1369:
guerrillas plan a step by step withdrawal back across the Plain of Jars, retreating through a series of four static lines. Key to the original defensive line was Phou Nok Kok. The PAVN attacked Phou Nok Kok's 600 man garrison throughout
December, suffering an estimated 400 killed in action and 1,000 wounded, mostly inflicted by close air support. As bad flying weather curtailed air support for the Royalists during January 1970, the communists continued their attacks. On 12 January 1970, after a six-week defense that cost the PAVN about 600 killed, and despite the initial use of RLAF
316:
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146:
283:
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177:
133:
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1067:
Balance was still being fought, Vang Pao plotted a diversionary attack against the PAVN's main supply road, Route 7. Suspicious of leaky security among the Royal Lao Army command, Vang Pao demanded CIA-supported guerrillas for his next offensive. His insistence was problematic, as he lacked the needed manpower in his own CIA guerrilla army. In an unprecedented move, guerrillas were transferred in from other
Military Regions.
327:
158:
1349:, suffered irreplaceable increased casualties as a result. General Vang Pao's forces had dwindled to about 5,000 to 5,500 effectives. The Pathet Lao outnumbered them, with about 6,000 under arms. PAVN, on the other hand, could muster 16,000 troops. Moreover, while the Vietnamese replenished their losses, the Hmong were hard pressed to find recruits to replace their casualties.
1308:. One of the caches captured by the advancing Hmong contained 100 tons of munitions; another held 22 trucks. Falling into the conquerors' hands by the end of October were 25 tanks, 113 vehicles with over 800,000 liters of fuel, more than 6,400 weapons, almost six million rounds of ammunition, and five days rations for the entire PAVN force. In terms of materiel captured,
1368:
A planned three-week offensive had stretched into three and a half months. The
Royalist irregular troops were exhausted by their successful drive. The mismatch in troops made them obviously unable to hold the ground they had captured. The American Embassy backers of the operation recommended that the
1024:. By 28 June 1969, the PAVN had 60 tanks deployed. Additionally, there were seven new Vietnamese infantry battalions poised on the Plain, while the Royalist remained unreinforced. The PAVN now had a total of 26 battalions in the Plain of Jars area, seemingly poised for a further wet season offensive.
1360:...we rounded up three hundred fresh recruits. Thirty percent were fourteen years old or less, and ten of them were only ten years old. Another thirty percent were fifteen or sixteen. The remaining forty percent were forty-five or over. Where were the ones in between? I'll tell you—they're all dead.
1216:
revealed that the communists planned no new offensive until arrival of the dry season. On 4 September, a captured PAVN officer described his 400-man unit and six tanks as being trapped when they attempted withdrawal back along Route 7 to North
Vietnam. Most unusually for the highly disciplined PAVN,
1155:
As a result, the northern contingent was bogged down for about a week before helicopters could move them to Nong Pet. At about the same date, on 19 August, the southern pincer took the ridge overseeing Nong Pet that was their objective. Four days later, the northern task force had moved within eight
1118:
was due to launch on 3 August. Although the PAVN outnumbered the Hmong and had superior fighting power, it was believed that air power during favorable weather conditions would tip the balance to the
Royalists. Planning 150 tactical air strikes during daylight, and 50 strikes per night, the U.S. Air
1066:
Also, U.S. Air Force tactical air strikes with area denial munitions forced the PAVN supply efforts off the main road. However, to the opposing
Royalist forces, the PAVN still remained a threatening force in being to the ancestral Hmong territory south of the Plain of Jars. In late July 1969, as Off
1364:
The Pathet Lao communists held rural territory largely barren of population for replacements; their forces had dwindled to battalions of about 150 men. By comparison, the
Vietnamese could hypothetically replace 10,000 casualties per year for the next 14 years in the northern Laotian fighting, while
1320:
to move their supplies. The Plain of Jars was now clearly under RLG control for the first time in almost a year. However, the Hmong guerrilla attack suffered from success; the irregulars had outrun the planned limits of the campaign and pushed into an area designated for area denial ordnance. As a
1195:
GM 22 and GM 23 marched northward without opposition through the marshy southern edge of the Plain of Jars for five days, GM 22 leading, GM 23 trailing. Then GM 22 split in two; part of the unit swerved eastward on its own axis of advance. The two prongs of GM 22 would reunite at the Lat Houang
1101:
It was planned as a two phase operation. The first phase was a helilift of two battalions to a ridgeline overlooking Nong Pet, which oversaw Route 70. From there, both the
Royalist battalion of regulars and the Hmong Special Guerrilla Unit would attack and block Route 7. The second phase would
1159:
The People's Army of
Vietnam had offered no organized resistance to the Royalist incursion. Road watch teams, plus implanted spy sensors, both reported that no trucks bearing supplies for the communists had made it down Route 7 onto the Plain of Jars since the attacks began. Encouraged by his
925:
while also capturing a huge stock of munitions from the communist forces. Their triumph came at a huge cost. Even though the
Royalists were successful, by battle's end their forces were exhausted and the pool of potential recruits were limited, while the Vietnamese could easily replace their
1135:
After a hold because of bad weather, the offensive kicked off during a heavy rain on 6 August 1969. With the new troops available from other Military Regions, the operational planning had shifted to a pincer movement for phase one. Blue Battalion from Military Region 3 was coptered into
1315:
Now, with the width of the plain separating the communists from the main guerrilla bases, the latter were no longer besieged. In addition to the tremendous stores of military materiel captured by the RLG, 20,000 inhabitants of the Plain were removed, depriving the communists of
1074:(Redeemed Honor). His CIA contacts dubbed it Operation About Face when they approved it. No matter the name, it was patterned on the previous Operation Raindance, planned as a three-week attack with the major firepower being tactical air. Newly arrived Ambassador
1268:. On the last day of September, two ADC companies occupied Muang Soui as the battered, starving Vietnamese faded into the jungle. Despite extensive bombing by the U.S. Air Force, most equipment there was undamaged, and untouched by the PAVN.
1200:
on communist-held rice paddies on the plain. The ongoing success of the campaign was credited to air power. Besides the heavy daily contribution of 140 sorties per day of the U.S. Air Force, fewer than 30 Royal Lao Air Force
1252:
guerrillas captured Phou San and nearby foothills. Here, for the first time, the RLG troops met resistance. After the communists managed to block the Royalist advance for two days. the latter were reinforced by a regiment,
1373:
gunships for support, the Hmong guerrillas withdrew from the stronghold. They had suffered 12 killed. With the loss of Phou Nok Kok, which barred the eastern entry to the Plain, the Royalists were forced to withdraw.
1180:(101st Paratroop Battalion). This probe moved northeastward from Ban Na; their immediate objective was Moung Phanh. The second column, moving in from the south, consisted of two regimental-size units of guerrillas,
1110:. They were to be helicoptered in to take up positions on two mountains that overlooked the southern Plain of Jars. This latter movement seemed beyond Royalist capabilities; both his CIA advisors and Prime Minister
905:, it depended upon extensive air strikes blasting communist units and clearing them from the path of the Royalist offensive. Powered by 150 daylight and 50 night sorties daily, with 50 to 80 day strikes directed by
1168:
Building on success, on 20 August Vang Pao expanded his offensive. He continued to plan on a two-pronged operation. As before, there was a northern column. Two battalions of Royalist regular volunteers—
1312:
was the greatest haul yet in the Second Indochina War. The loss jarred the PAVN into changing their previous tactics of stockpiling supplies close to their front line troops before an offensive.
1744:
1279:
from Vietnam. A PAVN counterattack on an SGU fixed position at Phou Nok Kok showed that the Vietnamese were willing to take heavy casualties to attrite the dwindling guerrilla forces.
1114:
cautioned him about it. However, the Hmong general pressed forward with his plans, even persuading both Military Region 3 and Military Region 4 to loan him a guerrilla battalion each.
358:
1257:. GM 21 was tasked with seizing the high ground at Phou Keng in a night assault. They took it on 24 September, granting them surveillance of the northern end of the Plain of Jars.
1212:
By 1 September, there had been no real opposition from the foe. Of the 18 communist battalions that had been occupying the Plain of Jars, only two weren't Pathet Lao. A Vietnamese
1241:
on 12 September; the third relieved GM 22 at Khang Khay. GM 22 advanced one kilometer northwest to occupy a cavern containing a Pathet Lao radio station, and other materiel.
1287:
During this operation, Vang Pao and his Hmong army became dependent on close air support to the point they were considered to be the first guerrillas in history to project
1233:
tanks. Continuing onwards, still uncontested, on 9 September GM 22 captured Khang Khay. Even as they were doing so, GM 23 swung into action. Two of its battalions captured
962:-backed communist insurrection began as early as 1949. Invading during the opium harvest season of 1953, it settled in northeastern Laos adjacent to the border of the
1298:
ended on 30 September 1969, tactical air was credited with hitting 308 communist vehicles. The PAVN had fled, abandoning the Pathet Lao and their weak allies in the
1148:
aircraft at San Tiau, southeast of Route 7. This makeshift force was made up of Military Region 4's battalion-sized 2nd Special Guerrilla Unit, Military Region 2's
1196:
junction of Routes 4 and 5 by the end of August. There they found a feast of abandoned livestock. On 31 August, the U.S. Air Force began five days of spraying
351:
1020:. After the Vietnamese campaign ran its course, Vang Pao launched yet another inconclusive offensive that failed to clear the foe from the Plain of Jars,
1749:
1051:
before that, now began to clear to favor Vang Pao and his forces. With about triple the usual rainfall for the month of July, communist ground
792:
344:
1717:
The Impossibility of Self: An Essay on the Hmong Diaspora: Volume 6 of Comparative Anthropological Studies in Society, Cosmology and Politics
1137:
1304:. The Pathet Lao dispersed into the countryside, while the Neutralists refused combat and hastily retreated eastward to the border with the
954:. When France withdrew most of its military in conformity with the treaty, the United States filled the vacuum with purportedly civilian
1271:
At this point, it became apparent that communist resistance was forming. There were still three intact PAVN regiments in the vicinity;
1702:
1687:
381:
1321:
result, U.S. Air Force pilots could not drop mines to seal off the Vietnamese incursions due to the presence of friendly troops.
1305:
963:
688:
487:
1345:
and its Hmong auxiliaries off their mountaintop strongpoint. The Hmong, who were transitioning from classic guerrillas to
1300:
1244:
Vang Pao brought more fresh troops to his campaign, a mixture of Royalist regulars and Hmong irregulars. On 18 September,
906:
299:
1217:
the unit broke, scattered, and fled. At about this time, Vang Pao realized he could extend his offensive still further.
974:
527:
1013:
1004:
in early 1969, the communists had overrun the Plain of Jars to within ten kilometers of the guerrillas' main base at
921:
insisted on pushing forward while they had the initiative. As a result, the Royalists regained control of the entire
93:
590:
459:
288:
786:
1276:
765:
758:
695:
509:
1152:(Volunteer Battalion 27), plus some ADC guerrillas. Despite the weather hold, the attack began in heavy rain.
861:
625:
569:
1334:
840:
812:
604:
514:
408:
387:
1739:
1272:
1079:
1056:
1044:
1021:
996:
fought to hold on to their traditional territory, and to preserve Laos. After the failure and defeat of
847:
833:
826:
737:
639:
548:
471:
403:
1229:
moved north onto the Plain of Jars, overrunning huge hoards of military materiel, including a fleet of
1055:
began to bog down, often quite literally. Conversely, Vang Pao's troops were being amply supplied via
1017:
986:
914:
779:
751:
730:
667:
653:
646:
576:
421:
1144:
militia. They were to march south toward the Nong Pet road junction. The other pincer was landed by
1091:
1075:
1001:
935:
902:
868:
534:
397:
1337:
issued orders on 13 September for an upcoming PAVN dry season attack in Military Region 2, dubbed
1226:
993:
819:
674:
611:
597:
583:
541:
482:
465:
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414:
393:
336:
1698:
1683:
1206:
1141:
1124:
970:
951:
894:
797:
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716:
702:
660:
477:
427:
369:
212:
38:
1317:
1048:
997:
939:
723:
520:
1288:
1213:
1111:
947:
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176:
138:
110:
80:
913:
ran from 6 August to 30 September 1969. It was successful beyond expectations. After the
1680:
At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975
1346:
1103:
1083:
990:
875:
804:
681:
618:
497:
492:
89:
1733:
1708:
Dommen, Arthur J., Chapter 1. Historical Setting. Savada, Andrea Matles, ed. (1995).
978:
959:
922:
503:
315:
306:
294:
151:
114:
17:
1712:. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBNs 0844408328, 978-0844408323.
1338:
955:
943:
772:
632:
562:
440:
1381:
was dubbed "the first major victory in the history of the Royal Lao Government".
1160:
success, and by the lack of opposition, Vang Pao launched Phase two of his plan.
1012:
plotted another spoiling offensive against the pressing communists. However, the
1005:
854:
42:
1265:
1249:
1120:
1107:
709:
162:
1353:
1238:
1197:
1060:
1052:
1260:
With the Plain of Jars largely under RLG control, a scratch force of seven
1724:
Back Fire: The CIA's Secret War in Laos and Its Link to the War in Vietnam
893:(translation: Redeem Honor; also called Operation About Face) was a major
1668:. Center for the Study of Intelligence. Classified control no. C05303949.
1234:
1009:
982:
918:
181:
1341:. A preliminary battalion-sized retaliatory probe on 29 November pushed
1082:
that the military situation on the Plain of Jars was so crucial that if
1040:
1370:
1230:
1202:
320:
1145:
1095:
326:
157:
66:
340:
1726:. Simon & Schuster. ISBNs 0-68480-292-9, 978-06848-0292-3.
1291:. That dependence began to erode their fighting abilities.
1264:
militia companies closed in on the PAVN troops stranded in
1719:. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBNs 3643102585, 9783643102584.
1070:
The Hmong general called the new offensive operation
981:. Interposed between the communist settlement around
1666:
Undercover Armies: CIA and Surrogate Warfare in Laos
1365:
Laotian forces could expect few or no replacements.
1356:left an account of recruiting Hmong replacements:
1671:Anthony, Victor B. and Richard R. Sexton (1993).
92:captures the Plain of Jars and supplies from the
1675:. Command for Air Force History. OCLC 232549943.
1555:
1553:
1123:to spot for and direct 50 to 80 sorties per day
1063:were being secretively provided for his troops.
1745:Battles and operations of the Laotian Civil War
31:
98:Forces of the Royal Lao army severely weakened
897:victory for the anti-communist troops of the
352:
8:
1585:
1583:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1043:rains that had crippled the air support for
950:. Laotian neutrality was established in the
1693:Conboy, Kenneth and James Morrison (1995).
1543:
1541:
1539:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
977:established a secret guerrilla army in the
1140:, north of Route 7, to be joined by local
917:troops achieved their objectives, General
359:
345:
337:
28:
1695:Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos
1389:
934:After World War II, France fought the
942:. As part of its loss of that war at
7:
1333:was grinding to its finish, General
1275:reports heralded the arrival of the
1098:should be considered as a followup.
25:
1750:20th-century military operations
1568:Conboy, Morrison, pp. 249 - 250.
1205:flew over 90 sorties per day of
793:1973 Laotian coup d'état attempt
325:
314:
305:
293:
281:
272:
263:
254:
245:
236:
227:
218:
206:
197:
175:
156:
144:
131:
1643:Anthony, Sexton, pp. 323 - 325.
1577:Conboy, Morrison, pp. 203, 205.
56:6 August 1969—30 September 1969
1497:Conboy, Morrison, pp. 214–217.
1441:Anthony, Sexton, pp. 298, 300.
1432:Conboy, Morrison, pp. 210–211.
1306:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1078:messaged his superiors in the
1008:. As a riposte, Hmong General
964:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1:
1664:Ahern, Thomas L. Jr. (2006),
1459:Anthony, Sexton, pp. 307–309.
1192:troops were armed with M16s.
1127:for the Royalist guerrillas.
907:Raven Forward Air Controllers
300:Raven Forward Air Controllers
1102:involve three battalions of
368:Military engagements of the
1678:Castle, Timothy N. (1993).
1178:101 Bataillon Parachutistes
1016:(PAVN) beat him to it with
975:Central Intelligence Agency
1766:
1301:Forces Armées Neutralistes
1225:By 5 September, the Hmong
1607:Conboy, Morrison, p. 250.
1589:Conboy, Morrison, p. 248.
1176:—were stiffened with the
1146:short takeoff and landing
382:North Vietnamese invasion
379:
260:101st Paratroop Battalion
190:
168:
124:
65:Northeastern and central
48:
36:
1673:The War in Northern Laos
1652:Anthony, Sexton, p. 331.
1625:Anthony, Sexton, p. 323.
1533:Anthony, Sexton, p. 310.
1515:Anthony, Sexton, p. 309.
1405:Dommen, pp. 30–34.
1396:Castle, pp. 7–12, 15–18.
1343:Bataillon Volontaires 21
1283:Results of the operation
1246:Bataillon Volontaires 21
1174:Bataillon Volontaires 24
1170:Bataillon Volontaires 21
1156:kilometers of Nong Pet.
1150:Bataillon Volontaires 27
1014:People's Army of Vietnam
901:. Patterned after prior
510:Battle of Ban Houei Sane
488:1966 Laotian coup d'état
224:Special Guerrilla Unit 2
94:People's Army of Vietnam
1715:Tapp, Nicholas (2010).
1106:and five battalions of
1722:Warner, Roger (1995).
1362:
1352:Refugee relief worker
1086:would not suffice for
952:1954 Geneva Agreements
515:Battle of Lima Site 85
409:Battle of Luang Namtha
251:Volunteer Battalion 24
242:Volunteer Battalion 21
233:Volunteer Battalion 27
169:Commanders and leaders
1358:
1273:military intelligence
1119:Force could count on
1080:U.S. State Department
1045:Operation Off Balance
1022:Operation Off Balance
404:Battle of Ban Pa Dong
113:gains control of the
1710:Laos a country study
1018:Campaign Thoan Thang
987:Royal Lao Government
915:Royal Lao Government
689:Sourisak Montry VIII
18:Operation About Face
1277:PAVN 312th Division
1248:and a force of the
1221:Phase two, part two
1076:G. McMurtrie Godley
1002:Operation Raindance
994:military irregulars
936:First Indochina War
903:Operation Raindance
398:Battle of Vientiane
331:Infantry battalions
989:in Vientiane, the
926:personnel losses.
483:Battles of Nakhang
466:1965 Laotian coups
447:1964 Laotian coups
394:1960 Laotian coups
1697:. Paladin Press.
1414:Warner, pp. 44–47
1262:Auto Defense Choc
1207:close air support
1142:Auto Defense Choc
1125:close air support
971:Laotian Civil War
895:Laotian Civil War
885:
884:
528:Junction City Jr.
478:Battle of Nam Bac
428:Battle of Lak Sao
371:Laotian Civil War
335:
334:
213:Auto Defense Choc
120:
119:
39:Laotian Civil War
16:(Redirected from
1757:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1599:
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1587:
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1531:
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1522:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1504:
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1495:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1255:Groupe Mobile 21
1186:Groupe Mobile 23
1182:Groupe Mobile 22
1049:Operation Pigfat
998:Operation Pigfat
960:North Vietnamese
940:French Indochina
591:Honorable Dragon
374:
372:
361:
354:
347:
338:
330:
329:
319:
318:
310:
309:
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50:
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29:
21:
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1558:
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1523:
1519:
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1501:
1496:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:Warner, p. 264.
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1327:
1289:air superiority
1285:
1223:
1214:prisoner of war
1166:
1133:
1112:Souvanna Phouma
1084:fighter-bombers
1037:
1032:
958:instructors. A
948:Kingdom of Laos
946:, it freed the
932:
899:Kingdom of Laos
888:
887:
886:
881:
787:Phou Phiang III
375:
370:
367:
365:
324:
323:
313:
312:
304:
292:
291:
280:
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278:Mobile Group 23
271:
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269:Mobile Group 22
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234:
226:
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217:
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155:
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145:
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139:Kingdom of Laos
132:
130:
111:Kingdom of Laos
106:
86:
81:Kingdom of Laos
69:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1763:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1732:
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1706:
1691:
1676:
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1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1616:Ahern, p, 331.
1609:
1600:
1598:Ahern, p. 336.
1591:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1559:Ahern, p. 329.
1549:
1547:Ahern, p. 326.
1535:
1526:
1524:Ahern, p. 327.
1517:
1508:
1506:Ahern, p. 323.
1499:
1461:
1452:
1450:Ahern, p. 320.
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1377:Nevertheless,
1347:light infantry
1335:Võ Nguyên Giáp
1326:
1323:
1284:
1281:
1222:
1219:
1188:. Most of the
1165:
1162:
1132:
1129:
1104:Royal Lao Army
1036:
1033:
1031:
1026:
931:
928:
883:
882:
880:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
805:Air operations
801:
800:
795:
790:
783:
776:
769:
766:Black Lion III
762:
759:Phou Phiang II
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
682:Phou Khao Kham
678:
671:
664:
657:
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643:
636:
629:
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580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
512:
507:
500:
498:1967 Opium War
495:
493:Ban Naden raid
490:
485:
480:
475:
468:
463:
456:
449:
444:
437:
430:
425:
418:
411:
406:
401:
391:
380:
377:
376:
366:
364:
363:
356:
349:
341:
333:
332:
302:
203:Blue Battalion
193:
192:
191:Units involved
188:
187:
184:
171:
170:
166:
165:
141:
127:
126:
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121:
118:
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108:
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64:
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58:
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46:
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34:
33:
27:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1762:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
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1738:
1737:
1735:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1714:
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1707:
1704:
1703:0-87364-825-0
1700:
1696:
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1688:0-231-07977-X
1685:
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1035:Preliminaries
1034:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:Plain of Jars
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
929:
927:
924:
923:Plain of Jars
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
878:
877:
873:
871:
870:
866:
864:
863:
862:Commando Hunt
859:
857:
856:
852:
850:
849:
845:
843:
842:
838:
836:
835:
831:
829:
828:
824:
822:
821:
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815:
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789:
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784:
782:
781:
777:
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761:
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753:
749:
747:
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658:
656:
655:
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649:
648:
644:
642:
641:
637:
635:
634:
630:
628:
627:
626:Silver Buckle
623:
621:
620:
616:
614:
613:
609:
607:
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602:
600:
599:
595:
593:
592:
588:
586:
585:
581:
579:
578:
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572:
571:
570:Diamond Arrow
567:
565:
564:
560:
558:
557:
553:
551:
550:
546:
544:
543:
539:
537:
536:
532:
530:
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522:
518:
516:
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489:
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481:
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457:
455:
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450:
448:
445:
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442:
438:
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417:
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410:
407:
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389:
385:
384:
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362:
357:
355:
350:
348:
343:
342:
339:
328:
322:
317:
308:
303:
301:
296:
290:
287:Less than 30
284:
275:
266:
257:
248:
239:
230:
221:
214:
209:
200:
195:
194:
189:
185:
183:
178:
173:
172:
167:
164:
159:
153:
152:North Vietnam
142:
140:
129:
128:
123:
116:
115:Plain of Jars
112:
109:
104:
103:
97:
95:
91:
88:
87:
82:
79:
78:
76:
73:
72:
68:
63:
60:
59:
55:
52:
51:
47:
44:
40:
35:
30:
19:
1740:1969 in Laos
1723:
1716:
1709:
1694:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1648:
1639:
1634:Tapp, p. 82.
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1573:
1564:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1378:
1376:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1342:
1339:Campaign 139
1330:
1328:
1314:
1309:
1299:
1295:
1294:By the time
1293:
1286:
1270:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1224:
1211:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1134:
1115:
1100:
1087:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1059:; brand new
1038:
1028:
973:flared, the
968:
956:paramilitary
944:Dien Ben Phu
933:
910:
890:
889:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
841:Pony Express
839:
832:
825:
818:
813:Booster Shot
811:
803:
802:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
605:Counterpunch
603:
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
555:
554:
547:
540:
533:
526:
519:
502:
470:
458:
451:
439:
432:
420:
413:
386:
125:Belligerents
1094:strikes by
1006:Long Chieng
855:Project 404
848:Tiger Hound
834:Steel Tiger
827:Barrel Roll
738:Strength II
640:Lam Son 719
549:Off Balance
105:Territorial
43:Vietnam War
1734:Categories
1659:References
1266:Muang Soui
1250:hill tribe
1227:irregulars
1121:Raven FACs
1108:irregulars
1061:M16 rifles
1057:air bridge
938:to retain
780:Maharat II
752:Black Lion
731:Strength I
668:Phiboonpol
647:Desert Rat
577:Snake Eyes
556:About Face
535:Toan Thang
422:Pincushion
163:Pathet Lao
1354:Pop Buell
1325:Aftermath
1239:Phonsavan
1198:defoliant
1164:Phase two
1138:Bouamlong
1131:Phase one
1092:Arc Light
1053:logistics
869:Raindance
654:Xien Dong
1379:Kou Kiet
1331:Kou Kiet
1329:Even as
1310:Kou Kiet
1296:Kou Kiet
1235:Phou Khe
1190:Kou Kiet
1116:Kou Kiet
1088:Kou Kiet
1072:Kou Kiet
1029:Kou Kiet
1010:Vang Pao
985:and the
983:Xam Neua
930:Overview
919:Vang Pao
911:Kou Kiet
891:Kou Kiet
820:Millpond
798:Hin Heup
675:Sayasila
612:Tchepone
598:Tailwind
584:Maeng Da
542:Left Jab
504:Sone Pet
453:Triangle
434:Hardnose
415:Momentum
311:Infantry
182:Vang Pao
61:Location
37:Part of
32:Kou Kiet
1318:porters
1041:monsoon
969:As the
745:Fa Ngum
717:Maharat
703:Thao La
696:Bedrock
661:Phoutah
388:Hotfoot
215:militia
186:Unknown
107:changes
83:Victory
1701:
1686:
1203:AT-28s
1047:, and
724:Sinsay
619:Copper
521:Pigfat
321:PT-76s
149:
136:
74:Result
1385:Notes
1371:AC-47
1231:PT-76
1096:B-52s
991:Hmong
460:Unity
289:T-28s
1699:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1237:and
1184:and
1172:and
1039:The
1000:and
876:Menu
472:Star
441:Wapi
67:Laos
53:Date
773:972
633:74B
563:139
90:RLA
1736::
1682:.
1582:^
1552:^
1538:^
1464:^
1209:.
1090:,
966:.
909:,
41:,
1705:.
1690:.
710:Z
400:)
396:(
360:e
353:t
346:v
20:)
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