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196:. Open Design holds great potential in driving future innovation as recent research has proven that stakeholder users working together produce more innovative designs than designers consulting users through more traditional means. The open-design movement may arguably organize production by prioritising socio-ecological well-being over corporate profits, over-production and excess consumption.
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134:. In late 1998, Dr. Sepehr Kiani (a PhD in mechanical engineering from MIT) realized that designers could benefit from open source policies, and in early 1999 he convinced Dr. Ryan Vallance and Dr. Samir Nayfeh of the potential benefits of open design in machine design applications. Together they established the
615:
Bessen, James E. and
Nuvolari, Alessandro, Knowledge Sharing Among Inventors: Some Historical Perspectives (2012, forthcoming). In: Dietmar Harhoff and Karim Lakhani eds., Revolutionizing Innovation: Users, Communities and Open Innovation. Cambridge: MIT Press. Pre-Print: Boston Univ. School of Law,
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The open-design movement is currently fairly nascent but holds great potential for the future. In some respects design and engineering are even more suited to open collaborative development than the increasingly common open-source software projects, because with 3D models and photographs the concept
208:
However, there are certain barriers to overcome for open design when compared to software development where there are mature and widely used tools available and the duplication and distribution of code cost next to nothing. Creating, testing and modifying physical designs is not quite so
209:
straightforward because of the effort, time and cost required to create the physical artefact; although with access to emerging flexible computer-controlled manufacturing techniques the complexity and effort of construction can be significantly reduced (see tools mentioned in the
236:
Open design was considered in 2012 a fledgling movement consisting of several unrelated or loosely related initiatives. Many of these organizations are single, funded projects, while a few organizations are focusing on an area needing development. In some cases (e.g.
187:
or to help spread ecological or cheaper technologies. On the other hand, open design may provide a framework for developing advanced projects and technologies that might be beyond the resource of any single company or country and involve people who, without the
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J. M Pearce, C. Morris Blair, K. J. Laciak, R. Andrews, A. Nosrat and I. Zelenika-Zovko, “3-D Printing of Open Source
Appropriate Technologies for Self-Directed Sustainable Development”, Journal of Sustainable Development 3(4), pp. 17-29 (2010).
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Sharing of manufacturing information can be traced back to the 18th and 19th century. Aggressive patenting put an end to that period of extensive knowledge sharing. More recently, principles of open design have been related to the
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Thomas J. Howard, Sofiane
Achiche, Ali Özkil and Tim C. McAloone, Open Design And Crowdsourcing: Maturity, Methodology And Business Models, International Design Conference - Design 2012, Dubrovnik - Croatia, May 21–24,
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mechanism, might not collaborate otherwise. There is now also a third trend, where these two methods come together to use high-tech open-source (e.g. 3D printing) but customized local solutions for
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Nuvolari, Alessandro 2004. Collective
Invention during the British Industrial Revolution: The Case of the Cornish Pumping Engine. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 28, nr. 3: 347–363.
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The idea of open design was taken up, either simultaneously or subsequently, by several other groups and individuals. The principles of open design are closely similar to those of
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87:. The process is generally facilitated by the Internet and often performed without monetary compensation. The goals and philosophy of the movement are identical to that of the
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general-purpose 3D printer that not only could be used to make structures and functional components for open-design projects but is an open-source project itself
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involves the development of physical products, machines and systems through use of publicly shared design information. This includes the making of both
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245:) organizations are making an effort to create a centralized open source design repository as this enables innovation. Notable organizations include:
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Ronen
Kadushin coined the title "Open Design" in his 2004 Master's thesis, and the term was later formalized in the 2010 Open Design Manifesto.
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can often be understood visually. It is not even necessary that the project members speak the same languages to usefully collaborate.
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730:"Empirical investigation of the impact of using co-design methods when generating proposals for sustainable travel solutions"
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252:, an open-source engineering group at Cornell University publishing a design tool and CAD designs for water treatment plants
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proposed on his "Open Design
Circuits" website the creation of a hardware design community in the spirit of free software.
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The open-design movement currently unites two trends. On one hand, people apply their skills and time on projects for the
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91:, but are implemented for the development of physical products rather than software. Open design is a form of
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1001:(Peter B. Meyer, August 2003) An article on several historical examples of what could be called "open design"
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Vallance, Kiani and Nayfeh, Open Design of
Manufacturing Equipment, CIRP 1st Int. Conference on Agile, 2001
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Allen, Robert C. 1983. Collective
Invention. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 4, no. 1: 1–24.
297:, a project to give every child in developing territories a laptop computer with open hardware and software
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321:(OSP), a modular construction model where everyone designs on the basis of one shared geometrical grid.
763:"Beyond global versus local: illuminating a cosmolocal framework for convivial technology development"
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697:"Designing for Velomobile Diversity: Alternative opportunities for sustainable personal mobility"
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http://www.bu.edu/law/faculty/scholarship/workingpapers/documents/BessenJ-NuvolariA101411fin.pdf
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A new model for enabling innovation in appropriate technology for sustainable development
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established "open source" as an alternative expression to "free software", and in 1997
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138:(ODF) as a non-profit corporation, and set out to develop an Open Design Definition.
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Law and
Economics Research Paper No. 11-51; LEM Working Paper 2011/21. Available at
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507:"Evaluation + Tools + Best Practices: BugLabs and Open-Source Hardware Innovation"
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R. Ryan
Vallance, Bazaar Design of Nano and Micro Manufacturing Equipment, 2000
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Mitchell, Val; Ross, Tracy; Sims, Ruth; Parker, Christopher J. (2015).
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http://www.applied-sciences.net/library/data/zoetrope-wind-turbine.pdf
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1592:
1005:"Lawrence Lessig and the Creative Commons Developing Nations License"
800:
Pearce J., Albritton S., Grant G., Steed G., & Zelenika I. 2012.
336:
258:, an open-source electronics hardware platform, community and company
761:
Kostakis, Vasilis; Niaros, Vasilis; Giotitsas, Chris (2023-06-30).
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design, which emerged in March 1998 when Reinoud Lamberts of the
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183:, perhaps where funding or commercial interest is lacking, for
878:
492:
350:
Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 Unported License
27:
Movement for product development with publicly shared designs
1027:"In the Next Industrial Revolution, Atoms Are the New Bits"
858:"littleBits: DIY Electronics For Prototyping and Learning"
1561:
857:
200:
Open machine design as compared to open-source software
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1203:
1071:
363:an Arena board collecting open design resources.
813:Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy
175:, open source farming and industrial machinery
3473:
1577:
1048:
528:"First Pics of Bug Labs Open-Source Hardware"
8:
71:open source guitar kit with 3-D printed body
47:Uzebox is an open-design video game console.
241:for 3D printable designs or Appropedia for
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1629:
1618:
1584:
1570:
1562:
1368:
1055:
1041:
1033:
745:
643:
641:
3101:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)
1226:Business models for open-source software
348:files for the design licensed under the
480:
1023:to create a global open design network
695:Alexander Vittouris, Mark Richardson.
681:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
674:
286: : methods of transport, vehicles
3106:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)
1415:Organization for Transformative Works
1029:(Chris Anderson, Wired February 2010)
7:
388:Free and open-source software portal
369:, open design low cost wind turbine.
1011:, November 2006) An interview with
818:(2) Published online Aug 20, 2012.
576:. AdCiv. 2010-07-29. Archived from
303: : digital electronic hardware
3050:American Institute of Graphic Arts
489:"Uzebox - The ATMega Game Console"
436:Open-source appropriate technology
243:open source appropriate technology
25:
3060:Design and Industries Association
313:Open Hardware and Design Alliance
1236:Commercial use of copyleft works
998:Episodes of Collective Invention
380:
1216:Alternative compensation system
3055:Chartered Society of Designers
1400:Electronic Frontier Foundation
548:Sorrel, Charlie (2013-03-28).
357:, open-source modular vehicles
147:Delft University of Technology
1:
4058:Open-source software movement
3787:Free and open-source software
3516:Commons-based peer production
3126:Prince Philip Designers Prize
1769:Architectural lighting design
1241:Commons-based peer production
1109:Legal aspects of file sharing
747:10.1080/15710882.2015.1091894
406:Commons-based peer production
81:free and open-source software
2932:Electronic design automation
2915:Virtual home design software
1887:Automotive suspension design
1336:Access to Knowledge movement
112:software movements. In 1997
1791:Environmental impact design
574:"Open collaborative design"
4202:
4136:Open educational resources
3070:International Forum Design
2440:Engineering design process
1017:Developing Nations License
550:"Zoybar | Gadget Lab"
309: : places. to shelter
131:The Open Source Definition
3924:Open Knowledge Foundation
3914:Open Architecture Network
3731:Open-door academic policy
3405:
3153:
3142:
2871:
2845:
2301:
2290:
2192:Integrated circuit design
2114:Stage/set lighting design
2003:Hardware interface design
1919:Hardware interface design
1628:
1617:
1599:
1450:Students for Free Culture
1346:Cultural environmentalism
1303:Prizes instead of patents
1099:Digital rights management
1021:Architecture for Humanity
307:Open Architecture Network
3909:Free Software Foundation
3822:Open-source architecture
3027:Industrial design rights
3015:Fashion design copyright
2927:Design quality indicator
2376:Creative problem-solving
2167:Electrical system design
2023:Sonic interaction design
1934:Photographic lens design
1808:Healthy community design
1405:Free Software Foundation
530:. TechCrunch. 2007-11-01
441:Open-source architecture
3872:Politics and governance
3223:New product development
3188:Enterprise architecture
3116:IF Product Design Award
3075:Design Research Society
2627:Reliability engineering
1536:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
1246:Electronic sell-through
1141:Monopolies of knowledge
1084:Censorship by copyright
327:, including solar cells
194:sustainable development
4043:Free software movement
3934:Open Source Initiative
3884:Open-source governance
3767:Open-source journalism
2679:Top-down and bottom-up
2028:User experience design
1929:Packaging and labeling
1902:Electric guitar design
1840:Landscape architecture
1550:The Internet's Own Boy
1356:Free software movement
1183:software patent debate
1089:Copyright infringement
767:Sustainability Science
451:Open Source Initiative
270:: Free online sharing
233:
176:
136:Open Design Foundation
72:
61:
48:
40:
4181:Free culture movement
4048:Open science movement
4038:Free-culture movement
3716:Educational resources
3675:Collaborative writing
3552:Participatory culture
3208:Innovation management
3091:European Design Award
2857:Intellectual property
2674:Theory of constraints
2637:Responsibility-driven
2477:For manufacturability
2381:Creativity techniques
2219:Nuclear weapon design
2033:User interface design
1897:Corrugated box design
1818:Interior architecture
1351:Free-culture movement
1261:Libertarian positions
1256:Free-software license
1221:Anti-copyright notice
1064:Intellectual property
900:"Open Source Ecology"
832:"Elektor FAQ Elektor"
401:Cosmopolitan localism
333: : miscellaneous
280: : miscellaneous
224:
171:
67:
54:
46:
33:
4176:Open-source hardware
3827:Open-source hardware
3805:Open-design movement
3798:Open-source software
3566:Research and science
3253:Unintelligent design
3233:Philosophy of design
2947:Design specification
2900:Comprehensive layout
2472:For behaviour change
2445:Probabilistic design
2207:Power network design
1744:Visual merchandising
1701:Instructional design
1679:Postage stamp design
1271:Open-design movement
470:Open Design Alliance
465:Open standardization
456:Open-source software
446:Open-source hardware
396:3D printing services
295:One Laptop Per Child
185:developing countries
143:open-source hardware
89:open-source movement
85:open-source hardware
77:open-design movement
59:open source hardware
4109:Free Cultural Works
4053:Open Source Ecology
3939:Open Web Foundation
3836:Economic principles
3793:Free/libre software
3690:Participatory media
3173:Creative industries
3096:German Design Award
3005:Design infringement
2890:Architectural model
2229:Organization design
2224:Nucleic acid design
2172:Experimental design
1725:Traffic sign design
1211:All rights reversed
1079:Artificial scarcity
325:Open Source Ecology
173:Open Source Ecology
3975:Alexandra Elbakyan
3919:Openmod Initiative
3756:Citizen journalism
3633:Open communication
3614:Data, information,
3537:Open collaboration
3238:Process simulation
3213:Intelligent design
2537:Intelligence-based
2532:Integrated topside
2462:Framework-oriented
2147:Behavioural design
2018:Information design
1696:Information design
1529:Good Copy Bad Copy
1475:Alexandra Elbakyan
1379:Copyright Alliance
1015:on the use of the
838:on 23 January 2013
807:2012-11-22 at the
702:2012-09-16 at the
623:2013-02-28 at the
431:Open manufacturing
361:Open Source Design
234:
177:
156:Current directions
83:(FOSS) as well as
73:
62:
49:
41:
18:Open source design
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4146:Open Web movement
4131:Open Data Indices
3985:Peter Murray-Rust
3929:Open Rights Group
3892:
3891:
3775:
3774:
3628:Knowledge commons
3455:
3454:
3401:
3400:
3168:Conceptual design
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3121:James Dyson Award
2977:Website wireframe
2967:Technical drawing
2841:
2840:
2689:Transgenerational
2430:Ecological design
2306:Activity-centered
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2264:Spacecraft design
2058:Public art design
1996:Video game design
1974:Experience design
1944:Production design
1924:Motorcycle design
1882:Automotive design
1786:Ecological design
1664:Film title design
1559:
1558:
1458:
1457:
1410:Open Rights Group
416:Knowledge commons
228:reference design
169:
16:(Redirected from
4193:
4141:Open music model
4105:Definition docs
4094:Creative Commons
4079:
3995:Richard Stallman
3990:Douglas Rushkoff
3904:Creative Commons
3680:Democratic media
3665:
3588:Notebook science
3506:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3459:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3144:
3021:Geschmacksmuster
2995:Community design
2873:
2847:
2607:Process-centered
2403:Design–bid–build
2371:Cradle-to-cradle
2351:Concept-oriented
2292:
2269:Strategic design
2239:Processor design
2214:Mechanism design
2182:Geometric design
2142:Algorithm design
2082:Jewellery design
2013:Immersive design
1907:Furniture design
1852:Landscape design
1630:
1619:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1490:Richard Stallman
1435:Public Knowledge
1395:Creative Commons
1369:
1276:Open music model
1057:
1050:
1043:
1034:
985:
984:
982:
980:
970:
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959:
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910:
908:
906:
896:
890:
889:
887:
885:
875:
869:
868:
866:
864:
854:
848:
847:
845:
843:
834:. Archived from
828:
822:
798:
792:
785:
779:
778:
758:
752:
751:
749:
725:
719:
713:
707:
693:
687:
686:
680:
672:
670:
669:
660:. Archived from
654:
648:
645:
636:
633:
627:
613:
607:
604:
598:
595:
589:
588:
586:
585:
570:
564:
563:
561:
560:
545:
539:
538:
536:
535:
524:
518:
517:
515:
514:
503:
497:
496:
491:. Archived from
485:
390:
385:
384:
383:
170:
21:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4150:
4077:
4025:
4019:
3980:Lawrence Lessig
3970:Tim Berners-Lee
3958:
3888:
3879:Open government
3867:
3863:Sharing economy
3848:Open innovation
3831:
3771:
3760:Wiki journalism
3739:
3699:
3685:Open publishing
3660:
3654:
3615:
3609:
3573:Citizen science
3561:
3501:
3495:
3486:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3397:
3198:Futures studies
3149:
3130:
3079:
3038:
2987:
2981:
2867:
2866:
2837:
2743:Value sensitive
2733:User innovation
2612:Public interest
2577:Object-oriented
2297:
2278:
2259:Software design
2249:Research design
2202:Physical design
2157:Database design
2131:
2129:
2123:
2099:Property design
2094:Game art design
2048:
2042:
1965:
1958:
1873:
1866:
1823:Interior design
1774:Building design
1755:
1748:
1635:
1624:
1613:
1595:
1590:
1560:
1555:
1522:Steal This Film
1509:
1485:Lawrence Lessig
1454:
1383:
1360:
1324:
1320:Video on demand
1199:
1094:Copyright troll
1067:
1061:
1013:Lawrence Lessig
993:
988:
978:
976:
972:
971:
967:
960:
956:
946:
944:
940:
939:
935:
925:
923:
919:
918:
914:
904:
902:
898:
897:
893:
883:
881:
877:
876:
872:
862:
860:
856:
855:
851:
841:
839:
830:
829:
825:
809:Wayback Machine
799:
795:
786:
782:
760:
759:
755:
727:
726:
722:
714:
710:
704:Wayback Machine
694:
690:
673:
667:
665:
658:"Archived copy"
656:
655:
651:
646:
639:
634:
630:
625:Wayback Machine
614:
610:
605:
601:
596:
592:
583:
581:
572:
571:
567:
558:
556:
547:
546:
542:
533:
531:
526:
525:
521:
512:
510:
509:. Worldchanging
505:
504:
500:
487:
486:
482:
478:
386:
381:
379:
376:
219:
202:
160:
158:
114:Eric S. Raymond
101:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4199:
4197:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4163:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4085:
4083:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
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3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3894:
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3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
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3839:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3718:
3711:Open education
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3638:Open knowledge
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3442:
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3428:
3421:
3414:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3266:
3265:
3263:Wicked problem
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:Related topics
3147:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3065:Design Council
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3032:European Union
3024:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2718:
2713:
2711:Usage-centered
2708:
2707:
2706:
2704:Design for All
2696:
2691:
2686:
2684:Transformation
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2632:Research-based
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:Platform-based
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2547:KISS principle
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2457:Fault-tolerant
2454:
2452:Error-tolerant
2449:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2435:Energy neutral
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2391:Design fiction
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2274:Systems design
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2244:Protein design
2241:
2236:
2234:Process design
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2197:Circuit design
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2119:Textile design
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2077:Costume design
2072:Fashion design
2069:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1954:Service design
1951:
1949:Sensory design
1946:
1941:
1939:Product design
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1857:Spatial design
1854:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1835:Keyline design
1832:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1801:Computer-aided
1793:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1669:Graphic design
1666:
1661:
1659:Exhibit design
1656:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1480:Rick Falkvinge
1477:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1445:Shadow library
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1420:The Pirate Bay
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1341:Anti-copyright
1338:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1283:
1278:
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1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1161:Bioprospecting
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1002:
992:
991:External links
989:
987:
986:
974:"Wind Turbine"
965:
954:
933:
912:
891:
870:
849:
823:
793:
780:
753:
740:(4): 205–220.
720:
708:
688:
649:
637:
628:
608:
599:
590:
565:
540:
519:
498:
495:on 2008-08-28.
479:
477:
474:
473:
472:
467:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
421:Modular design
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
392:
391:
375:
372:
371:
370:
364:
358:
352:
339:
334:
328:
322:
319:OpenStructures
316:
310:
304:
298:
292:
287:
281:
275:
265:
259:
253:
218:
215:
201:
198:
157:
154:
122:Larry Augustin
100:
97:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4198:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
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4166:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:Free Software
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4086:
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4074:
4071:
4069:
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4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
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4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4015:John Wilbanks
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
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3965:
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3955:
3952:
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3947:
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3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
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3899:
3897:Organizations
3895:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:Open standard
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3751:Citizen media
3749:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3661:and learning
3659:Communication
3657:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:and knowledge
3612:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3521:Crowdsourcing
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3471:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:specification
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:architectural
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:Visualization
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Cultural icon
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3145:
3141:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:Organizations
3041:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:Design patent
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:Design around
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
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2722:
2721:User-centered
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2669:Tableless web
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2592:Participatory
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2485:
2483:
2482:For Six Sigma
2480:
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2425:Domain-driven
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2413:architect-led
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2356:Configuration
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2324:
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2321:Brainstorming
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2255:
2254:Social design
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2177:Filter design
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2152:Boiler design
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2110:
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2104:Scenic design
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2089:Floral design
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1797:
1796:Garden design
1794:
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1779:Passive solar
1777:
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1754:Environmental
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1716:Retail design
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1634:Communication
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1516:
1514:Documentaries
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1471:
1470:Cory Doctorow
1468:
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1390:
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1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:Pro-copyright
1370:
1367:
1365:Organizations
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1196:
1195:Public domain
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994:
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975:
969:
966:
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943:
937:
934:
922:
921:"Solar cells"
916:
913:
901:
895:
892:
880:
874:
871:
859:
853:
850:
837:
833:
827:
824:
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684:
678:
664:on 2007-08-12
663:
659:
653:
650:
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642:
638:
632:
629:
626:
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619:
612:
609:
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600:
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591:
580:on 2019-06-29
579:
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529:
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508:
502:
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494:
490:
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481:
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468:
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462:
461:Open standard
459:
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314:
311:
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293:
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285:
282:
279:
278:Instructables
276:
273:
269:
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264:: electronics
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
247:
246:
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232:visualisation
231:
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217:Organizations
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199:
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186:
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174:
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45:
38:
37:
32:
19:
4024:Projects and
4010:Aaron Swartz
3944:Pirate Party
3843:Gift economy
3804:
3623:Free content
3598:Science data
3578:Open science
3530:
3526:
3509:Key concepts
3500:Concepts and
3493:open content
3489:Free culture
3248:STEAM fields
3218:Lean startup
3203:Indie design
3019:
2986:Intellectual
2738:Value-driven
2716:Use-centered
2622:Regenerative
2602:Policy-based
2581:
2562:Mind mapping
2467:For assembly
2408:Design–build
2326:By committee
2311:Adaptive web
2109:Sound design
2067:glass design
2065: /
2050:applied arts
1991:Level design
1862:Urban design
1813:Hotel design
1764:Architecture
1739:Video design
1732: /
1723: /
1691:Illustration
1684:Print design
1654:Brand design
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1505:Aaron Swartz
1430:Pirate Party
1388:Pro-copyleft
1270:
1266:Open content
1251:Free content
1151:Orphan works
1146:Music piracy
1009:Alex Steffen
997:
977:. Retrieved
968:
957:
945:. Retrieved
936:
924:. Retrieved
915:
903:. Retrieved
894:
882:. Retrieved
873:
861:. Retrieved
852:
840:. Retrieved
836:the original
826:
815:
812:
796:
783:
766:
756:
737:
733:
723:
711:
691:
666:. Retrieved
662:the original
652:
631:
611:
602:
593:
582:. Retrieved
578:the original
568:
557:. Retrieved
553:
543:
532:. Retrieved
522:
511:. Retrieved
501:
493:the original
483:
344:netbook has
342:VIA OpenBook
284:Local Motors
235:
226:VIA OpenBook
207:
203:
178:
151:
140:
129:
126:Bruce Perens
118:Tim O'Reilly
102:
76:
74:
35:
4186:Open design
4124:Open Source
4068:OpenWetWare
4005:Peter Sunde
4000:Peter Suber
3853:Open patent
3817:Open gaming
3695:Peer review
3542:Open source
3286:competition
3243:Slow design
3193:Form factor
3163:Concept art
2972:HTML editor
2652:Sustainable
2487:For testing
2331:By contract
2187:Work design
2162:Drug design
2134:engineering
2008:Icon design
1986:Game design
1964:Interaction
1912:Sustainable
1845:Sustainable
1734:Type design
1711:Photography
1706:News design
1649:Book design
1644:Advertising
1623:Disciplines
1500:Peter Sunde
1495:Peter Suber
1315:Share-alike
1286:Open source
1281:Open patent
820:open access
790:open access
411:Co-creation
331:Thingiverse
239:Thingiverse
181:common good
110:open-source
93:co-creation
4165:Categories
3744:Journalism
3726:Admissions
3721:University
3446:Wiktionary
3439:Wikisource
3393:technology
3363:principles
2962:Storyboard
2788:management
2783:leadership
2748:Privacy by
2587:Parametric
2557:Metadesign
2527:Integrated
2517:High-level
2502:Generative
2497:Functional
2366:Continuous
2361:Contextual
2336:C-K theory
2296:Approaches
2038:Web design
1892:CMF design
1872:Industrial
1730:Typography
1425:PiratbyrĂĄn
1173:biological
1104:Gripe site
947:25 January
668:2007-10-05
584:2013-06-16
559:2013-06-16
534:2013-06-16
513:2013-06-16
476:References
290:LittleBits
213:article).
128:published
4063:OpenCores
4026:movements
3963:Activists
3704:Education
3502:practices
3432:Wikiquote
3418:Wikibooks
3368:rationale
3333:knowledge
3308:education
3228:OODA loop
2952:Prototype
2937:Flowchart
2895:Blueprint
2763:computing
2699:Universal
2647:Safe-life
2552:Low-level
2542:Iterative
2522:Inclusive
2507:Geodesign
2398:Defensive
2346:Co-design
2316:Affective
1329:Movements
1156:Biopiracy
775:1937-0709
355:Wikispeed
301:OpenCores
250:AguaClara
4089:Licenses
3810:Robotics
3780:Products
3593:Research
3547:Openness
3425:Wikinews
3358:paradigm
3338:language
3318:engineer
3313:elements
3303:director
2988:property
2833:thinking
2823:strategy
2808:research
2768:controls
2726:Empathic
2657:Systemic
2617:Rational
2572:New Wave
2386:Critical
1609:Designer
1308:contests
1296:software
1291:hardware
1231:Copyleft
1204:Concepts
1188:trolling
1178:software
1066:activism
979:16 April
926:16 April
905:16 April
884:16 April
863:16 April
842:16 April
805:Archived
734:CoDesign
700:Archived
677:cite web
621:Archived
374:See also
367:Zoetrope
315:(OHANDA)
190:copyleft
56:Bug Labs
4073:Sci-Hub
3789:(FOSS)
3643:Content
3557:Sharism
3529:versus
3411:Commons
3383:studies
3328:history
3296:student
3281:classic
3269:Design
3183:.design
3111:Graphex
2813:science
2803:pattern
2798:methods
2773:culture
2756:Design
2567:Modular
2420:Diffuse
2341:Closure
2063:Ceramic
1721:Signage
1604:Outline
1543:TPB AFK
1440:Sci-Hub
1168:Patents
1119:digital
706:. 2012.
426:OpenBTS
268:GrabCAD
262:Elektor
256:Arduino
211:fab lab
4171:Design
4033:DIYbio
3603:Plan S
3583:Access
3527:Gratis
3388:studio
3373:review
3353:museum
3276:change
3084:Awards
2957:Sketch
2942:Mockup
2922:CAutoD
2863:Awards
2828:theory
2818:sprint
2793:marker
2758:choice
2132:&
2130:design
1966:design
1874:design
1756:design
1674:Motion
1636:design
1593:Design
1463:People
1134:videos
1114:Mashup
1072:Issues
942:"Home"
879:"Home"
773:
337:VOICED
99:Origin
69:Zoybar
36:RepRap
4082:Tools
3954:SPARC
3668:Media
3531:libre
3271:brief
3158:Agile
2877:Tools
2854:Tools
2492:For X
2128:Other
2047:Other
1129:novel
1124:music
788:2012.
554:Wired
274:files
4119:Open
3949:PLOS
3758:and
3648:Data
3491:and
3348:load
3343:life
3323:firm
2910:CAID
2778:flow
2694:TRIZ
2582:Open
981:2015
949:2024
928:2015
907:2015
886:2015
865:2015
844:2015
771:ISSN
683:link
463:and
120:and
108:and
106:free
75:The
4099:GPL
2905:CAD
2885:AAD
2662:SOD
2642:RWD
2512:HCD
1979:EED
1828:EID
1019:by
742:doi
346:CAD
272:CAD
230:CAD
4167::
811:.
769:.
765:.
738:12
736:.
732:.
679:}}
675:{{
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552:.
116:,
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1007:(
983:.
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909:.
888:.
867:.
846:.
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744::
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671:.
587:.
562:.
537:.
516:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
