
2612:Belgium
2536:Austria
2450:Armenia
2410:Albania
2379:System
2323:Ukraine
2124:Iceland
2093:Hamburg
2067:Bavaria
2053:Germany
2040:Finland
2027:Estonia
2014:Denmark
1975:Croatia
1936:Belgium
1923:Austria
1910:Armenia
1897:Albania
1862:Lebanon
1718:Ecuador
1611:Finland
1594:in the
1573:Belgium
1565:Belgium
1526:Ecuador
1465:Latvian
1461:Finnish
1322:In the
1296:votes.
1281:Croatia
1275:Croatia
1255:Austria
1077:Norway:
408:CPO-STV
258:Baldwin
207:Schulze
202:Minimax
120:methods
6227:Portal
6164:Ballot
5940:Quotas
5669:series
5582:
5574:
5547:
5035:3 July
4817:
4783:422200
4781:
4473:28 May
4440:28 May
3970:Sweden
3689:Poland
3582:Norway
3348:Latvia
3315:Kosovo
3159:Greece
2836:Cyprus
2692:Brazil
2404:Notes
2354:
2344:Kosovo
2341:
2320:
2297:Sweden
2294:
2281:
2268:
2255:
2245:Poland
2242:
2232:Norway
2229:
2216:
2203:
2190:
2177:
2167:Latvia
2164:
2134:
2121:
2111:Greece
2108:
2090:
2080:Bremen
2077:
2064:
2050:
2037:
2024:
2011:
1998:
1988:Cyprus
1985:
1972:
1959:
1946:
1933:
1920:
1907:
1894:
1882:Europe
1872:
1859:
1849:Jordan
1846:
1828:
1815:
1802:
1780:
1767:
1757:Panama
1754:
1741:
1728:
1715:
1702:
1689:
1679:Brazil
1676:
1654:
1642:Africa
1607:Brazil
1580:Norway
1541:states
1538:German
1532:, and
1520:, and
1467:, and
1450:within
1388:Sweden
1382:Sweden
1269:states
986:
980:
974:
273:Coombs
43:series
6157:Other
5976:Mixed
5580:JSTOR
5545:S2CID
5312:(PDF)
5289:(PDF)
5215:(PDF)
5208:(PDF)
5124:(PDF)
5117:(PDF)
5029:(PDF)
5022:(PDF)
4822:p.339
4790:(PDF)
4779:JSTOR
4759:(PDF)
4467:(PDF)
4460:(PDF)
4086:CEPPS
4081:Notes
3753:3.5%
2772:Chile
2500:Aruba
2363:Types
2137:Italy
1831:Japan
1692:Chile
1618:Italy
1588:Spain
1549:Czech
1543:, in
1427:Tokyo
1293:Czech
1118:3500
1002:party
610:'MMP'
599:'AMS'
5665:and
5572:ISSN
5271:2018
5245:2023
5223:2012
5191:2012
5150:2022
5099:2017
5037:2014
4815:ISBN
4551:2018
4475:2022
4442:2022
4401:2012
4371:2012
4345:2012
4319:2012
4293:2012
4267:2012
4241:2012
4215:2012
4164:2012
4138:2012
4112:2012
3995:0-1
3947:0-1
3883:0-3
3840:0-1
3784:0-4
3694:Sejm
3671:0-2
3655:Peru
3557:0-1
3461:0-5
3398:0-1
3331:0-5
3297:0-1
3196:and
3092:Fiji
2946:0-1
2882:0-4
2821:0-1
2751:0-1
2711:0-1
2671:0-1
2519:0-1
2147:and
2139:for
2055:in:
1833:for
1805:Fiji
1770:Peru
1598:and
1586:and
1196:450
1184:100
1172:100
1158:250
1145:150
1071:2009
1069:and
1067:2007
551:Non-
505:SNTV
94:List
51:and
39:and
5989:MMP
5535:doi
5301:doi
4934:",
4910:",
4899:, "
4850:",
4771:doi
4688:",
3892:5%
3848:4%
3831:4%
3797:5%
3679:5%
3610:4%
3565:No
3515:No
3436:8%
3372:5%
3305:4%
3187:3%
3116:5%
3082:5%
2951:2%
2887:5%
2826:5%
2759:4%
2570:4%
1625:Use
1616:In
1605:In
1501:or
1386:In
1365:In
1310:In
1291:In
1279:In
1210:50
1207:#8
1193:#7
1181:#6
1169:#5
1155:#4
1142:#3
1132:50
1129:#2
1115:#1
1016:.
1004:'s
269:el.
254:el.
243:IRV
239:el.
6249::
6230:—
5578:.
5568:18
5566:.
5543:.
5529:.
5525:.
5486:.
5462:.
5437:.
5419:.
5393:.
5366:,
5335:.
5307:.
5297:52
5295:.
5291:.
5210:.
5158:^
5064:.
4975:.
4950:.
4785:.
4777:.
4767:24
4765:.
4761:.
4744:^
4727:.
4655::
4592:.
4567:.
4517:")
4491:.
4432:.
4428:.
4387:.
4180:.
4005:)
3914:?
3794:)
3762:.
3745:1
3708:1
3643:)
3471:)
3236:)
3184:)
3142:1
3108:1
3077:1
2791:1
2585::
2556::
2143:,
1582:,
1528:,
1516:,
1475:.
1463:,
1357:.
1202:x
1164:x
1150:x
1137:x
1124:x
605:NZ
594:UK
170:US
159:UK
142:)
135:US
5644:e
5637:t
5630:v
5586:.
5551:.
5537::
5531:3
5472:.
5448:.
5423:.
5405:.
5346:.
5321:.
5303::
5273:.
5247:.
5225:.
5193:.
5152:.
5101:.
5075:.
5039:.
5007:"
4996:"
4986:.
4961:.
4923:"
4866:"
4799:.
4773::
4738:.
4677:"
4603:.
4578:.
4553:.
4502:.
4477:.
4444:.
4403:.
4373:.
4347:.
4321:.
4295:.
4269:.
4243:.
4217:.
4191:.
4166:.
4140:.
4114:.
4001:(
3908:—
3790:(
3639:(
3467:(
3232:(
3180:(
3004:—
2491:—
2155:)
956:e
949:t
942:v
607::
596::
275:)
266:(
260:)
251:(
245:)
236:(
172::
161::
137::
132:(
100:)
96:(
20:)
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