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belligerent for a neutral state as outlined by the
Convention Concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War, in Section XIII of the 1907 Hague Convention; c) Unrestricted use of the field in Lajes on the island of Terceira for aviation of the British Community; d) Use of facilities in the port and bases of Terceira, necessary for the resupplying and maintenance of the Lajes Field; e) Use of facilities for planes of the British Commonwealth in the field of Rabo de Peixe on the island of São Miguel as a field site for forced landings when fuel was lacking or for other circumstances which would not permit a plane to reach the Lajes field; f) facilities for occasional refueling in the Port of Horta of British Community’s hydroplanes. g) To be agreed customs facilities to expedite British war equipment. Such facilities will be equal to the war supplies shipped to Portuguese army. h) Resuplly facilities granted in "a)" and "b" can also be used by UN ships that are part of convoys. i) permission to launch a
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United States and
Portugal, President Roosevelt assured Salazar: "May I say first of all that, in the opinion of the Government of the United States, the continued exercise of unimpaired and sovereign jurisdiction by the Government of Portugal over the territory of Portugal itself, over the Azores and over all Portuguese colonies offers complete assurance of security to the Western Hemisphere insofar as the regions mentioned are concerned. It is, consequently, the consistent desire of the United States that there be no infringement of Portuguese sovereign control over those territories."
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Government could not conveniently undertake to assist in the defense of the Azores and would further inform Dr. Salazar that they therefore desired him to request the United States for such assistance. It was agreed on the part of the
President that immediately upon the receipt of Such notification from Dr. Salazar the United States would send the necessary forces of occupation to the Azores and that the Brazilian Government would be simultaneously requested to send at least a token force to take part in the expedition.
179:, the British Ambassador considered the US State Department's suggestion "particularly ill-timed and incomprehensible at the present juncture." He recalled that at the outset of the war, Salazar had remained neutral with British approval. Campbell saw Salazar as fundamentally loyal to the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and stated that "he would answer the call if it were made on grounds of dire necessity". The opposition to seize the Azores using military force also came from
101:
Spanish government bolstered by strong ties with the Axis. Salazar's policy of neutrality for
Portugal in World War II thus included a strategic component. The country still held overseas territories that, because of their poor economic development, could not adequately defend themselves from military attack. Upon the start of World War II in 1939, the Portuguese Government announced, on 1 September, that the 600-year-old
175:, the conferees agreed that the occupation of the Azores was essential to the conduct of the anti-U-boat campaign, extending Allied air cover for convoys and increasing harassing activities against U-boats. Delighted with the American stance Churchill cabled home with instructions: Portugal should be informed that if it refused to hand over the base, the Azores would be occupied. However, Sir
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of formidable dimensions. The
Portuguese are showing the keenest appreciation of their responsibilities as governors of these islands which occupy such an important strategic position in the Atlantic. It is for Britain the cause of great satisfaction that they should be in the hands of a neutral and friendly Power that is both well able to defend them, and determined to do so if need be."
447:"The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, ed. Larry I. Bland and Sharon Ritenour Stevens (Lexington, Va.: The George C. Marshall Foundation, 1981– ). Electronic version based on The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, "The Right Man for the Job," December 7, 1941 – May 31, 1943 – 3–669 Editorial Note on the Third Washington Conference (TRIDENT), May 1943"
246:
On 19 July 1941 The Tablet, newspaper reported: "President
Carmona Visits the Azores On Wednesday next, 23 July, General Carmona, President of the Portuguese Republic, will sail for the Azores to inspect the garrison there, which has been steadily reinforced during the past month, and is now a force
194:
Franklin
Roosevelt promptly informed Winston Churchill that the United States wanted to approach directly the Portuguese government for the purpose of also obtaining aviation facilities in the Azores. The negotiations for the agreement between the United States and Portugal, conducted initially by
163:
and
Portugal immediately protested at the violation of her neutrality. Troops were dispatched from mainland Portugal but were still in the middle of the Indian Ocean when the Japanese invaded Portuguese Timor in January 1942. Salazar's protests concerning the violation of his country's sovereignty
123:
During 1940–41 the US, Britain and
Germany each made plans to occupy the islands. Despite the fact that the islands were only 720 miles (1,160 km) from Lisbon and 2,100 miles (3,400 km) from New York, in 1940 Roosevelt considered including both the Azores and Cape Verde Islands under the
100:
Salazar's dislike of the Nazi regime in
Germany and its imperial ambitions was tempered only by his view of the German Reich as a bastion against the spread of communism. He had favoured the Spanish nationalist cause, fearing a communist invasion of Portugal, yet he was uneasy at the prospect of a
256:
According to the Memorandum of Conversation, by the Under Secretary of State, Sumner Welles, 11 August 1941: it was agreed between President Roosevelt and Winston Churchill that the British Government immediately upon the return of Mr. Churchill to London would notify Dr. Salazar that the British
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aircraft. The Portuguese declared the base capable of air defense on 11 July 1941. To emphasize Portuguese sovereignty over the territory the President of Portugal, General Carmona, made a high-profile visit to the Azores in July and August 1941 and his message was "Aqui Ă© Portugal" (Portugal is
92:
In May 1919, with World War I ended, the first successful transatlantic flight took place from the United States to Great Britain by three U.S. Navy "Curtiss Flyer" flying boats. They used the harbor of Horta on the Azorean island of Faial as a critical stopover in their flight. In the 1930s Pan
271:
According to the terms of the accord, the United Kingdom was granted: a) Facilities without restrictions for resupplying fuel, water, renewal and repairs, as compatible with local resources in the Port of Horta; b) Use of the port of Ponta Delegada restricted to facilities normally granted to a
140:
But on 22 June 1941 the Germans invaded the Soviet Union and while so involved, the Germans were unlikely to invade Great Britain and would also have to relax their pressure on the Atlantic. In a letter dated 8 July 1941, intending to dismiss "false reports" that impaired relations between the
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in a landmark speech and, afterwards, by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt‟s speech on 27 May 1941. The Portuguese sovereignty over the islands of the archipelago of the Azores was not considered in any of the speeches, which resulted in an enormous Portuguese diplomatic campaign throughout
120:. As a consequence, the Estado Novo regime pondered the withdrawal of the Portuguese government to the Azores, with the support of Britain. It was in this context that an Anglo-Portuguese working group was established to study and design the construction of new airfields in the archipelago.
45:. Great Britain and the United States devised plans to set up air bases regardless of Portugal's disapproval. The plans were never put into operation. Instead in 1943 Britain requested, and Portugal agreed, to allow Britain to set up bases there. Operation Alacrity was preceded by
183:, to whom the violation of the Portuguese neutrality could destroy the moral foundation of a true community of sovereign nations. Campbell and Eden were right, when in August 1943 the British requested military base facilities in the Azores, invoking the
131:
Along May and June 1941 the American attitude towards the Azores evolved into a diplomatic incident, due to the insinuations of the American press regarding the preemptive occupation of the Azores by the US, which would later be confirmed by a Senator
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was especially worried about a possible German invasion through Spain and did not want to provoke Hitler nor did he want to give Spain an excuse to side with the Axis and invade Portugal due to the strategic importance of the
65:
124:
Monroe Doctrine of 1825. Roosevelt declared that German occupation of the Azores or the Cape Verde Islands would compromise US safety and on 22 May 1941 he directed the U.S. Army and Navy to draft an official plan,
85:. The advent of flight increased the strategic importance of the Azores. During World War I it allowed the US to establish naval bases in Horta and Ponta Delgada and in 1918 as an official in the Navy Department
266:
The final accord pertaining to use of facilities in the Azores was signed in Lisbon on 17 August 1943 by Vice-Admiral Alfredo Botelho de Sousa acting on behalf of Lisbon, and British Air Vice-Marshal Sir
156:, President Roosevelt revived the plans to seize the Azores. But while German victories on the Eastern Front revived fears in the Atlantic all the attempts to give new life to the Azores project failed.
164:
and neutrality by the Allies and subsequent Japanese invasion of Portuguese territory, would become a strong argument for Portugal not wanting to concede further facilities to the Allied cause.
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507:
Documentos relativos aos acordos entre Portugal, Inglaterra e Estados Unidos da América para a concessão de facilidades nos Ac̦ores durante a guerra de 1939–1945, Imprensa Nacional, 1946 –
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187:, Salazar responded favorably and quickly: Portugal allowed these bases, letting the British use the Azorean ports of Horta (on the island of Faial) and Ponta Delgada (on the island of
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American Airways flew the first regularly scheduled commercial airliners, "Pan-Am Clippers" (Sikorsky S-40 flying boats), from Norfolk, VA to the Azores and then on to Europe.
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In 1941, Portuguese officials recognizing the dangers of the Azores in German hands, expanded the runway and sent additional troops and equipment to Lajes including
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The 1st U.S. Aeronautical company in Ponta Delgada (21 January 1918); one of the first completely equipped American aviation units to serve overseas in World War I
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remained intact, but that since the British did not seek Portuguese assistance, Portugal was free to remain neutral in the war and would do so. In an
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Since their colonization in the 15th century the Azores islands became a bastion of Portuguese power protecting lines of communications to its
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32:. It never took place because Portugal agreed to an Allied request for use of air bases. The islands were of enormous strategic value in the
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36:. Portugal, too weak to defend the Azores, or its large colonial empire, or even its homeland, tried to stay neutral in the war. Dictator
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had greatly reduced the chances of a German occupation of Iberia in retaliation against an Allied seizure of the Azores. In May, in the
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Chargé d’Affairs in Portugal, were long and complex. The final agreement was signed on 28 November 1944 between US ambassador
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Guill, James H. "A History of the Azores Islands", Vol. 5 (Tulare, CA: Golden Shield Publications, 1993), pg. 508, 510.
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made a stopover in the Azores, and was quite taken with the strategic value of the new American naval base there.
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between Horta and Terceira for military communication during the war and only while the war lasts.
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By 1943 American military strength had significantly increased and successes in
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In December 1941, in a pre-emptive strike, Dutch and Australian troops invaded
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571:"Neutrality by Agreement: Portugal and the British Alliance in World War II"
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began to believe that Germany, or its allies, would completely overrun the
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Stevens, D. (1992). "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Azores Dilemma, 1941".
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of 5 September 1939, the British Government confirmed the understanding.
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United States Treaties and Other International Agreements (Vol 2 Part 2)
394:(Second Printing ed.). Transaction Publishers. pp. 461–462.
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The Oldest Ally: Britain and the Portuguese Connection, 1936–1941
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524:. United States Government Printing Office. 1951. p. 2127.
351:"694. Basic Plan for Capture and Occupation of Azores (Gray)"
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Code name for a possible Allied seizure of Azores during WWII
453:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1991. pp. 705–708
619:. Vol. 3 (5a ed.). Porto: Livraria Civilização.
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Operation Alacrity: The Azores and the War in the Atlantic
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677:. Institute of Naval Studies, Center for Naval Analyses.
357:. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
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24:was the code name for a possible Allied seizure of
391:President Roosevelt and the coming of the war 1941
77:undergoing servicing at Lajes airfield during 1944
1063:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo
675:The Azores in Diplomacy and Strategy, 1940–1945
173:Third Washington Conference, code-named Trident
689:"Portugal during WW2: Covering the Azores Gap"
726:History of World War II by region and country
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575:American University International Law Review
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152:However, in August 1941, during the
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128:, to occupy the Portuguese Azores.
643:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1992.tb00873.x
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615:Nogueira, Alberto Franco (1978).
1416:Portugal–United States relations
600:(First ed.). Enigma Books.
569:Leite, Joaquim da Costa (1998).
545:. Naval Institute Press, 2004.
597:Salazar: A Political Biography
421:Yale Law School Avalon Project
274:submarine communications cable
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451:George C. Marshall Foundation
355:The National Archives Catalog
223:Portugal during World War II
34:defeat of the German U-boats
564:. New York: Hawthorn Books.
562:Salazar and Modern Portugal
114:AntĂłnio de Oliveira Salazar
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673:Weiss, Kenneth G. (1980).
388:Beard, Charles A (2011).
185:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
103:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
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691:—Warfare History Network
594:Meneses, Filipe (2009).
96:In the outbreak of the
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1421:History of the Azores
539:Herz, Norman (2004).
169:North Africa Campaign
87:Franklin D. Roosevelt
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177:Ronald Hugh Campbell
75:No. 172 Squadron RAF
1175:Carpathian Ruthenia
498:, pp. 277–278.
328:, pp. 185–199.
313:, pp. 121–122.
154:Atlantic Conference
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745:British Somaliland
560:Kay, Hugh (1970).
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1251:Soviet Union
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868:Newfoundland
822:South Africa
817:Sierra Leone
795:North Africa
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581:(1): 185–199
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107:aide-mémoire
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30:World War II
21:
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1380:New Zealand
1346:Oceania and
1300:Switzerland
1261:Byelorussia
1216:Netherlands
1058:Philippines
898:Puerto Rico
853:El Salvador
650:Stone, Glyn
457:22 November
407:22 November
361:22 November
218:Lajes Field
1405:Categories
1375:New Guinea
1355:Antarctica
1348:Antarctica
1337:Yugoslavia
1256:Azerbaijan
1211:Luxembourg
994:New Guinea
893:New Mexico
883:California
790:Madagascar
775:Gold Coast
770:The Gambia
338:Stone 1994
326:Leite 1998
284:References
189:SĂŁo Miguel
1360:Australia
1325:Gibraltar
1283:Catalonia
1206:Lithuania
1068:Singapore
1016:Indochina
1006:Hong Kong
982:Manchuria
951:Venezuela
921:Argentina
858:Greenland
812:Nyasaland
635:Historian
289:Citations
146:Gladiator
1246:Slovenia
1241:Slovakia
1231:Portugal
1119:Bulgaria
1073:Thailand
1048:Mongolia
1021:Cambodia
941:Suriname
931:Colombia
755:Ethiopia
652:(1994).
585:19 March
484:Kay 1970
472:Kay 1970
311:Kay 1970
207:See also
73:Mk XIV,
53:Overview
1288:Galicia
1266:Ukraine
1236:Romania
1186:Ireland
1181:Iceland
1171:Hungary
1161:Germany
1139:Finland
1134:Estonia
1129:Denmark
1114:Belgium
1109:Austria
1104:Albania
946:Uruguay
878:Arizona
805:Morocco
800:Tunisia
785:Liberia
149:here).
38:Salazar
28:during
1295:Sweden
1226:Poland
1221:Norway
1196:Latvia
1166:Greece
1144:France
1097:Europe
1083:Turkey
1043:Malaya
972:Ceylon
926:Brazil
888:Nevada
863:Mexico
843:Canada
733:Africa
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26:Azores
1370:Nauru
1315:Wales
1273:Spain
1191:Italy
1078:Tibet
1053:Nepal
1038:Japan
1011:India
977:China
967:Burma
780:Kenya
750:Egypt
1088:Tuva
1033:Iraq
1028:Iran
960:Asia
848:Cuba
660:ISBN
621:ISBN
602:ISBN
587:2014
547:ISBN
459:2015
409:2015
396:ISBN
363:2015
639:doi
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