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provide privacy, and small rooms are more efficient to heat and cool (especially when kitchen appliances are in use). A follow-on trend among relatively wealthy homeowners is to build a second "mess kitchen" where the actual activity of food preparation takes place, while entertaining happens in a clean kitchen that is part of the open concept space.
340:
and mobile phones, also decrease effectiveness in the open-plan setting. One study found employees were less likely to share their views on phone calls in open offices, because they worry that their co-workers will overhear them and judge them negatively. Employees worry that speaking out loud will
204:
In the late 2010s, the open plan design became less common. Complaints about open plan designs include that they make it more difficult for different people to engage in different activities and make it difficult to hide clutter or a dirty kitchen. Walls are useful to contain noise and smells and to
277:
during the late 20th-century led to an evolution in open-plan offices. Some companies experimented with designs that provided a mix of cubicles, open workstations, private offices, and group workstations. In some cases, these are not assigned to one particular individual, but are available to any
200:
that combines the kitchen, dining room, and living room into one shared space. Such floor plans usually work well in homes with a smaller area, while larger homes have more leeway to work with when integrating great rooms into a floor plan. The removal of interior walls increases views and allows
192:
could be "more hostess 'officio', operating in gracious relation to her home, instead of being a kitchen mechanic behind closed doors." Not having a dividing wall between the kitchen and a combined living-dining room became more popular especially in the United States in the 1970s.
382:
Open-plan offices elevate the risk of employees needing to take time off for sickness. The more people working in a single room, the more sick time is needed. People who work in open-office plans containing more than six people take over 160%
159:, for example in England, that were large enough so they could develop into multi-room houses. Multi-room houses however didn't become popular until later when the country industrialized, as a result of which more people could afford them.
335:
The noise level in open-plan offices greatly reduces productivity. Productivity in an open-office plan has been estimated to be one-third what the same workers would achieve in quiet rooms. Noisy new technologies, like
359:, open-plan offices result in a dramatic reduction in face-to-face interactions, as employees turn to digital communication, such as sending e-mail messages. Open-plan offices have frequently been found to reduce the
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406:
Some negative aspects of open plan offices can be addressed with interior design, such as establishing separate places for face-to-face discussions or using materials that absorb noise.
657:
1223:
719:
Davis, M. C., Leach, D. J., & Clegg, C. W. (2011). "The
Physical Environment of the Office: Contemporary and Emerging Issues." In G. P. Hodgkinson & J. K. Ford (Eds.),
127:(the term used mainly in Canada) describes the elimination of barriers such as walls and doors that traditionally separated distinct functional areas, such as combining the
96:
Open-plan office designs (e.g., tables with no visual barriers) reduce short-term building costs, compared to cubicles or private offices, but result in persistently lower
174:
remained enclosed private spaces. Larger rooms were made possible by advances in centralized heating that allowed larger spaces to be kept at comfortable temperatures.
703:
Gillen, N. M. (2006). "The Future
Workplace, Opportunities, Realities and Myths: A Practical Approach to Creating Meaningful Environments." In J. Worthington (Ed.),
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62:
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The majority of papers found in this Scopus search point to several shortcomings of open-plan offices, sometimes suggesting solutions to address dissatisfaction.
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A home with this type of layout has one or more large, open rooms that function as multiple rooms within a single living space. The most common design is a
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A systematic survey of research upon the effects of open-plan offices found frequent negative effects in some traditional workplaces: high levels of
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voice-activated technology and mobile phones are increasing office noise levels and decreasing the effectiveness of existing open-plan arrangements.
1127:
Bodin
Danielsson, Christina; Chungkham, Holendro Singh; Wulff, Cornelia; Westerlund, Hugo (2014). "Office design's impact on sick leave rates".
896:
162:
In the 1880s, small public rooms of the home with specific functions began to be replaced by larger rooms that fulfilled multiple uses, but
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that consisted of a single room, but this was usually small. Already in the Middle Ages, however, there were some single-room hearth-heated
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of housing estates, business parks, etc., in which there are no defined property boundaries, such as hedges, fences, or walls.
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sick days as those who work in private offices. Different plans have slightly different risks; for example, men working in a
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Some design goals of open plan offices include letting everyone see what everyone else is doing at any given moment, reducing
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employee of the company on either a reservable or "drop-in" (first come, first served) basis. Terms for this strategy include
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266:. Many terms (mostly derisive) have been used over time for offices using the old-style, large arrays of open cubicles.
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style – where employees can see and hear each other freely, but desks are grouped into teams – at his media company
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1172:"Sickness absence associated with shared and open-plan offices – a national cross sectional questionnaire survey"
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on large, open floors. Office landscape was quickly supplanted by office-furniture companies which developed
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254:, which used conventional furniture, curved screens, large potted plants, and organic geometry to create
188:. Wright's designs were based on a centralized kitchen open to other public spaces of the home where the
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423:
Bodin
Danielsson, Christina; Chungkham, Holendro Singh; Wulff, Cornelia; Westerlund, Hugo (2014-02-01).
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Although promoted as a way to encourage collaboration, speed decision-making, and increase the group's
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Prior to the 1950s open-plan offices mostly consisted of large regular rows of desks or benches where
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that makes use of large, open spaces and minimizes the use of small, enclosed rooms such as private
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1067:"Association of open-plan offices and sick leave - a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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was one of the early advocates for open plan design in houses, expanding on the ideas of
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Pejtersen, Jan H; Feveile, Helene; Christensen, Karl B; Burr, Hermann (September 2011).
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100:, dramatically fewer face-to-face interactions among staff, and a higher number of
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991:"Workspace satisfaction: The privacy-communication trade-off in open-plan offices"
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1224:"Goodbye open plan, hello cubicles: What will offices look like after Covid-19?"
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658:"People in open-concept homes are realizing the walls were there for a reason"
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Mauss, Daniel; Jarczok, Marc N.; Genser, Bernd; Herr, Raphael (2022-06-09).
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sunlight from windows in the exterior walls to spread throughout the house.
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Be
Excellent at Anything: The Four Keys To Transforming the Way We Work and
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have a significantly increased risk for short-term illnesses (e.g., the
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may have permanently assigned spaces at a table, or it may be used as a
1250:"The Rise of Office Design in High-Performance, Open-Plan Environments"
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You are one third as productive in open-plan offices as in quiet rooms.
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644:"The Pros and Cons of Open Floor Plans | Case Design/Remodeling"
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performed repetitive tasks. Such designs were rooted in the work of
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International Review of
Industrial and Organizational Psychology
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An information technology department in a French company in 2019
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Candido C.; Chakraborty P.; Tjondronegoro D. (March 28, 2019).
526:
Schwartz, Tony; Gomes, Jean; McCarthy, Catherine (2011-02-01).
348:
by letting everyone overhear what everyone else is saying, and
915:"Open Office Plans: Advantages, Disadvantages, & Research"
897:"Open-Plan Work Spaces Lower Productivity And Employee Morale"
152:
934:"The impact of the 'open' workspace on human collaboration"
34:
The team-oriented "bullpen", an example of open plan in use
491:
A History of
Domestic Space: Privacy and the Canadian Home
694:
Duffy, F. (1997). The new office. London Conran
Octopus
1176:
Scandinavian
Journal of Work, Environment & Health
1033:"Chapter 4: The Physical Environment in Organizations"
379:, whilst increasing auditory and visual distractions.
932:Bernstein, Ethan S.; Turban, Stephen (2018-08-19).
403:may militate against working in open-plan offices.
707:(2nd ed., pp. 61–78). Oxford: Architectural Press.
799:"Why your office could be making you sick: study"
856:Langston, Craig; Lauge-Kristensen, Rima (2013).
725:(Vol. 26, pp. 193–235). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
399:). Easily spread respiratory diseases such as
27:Floor plan that makes use of large open spaces
8:
757:"Bloomberg Vows to Work at Center of Things"
425:"Office design's impact on sick leave rates"
776:"Why your office could be making you sick"
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803:Asia-Pacific Journal of Health Management
780:Asia-Pacific Journal of Health Management
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367:which employees engage in, and to reduce
859:Strategic Management of Built Facilities
214:Development of open-plan workspace types
989:Kim, Jungsoo; de Dear, Richard (2013).
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1031:Elsbach, K. D.; Pratt, M. G. (2007).
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532:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 224–.
350:flattening organizational hierarchies
58:floor plan, another type of open plan
7:
827:Treasure, Julian (16 October 2009).
998:Journal of Environmental Psychology
246:. In the 1950s a German team named
678:"The new home trend: two kitchens"
593:Schoenauer, Norbert (2003-06-24).
25:
1037:The Academy of Management Annals
560:Elliott, Lynn (May–June 2002).
151:Many pre-industrial homes were
599:. W.W. Norton. pp. 384–.
282:, "alternative officing" and "
1:
829:"The 4 ways sound affects us"
774:Vinesh Oommen (13 Jan 2009),
89:. The term can also refer to
1141:10.1080/00140139.2013.871064
441:10.1080/00140139.2013.871064
73:is the generic term used in
1084:10.2486/indhealth.2022-0053
1010:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.06.007
341:distract their co-workers.
1322:
862:. Routledge. p. 137.
488:Ward, Peter (2011-01-01).
470:Definition of open-concept
186:shingle style architecture
1306:Human resource management
731:10.1002/9781119992592.ch6
705:Reinventing the Workplace
1267:10.3390/buildings9040100
304:(in office: 2002–2013).
300:and for his staff while
240:Frederick Winslow Taylor
182:Charles and Henry Greene
357:collective intelligence
262:based on panel-hung or
119:In residential design,
46:, one type of open plan
950:10.1098/rstb.2017.0239
938:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B
596:6,000 Years of Housing
302:Mayor of New York City
67:
59:
47:
35:
572:Active Interest Media
562:"Breaking Down Walls"
292:used a team-oriented
273:and the emergence of
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53:
41:
33:
919:Adventure Associates
786:on February 18, 2009
232:industrial engineers
326:high blood pressure
1189:10.5271/sjweh.3167
944:(1753): 20170239.
684:. August 14, 2014.
632:The Case for Rooms
236:efficiency experts
178:Frank Lloyd Wright
68:
60:
48:
36:
1071:Industrial Health
1049:10.1080/078559809
755:Nagourney, Adam.
567:Old-House Journal
346:information silos
290:Michael Bloomberg
275:mobile technology
264:systems furniture
16:(Redirected from
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338:voice-activation
252:office landscape
106:open office plan
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377:performance
363:or private
328:and a high
284:hot desking
256:work groups
248:Quickborner
228:technicians
157:hall houses
137:dining room
133:living room
114:hot desking
91:landscaping
1295:Categories
1260:(9): 100.
1129:Ergonomics
875:2015-06-16
839:2015-06-16
813:2015-11-11
429:Ergonomics
410:References
389:flex space
308:Evaluation
244:Henry Ford
198:great room
141:great room
110:flex space
83:floor plan
1254:Buildings
1198:0355-3140
1093:1880-8026
1004:: 18–26.
958:0962-8436
496:UBC Press
449:0014-0139
397:influenza
190:housewife
172:bathrooms
121:open plan
116:program.
102:sick days
71:Open plan
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1157:20019920
1149:24460745
1111:35675991
1102:10269830
1018:18616604
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457:24460745
401:COVID-19
322:conflict
280:hoteling
260:cubicles
238:such as
168:bedrooms
164:kitchens
81:for any
967:6030579
833:TED.com
385:as many
294:bullpen
224:typists
129:kitchen
87:offices
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318:stress
220:clerks
170:, and
135:, and
104:. An
1153:S2CID
1014:S2CID
994:(PDF)
314:noise
226:, or
147:Homes
1235:2020
1202:PMID
1194:ISSN
1145:PMID
1107:PMID
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972:PMID
954:ISSN
864:ISBN
614:2014
601:ISBN
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534:ISBN
513:2014
500:ISBN
453:PMID
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