1293:; although the procession was subsequently restored, the service in the Abbey was not. The monarch's role in the proceedings changed over time: early on, the monarch would say some introductory words, before calling upon the Lord Chancellor (or Lord Keeper) to address the assembly. James I, however, was accustomed to speak at greater length himself, and sometimes dispensed with the Chancellor's services as spokesman. This varying pattern continued in subsequent reigns (and during the Commonwealth, when Cromwell gave the speech), but from 1679 onwards it became the norm for the monarch alone to speak. Since then, the monarch (if present) has almost invariably given the speech, with the exception of George I (whose command of English was poor) and Victoria (after the death of Prince Albert). During
3465:
1205:(Thomas Wriothesley himself, the illustrator). Members of the Royal retinue are arrayed behind the King (top right). In the main body of the Chamber, the Bishops are seated on benches to the King's right wearing their parliamentary robes, with the Mitred Abbots behind them. The Lords Temporal are seated to the King's left and on the cross-bench, the status of peers is indicated by the number of miniver bars (white fur edged with gold oak-leaf lace) on their peerage robes: 4 for a duke, 3½ for a marquess, 3 for an earl, 2½ for a viscount, and 2 for a baron. Thus there are 2 dukes, both wearing ducal coronets, the first holding a Marshal's Baton, thus he is the
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962:. The Queen wore day dress and arrived by car at Westminster, where seating was restricted: 74 were allowed in the Lords Chamber, whilst 34 further MPs and peers were able to participate from the gallery. To prevent the spread of the virus, mask-wearing and testing was enforced, and the Lord Chancellor did not directly pass the speech to the Queen, but placed it on a table next to the throne. The State Opening in May 2022 was also scheduled to take place with reduced ceremonial, due to the Queen suffering "episodic mobility problems" (which eventually led to her being absent on the day).
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340:) "hostage" for the duration of the state opening, by tradition as a surety for the safe return of the monarch. The hostage MP is well entertained until the successful conclusion of the ceremony, when they are released upon the safe return of the monarch. The Vice-Chamberlain's imprisonment is now purely ceremonial, though they do remain under guard; originally, it guaranteed the safety of the Sovereign as they entered a possibly hostile Parliament. The tradition is said to stem from the time of
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date as may be prescribed by Act of
Parliament." In Norway, the King is required by Article 74 of the constitution to preside over the opening of the Storting after it had been declared to be legally constituted by the president of the Storting. After he delivers the Speech from the Throne, outlining the government's policies for the coming year, a member of the government reads the Report on the State of the Realm, an account of the government's achievements of the past year.
1008:, there would be a short session from 14 to 24 September, followed by an adjournment, then a new session from 26 October. On 14 September, the King opened Parliament with a very brief speech (just 74 words), announcing that the only business of the session would be the bill to amend the Parliament Act. On 24 September, it adjourned as planned, and the new session was again opened by the King on 26 October. The two weeks in September formed Parliament's shortest modern session.
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monarch states: "Other measures will be laid before you", thus leaving the government scope to introduce bills not mentioned in the speech. The monarch mentions any state visits they intend to make and also any planned state visits of foreign heads of state to the United
Kingdom during the parliamentary session. The monarch concludes the speech in saying: "My Lords and Members of the House of Commons, I pray that the blessing of Almighty God may rest upon your counsels."
673:
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1589:. Though in the past he was a guest sitting in the Knesset's upper deck, the President now attends the ceremony from the speaker's podium and gives his own written address regarding the upcoming session. In the first session of each legislative period of the Knesset, the President has the duty of opening the first session himself and inaugurating the temporary Knesset speaker, and then conducting the inauguration process of all of the Knesset members.
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1101:) explaining why Parliament had been summoned, after which the Lords and Commons went separately to discuss the business in hand. The monarch normally presided, not only for the Opening but also for the deliberations which followed (unless prevented by illness or other pressing matters); the Painted Chamber was one of the monarch's private apartments.
664:, upon which, with some mirth, the House rose to make its way to the Lords' Chamber. This customary intervention was omitted by Mr Skinner in 2015, claiming that he had "bigger fish to fry than uttering something", due to a dispute over seating with the Scottish Nationalists. Skinner resumed the practice in 2016, until he was unseated in 2019.
833:. The bills are considered for the sake of ceremony only, and do not make any actual legislative progress. For the address in reply, a chosen member moves "That a humble Address be presented to His Majesty, as follows". The following is the form used in the House of Lords and is nearly identical to that used in the House of Commons:
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much more recent origin (mention of hostage-taking only dating back to the 1960s or 70s). In 1845, by contrast, the Lord
Chamberlain's routine absence from the State Opening was said to be due to "the department over which his lordship presides not being acknowledged in His Majesty's Palace at Westminster" (where the
1465:, respectively, usually delivers the speech from the throne. On occasion, the monarch may open these parliaments and deliver the speech him or herself. In both Australia and Canada, the last time this occurred was in 1977. In New Zealand, the monarch last opened parliament personally in February 1990.
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During her first eagerly awaited tour over the summer of 1953-4 Parliament was summoned for a special short session in
January to allow her to open Parliament and deliver the Speech from the Throne. She again opened a special session of Parliament in February 1963. She also opened Parliament in March
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A dramatic change was occasioned by the destruction of the old Palace of
Westminster by fire in 1834. After that, the Painted Chamber (which had been gutted in the blaze) was roofed over and fitted up to serve as a temporary house of Lords, pending the rebuilding of the palace; the State Opening took
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The first speech of the debate in the
Commons is, by tradition, a humorous one given by a member selected in advance. The consideration of the address in reply to the Throne Speech is the occasion for a debate on the Government's agenda. The debate on the Address in Reply is spread over several days.
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Traditionally, the members of both houses of
Parliament listen to the speech respectfully, showing neither approval or dissent towards its contents before it is debated in each house. This silence, however, was broken in 1998, when Queen Elizabeth II announced the government's plan of abolishing the
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Between 1837 and 1861, Queen
Victoria missed the State Opening on only four occasions (each time due to pregnancy); but following the death of the Prince Consort she avoided ceremonial events. She attended the State Opening in 1866 wearing a black dress and veil rather than the robe of state (which
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to automatically sit in the House of Lords. A few Labour members of the House of
Commons cried "yes" and "hear", prompting several of the Lords to shout "no" and "shame". The Queen continued delivering her speech without any pause, ignoring the intervention. The conduct of those who interrupted the
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or another member of the government and the Deputy Leader of the
Opposition usually walk side by side, leading the two lines of MPs. The Commons then arrive at the Bar of the House of Lords. The only people required to bow are the House of Commons Speaker, Commons Clerk, senior Lords official Black
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in the centre of the Chamber, and members of the diplomatic corps, who are seated behind the Bishops. The Commons assemble in their own chamber, wearing ordinary day dress, and begin the day, as any other, with prayers. Beforehand the Speaker's Procession takes place in the usual way: preceded by a
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in the Netherlands. Article 65 of the constitution states that "A statement of the policy to be pursued by the Government is given by or on behalf of the King before a joint session of the two Houses of the States General that is held every year on the third Tuesday in September or on such earlier
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On Black Rod's approach, the Doorkeeper of the Commons orders that the doors are slammed shut against them, symbolising the rights of parliament and its independence from the monarch. The Usher of the Black Rod then strikes with the end of their ceremonial staff (the Black Rod) three times on the
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The Imperial State Crown has not been worn invariably: for example, on four occasions in the 20th century Parliament was opened by as yet uncrowned monarchs (i.e. after their accession to the throne, but before their coronation); on these occasions the robe of state was worn but the crown was not
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between the monarchy and Parliament (a copy of Charles I's death warrant is displayed in the robing room used by the monarch as a ceremonial reminder of what can happen to a monarch who attempts to interfere with Parliament); however it has been suggested that the custom in its present form is of
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In the 1998 Queen's Speech, Elizabeth II faced an unprecedented outburst when she outlined the government's plan to ban most hereditary peers from sitting in the House of Lords. The Queen's Speech was interrupted by shouts of "hear hear" from Labour MPs, and some peers appeared to respond to the
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In the Tudor period, the modern structure of Parliament began to emerge, and the monarch no longer attended during normal proceedings. For this reason, the State Opening took on greater symbolic significance as an occasion for the full constitution of the State (Monarch, Lords and Commons) to be
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on the first day of the new parliamentary session. This traditionally tends to fall in November, but can occur at any time of year (depending on the timing of General Elections and parliamentary session start dates). It takes place in front of a formal gathering of both Houses of Parliament; the
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The new palace was designed with the ceremony of the State Opening very much in mind; the choreography of the modern ceremony may be said to date from 1852, when the "Victoria Tower entrance" was used for the first time, and likewise "the Royal Staircase, Norman Porch, new Robing Room and Royal
572:. Once seated on the throne, the monarch, wearing the Imperial State Crown, instructs the House by saying, "My Lords, pray be seated"; his or her consort, if present, sits on a throne to the sovereign’s left, and his or her children, if present, may be provided with seats elsewhere on the dais.
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The monarch reads the entire speech in a neutral and formal tone, implying neither approval nor disapproval of the proposals of their Government: the monarch makes constant reference to "My Government" when reading the text. After listing the main bills to be introduced during the session, the
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The whole speech is addressed to "My Lords and Members of the House of Commons", with one significant exception that the monarch says specifically, "Members of the House of Commons, estimates for the public services will be laid before you", since the budget is constitutionally reserved to the
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The doors having been opened, the chief doorkeeper of the House of Commons introduces Black Rod. At the bar, Black Rod bows to the Speaker before proceeding to the table, bowing again, and announcing the command of the monarch for the attendance of the Commons, in the following words:
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was carried in front of the Queen rather than worn. Inside the Palace, there were reduced numbers in the procession, and outside motor cars were used in place of horse-drawn carriages (and no military escort accompanied them). Otherwise, the ceremony remained largely the same.
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Since 1901, the monarch has opened Parliament in person on all but six occasions. In 1929 and 1935 King George V was too ill to attend; in 1951 King George VI was too ill to attend; in 1959 and 1963 Queen Elizabeth II was pregnant and did not attend. In each of these years
986:. The treaty was signed on 6 December, and the following day a proclamation was issued summoning Parliament to meet in a week's time: a State Opening duly took place on 14 December, the King declaring 'I have summoned you to meet at this unusual time in order that the
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in the Philippines, a former American dependency. These speeches differ from a State Opening in at least two respects, however: they do not in fact open the legislative session, and they are delivered by the chief executive on his or her own behalf. In Poland, the
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Parliament is composed of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons, and a State Opening is the only routine occasion when the three are gathered together in one place. The monarch is seated on the throne, at one end of the chamber in front of the
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Following the speech, the monarch and his or her retinue leave the chamber. The monarch bows to both sides of the House of Peers and then leaves the chamber, walking in procession back to the Robing Room, before the Commons bow again and return to their Chamber.
642:. (Since that time, no British monarch has entered the House of Commons when it is sitting.) The door-closing ritual, however, predates the 1640s, and although it has long since come to symbolise the independence of the Commons, its primary purpose (according to
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which have been signed by My Ministers and the Irish Delegation may be at once submitted for your approval. No other business will be brought before you in the present Session'. Parliament was then once again prorogued (to 31st January) on 19 December
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On certain other occasions through history, ceremonial aspects of the State Opening have been scaled back for specific reasons (including plague in 1593, threats of assassination in 1679 and wartime restrictions in place from 1917-1919 and 1939-1948).
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Most Gracious Sovereign, We, Your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament assembled, beg leave to thank Your Majesty for the most gracious Speech which Your Majesty has addressed to both Houses of
742:, who produces the scroll from a satchel-like bag. Traditionally, rather than turning their back on the Sovereign, which might appear disrespectful, the Lord Chancellor walks backwards down the steps of the throne, continuing to face the monarch.
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The ceremonial surrounding the opening of parliament can be broken down into several parts (the following descriptions refer to the full ceremonial of the event; for occasions when, for various reasons, reduced ceremonial has been used, see
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and members of the Royal Household, and when all is ready a fanfare is sounded and the monarch proceeds in State through the Royal Gallery to the House of Lords. Directly ahead of the monarch walk two peers: one (nowadays usually the
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and, with the Speaker and Black Rod, leads the Members of the House of Commons as they walk, in pairs, towards the House of Lords. By custom, the members saunter, with much discussion and joking, rather than formally process. The
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The Opening of Parliament began out of practical necessity. By the late 14th century, the manner in which the King gathered his nobles and representatives of the Commons had begun to follow an established pattern. First of all,
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1970 and February 1974. In February 1977 she opened another special session at the same time as formally opening the Beehive (the Executive Wing). More recently she has opened Parliament in February 1986 and February 1990.
1114:(which often attracted large numbers of onlookers): the Monarch, together with Household retinue, would proceed in State from whichever royal residence was being used, first to Westminster Abbey for a service (usually a
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interruption with "shame". This was regarded as a considerable act of discourtesy, and the first time in living memory that the sovereign's address, which is normally listened to in total silence, had been interrupted.
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Rod and the Serjeant-at-Arms. No person who is not a member of the Upper House may pass the Bar unbidden when it is in session; a similar rule applies to the Commons. They remain standing at the Bar during the speech.
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was impeded by the opposition parties from entering the Congress building for his sixth and final speech. Since that incident, the Constitution no longer requires the President's presence at the opening of Congress.
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for reasons of security; and then from 1941-1944 it took place in the Robing Room, which was serving as a temporary chamber for the Lords while theirs was in use by the Commons (whose chamber had been destroyed in
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and head of government are merged, the chief executive's annual speech to the legislative branch is imbued with some of the ceremonial weight of a parliamentary state opening. The most well-known example is the
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In 1958, the entire State Opening of Parliament was filmed and televised for the first time. In 1998, minor adjustments were made to the ceremonial inside Parliament with a view to shortening the proceedings.
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was instead draped over the throne); on this occasion she delegated the reading of the speech to the Lord Chancellor. Victoria attended the State Opening on six further occasions (in the 1870s-80s), wearing a
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in 1901 that the full state ceremonial of the event was restored (with the king being in regular attendance and reading the speech himself). King George V resumed wearing the Imperial State Crown in 1913.
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The Palace of Westminster ceased to be a royal residence following a fire in 1512. Afterwards another of the King's residences was on occasion used (in 1523, for instance, the State Opening took place at
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Some of the modifications were subsequently reversed, e.g. the separation of the heralds from the main procession (which had in fact had the effect of lengthening rather than shortening the proceedings).
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in place of the Imperial State Crown; but otherwise delegated the opening of Parliament to Lords Commissioners (one of whom was usually the Prince of Wales). It was not until the latter's accession as
648:) is for the Commons to establish Black Rod's identity. Once this has been achieved, Black Rod cannot be refused admission, and all other business of whatever kind in the Commons chamber must cease.
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permits that "none but the King’s Children shall sit on either Side of the Cloth of Estate in Parliament", though the privilege has also customarily been extended to the wife of the Prince of Wales.
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The first State Opening took place on 15 February 1921. Nine months later, on 10 November, Parliament was prorogued to 30 January; in the meantime, negotiations were taking place with regard to an
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After the departure of the monarch from the palace, each Chamber proceeds to the consideration of an "Address in Reply to His/ Her Majesty's Gracious Speech." But first, each House considers a bill
159:. The Lords are seated on "the floor of the House" (i.e. in the main body of the chamber), while the Commons attend at "the bar of the House" (the boundary rail at the far end, facing the throne).
746:, the Lord Chancellor at the time, sought to break the custom and applied successfully for permission to turn his back on the sovereign and walk down the steps forwards. The next Lord Chancellor,
1145:, depicts King Henry VIII seated in Parliament in that year. It shows a remarkable visual similarity between State Openings of the 16th and 21st centuries. In both cases, the monarch sits on a
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and his family. It is still the King who officially opens the parliament. After the opening of parliament the King gives a speech followed by the Prime Minister's declaration of government.
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and Watermen accompany it, acting as footmen (a reminder of past times when the regalia were brought from the Tower of London by river). On arrival at the Sovereign's Entrance, under the
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departs following his only State Opening of Parliament, 3 November 1936: due to heavy rain he had 'reluctantly' cancelled the carriage procession and travelled there and back by car.
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State Openings of Parliament are documented from as early as the 14th century, with the first visual depictions dating from the 15th century. The most recent State Opening was held
504:, the monarch is usually accompanied by his or her consort and sometimes by other members of the royal family. Senior members of the Royal Household follow in other carriages. The
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The State Opening of Parliament is a ceremony filled with historical ritual, constitutional symbolism and practical significance relating to the governance of the United Kingdom.
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On each day, a different topic, such as foreign affairs or finance, is considered. The debate provides an indication of the views of Parliament regarding the government's agenda.
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On three occasions in the reign of Queen Elizabeth II (namely March 1974, June 2017 and December 2019) the State Opening was conducted in a "dressed-down" manner, due to the
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closed doors of the Commons Chamber, and is then admitted (there is a mark on the door of the Commons showing the repeated indentations made by Black Rods over the years).
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were appointed to preside over the opening, with the speech being read by the Presiding Commissioner (namely the Lord Chancellor). The speech was prefaced with the words:
1237:), and behind them kneel the clerks (with quills and inkpots). At the bottom of the picture members of the House of Commons can be seen behind the Bar of the House, with
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1118:, prior to the Reformation), and thence on foot (accompanied by the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in their robes) to the Palace of Westminster for the Opening itself.
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During the later decades of Elizabeth II's reign, a tradition developed for this command to be greeted with a defiant topical comment by republican-leaning Labour MP
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of the Palace of Westminster, which is where the House of Lords sat; and so began the custom of the State Opening taking place in the Upper House of Parliament.
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makes the traditional cry of "Hats off, strangers!", instructing those assembled to remove their hats in deference to the highest-ranking commoner in the realm.
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opens Parliament with an address similar to the Speech from the Throne. This is also the case in Commonwealth Republics with a non-executive Presidency such as
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In 2022, when the Queen was absent on the day at short notice due to "episodic mobility problems", the heir-apparent to the throne and his elder son (the then
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1350:). Full ceremonial was restored for the most part in 1948, with the crown and robes returning two years later (once the Lords had vacated the Robing Room).
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of office. The Treasurer and Comptroller, along with other senior members of the Royal Household, accompany the monarch in the carriage procession; but the
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provides a Sovereign's Escort, and other members of the armed forces line the processional route from Buckingham Palace to the Palace of Westminster.
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to summon the House of Commons. Black Rod turns and, under the escort of the Door-keeper of the House of Lords, proceeds to the Members' Lobby of the
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Since that time the ceremonial has evolved, but not dramatically. In 1679 neither the procession nor the Abbey service took place, due to fears of a
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In Sweden a similar ceremony as the British was held until 1974, when the constitution was changed. The old opening of state was in Sweden called
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3072:; the George used is a larger than usual gold representation of St. George slaying a dragon and heavily set with diamonds made for George III.
2029:"Traditionally an MP is 'held hostage' at Buckingham Palace til the Queen returns. Today it's Vice Chamberlain @krishopkins2015 #QueensSpeech"
72:, before setting out the government's legislative programme for the new parliamentary session. No business of either House of Parliament (the
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During the two world wars the ceremonial was reduced, and by necessity modified: for example, in 1940 the entire State Opening took place in
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895:"My Lords and Members of the House of Commons, We are commanded to deliver to you His/Her Majesty’s Speech in His/Her Majesty's own words".
328:(all of whom are government whips) assemble with other senior members of the Royal Household at Buckingham Palace, carrying their ceremonial
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The Palace of Westminster is home of the two houses of the British Parliament, and it is to here that the monarch travels to open parliament.
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issued by the Queen for the occasion, the Prince of Wales reading the Queen's Speech (from the consort's throne) on behalf of his mother.
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In addition to the Lords themselves, others are provided with seats on the floor of the House on the occasion of a State Opening, namely:
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Throughout the twentieth century (including in wartime) the State Opening took place on an annual basis, with the following exceptions:
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held in those years. On these occasions the Queen attended in day dress, rather than the traditional ceremonial robes of state, and the
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2002:"Buckingham Palace has a centuries-old tradition of taking an MP hostage when the Queen or one of her representatives enter Parliament"
96:, and members of the House of Lords wear their parliament robes (in contrast to the House of Commons, whose members wear day dress).
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The monarch travels "in State" from Buckingham Palace to the Palace of Westminster, arriving at the Sovereign's Entrance under the
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from his official residence to the Commons Chamber, followed by his trainbearer, chaplain and secretary. In the Central Lobby, a
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1097:; the Commons were summoned, and stood at the Bar (threshold) of the Chamber. A speech or sermon was then given (usually by the
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used to be constitutionally obliged to deliver a speech, similar to the American State of the Union, until 2006 when President
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opened every session of Parliament during her reign, except in 1959, 1963, and 2022. In 1959 and 1963, she was pregnant with
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Mr/Madam Speaker, The King/Queen commands this honourable House to attend His/Her Majesty immediately in the House of Peers.
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Catalogue entry from 'Royal Treasures, A Golden Jubilee Celebration', London, 2002. per catalogue entry, royal collection
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at the First Sitting of these Houses, which is similar to Speech from the Throne. It is rather a custom than a law. Most
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at the top of the Victoria Tower (where it remains until the monarch departs). The monarch is greeted on arrival by the
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Hostage MPs in recent years (all of whom were serving as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household at the time) have included:
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1221:, premier baron in the roll of peers, dressed in black, sits at the end of the cross-bench. The judges (red-robed and
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726:" or the "King's/Queen's Speech", outlining the Government's agenda for the coming year. The speech is written by the
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Motioned by the monarch, the Lord Great Chamberlain raises his white staff of office to signal the official known as
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to symbolise their right to deliberate independently of the monarch. In the House of Lords, the bill is called the
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539:(who has responsibility for State ceremonial), before proceeding to the Robing Room, where he or she puts on the
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There was no State Opening in 2011, as it was cancelled to ease the pressure for the planned introduction of
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In the twenty-first century the State Opening continued on an annual basis, with the following exceptions:
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does not join them. Instead, on behalf of the monarch, he remains at Buckingham Palace keeping one MP (the
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Yeomen of the Guard embarking on their traditional search of the cellars prior to the State Opening (2024).
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Lancashire at War: Cavaliers and Roundheads, 1642-51: a Series of Talks Broadcast from BBC Radio Blackburn
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was caught guarding gunpowder in the cellars hours before the king was to open the second session of the
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King George V and Queen Mary photographed in the Robing Room, ready for the State Opening of Parliament.
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before the Cloth of Estate, crowned and wearing a crimson robe of state; at his right hand sit Cardinal
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There was no State Opening in 2018, as it was cancelled to lengthen the timeframe for the passing of
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3247:(Edward VIII's first and only State Opening: due to heavy rain he travelled to Westminster by car)
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Following this debate, a vote is taken on the Government Programme. This vote is treated as a
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512:
345:
3177:
1570:") and was, as the British, full of symbolism. After the abolition of the old state opening,
2352:"Queen Elizabeth Wears Lilac Day Dress and Hat at a Scaled-Back State Opening of Parliament"
1617:
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1278:
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1174:
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Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords , 2.07
730:, and reflects the legislative agenda for which the Government seeks the agreement of both
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for the occasion. They are joined by senior representatives of the judiciary, who sit on
2642:"Theresa May cancels 2018 Queen's Speech to give more time to push through Brexit laws"
1575:
1378:
1189:
are borne by peers standing before the monarch on the left and right respectively; the
1186:
1162:
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was in force, a general election was not automatically triggered if the vote was lost.
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497:
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73:
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1110:
seen. In this period, the parliamentary gathering began to be preceded by an open-air
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1932:
1593:
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467:
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148:
93:
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17:
3241:(George V's last State Opening: due to thick fog he travelled to Westminster by car)
2786:"Queen to miss State Opening of Parliament - Prince of Wales to read speech instead"
2134:
568:, and the other (nowadays generally a retired senior military officer) carrying the
131:
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2006:
1497:
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1354:
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639:
635:
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615:
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406:
367:
2403:"Queens Speech: Proposers of the Loyal Address in the House of Commons since 1900"
2376:
2300:
2209:"Dennis Skinner explains lack of Queen's speech quip: 'I was fighting Scots Nats'"
1811:
222:
carrying the maces, which are to be carried by the Sergeants-at-Arms in procession
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2242:"Watch Dennis Skinner zing the Queen's Speech by shouting 'Hands off the BBC!'"
874:, at the time the Prince of Wales, reading the speech on behalf of his mother,
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2083:"Why Labour MP Samantha Dixon will be held hostage at Buckingham Palace today"
1552:
a similar ceremony is held on the third Tuesday in September, which is called
1540:
1483:
also conducts an annual State Opening, usually in March, presided over by the
1326:
1126:
907:, now Prince of Wales) were appointed under the authority of section 6 of the
747:
528:
520:
516:
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2615:"Government accused of 'abuse of power' after cancelling 2011 Queen's speech"
2220:
1592:
In some countries with presidential or similar systems in which the roles of
850:
and losing this vote will automatically trigger a general election. When the
576:(instead it was carried on a cushion by one of the Great Officers of State).
1525:
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1347:
1298:
821:
787:
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535:(who has oversight of the royal areas of the Palace of Westminster) and the
268:
183:
as are in possession of an invitation issued by the Lord Great Chamberlain.
2671:
Cobb, H.S., 'The Staging of Ceremonies of State in the House of Lords' in
2188:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–25.
1441:
In addition to the UK, Opening of Parliament ceremonies are held in other
2087:
1476:
1226:
292:
1048:
Henry VIII going to open Parliament (contemporary illustration: part of
1004:
On 24 June, it was announced that in order to secure the passing of the
27:
Ceremonial event marking the beginning of a session of the UK Parliament
3187:
2575:
2555:
2535:
2515:
2109:
1586:
638:, including the celebrated English patriot and leading parliamentarian
552:
176:
83:
The State Opening takes place in the House of Lords chamber within the
2885:
The Queen's Speech: An Intimate Portrait of the Queen in Her Own Words
2559:. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 24 September 1948.
2539:. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 14 September 1948.
1844:
The Standing Orders of the House of Lords Relating to Public Business.
478:(separate from the three used by parliament) which are carried by the
3325:
3196:
2727:
Cannadine, D., 'The Palace of Westminster as Palace of Varieties' in
1198:
1146:
1035:
There were two State Openings in 2019 (and no State Opening in 2020).
1029:
999:
There were two State Openings in 1948 (and no State Opening in 1949).
996:
There were two State Openings in 1924 (and no State Opening in 1925);
977:
There were two State Openings in 1921 (and no State Opening in 1923);
974:
There were two State Openings in 1914 (and no State Opening in 1915);
735:
60:" (also known as the King's or Queen's Speech), which is read by the
2579:. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 26 October 1948.
2054:"This is why an MP is being held hostage at Buckingham Palace today"
3283:(Due to a rail-strike Elizabeth II travelled to Westminster by car]
3046:
was in force the Opening of Parliament routinely took place in May.
2741:"The State Opening of Parliament - A Perspective from the Archives"
458:, the Crown is passed by the Bargemaster to the Comptroller of the
267:, and the Yeomen are paid for their services with a small glass of
3094:
The Mitred Abbots were removed from Parliament at the time of the
1530:
1517:
1428:
1332:
1313:
place there until 1847, when the new Lords' chamber was opened.
1303:
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1120:
1043:
926:
866:
797:
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671:
609:
583:
425:
214:
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191:
130:
2519:. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 24 June 1948.
1385:
on the advice of her doctors. That session was opened by her son
438:
is brought to the Palace of Westminster, together with the Great
48:
is a ceremonial event which formally marks the beginning of each
2177:
1612:
1277:
George III travelling to the State Opening of Parliament in the
1222:
3334:
1308:
Queen Victoria Opening Parliament in the Painted Chamber, 1845.
919:
reading the speech from the consort's throne on this occasion.
80:) can proceed until the Sovereign’s speech has been delivered.
1085:, and representatives of the Commons were checked against the
738:, and presented on bended knee for the monarch to read by the
3301:(the first time cameras were allowed in the House of Commons)
1193:
stands alongside, bearing his white wand of office, near the
482:
of the Royal Household who escort the regalia in procession.
1381:
in 1963), empowered by the Queen. The Queen also missed the
1081:' names were checked against the list of those who had been
228:
151:, if present, seated alongside), flanked by an entourage of
1301:
attended in full state and gave a Prince Regent's Speech.
1245:, in the centre, wearing his black and gold robe of state.
3289:(the first time the ceremony inside the Palace was filmed)
1791:. Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street. 17 July 2024
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
626:
This ritual is strongly associated with the occasion when
430:
Arrival of the Regalia at the Sovereign's Entrance (2022).
166:
such members of the Royal Family as His Majesty may direct
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1489:. However, parliament is opened in the lower house (the
1052:, a 18 ft (5.5 m) long vellum parchment roll).
680:
The Speaker proceeds to attend the summons at once. The
279:
Peers and peeresses assemble in the House of Lords. The
68:. In the speech the monarch gives notice of forthcoming
2980:. New Zealand Parliament. 29 April 2011. Archived from
2477:
Erskine May, Part 1, Chapter 8, Paragraph 8.11, Note 1.
2326:"What is a 'dressed-down' State Opening of Parliament?"
1317:
Gallery", establishing the modern processional route.
1574:
is now held in the Riksdag but in the presence of the
1089:
election returns. The Peers were robed and sat in the
466:. The regalia are then carried to be displayed in the
2499:
Hansard, vol. 149, House of Commons 19 December 1921.
2488:
Hansard, vol. 149, House of Commons 14 December 1921.
2438:
Hansard, vol. 148, House of Commons 10 November 1921.
2427:
Hansard, vol. 138, House of Commons 15 February 1921.
2301:"Queen's Speech: What is it and why is it important?"
1883:
Walpole, Jennifer; Kelly, Richard (10 October 2008).
1724:
1722:
3119:
in 1963) read the Queen's Speech on those occasions.
3068:
Over this robe is worn the collar and George of the
2729:
The Houses of Parliament: History, Art, Architecture
2673:
The Houses of Parliament: History, Art, Architecture
1812:"What is the King's Speech and why is it important?"
1701:
State Opening of Parliament - history and ceremonial
1640:
from the Presidential box in the Press gallery. The
1141:
The Wriothesley Garter Book, a 1523 illustration by
3546:
3515:
3472:
3366:
1581:In Israel, a semi-annual ceremony, attended by the
1365:respectively and those two sessions were opened by
722:
The monarch reads a prepared speech, known as the "
492:
State Procession at the State Opening of Parliament
486:
Arrival of the Sovereign and assembly of Parliament
2640:
580:Royal summons of the Commons to the Lords' chamber
3227:Newsreel of the February 1921 carriage procession
1601:in the United States. Other examples include the
3263:Newsreel of the October 1948 carriage procession
2146:
2144:
2142:
1856:"Frequently Asked Questions: The Gunpowder Plot"
1974:"MP 'held hostage' in Queen's Speech tradition"
835:
654:
1585:, opens the winter and summer sessions of the
1161:, with arms above under a cardinal's hat, and
1133:in 1523; a contemporary illustration from the
3346:
634:in 1642 in an unsuccessful attempt to arrest
211:, which is visible through the central window
8:
1636:, watched the First Sitting of the 6th term
1628:. The exception was in 2007, when President
767:speech was strongly criticised at the time.
3310:Newsreel of the November 1974 State Opening
2908:"1998: Queen's speech spells end for peers"
2273:"1998: Queen's speech spells end for peers"
3353:
3339:
3331:
3203:A selection of newsreels and other footage
2452:Parliament and Northern Ireland, 1921-2021
2377:"Queen's Speech 2021: What can we expect?"
2192:Bagley, John Joseph; Lewis, A. S. (1977).
1996:
1994:
1878:
1876:
1257:). When (in 1530) the King moved into the
734:. It is traditionally written on goatskin
2750:, www.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2015-09-21
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
1538:delivering the Speech from the Throne in
1470:Solemn Opening of the Parliament of Spain
434:Before the arrival of the sovereign, the
316:On the morning of the State Opening, the
56:. At its core is His (or Her) Majesty's "
3322:Videos of every State Opening since 1988
3275:Newsreel of the 1952 carriage procession
3269:Newsreel of the 1950 carriage procession
3257:Newsreel of the 1946 carriage procession
3251:Newsreel of the 1937 carriage procession
3233:Newsreel of the 1932 carriage procession
3221:Newsreel of the 1917 carriage procession
3215:Newsreel of the 1910 carriage procession
3209:Newsreel of the 1901 carriage procession
2887:, Simon & Schuster UK, p. 168,
728:Prime Minister and their cabinet members
603:, and reaches the doors of the Commons.
172:the officers and attendants of the House
31:
3361:Royal ceremonies of the British monarch
3316:Full coverage of the 1976 State Opening
3223:(during wartime: simplified ceremonial)
3035:
1657:
1061:For broader historical background, see
353:instead has the equivalent authority).
3569:Special address by the British monarch
3178:Parliamentary occasions: State Opening
2116:. The Royal Household. 15 January 2016
1281:, 1762. The route, as today, goes via
1023:legislation for fixed-term Parliaments
1013:There were two State Openings in 1974.
863:Openings in the absence of the monarch
829:, while the Commons equivalent is the
710:Delivery of the speech from the throne
111:reign, the first of the newly elected
3295:(filmed for the first time in colour)
2812:from the original on 21 December 2021
2693:"Explore the Royal Collection Online"
1759:"Parliamentary and sessional periods"
614:Leading 17th-century parliamentarian
470:. Also in the procession, usually in
119:, and the first State Opening with a
7:
3277:(Elizabeth II's first State Opening)
2933:"Opening of Parliament by the Queen"
2511:"Parliament Bill: September Session"
1501:), thus the sitting is conducted by
782:returns to Buckingham Palace in the
105:2024 United Kingdom general election
3265:(Return of full pre-war ceremonial)
3229:(Return of full pre-war ceremonial)
2262:"1998: Queen's speech to end peers"
1495:) rather than the upper house (the
3528:Investiture of the prince of Wales
3305:Newsreel of the 1970 State Opening
3299:Newsreel of the 1966 State Opening
3293:Newsreel of the 1960 State Opening
3287:Newsreel of the 1958 State Opening
3211:(Edward VII's first State Opening)
3083:House of Lords Precedence Act 1539
2805:State Opening of Parliament (1958)
2458:. London: House of Commons Library
1707:. London: House of Commons Library
1425:Opening of the Canadian parliament
506:Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment
25:
3259:(post-war: simplified ceremonial)
3253:(George VI's first State Opening)
3172:House of Lords FAQ: State Opening
2299:Edgington, Tom (9 October 2019).
1810:Clarke, Jennifer (17 July 2024).
1391:Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
1169:, with arms above. Behind stands
1050:The Procession of Parliament 1512
446:, in their own carriage (usually
326:Vice-Chamberlain of the Household
312:Delivery of parliamentary hostage
3642:Ceremonies in the United Kingdom
3632:Parliament of the United Kingdom
3574:National service of thanksgiving
3538:Ceremony of the Keys (Edinburgh)
3463:
3271:(George VI's last State Opening)
3217:(George V's first State Opening)
3156:
3142:
2808:(YouTube). British Pathé. 1958.
2653:from the original on 24 May 2022
2350:Murphy, Victoria (11 May 2021).
1219:Hospital of St John of Jerusalem
1071:Parliament of the United Kingdom
591:knocks on the chamber door, 2024
462:, under the watchful eye of the
251:, an attempted assassination of
247:. This is derived from the 1605
54:Parliament of the United Kingdom
38:2024 State Opening of Parliament
3044:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
2858:"State Opening loses some pomp"
2576:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2556:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2536:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2516:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2135:Court Circular, 7 November 2023
1833:Erskine May, Part 1, Chapter 1.
1243:Speaker of the House of Commons
802:The return procession crossing
302:Speaker of the House of Commons
58:gracious speech from the throne
3533:Addresses by Privileged Bodies
3184:Cost of the 2006 State Opening
2978:"Display of royal memorabilia"
2952:"A visit by the Queen in 1977"
1962:(145): 88–90. 8 February 1845.
1730:"The Sovereign and Parliament"
1564:Riksdagens högtidliga öppnande
1472:is conducted by the monarch.
1413:Equivalents in other countries
88:monarch customarily wears the
1:
1925:"State Opening of Parliament"
1910:"Democracy Live, 25 May 2010"
1397:, were empowered to do so by
1253:, and the Mass beforehand at
1179:Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
966:Double and cancelled Openings
448:Queen Alexandra's State Coach
275:Assembly of Peers and Commons
205:Queen Alexandra's State Coach
3559:Changing of The King's Guard
2081:Ship, Chris (17 July 2024).
2033:House of Commons via Twitter
1632:, instead of addressing the
1624:delivered the Speech to the
1566:("The solemn opening of the
562:Leader of the House of Lords
472:King Edward VII's Town Coach
220:King Edward VII's Town Coach
3374:State Opening of Parliament
3193:Photos of the 2015 ceremony
3057:Diamond Jubilee State Coach
2761:"The State Opening of 1852"
2207:Gani, Aisha (27 May 2015).
2152:"Democracy Live: Black Rod"
1956:The Illustrated London News
1610:delivers his speech to the
1603:State of the Nation Address
1067:Parliament of Great Britain
958:was scaled down due to the
903:, now Charles III, and the
527:is hoisted in place of the
46:State Opening of Parliament
3658:
3627:Speeches by heads of state
3281:Newsreel footage from 1955
3245:Newsreel footage from 1936
3239:Newsreel footage from 1934
1890:. House of Commons Library
1599:State of the Union Address
1422:
1416:
1393:who, in their capacity as
1060:
852:Fixed-term Parliaments Act
718:The royal thrones, c. 1902
636:five members of Parliament
511:At the monarch's arrival,
489:
239:First, the cellars of the
3461:
3312:(the second of that year)
3008:"Opening of the Storting"
2939:. Parliament of Australia
1954:"Opening of Parliament".
1343:Church House, Westminster
1233:, eight judges, and four
1125:Opening of Parliament by
668:Procession of the Commons
460:Lord Chamberlain's Office
3180:at UK Parliament website
3174:at UK Parliament website
2449:Torrance, David (2023).
1785:"The King's Speech 2024"
1739:. House of Lords Library
1698:Torrance, David (2023).
1387:Charles, Prince of Wales
1371:Archbishop of Canterbury
1167:Archbishop of Canterbury
703:First Secretary of State
695:Leader of the Opposition
589:Sarah Clarke (Black Rod)
541:Parliament Robe of State
422:Arrival of royal regalia
235:Searching of the cellars
3564:Royal Christmas Message
3014:. Royal House of Norway
2196:. Dalesman. p. 15.
2185:Encyclopædia Britannica
1269:Subsequent developments
557:Great Officers of State
169:Judges summoned by writ
153:Great Officers of State
123:government since 2010.
107:. It was the second of
2883:Ingrid Seward (2015),
2746:1 October 2015 at the
2110:"The Queen's Watermen"
1545:
1481:Parliament of Malaysia
1438:
1419:Speech from the throne
1338:
1309:
1286:
1191:Lord Great Chamberlain
1138:
1116:Mass of the Holy Ghost
1053:
944:snap general elections
935:
911:to open Parliament as
897:
883:
840:
807:
795:
724:Speech from the Throne
719:
677:
676:The procession in 2024
658:
623:
592:
579:
533:Lord Great Chamberlain
431:
351:Lord Great Chamberlain
265:Lord Great Chamberlain
223:
212:
197:
136:
41:
3164:United Kingdom portal
2675:London: Merrell 2000.
1534:
1486:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
1432:
1336:
1307:
1276:
1124:
1095:Palace of Westminster
1063:Parliament of England
1047:
1032:-related legislation.
988:Articles of Agreement
930:
893:
870:
848:vote of no confidence
801:
778:
717:
699:Deputy Prime Minister
675:
622:annually commemorated
613:
587:
429:
241:Palace of Westminster
218:
203:
195:
134:
85:Palace of Westminster
35:
18:Opening of Parliament
3554:Vigil of the Princes
2832:"State Opening 1958"
2731:London: Merrell 2000
1935:on 29 September 2012
1622:Presidents of Poland
1435:Parliament of Canada
1395:Counsellors of State
948:Imperial State Crown
913:Counsellors of State
827:Select Vestries Bill
815:Debate on the speech
771:Departure of monarch
744:Lord Irvine of Lairg
732:Houses of Parliament
570:Great Sword of State
545:Imperial State Crown
436:Imperial State Crown
243:are searched by the
209:Imperial State Crown
90:Imperial State Crown
3599: /
3480:Trooping the Colour
3070:Order of the Garter
2621:. 13 September 2010
2591:"Sovereign says..."
2571:"The King's Speech"
2531:"The King's Speech"
2279:. 24 November 1998.
1885:"The Whip's Office"
1642:President of Mexico
1608:President of Poland
1463:lieutenant governor
1449:or, in the case of
1443:Commonwealth realms
1433:The opening of the
1367:Lords Commissioners
1323:small diamond crown
1259:Palace at Whitehall
1229:in the centre (two
1195:Garter King of Arms
889:Lords Commissioners
804:Horse Guards Parade
513:the national anthem
374:Chris Heaton-Harris
245:Yeomen of the Guard
179:and members of the
155:and members of the
3637:Opening ceremonies
2958:. CBC/Radio-Canada
2864:. 24 November 1998
2356:Town & Country
1912:. BBC. 25 May 2010
1546:
1514:President of India
1507:the Prime Minister
1455:Canada's provinces
1451:Australia's states
1439:
1383:2022 State Opening
1339:
1310:
1297:of 1811-1820, the
1287:
1255:Blackfriars Priory
1183:Cap of Maintenance
1155:Archbishop of York
1143:Thomas Wriothesley
1139:
1054:
984:Anglo-Irish Treaty
936:
923:Reduced ceremonial
884:
876:Queen Elizabeth II
808:
796:
780:Queen Elizabeth II
720:
678:
624:
593:
566:Cap of Maintenance
500:. Travelling in a
452:King's Bargemaster
444:Cap of Maintenance
432:
261:Blessed Parliament
224:
213:
198:
188:Sequence of events
137:
42:
3582:
3581:
2551:"Future Business"
2179:"Black Rod"
1389:and her grandson
1171:Cuthbert Tunstall
960:COVID-19 pandemic
905:Duke of Cambridge
784:Irish State Coach
630:stormed into the
480:Serjeants-at-Arms
113:Labour government
16:(Redirected from
3649:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3603:51.499°N 0.125°W
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3467:
3466:
3399:State Procession
3355:
3348:
3341:
3332:
3318:(an ITN Special)
3166:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3113:Viscount Kilmuir
3105:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3079:
3073:
3066:
3060:
3053:
3047:
3040:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2984:on 5 August 2020
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
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2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2854:
2848:
2847:
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2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2757:
2751:
2738:
2732:
2725:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2689:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2649:. 18 June 2017.
2644:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2611:
2605:
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2600:
2587:
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1235:Serjeants-at-Law
1175:Bishop of London
1112:State Procession
915:, with the then-
909:Regency Act 1937
872:King Charles III
764:hereditary peers
697:followed by The
682:Serjeant-at-Arms
632:House of Commons
601:House of Commons
338:Vice-Chamberlain
334:Lord Chamberlain
306:police inspector
298:Serjeant at Arms
296:doorkeeper, the
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1375:Geoffrey Fisher
1299:Prince of Wales
1271:
1217:, Prior of the
1207:Duke of Norfolk
1201:displaying the
1159:Lord Chancellor
1107:
1099:Lord Chancellor
1091:Painted Chamber
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1006:Parliament Bill
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917:Prince of Wales
901:Prince of Wales
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831:Outlawries Bill
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564:) carrying the
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1512:In India, the
1417:Main article:
1414:
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1399:Letters Patent
1379:Michael Ramsey
1270:
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1231:Chief Justices
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1187:Sword of State
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618:is one of the
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498:Victoria Tower
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