773:
Palestine: some suicide pills for themselves, six tubes of powder to put tracking dogs off their scent (they didn't realise this was poisonous and kept it with their food) and an envelope of "arseneous oxide". Regarding these latest, Wieland said that the mufti insisted it be brought for the purpose of eliminating Arab traitors but Latif denied it was the mufti's idea. The 400-page files do not mention any intention to poison population or enough quantities for such a plan.
818:"Within the homeland itself, the most radical elements in the PAP were already pushing for a campaign of retaliation in response to Arab deaths occurring as a by-product of Palestinian Jewish terrorism. Thus, tactical operations would replicate the anti-Jewish outrages of the interwar period. The focus was on prospective bombings of synagogues and burnings of shops owned by Palestinian Jews, and the Mufti suggested that his fighters be equipped with incendiary devices." (
1761:
532:
312:
351:, operations were devised to disrupt and divert Allied forces on Germany's southern and eastern flanks. One such operation in the Middle Eastern theatre consisted of at least one sabotage operation in Palestine. The Waffen SS unit members were ordered to contact pro-Nazi agents in Palestine and set up secret bases in the region.
448:, and Abdul Latif, a native of Jerusalem, who had been sent into exile for involvement in the 1936-9 uprising and became the Berlin editor of the mufti's Arabic radio addresses. He was delegated to look after political connections. All five members of the unit were briefed by al-Husseini before the mission.
517:
Both local people recommended by the Mufti, Nafith and Ali Bey al-Husseini, refused to provide any support to the commando. Later, during his interrogation by the police, Abdul Latif claimed that Ali Bey had stated that "he was not mad enough to provide them any support". He added that Nafith Bey had
629:. On 16 October a sergeant in the Jordanian Frontier Force discovered a man dressed in traditional Arab clothing, standing at the entrance to a cave and holding a gun. The man surrendered without a fight and soon afterwards two additional people were discovered inside the cave, a German and an Arab.
366:
in
Palestine was also pressing for action to retaliate for Arabs deaths incurred by the Jewish revolt. al-Husayni imagined preparing the ground by such an operation so that they could take over the leadership in what would be a defensive operation. He also insisted that the Palestinian commandos in
729:
The claim that the mufti got "ten containers with poison" to kill a quarter of a million people via the water system of Tel Aviv in exchange for the five
Palestinian paratroopers in late 1944 (61) is not substantiated in British or German sources. If the authors can now show really hard proof, this
387:
The implementation of this particular plan was assigned to Kurt
Wieland, an intelligence operative, whose background in the region would enable him to make use of his operational experience, his familiarity with Palestine and his connections with the locals. Wieland was a Palestine-born German from
616:
The newspaper stated that on 8 October, the
Jericho police chief learned that gold coins were being circulated in the city. As a result, an investigation was initiated which resulted in the seizure of gold coins from five local shepherds. The shepherds told the policemen of the site in which they
660:
Archives were released to the public, most of which were related to
Germany from the years 1939–1944. Among the documents released, was detailed information relating to the German Operation Atlas and the German and Palestinian Arab unit members who were parachuted into Palestine to carry out the
772:
points out that the cargo contained no such quantities of toxic material, but only poison capsules, probably to be of service in attempts to liquidate locals believed to be collaborating with the
Mandatory Authorities. According to MI5 files, the parachutists brought three types of poison to
150:
370:
To obtain Nazi support for his version of the plan, al-Husayni had to overcome his reluctance to allow
Palestinian Germans to participate in the operation. On the other hand, the anti-Jewish focus suited the SS, and one original proposal by
358:, was redesigned by his nephew Kurt Wieland in the summer of 1944 as Operation Atlas. A similar plan had been hatched by Abdullatif Zul el-Kifel, a member of the circle around Amin al-Husayni. Al-Husayni argued that were the
424:
In addition to
Wieland, two more German Templars, from the Brandenburg division: were assigned to the unit. Werner Frank, born in Haifa and a member of the Hitler Youth organization since 1934, was a radio-operator born in
1507:
143:
319:
Numerous German-Arab commando operations were conducted over 1943-1944 from North Africa to Syria and Iraq, in order to collect intelligence, conduct sabotage operations against the Allies, and to foment uprisings.
136:
276:
Atlas aimed at establishing an intelligence-gathering base in
Mandatory Palestine, radioing information back to Germany, and recruiting and arming anti-British Palestinians by buying their support with gold.
408:
in 1941. Wieland was assigned to the military intelligence corps due to his knowledge of languages. He advanced rapidly in the ranks and was soon appointed major, serving in the special commando unit of the
1809:
696:. Each box is said to have contained poison sufficient to kill about 25,000 people. This part of the parachuted cargo is said to have gone astray, with the unit failing in attempts to recover them.
635:
and
Frederick Deininger were not captured, and several days afterwards, the search for them was halted. Deininger was not caught until 1946, when he attempted to renew contact with his family in
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explained to him that they were not aware of the political relationship between Arabs and British and that it was a terrible mistake to participate to such an adventure with Germans.
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789:", which incorporated the story of Operation Atlas while making several changes to the plot, the exact period in which the parachuting was carried out, the names, and their fate.
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48:
367:
such a raiding operation avoid any confrontations with the British Mandatory power, envisaging that desistence would improve his future negotiating power in the region.
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612:
Enemy parachutists were captured nine days after parachuting in the region. two Germans and one Arab. – They came equipped with money, Arab dictionaries and weapons.
456:
The operation was a failure from the start due to intelligence gathered earlier by the local authorities about German operations in the area due to the defection of
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600:
Police information led to a combined military and police operation in the Wadi Qelt area and resulted in an important arrests by the Trans Jordan Frontier Force
160:
52:
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707:
where he also asserts that al-Husseini was "a genocidal player in the Holocaust". The story reappears also in Youssef Aboul-Enein and Basil H. Aboul-Enein's
464:
earlier in February 1944, mismanagement of the parachute drop, and the cold reception their presence in the area encountered from local Palestinian Arabs.
362:
against British authorities in Palestine to fail, they would redirect their anger against Palestinian Arabs who would stand in need of leadership. The
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The plan failed utterly, and no meaningful action could be undertaken by the commandos. Three of the participants were arrested by the
1688:
579:
495:. It was the discovery of these dispersed cargo boxes on 9 October that alerted the British to the fact an operation was underway.
1745:
1579:
592:
Kurt Wieland, Werner Frank and Abdul Latif were captured. The information about their capture was revealed to the inhabitants of
553:
692:. The drop is said to have included several cardboard boxes containing a fine white powder consisting of a strong water-soluble
506:, who was injured during the parachuting, began heading towards Jerusalem after he landed. Abdul Latif and two Germans hid in a
483:. Their equipment included submachine guns, dynamite, radio equipment, a duplicating machine, a German-Arabic dictionary, 5,000
1395:
433:. Deininger had assisted the Palestinian Arab forces during the Palestinian uprising and, as a result, had been imprisoned at
1458:
557:
254:
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notes that this claim has not been reported by the scholarly literature or by many other works that target the Mufti:
376:
1310:
542:
303:. British and German archives have yet to reveal any evidence for this story, and the mufti's biographers ignore it.
688:
They allege that the project included a plan, specifically thought up by al-Husseini, to poison the water supply of
626:
430:
281:
561:
546:
618:
1132:
The Secret War for the Middle East: The Influence of Axis and Allied Intelligence Operations During World War II
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678:
596:
in October 1944. On 16 October the British Mandate authorities published the following official statement:
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1212:(3): 783–815 – via GWonline: Bibliography, Filmography and Webography on Gender and War since 1600.
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33:
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which took place in October 1944. It involved five soldiers: three who were previously members of the
1709:
1585:
1558:
363:
321:
203:
196:
191:
174:
1200:"The Mufti's Men: Haj Amin al-Husayni and SS Parachute Expeditions to Palestine and Iraq, 1944–1945"
709:
The Secret War for the Middle East: The Influence of Axis and Allied Operations During World War Two
700:
299:
alleges that the mission included a plan to poison the drinking water resources of the residents of
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On 27 October a full report of the capturing of the enemy parachutists was published in the
270:
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Der Mufti von Jerusalem und die Nationalsozialisten. (The Mufti of Jerusalem and the Nazis)
372:
1465:
1217:
764:. (...). Neither mentions a German-Arab commando unit en route to poison Tel Aviv's wells.
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712:
682:
461:
405:
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a few days after their landing. The German commander was captured in 1946 and the fifth,
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730:
would be a discovery, since the British police report of 1944 on file is very detailed.
484:
401:
1778:
1524:
1475:
1298:
1155:. Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence. Scarecrow Press.
753:
414:
444:, attached to Amin al Husseini's milieu in Germany, were also assigned to the unit:
1659:
1116:
MI5 files KV-2-400/401/402 (formerly known as PF 600,528 "Kurt Wieland" Vols. 1–3).
632:
503:
445:
441:
285:
262:
699:
This Bar-Zohar/Haber story is repeated uncritically in several sources. Historian
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began which involved military and local police forces, as well as members of the
467:
On the night of 6 October 1944, the five unit members parachuted from a captured
1563:
1174:
782:
761:
622:
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333:
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17:
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1374:
639:. Hasan Salama managed to flee to a house of a doctor in a small village near
492:
488:
223:
681:'s head of operations who had been responsible for the execution of the 1972
1349:; Cüppers, Martin (2010). Matthäus, Jürgen; Mallmann, Klaus-Michael (eds.).
511:
480:
410:
250:
246:
105:
1479:
1302:
805:
al-Husayni attribuited to Zul el-Kifel the paternity of operation Atlas (
689:
300:
1408:
1352:
Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine
737:
Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History
400:. He became head of the Palestinian Hitler Youth in 1938. He joined the
1716:
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348:
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that would provoke British reprisals was scuppered for that reason.
311:
1328:
Halbmond und Hakenkreuz: das Dritte Reich, die Araber und Palästina
1442:
781:
In 2009, the Israeli journalist and military affairs commentator,
605:
426:
354:
The operation, originally developed out by Walter Lorch and named
344:
958:
956:
954:
952:
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874:
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507:
502:, and most of their equipment scattered around those locations.
421:. Wieland was in charge of the technical side of the operation.
1489:
1311:"Kurt Wieland, alias Heinz Hecht, Frederick Baksen, Abu Yassin"
249:
for an operation carried out by a special commando unit of the
132:
844:
842:
840:
838:
657:
525:
419:
Amt V1, the Third Reich's civilian foreign intelligence agency
332:
and spent World War II period as visiting collaborator of the
925:
923:
656:
On 4 July 2001, about 200 secret documents from the British
1016:
1014:
787:
The Sweetheart of the Templar From the Valley of Rephaim
396:
after his family business had suffered as a result of a
324:
was one of prominent Palestinian Arabs leaders who fled
88:
and fomenting tensions among Palestinian Jews and Arabs.
1130:
Aboul-Enein, Youssef H.; Aboul-Enein, Basil H. (2013).
1765:
Category:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
1056:
977:
975:
973:
971:
859:
857:
1810:
Military operations of World War II involving Germany
669:
In 1983, Michael Bar-Zohar and Eitan Haber published
1331:(2nd ed.). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
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1572:
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119:
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92:
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70:
58:
41:
1267:
1245:Le Moyen-Orient pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
1393:(Spring 2009). "Review: The Mufti of Jerusalem".
498:The unit was dropped in different locations near
848:
392:and had developed a personal animus against the
32:For the 1969 military operation in Vietnam, see
1005:
962:
878:
610:
598:
1032:
1800:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
1517:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
1501:
673:, a book about the hunt by Mossad agents for
162:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
144:
53:intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
8:
1152:Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence
1104:
1080:
941:
929:
914:
902:
890:
819:
806:
560:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1637:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
1508:
1494:
1486:
1274:. University of California Press. p.
1068:
343:closed in on Germany from the west of the
231:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
151:
137:
129:
38:
1092:
1020:
993:
580:Learn how and when to remove this message
1614:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
863:
310:
291:One version of the incident advanced by
1449:3 Nazi air officers caught in Palestine
834:
798:
748:The major biographies of the Mufti are
643:, where he had a foot injury treated.
1609:Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine)
1439:Enemy parachutists have been captured
1044:
981:
617:discovered the coins. As a result, a
7:
1459:Nazi Parachutists Taken In Palestine
1299:"Nazis planned Palestine subversion"
665:The mission to poison Tel Aviv story
558:adding citations to reliable sources
265:who were close collaborators of the
1805:Middle East theatre of World War II
49:Middle East theatre of World War II
1591:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
1476:Nazis planned Palestine subversion
1057:Aboul-Enein & Aboul-Enein 2013
375:to include an Atlas attack on the
25:
1689:Nazi Party in Mandatory Palestine
785:, published the fictional novel "
406:SSF covert German mission to Iraq
1760:
1759:
1198:Biddiscombe, Perry (July 2018).
530:
417:. The unit involved belonged to
1416:Zohar, Gil (20 December 2020).
1396:Jewish Political Studies Review
429:. Friedrich Deininger, born in
104:A special commando unit of the
1297:Fountain, Rick (5 July 2001).
725:has cast doubts on the story:
404:in 1940, and took part in the
398:local Jewish anti-Nazi boycott
1:
1538:Sinai and Palestine campaign
1180:The Quest for the Red Prince
671:The Quest for the Red Prince
1785:1944 in Mandatory Palestine
1205:Journal of Military History
1006:Mallmann & CĂĽppers 2006
963:Mallmann & CĂĽppers 2010
879:Mallmann & CĂĽppers 2010
677:, son of Hasan Salama, the
608:newspaper under the title:
315:Three captured parachutists
1826:
1445:, 27 October 1944 (Hebrew)
1325:; CĂĽppers, Martin (2006).
1033:Bar-Zohar & Haber 2002
627:Transjordan Frontier Force
364:Palestine Arab Party (PAP)
347:and from the east through
282:Transjordan Frontier Force
31:
1756:
1418:"The fĂĽhrer of the Arabs"
1149:Adams, Jefferson (2009).
1134:. Naval Institute Press.
809:, pp. 795–796, 800).
752:by Palestinian historian
388:the Templer community in
288:, succeeded in escaping.
170:
46:
1684:German Templar community
1677:Jewish Agency for Israel
1347:Mallmann, Klaus Michael
1323:Mallmann, Klaus Michael
1582:insurgency (1930–1935)
1391:Schwanitz, Wolfgang G.
766:
750:The Mufti of Jerusalem
732:
614:
602:
316:
1665:Arab Higher Committee
1464:12 March 2016 at the
1315:The National Archives
849:MI5 Kurt Wieland 2001
760:by Israeli historian
746:
727:
723:Wolfgang G. Schwanitz
413:under the command of
314:
34:Operation Atlas Wedge
1710:Herbert Louis Samuel
1653:British commissioner
1586:1933 Palestine riots
1559:1920 Nebi Musa riots
1375:"Benny Morris: 1948"
1240:Destremau, Christian
554:improve this section
402:Brandenburg regiment
322:Haj Amin al-Husseini
204:1933 Palestine riots
192:1929 Palestine riots
175:1920 Nebi Musa riots
1790:October 1944 events
1672:Jewish Palestinians
1601:During World War II
1468:, published on the
1371:Schwanitz, Wolfgang
1264:Finkelstein, Norman
1222:The Case for Israel
1183:. The Lyons Press.
1095:, pp. 178–179.
1083:, pp. 321–322.
905:, pp. 796–797.
893:, pp. 795–796.
770:Christian Destremau
716:The Case for Israel
471:flown by Luftwaffe
469:B17 Flying Fortress
326:Mandatory Palestine
259:Mandatory Palestine
64:Mandatory Palestine
1717:Jewish Palestinian
1630:After World War II
1472:on 1 November 1944
1455:on 28 October 1944
1453:The New York Times
1423:The Jerusalem Post
1171:Bar-Zohar, Michael
777:In popular fiction
742:Norman Finkelstein
675:Ali Hassan Salameh
377:Haifa Oil Refinery
330:1936–1939 uprising
317:
267:mufti of Jerusalem
257:religious sect in
1772:
1771:
1700:Prominent figures
1660:Arab Palestinians
1554:Battle of Tel Hai
1533:Franco-Syrian War
1470:Milwaukee Journal
1373:(November 2010).
1362:978-1-936-27418-5
1338:978-3-534-19729-3
1285:978-0-520-24989-9
1231:978-0-471-67952-3
1190:978-1-58574-739-9
1162:978-0-810-86320-0
1141:978-1-612-51309-6
590:
589:
582:
442:Palestinian Arabs
373:Karl Tschierschky
360:Jewish insurgency
293:Michael Bar-Zohar
263:Palestinian Arabs
239:
238:
219:Jewish insurgency
214:Spillover of WWII
180:Battle of Tel Hai
127:
126:
75:Sicherheitsdienst
27:1944 SS operation
16:(Redirected from
1817:
1763:
1762:
1734:Amin al-Husseini
1729:Arab Palestinian
1722:David Ben-Gurion
1510:
1503:
1496:
1487:
1427:
1412:
1403:(1/2): 182–187.
1386:
1366:
1355:. Enigma Books.
1342:
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1290:Internet Archive
1273:
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1235:
1218:Dershowitz, Alan
1213:
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1166:
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1108:
1105:Finkelstein 2005
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652:Document release
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383:Commando members
271:Amin al-Husseini
165:
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115:Operation failed
101:Executed by
39:
21:
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1746:Gotthilf Wagner
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1478:, published on
1466:Wayback Machine
1451:, published on
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1270:Beyond Chutzpah
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758:The Grand Mufti
713:Alan Dershowitz
683:Munich massacre
679:Black September
667:
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649:
586:
575:
569:
566:
551:
535:
524:
462:Erich Vermehren
454:
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328:in 1937 during
309:
243:Operation Atlas
240:
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197:Hebron massacre
166:
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71:Planned by
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42:Operation Atlas
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:Operation ATLAS
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1482:on 5 July 2001
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1433:External links
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1317:. 11 May 2001.
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1093:Schwanitz 2009
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1025:
1023:, p. 148.
1021:Destremau 2011
1010:
1008:, p. 201.
998:
994:Schwanitz 2010
986:
967:
965:, p. 201.
946:
944:, p. 795.
934:
932:, p. 798.
919:
917:, p. 797.
907:
895:
883:
881:, p. 200.
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822:, p. 797)
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647:Historiography
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487:in different
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452:The operation
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415:Otto Skorzeny
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1288:– via
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703:in his book
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633:Hasan Salama
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570:January 2024
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552:Please help
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504:Hasan Salama
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96:October 1944
86:British rule
29:
1564:Jaffa riots
783:Gad Shimron
762:Zvi Elpeleg
661:operation.
623:Arab Legion
334:Axis Powers
297:Eitan Haber
209:Arab Revolt
187:Jaffa riots
1779:Categories
1619:The Saison
1580:Black Hand
1525:Background
1379:Sehepunkte
1313:. London:
1248:. Perrin.
1045:Zohar 2020
982:Adams 2009
768:Historian
721:Historian
493:explosives
489:currencies
479:region in
307:Background
261:, and two
224:the Saison
120:Casualties
1266:(2008) .
1224:. Wiley.
1177:(2002) .
830:Citations
711:, and in
594:Palestine
541:does not
522:Aftermath
512:Wadi Qelt
481:Wadi Qelt
475:over the
411:Waffen-SS
251:Waffen SS
247:code name
106:Waffen-SS
81:Objective
1706:British
1480:BBC News
1462:Archived
1409:25834834
1303:BBC News
1242:(2011).
1220:(2003).
690:Tel Aviv
637:Wilhelma
625:and the
431:Waldheim
301:Tel Aviv
245:was the
59:Location
51:and the
47:Part of
1123:Sources
734:In his
619:manhunt
562:removed
547:sources
500:Jericho
477:Jericho
435:Bat Yam
349:Prussia
339:As the
255:Templer
112:Outcome
1741:Nazism
1646:Actors
1407:
1359:
1335:
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694:poison
473:KG 200
460:agent
458:Abwehr
394:Yishuv
390:Sarona
1573:1930s
1547:1920s
1443:Davar
1405:JSTOR
1385:(11).
793:Notes
606:Davar
427:Haifa
356:Elias
345:Rhine
1357:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1136:ISBN
756:and
641:Qula
545:any
543:cite
508:cave
491:and
440:Two
295:and
123:None
93:Date
1276:322
658:MI5
556:by
510:in
437:..
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568:(
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152:e
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20:)
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