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and social customs, so that individuals are unlikely to challenge traditions they believe to have a sacred or magical basis, the beginnings of an open society are marked by a distinction between natural and man-made law, and an increase in personal responsibility and accountability for moral choices
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cannot be suppressed once people have become aware of them, and therefore that it is impossible to return to the closed society, but at the same time recognized the continuing emotional pull of what he called "the lost group spirit of tribalism", as manifested for example in the
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casts doubt on Popper's view of open society. Because the electorate's perception of reality can easily be manipulated, democratic political discourse does not necessarily lead to a better understanding of reality. Soros argues that in addition to the need for
1959:, an explicit commitment to the pursuit of truth is imperative. "Politicians will respect, rather than manipulate, reality only if the public cares about the truth and punishes politicians when it catches them in deliberate deception."
1809:. Growth-based industrial societies require literacy, anonymity and social mobility from their members — elements incompatible with much tradition-based behavior but demanding the ever-wider spread of the abstract social relations
1881:; it is always open to improvement because knowledge is never completed but always ongoing: "if we wish to remain human, then there is only one way, the way into the open society ... into the unknown, the uncertain and insecure".
1938:, a self-described follower of Karl Popper, argued that sophisticated use of powerful techniques of subtle deception borrowed from modern advertising and cognitive science by conservative political operatives such as
1805:
While the period since Popper's study has undoubtedly been marked by the spread of the open society, this may be attributed less to Popper's advocacy and more to the role of the economic advances of
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which most fully marked classical Athens, and Popper was very aware of the continuing emotional appeal of what he called "holism...longing for the lost unity of tribal life" into the modern world.
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Internet
Archive (left or right arrow buttons select succeeding pages), pp. 18–27, 45–65, 229–234., trs., R. A. Audra and C. Brereton, with assistance of W. H. Carter. Macmillan press, Notre Dame.
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of law, morality or religion. Bergson suggests that if all traces of civilization were to disappear, the instincts of the closed society for including or excluding others would remain.
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Karl Popper defined the open society as one "in which an individual is confronted with personal decisions" as opposed to a "magical or tribal or collectivist society."
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Popper's theory that knowledge is provisional and fallible implies that society must be open to alternative points of view. An open society is associated with
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of whatever kind. An important aspect in Popper's thinking is the notion that the truth can be lost. Critical attitude does not mean that the truth is found.
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towards the open society, and as facing for the first time the strain imposed by the less personal group relations entailed thereby.
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The Open
Philosophy and the Open Society: A Reply to Dr Karl Popper's Refutations of Marxism
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are ideally fundamental characteristics of an open society. This was recognized by
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Popper however, did not identify the open society either with democracy or with
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Liberalism and the
Problem of Knowledge: A New Rhetoric for Modern Democracy
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1746:. Popper saw it as part of a historical continuum reaching from the
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1888:. In contrast, in an open society each citizen needs to engage in
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because these sciences were based on what he saw to be faulty
1793:
Popper argued that the ideas of individuality, criticism, and
1727:. Bergson contrasted an open society with what he called a
1738:
The idea of an open society was further developed during
2249:(Routledge, 1945, reprint 2006), chapter 10, part VIII.
1813:
saw as characterizing the metropolitan mental stance.
2236:(Routledge, 1945, reprint 2006), chapter 5, part III.
2350:(Routledge, 1945, reprint 2006), chapters 23 and 24.
2342:
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2309:(Routledge, 1945, reprint 2006), chapter 10, part I.
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in 1932, and describes a dynamic system inclined to
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Alliance of
Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
2106:Les Deux Sources de la morale et de la religion
16:Political term coined by Henri Bergson in 1932
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1021:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
991:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
8:
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2496:. New York: International Publishers (1968).
2348:The Open Society and Its Enemies, Volume Two
2307:The Open Society and Its Enemies, Volume One
2247:The Open Society and Its Enemies, Volume One
2234:The Open Society and Its Enemies, Volume One
2212:The Open Society and Its Enemies, Volume One
2976:
3104:
2541:
2527:
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2476:Liberalism as threat to the open society:
2433:"From Karl Popper to Karl Rove – and Back"
1790:(not incompatible with religious belief).
1696:
1682:
25:
2391:The Oxford History of the Classical World
2330:Soros, George, "The Age of Fallibility,"
1848:rather than political. When Popper wrote
1742:by the Austrian-born British philosopher
1719:) is a term coined by French philosopher
1026:International Federation of Liberal Youth
2164:The Two Sources of Morality and Religion
2121:The Two Sources of Morality and Religion
1844:Popper's concept of the open society is
4124:Reflections on the Revolution in France
2454:Popper's Open Society after fifty years
2097:
1774:as initiating the slow transition from
1006:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
37:
2415:(John Wiley and Sons, 1995), page 33.
1785:societies do not distinguish between
7:
2484:, University of Chicago Press, 1996.
2370:The History of the Peloponnesian War
2151:The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy
4234:The End of History and the Last Man
4144:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
1046:Liberal South East European Network
19:For the non-profit foundation, see
2374:Book II: Pericles' Funeral Oration
14:
1036:Liberal Network for Latin America
469:(contributions to liberal theory)
4427:Concepts in political philosophy
4204:The Open Society and Its Enemies
2506:
2182:The Open Society and Its Enemies
2014:
2000:
1986:
1851:The Open Society and Its Enemies
1663:
1651:
45:
3011:Family as a model for the state
2149:Thomas Mautner (2005), 2nd ed.
4361:Separation of church and state
4259:Collectivism and individualism
4214:The Origins of Totalitarianism
2046:Open–closed political spectrum
410:Separation of church and state
1:
4401:Category:Political philosophy
4274:Critique of political economy
4299:Institutional discrimination
4294:History of political thought
3026:Negative and positive rights
1934:Investor and philanthropist
4309:Justification for the state
4094:Two Treatises of Government
4458:
2979:Bellum omnium contra omnes
2258:K. R. Popper, 1945:199–200
2223:K. R. Popper, 1945:175–176
2185:, 2 vols. ( 1966), 5th ed.
2138:Modernity on Endless Trial
18:
4396:
2118:• Translated as ( 1977),
2104:• Henri Bergson ( 1937).
1770:Popper saw the classical
1633:Sexually liberal feminism
1540:Bias in American academia
1011:European Democratic Party
467:List of liberal theorists
4184:The Revolt of the Masses
1994:Freedom of speech portal
1824:He considered that only
1781:Whereas tribalistic and
1760:face-to-face interaction
292:Labor theory of property
21:Open Society Foundations
4164:The Communist Manifesto
3090:Tyranny of the majority
3001:Consent of the governed
2166:, Macmillan, 1935, pp.
2077:The Transparent Society
1896:Further characteristics
1001:Arab Liberal Federation
191:Consent of the governed
3041:
2991:Clash of civilizations
2977:
2478:Charles Arthur Willard
2359:K. R. Popper, 1945:201
2214:(1945), 1 and 174–175.
2084:The Wealth of Networks
2066:Open source governance
2061:Open Society Institute
2036:Freedom of information
1716:
1016:European Liberal Youth
986:Africa Liberal Network
211:Economic globalization
3006:Divine right of kings
2402:K. R. Popper, 1945:80
2022:Libertarianism portal
1915:, a statesman of the
1802:of the 20th century.
1658:Liberalism portal
1530:Anti-authoritarianism
1031:Liberal International
4154:Democracy in America
3533:political philosophy
3516:political philosophy
3331:political philosophy
3160:political philosophy
3070:Separation of powers
3031:Night-watchman state
3016:Monopoly on violence
2550:Political philosophy
2515:at Wikimedia Commons
2318:K. R. Popper, 1945:4
1949:separation of powers
462:Age of Enlightenment
415:Separation of powers
4344:Right-wing politics
4224:A Theory of Justice
4194:The Road to Serfdom
4114:The Social Contract
2821:Christian democracy
2471:In Defence of Plato
2439:(November 8, 2007).
2296:(2000), pp. 260–266
2292:M. Hardt/K. Weeks,
2114:ch. IV, pp. 287–343
1879:religious pluralism
1670:Politics portal
373:Civil and political
346:Popular sovereignty
206:Economic liberalism
4422:1932 introductions
4356:Political violence
4351:Political theology
4334:Left-wing politics
4329:Political spectrum
2294:The Jameson Reader
2071:Social equilibrium
1917:Athenian democracy
1886:freedom of thought
1840:Critical knowledge
1725:moral universalism
341:Permissive society
321:Limited government
4409:
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4319:Philosophy of law
4264:Conflict theories
4104:The Spirit of Law
4011:
4010:
3060:Original position
2511:Media related to
2488:Maurice Cornforth
2456:(1999), pp. 43–46
2437:Project Syndicate
2283:(1997), pp. 25–29
2201:(2008), pp. 17–18
2134:Leszek Kołakowski
2041:Liberal democracy
2031:Civil inattention
2008:Liberalism portal
1909:political freedom
1890:critical thinking
1706:
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1545:Bias in the media
1061:Regional variants
378:Natural and legal
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4324:Political ethics
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2916:Multiculturalism
2861:Environmentalism
2836:Communitarianism
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2469:R. B. Levinson,
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1800:totalitarianisms
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1567:Radical centrism
405:Secular humanism
331:Natural monopoly
282:Internationalism
99:Internationalist
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3043:Noblesse oblige
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2464:Further reading
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1717:société ouverte
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970:
761:
753:
752:
483:
473:
472:
457:
447:
446:
442:State of nature
430:Social services
420:Social contract
383:To own property
186:
178:
177:
57:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4455:
4453:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4414:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4371:Social justice
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4279:Egalitarianism
4276:
4271:
4269:Contractualism
4266:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4230:
4220:
4210:
4200:
4190:
4180:
4170:
4160:
4150:
4140:
4130:
4120:
4110:
4100:
4090:
4080:
4070:
4060:
4050:
4040:
4030:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3065:Overton window
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2896:Libertarianism
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2502:
2501:External links
2499:
2498:
2497:
2485:
2474:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2441:
2417:
2413:Soros on Soros
2404:
2395:
2393:(1991), p. 232
2378:
2361:
2352:
2336:
2332:Public Affairs
2320:
2311:
2298:
2285:
2277:Ernest Gellner
2269:
2267:Wilson, p. 403
2260:
2251:
2238:
2225:
2216:
2210:K. R. Popper,
2203:
2187:
2179:K. R. Popper,
2172:
2155:
2142:
2140:(1997), p. 162
2126:
2116:. FĂ©lix Alcan.
2096:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2011:
1997:
1981:
1978:
1957:free elections
1931:
1928:
1897:
1894:
1841:
1838:
1818:
1815:
1807:late modernity
1767:
1764:
1762:transactions.
1756:closed society
1729:closed society
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1660:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:Utilitarianism
1635:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1611:Libertarianism
1608:
1606:Land value tax
1603:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1579:Egalitarianism
1576:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1535:Anti-communism
1532:
1526:
1524:Related topics
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1478:Arizona School
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1446:United Kingdom
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
982:
981:
980:
977:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
751:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
573:Wollstonecraft
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
484:
479:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
464:
458:
453:
452:
449:
448:
445:
444:
439:
438:
437:
432:
425:Social justice
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
365:
364:
363:
358:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
326:Market economy
323:
318:
317:
316:
311:
301:
294:
289:
287:Invisible hand
284:
279:
277:Harm principle
274:
273:
272:
267:
262:
257:
256:
255:
250:
235:
230:
229:
228:
223:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
154:
153:
148:
143:
142:
141:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
90:
89:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
55:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4454:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:Henri Bergson
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:Jurisprudence
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4134:Rights of Man
4131:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4045:
4044:De re publica
4041:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3664:20th and 21st
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3397:18th and 19th
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:Nizam al-Mulk
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:Republicanism
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2448:I. C. Jarvie
2445:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:Open business
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2012:
2009:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1969:laissez-faire
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1733:closed system
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:Henri Bergson
1718:
1714:
1710:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:Individualism
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:United States
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:Latin America
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
978:Organizations
975:
974:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
757:
756:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
482:
477:
476:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
456:
451:
450:
443:
440:
436:
435:Welfare state
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
369:
366:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
305:
302:
300:
299:
298:Laissez-faire
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
244:
241:
240:
239:
236:
234:
231:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
182:
181:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
152:
149:
147:
144:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
88:
85:
84:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
4385:
4284:Elite theory
4232:
4222:
4212:
4202:
4192:
4182:
4172:
4162:
4152:
4142:
4132:
4122:
4112:
4102:
4092:
4082:
4072:
4062:
4052:
4042:
4032:
4022:
3321:Guicciardini
3277:Early modern
3100:Philosophers
3050:Open society
3049:
2986:Body politic
2856:Distributism
2846:Conservatism
2841:Confucianism
2760:Gerontocracy
2750:Dictatorship
2704:Sovereignty‎
2694:Ruling class
2584:Emancipation
2569:Citizenship‎
2513:Open Society
2491:
2481:
2470:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2436:
2412:
2407:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2385:J. Boardman
2381:
2369:
2368:Thucydides,
2364:
2355:
2347:
2346:Popper, K.,
2331:
2314:
2306:
2305:Popper, K.,
2301:
2293:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2246:
2245:Popper, K.,
2241:
2233:
2232:Popper, K.,
2228:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2195:A. N. Wilson
2190:
2180:
2175:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2119:
2105:
2100:
2082:
2075:
1967:
1961:
1936:George Soros
1933:
1923:
1921:
1899:
1883:
1872:
1864:epistemology
1849:
1843:
1823:
1820:
1811:Georg Simmel
1804:
1792:
1787:natural laws
1783:collectivist
1780:
1769:
1740:World War II
1737:
1728:
1709:Open society
1708:
1707:
1628:Pirate Party
1488:Jeffersonian
1396:South Africa
886:Lloyd George
481:Philosophers
388:To bear arms
336:Open society
335:
296:
67:Conservative
4158:(1835–1840)
4038:(c. 350 BC)
4028:(c. 375 BC)
3645:Tocqueville
3610:Saint-Simon
3575:Montesquieu
3426:Bolingbroke
3358:Machiavelli
3238:Ibn Khaldun
3203:Alpharabius
3196:Middle Ages
3021:Natural law
2996:Common good
2921:Nationalism
2881:Imperialism
2851:Corporatism
2826:Colonialism
2806:Agrarianism
2785:Technocracy
2765:Meritocracy
2745:Bureaucracy
2735:Aristocracy
2281:Nationalism
1974:group think
1953:free speech
1940:Frank Luntz
1834:coup d'Ă©tat
1744:Karl Popper
1456:Gladstonian
1416:Switzerland
1401:South Korea
1344:Philippines
1304:New Zealand
1299:Netherlands
956:Verhofstadt
951:Balcerowicz
760:Politicians
688:Collingwood
628:Tocqueville
503:Montesquieu
395:Rule of law
196:Due process
4437:Liberalism
4416:Categories
4366:Separatism
4174:On Liberty
4074:The Prince
3803:Huntington
3306:Campanella
3233:al-Ghazali
3182:Thucydides
3140:Lactantius
3085:Statolatry
2911:Monarchism
2891:Liberalism
2816:Capitalism
2799:Ideologies
2780:Plutocracy
2728:Government
2684:Revolution
2669:Propaganda
2619:Legitimacy
2594:Government
2092:References
1964:capitalism
1830:revolution
1817:Definition
1584:Empiricism
1555:Democratic
1550:Capitalism
1461:Manchester
1294:Montenegro
1279:Luxembourg
1215:Venizelism
1145:Costa Rica
400:Secularism
233:Federalism
185:Principles
77:Democratic
39:Liberalism
4084:Leviathan
4064:Monarchia
4058:(c. 1274)
3893:Oakeshott
3838:Mansfield
3833:Luxemburg
3818:Kropotkin
3713:Bernstein
3666:centuries
3580:Nietzsche
3523:Jefferson
3451:Condorcet
3399:centuries
3378:Pufendorf
3243:Marsilius
3130:Confucius
3115:Aristotle
3108:Antiquity
3036:Noble lie
2956:Third Way
2951:Socialism
2876:Feudalism
2831:Communism
2811:Anarchism
2790:Theocracy
2775:Oligarchy
2755:Democracy
2740:Autocracy
2654:Pluralism
2639:Obedience
2604:Hierarchy
2564:Authority
2199:Our Times
2153:, p. 443.
1944:Karl Rove
1860:communism
1826:democracy
1776:tribalism
1599:Anarchist
1507:Venezuela
1483:Classical
1451:Cobdenism
1354:Cracovian
1309:Nicaragua
1274:Lithuania
1133:Hong Kong
1088:Australia
926:Roosevelt
896:StĂĄhlberg
891:Venizelos
846:Sarmiento
836:Gladstone
796:Lamartine
766:Jefferson
618:Martineau
568:De Gouges
553:Condorcet
538:Priestley
201:Democracy
173:Third Way
134:Christian
129:Religious
62:Classical
4339:Centrism
4034:Politics
4024:Republic
3993:Voegelin
3973:Spengler
3958:Shariati
3933:Rothbard
3888:Nussbaum
3788:Habermas
3763:Fukuyama
3753:Foucault
3678:Ambedkar
3655:Voltaire
3625:de Staël
3600:Rousseau
3481:Franklin
3456:Constant
3416:Beccaria
3248:Muhammad
3228:Gelasius
3213:Averroes
3187:Xenophon
3167:Polybius
3120:Chanakya
2965:Concepts
2931:Populism
2901:Localism
2886:Islamism
2871:Feminism
2770:Monarchy
2674:Property
2664:Progress
2629:Monopoly
2599:Hegemony
1980:See also
1913:Pericles
1905:equality
1875:cultural
1589:Humanism
1562:Centrism
1512:Zimbabwe
1466:Whiggism
1426:Thailand
1391:Slovenia
1386:Slovakia
1361:Portugal
1334:Paraguay
1257:Liberism
1222:Honduras
1140:Colombia
1113:Bulgaria
906:Rathenau
881:Milyukov
801:Macaulay
771:Kołłątaj
743:Kymlicka
723:Friedman
668:Cassirer
658:Hobhouse
593:Constant
588:Humboldt
548:Beccaria
513:Rousseau
508:Voltaire
351:Property
314:Positive
309:Negative
265:Religion
243:Economic
216:Equality
139:Catholic
109:National
104:Muscular
82:Feminist
72:Cultural
31:a series
29:Part of
4376:Statism
4289:Elitism
4247:Related
4048:(51 BC)
3978:Strauss
3953:Scruton
3948:Schmitt
3938:Russell
3858:Michels
3853:Maurras
3848:Marcuse
3808:Kautsky
3778:Gramsci
3773:Gentile
3743:Dworkin
3733:Du Bois
3728:Dmowski
3723:Chomsky
3718:Burnham
3703:Benoist
3673:Agamben
3640:Thoreau
3630:Stirner
3620:Spencer
3565:Mazzini
3555:Maistre
3550:Madison
3545:Le Play
3476:Fourier
3441:Carlyle
3421:Bentham
3411:Bastiat
3406:Bakunin
3383:Spinoza
3373:MĂĽntzer
3343:Leibniz
3316:Grotius
3296:Bossuet
3263:Plethon
3208:Aquinas
3177:Sun Tzu
3145:Mencius
3135:Han Fei
2906:Marxism
2866:Fascism
2699:Society
2624:Liberty
2609:Justice
2589:Freedom
2334:(2006).
1930:Caveats
1856:fascism
1766:History
1748:organic
1502:Uruguay
1441:Ukraine
1431:Tunisia
1376:Senegal
1366:Romania
1314:Nigeria
1289:Moldova
1232:Iceland
1227:Hungary
1205:Germany
1200:Georgia
1190:Finland
1185:Estonia
1175:Ecuador
1170:Denmark
1165:Czechia
1150:Croatia
1103:Bolivia
1098:Belgium
1093:Austria
1083:Armenia
1078:Albania
946:Jenkins
941:Kennedy
931:Pearson
916:Einaudi
901:Gokhale
861:Itagaki
856:Naoroji
851:Mommsen
831:Lincoln
821:Mazzini
806:Kossuth
791:Broglie
786:BolĂvar
781:Artigas
776:Madison
638:Spencer
623:Emerson
613:Bastiat
598:Ricardo
558:Bentham
498:Spinoza
455:History
356:Private
304:Liberty
238:Freedom
158:Secular
146:Islamic
124:Radical
56:Schools
4238:(1992)
4228:(1971)
4218:(1951)
4208:(1945)
4198:(1944)
4188:(1929)
4178:(1859)
4168:(1848)
4148:(1820)
4138:(1791)
4128:(1790)
4118:(1762)
4108:(1748)
4098:(1689)
4088:(1651)
4078:(1532)
4068:(1313)
3998:Walzer
3988:Taylor
3943:Sartre
3908:Popper
3903:Pareto
3898:Ortega
3883:Nozick
3873:Mouffe
3823:Laclau
3783:Guénon
3768:Gandhi
3708:Berlin
3698:Bauman
3693:Badiou
3683:Arendt
3650:Tucker
3540:Le Bon
3501:Herder
3491:Haller
3486:Godwin
3471:Fichte
3466:Engels
3461:Cortés
3431:Bonald
3388:Suárez
3363:Milton
3353:Luther
3326:Hobbes
3311:Filmer
3301:Calvin
3286:Boétie
3279:period
3258:Ockham
3125:Cicero
2926:Nazism
2714:Utopia
2689:Rights
2679:Regime
2649:People
2634:Nation
2473:(1953)
2452:eds.,
2450:et al.
2387:et al.
1955:, and
1772:Greeks
1752:tribal
1713:French
1495:Modern
1436:Turkey
1421:Taiwan
1411:Sweden
1381:Serbia
1371:Russia
1349:Poland
1329:Panama
1324:Norway
1284:Mexico
1269:Latvia
1247:Israel
1210:Greece
1195:France
1160:Cyprus
1118:Canada
1108:Brazil
1068:Europe
966:Macron
911:Madero
876:Deakin
866:Levski
841:Cavour
826:Juárez
816:Cobden
748:Badawi
738:Nozick
718:Berlin
708:Popper
683:Keynes
678:Ortega
643:Arnold
603:Guizot
563:Korais
528:Turgot
488:Milton
368:Rights
361:Public
270:Speech
248:Market
221:Gender
168:Techno
163:Social
151:Jewish
87:Equity
4387:Index
4016:Works
4003:Weber
3968:Spann
3963:Sorel
3928:Röpke
3923:Rawls
3878:Negri
3868:Mosca
3863:Mises
3828:Lenin
3798:Hoppe
3793:Hayek
3758:Fromm
3748:Evola
3738:Dugin
3635:Taine
3615:Smith
3595:Renan
3590:Paine
3511:Iqbal
3496:Hegel
3446:Comte
3436:Burke
3348:Locke
3338:James
3291:Bodin
3223:Dante
3218:Bruni
3172:Shang
3155:Plato
2709:State
2659:Power
2644:Peace
2579:Elite
2557:Terms
2168:20–21
1966:or a
1924:polis
1754:, or
1621:Right
1406:Spain
1264:Japan
1252:Italy
1237:India
1180:Egypt
1128:China
1123:Chile
961:Obama
936:Ohlin
871:Kemal
728:Rawls
703:Hayek
693:ÄŚapek
673:Mises
663:Croce
653:Weber
648:Acton
578:Staël
543:Paine
533:Burke
518:Smith
493:Locke
260:Press
253:Trade
226:Legal
94:Green
3918:Rand
3913:Qutb
3813:Kirk
3688:Aron
3605:Sade
3585:Owen
3570:Mill
3560:Marx
3528:Kant
3506:Hume
3368:More
3268:Wang
3150:Mozi
2574:Duty
2112:and
1942:and
1907:and
1877:and
1858:and
1731:, a
1616:Left
1339:Peru
1242:Iran
1155:Cuba
921:King
811:Deák
713:Aron
633:Mill
608:List
523:Kant
119:Ordo
3983:Sun
3843:Mao
2719:War
2614:Law
1832:or
733:Sen
583:Say
114:Neo
4418::
2490::
2480:.
2435:,
2420:^
2389:,
2372:,
2339:^
2323:^
2279:,
2197:,
2136:,
2108:,
1951:,
1903:,
1866:.
1836:.
1750:,
1715::
698:Hu
33:on
2542:e
2535:t
2528:v
2376:.
2170:.
1711:(
1697:e
1690:t
1683:v
23:.
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