Operation Berlin (Atlantic)

1091: 52: 1438: 1919: 2422:. Several changes were made to surface raiding tactics based on lessons learned from Operation Berlin. The prohibition against engaging forces of equal strength was softened to allow battleships to engage escorting warships while their accompanying cruisers attacked the convoy. As the intelligence on convoy routes and timings had proven unreliable and Lütjens experienced difficulty searching for convoys, it was decided to station submarines at strategic locations to scout for Allied ships. Tactics that had proven successful, such as keeping the ships of the battle group together and using supply vessels to search for convoys, were retained. 2435: 147: 113: 1661: 159: 2231: 127: 2620:-class battleships during their sortie in May 1941. Lars Hellwinkel has noted that Brest lacked the facilities rapidly to repair the battleships at the end of Operation Berlin and the vulnerability of French ports to British air attack meant that none of the big warships based there would have been able to conduct any attacks after 1325:

in Canada to the United Kingdom. These convoys were a key element of the Allied supply line to the United Kingdom, and the Germans hoped that the battleships could overwhelm the convoy's escort and then sink large numbers of merchant ships. Raeder directed the battleships to end their raid by docking

2528:

on 21 July as it was further from the British bomber bases and believed to be at less risk of air attacks. She was hit by five bombs during an air raid on 24 July, and required repairs in Brest that were not completed until 15 January 1942. In line with a decision made by Hitler in September 1941 to

2425:

The British were disappointed by their performance during early 1941. While assigning battleships to protect convoys had prevented disastrous losses, the German surface raiders had greatly disrupted the convoy system and not suffered any losses. A key lesson was the need to strengthen patrols of the

2299:

reported the sighting, the British sought to regain contact with the German battleships and track them. At this time the carrier was about 160 miles (260 km) to the south-east of the Germans, which was too great a distance for it to be able to launch an immediate attack. Reconnaissance aircraft

2159:

was dispatched from Halifax to patrol the area where the merchant ships had been sunk, but did not encounter the German battleships. Tovey strengthened the Home Fleet's cruiser patrols of the possible German return routes, and remained to the south of Iceland with much of his fleet. Force H was also

1645:

From 6 February Lütjens searched for HX convoys. He was aware that two British battleships had been based in Canada to escort eastbound convoys, but believed that they would only cover the first part of the journey before returning to pick up another convoy. Accordingly, the German force operated to

1607:

s two aircraft was dispatched to Trondheim in Norway on 28 January carrying a report on the events of the day and did not rejoin its ship. Tovey ordered his cruisers to search for the raiders and moved his battleships and battlecruiser to intercept them but contact was not regained. After concluding

1572:

before attempting to enter the Atlantic. He decided to proceed directly to the south of Iceland though after receiving a weather forecast which predicted snow storms in that area; these conditions would hide the battleships from the British. Just before dawn on 28 January, the two German battleships

2417:

The German Naval Staff and Raeder believed that the success of Operation Berlin and the other raids conducted by surface vessels during 1940 and early 1941 demonstrated that further such attacks remained viable. Raeder travelled to Brest on 23 March, and asked Lütjens to lead the next raid from the

2353:

detected the German battleships by radar when they were within 200 miles (320 km) of the French coast on the evening of 21 March. By this time it was not possible for the British to attack them, and due to the evasive course Lütjens was taking the British were unable to anticipate which French

2261:

in Spain. The aircraft's radio was defective, which prevented its crew from immediately reporting this sighting. Lütjens turned to the north in an attempt to deceive the British aircrew about his course. This proved successful, as when the aircraft returned to the carrier its crew reported that the

1077:

were combat ready at the start of the war in September 1939. The roles envisioned for these battleships when they were designed in the early 1930s included raiding convoys. They were heavily armoured and faster than the Royal Navy's battlecruisers. Their main armament was nine 11-inch (280 mm)

2455:

the port and provided powerful escorts to convoys. Submarines were stationed off Brest, and Coastal Command closely monitored it. The Home Fleet maintained three or four naval task forces at all times to intercept the German battleships if they left Brest. Force H was also reinforced and patrolled

1905:

in Newfoundland and was quickly passed on to the Admiralty. This was the first it knew about the battleships' presence in the western Atlantic. Lütjens judged that the Allies would now divert shipping from the area and search for his ships. Accordingly, he decided to transfer his operations to the

2607:

Historians agree that Raeder's decision to send the two battleships to Brest was a mistake. Lisle A. Rose has noted that by doing so he "placed the big ships under the thumb of Royal Air Force bombers and divided the German battle fleet between the Channel and the Baltic at just the time that new

2595:

judged in 2004 that Operation Berlin did not have significant strategic implications as Lütjens was unable to cripple Allied shipping in the North Atlantic and attacked only one eastbound HX convoy. Angus Konstam noted in 2021 that the number of ships sunk by German surface raiders was dwarfed by

1875:

searched for convoys in line abreast but out of sight of each other. Two merchant ships sailing independently were sighted from a far distance on 17 and 18 February, but not attacked as there was a risk that these ships could manage to broadcast an alarm, and convoys would be re-routed out of the

2590:

stated that Operation Berlin "had been skilfully planned, well co-ordinated with the movements of other raiders and successfully sustained by the supply ships sent out for that purpose" and that the Germans were right to be pleased with the results. Roskill noted that the operations conducted by

2450:

Coastal Command aircraft located the two German battleships at Brest on 28 March after six days of intensive searches of French ports. Once the battleships were confirmed to be in port, the Home Fleet returned to its bases for a brief period and the Atlantic convoy system returned to its normal

936:

transporting supplies to the United Kingdom and then sink large numbers of merchant ships. The British were expecting this given previous attacks, and assigned battleships of their own to escort convoys. This proved successful, with the German force having to abandon attacks against convoys on 8

2405:

surface raiding missions throughout the war. Lütjens' force sank or captured 22 ships totalling 115,622 gross register tons (327,410 m). The Allied convoy routes across the North Atlantic were badly disrupted, which hindered the flow of supplies to the United Kingdom. By diverting the Home

2599:

Roskill attributed the British failure to intercept the raiders to bad luck. He judged that the Royal Navy's performance was superior to that in previous operations and demonstrated that it now posed a strong threat to surface raiders. Roskill also observed that assigning battleships to escort

1757:

informed Lütjens that intercepted British radio messages indicated that his ships had been sighted the previous day. Lütjens judged that the British would now assign strong escorts to all convoys in the area, and decided to break off operations for several days in the hope that attacks by

1591:

s crew sighted two large vessels six minutes later. Lütjens lacked information about whether the rest of the Home Fleet was at sea, and decided to break off this attempt to enter the Atlantic. The battle group evaded the British by turning to the north-east and operating in the

1042:

to detect attempts by German warships to break out into the Atlantic Ocean. These included initiating cruiser patrols of the waters between Greenland and Scotland through which German raiders would have to pass to enter the Atlantic following the outbreak of war. The

2600:

convoys "had certainly saved two of them from disaster". The historian Graham Rys-Jones reached a similar conclusion in 1999, noting that Lütjens' success in evading the British was "one of the less helpful lessons of Operation Berlin" as it convinced Raeder that

2596:

those accounted for by submarines. He concluded that the strategy of sending surface raiders into the Atlantic was faulty as the resources required to build and crew these ships would have produced better results if they had been allocated to the submarine force.

1900:

radio transmissions from the merchant vessels as they closed with them. However, one of the ships was able to transmit a sighting report after being attacked by an aircraft that had been launched from the battleships. The signal was received by a radio station at

1130:

and Norway on 18 February 1940. This force was detected by the British soon after it sailed and the Home Fleet attempted to intercept it. No combat eventuated, and the German ships returned to port without having encountered any British shipping on 20 February.

2154:

The British altered their dispositions following the attacks on 15 and 16 March. The Admiralty did not have any information about Lütjens' intentions, and judged that his force would probably attempt to return to Germany via one of the routes off Iceland.

2304:

searched for the battleships during the night of 20/21 March and the next morning, but were unable to find them again due to bad weather. Coastal Command reduced its patrols of the waters off Iceland and stepped up coverage of the approaches to the

1317:-class battleships were selected for the next raid, which was designated Operation Berlin. Its goal was for the ships to break out into the Atlantic and operate together to attack Allied shipping. Their primary objective was to intercept one of the 4635: 2516:

heavy warships. As a result, Operation Berlin was the final success against Allied shipping achieved by German warships in the North Atlantic. Submarines formed the main element of the German anti-shipping campaign for the remainder of the war.

1851:

to make another raid in support of Operation Berlin after loading more ammunition. This attack was cancelled after she damaged a propeller on a sunken barge in Brest's harbour and was unable to sail until a replacement was received from Kiel.

1560:

had expected this deployment, and stationed eight submarines to the south of Iceland to attack the Home Fleet. Only one of these submarines sighted any British warships, and it was unable to reach a position from which they could be attacked.

1393:

techniques to locate convoys and warships. The Germans had little intelligence on the dates on which Allied convoys sailed or the routes they took. This made it difficult for surface raiders to position themselves in the path of convoys.

1863:, which were to the west of where he had encountered HX 106, in the correct belief that Allied shipping there was not as well escorted. He hoped to find one of the regular HX convoys or a special convoy that the German naval attaché in 2591:

German surface raiders in the North Atlantic between February and March 1941 was the only period in the war in which surface warships were able to "threaten the whole structure of our maritime control". The British naval historian

2067:

during 11 and 12 March. Lütjens retained both vessels as scouts with the battle group to extend the area it could search as it progressed north. Together, they were able to search for shipping along a 120-mile (190 km) front.

1295:

also operated against Allied shipping in the South Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The attack on Convoy WS 5A demonstrated that raiders posed a serious threat to shipping in the North Atlantic, and from early 1941 the British

1082:-class battleships were capable of sailing for 9,020 miles (14,520 km) at 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph). This was insufficient for lengthy raids, and meant that they needed to regularly refuel from supply ships. 1332:'s main base in October 1940. The orders issued for the operation forbade attacks on convoys escorted by forces of equal strength, such as British battleships. This was because the raid would need to be abandoned if 2338:

bombers that could be sent against the battleships. By this time the only way for the British ships to intercept Lütjens' force before they came under the protection of land-based German aircraft in France was for

1731:, and sailed with all available ships to intercept it if it returned to Germany or France. These ships were organised into three powerful forces from the evening of 9 February, and air patrols were also conducted. 1762:

would divert British forces elsewhere. The German battle group returned to the waters off southern Greenland and remained there until 17 February. It endured a severe storm on 12 February which damaged many of

1712:

could make a separate attack on the merchant vessels. This violated the order against engaging warships of equal strength, and Lütjens reprimanded Hoffmann by radio when the two battleships met that evening.

1521:

in Sweden passed on a report from agents in Denmark that the German battleships had been sighted passing through the Great Belt. This intelligence was provided to Tovey during the evening of 25 January.

1693:

at 9:47 am, and reported this to the flagship. In accordance with his orders to avoid engagements with powerful enemy forces, Lütjens cancelled the attack. Before being instructed to break off,

1554:, eight cruisers and eleven destroyers. Air patrols of the waters between Iceland and the Faroes were also stepped up. Some of the Home Fleet's ships were detached to refuel on 27 January. The 1954:

first sent a sighting report and asked confirmation from Dönitz. Intercepting these communications, the battleships started zigzagging at high speed and disappeared. In the morning of 6 March

995:

and aircraft would attack shipping near the coasts of Allied countries. Surface raiders were to range widely, make surprise attacks and then move to other areas. They were to be supported by

1027:'s small number of battleships and other major warships for as long as possible, the navy's plans specified that raiders would target merchant vessels and avoid combat with Allied warships. 1300:

assigned battleships to escort convoys that were bound for the United Kingdom whenever possible. Westbound convoys lacked this protection, and were dispersed in the middle of the Atlantic.

1509:

codes at this time. On 20 January the Admiralty warned the Home Fleet that another German raid was likely. Tovey immediately dispatched two heavy cruisers to reinforce the patrols between

1379:

service was providing raiders with general information about the locations of Allied ships. The service was generally unable to pass on actionable intelligence though, as it was unable to

1476:

that morning. This exposed the battleships to Allied agents on the shore, but was necessary as the waterway was covered in ice 30 centimetres (12 in) thick. The battle group reached

4640: 218: 2459:

The RAF repeatedly made large attacks that targeted the German battleships at Brest. The first raid took place on the night of 30/31 March. On 6 April a British aircraft torpedoed

1047:, the main British battle force in the North Atlantic, was responsible for locating and intercepting German warships in the area. From 20 December 1940 it was commanded by Admiral 944:

to the West African coast. The operation was considered successful by the German military, a view generally shared by historians. It was the last victory achieved by German

2346:

s aircraft to damage one or both of them. This was made impossible by the mishandling of the sighting on 20 March and poor flying weather on that and the subsequent day.

2023:

but were unable to pursue the faster German ship. Force H sortied from Gibraltar on 8 March, made contact with SL 67 on 10 March and escorted the convoy until mid-March.

1934:

between 26 and 28 February and then turned to the south-east. The ships searched for a SL convoy that Lütjens expected to encounter on 5 March, but without success. The

274: 1650:

was sighted at dawn on 8 February approximately 700 miles (1,100 km) east of Halifax. Unbeknownst to the Germans, this convoy's escort included the old battleship

1966:

was damaged as well and the idea was to use parts of the one seaplane to repair to other. During the afternoon the battle group rendezvoused with the German submarine

932:

The operation was one of several made by German warships during late 1940 and early 1941. Its main goal was for the battleships to overwhelm the escort of one of the

2426:

seas to the north and south of Iceland to detect German raiders as they attempted to enter the Atlantic. This led to additional cruisers being assigned to the area.

1750:, was also ordered to protect convoys in the North Atlantic. It sailed from Gibraltar to do so on 12 February, and returned to that port on the 25th of the month. 1365:

and the United Kingdom. As well as inflicting further casualties, it was hoped that the cruiser would divert British forces away from Lütjens' area of operations.

2500:

by the Home Fleet on 27 May. Guided by Ultra intelligence, the British also sank seven of the eight supply ships that had been sent into the Atlantic to support

4645: 1995:. The battleships sighted the convoy later that day 300 miles (480 km) to the north-east of the Cape Verdes, but Lütjens decided to not attack it after 247: 2326:. On 21 March the Admiralty ordered him to proceed south at full speed. Several cruisers were also ordered to head south, a destroyer flotilla sailed from 2057:

were defective and the pipes that moved steam around the engines had been damaged. The battleships refuelled and received provisions from the supply ships

211: 2627:

s loss. Raeder acknowledged his error after the war, noting that the forces needed adequately to defend the battleships at Brest had not been available.

1918: 2262:

German ships were headed north and did not mention their course when first sighted. Somerville's ability to act on this report was further hindered by

1353:

Seven supply ships were dispatched into the Atlantic ahead of Operation Berlin to support the two raiders. The plans for the operation also called for

2463:. She was hit by four bombs during another raid on 10 April. It took until the end of 1941 for the damage inflicted by these attacks to be repaired. 2031:

Following the encounter with SL 67, Lütjens decided to return to the convoy route between Halifax and the United Kingdom. While sailing north-west

1409:

on that day, with Lütjens commanding the force from the latter ship. The raid had to be abandoned before the battleships entered the Atlantic when

937:

February as well as 7 and 8 March. The Germans encountered and attacked large numbers of unescorted merchant ships on 22 February and 15–16 March.

1514: 2096:

On 15 and 16 March, the two battleships, with the two tankers in company, encountered ships from dispersed westbound convoys south of Cape Race.

1631:

north of Iceland. The battleships passed through the straits undetected on the night of 3/4 February. They refuelled again from the supply ship

51: 4548:

Steury, Donald P. (1994). "The Character of the German Navy Offensive: October 1940 – June 1941". In Runyan, Timothy J.; Copes, Jan M. (eds.).

2494: 1154:

to protect the rest of the German invasion fleet from counter-attacks by the Royal Navy. On 9 April they encountered the British battlecruiser

925:

sailed from Germany, operated across the North Atlantic, sank or captured 22 Allied merchant vessels, and finished their mission by docking in

204: 1999:

was identified. Lütjens alerted nearby German submarines to the convoy's location. A plan was developed which involved the submarines sinking

1492:

between Denmark and Norway. The torpedo boats were slow to leave port, and Lütjens' force did not resume its voyage until dawn on 25 January.

4600: 4557: 4538: 4514: 4495: 4473: 4435: 4416: 4394: 4375: 4356: 4334: 4315: 4296: 4277: 4239: 4217: 1503:

intelligence obtained by breaking German codes did not provide any information on Operation Berlin as the British were unable to decrypt the

1855:

The German battle group returned to the route between Halifax and the United Kingdom on 17 February. Lütjens decided to operate between the

1437: 1090: 269: 2456:

the routes used by north and southbound convoys. Command of the forces operating west of France alternated between Tovey and Somerville.

4630: 4454: 4258: 2199:

directed him to then return his ships to Brest in France so they could prepare to join a raid into the Atlantic that the battleship

2071:

Ships of the Home Fleet were sortied again in response to the presence of the German battleships in the Atlantic. The battleships

1880:

found herself cornered between three merchant ships sailing west from a recently dispersed convoy 500 miles (800 km) east of

2504:. Following this defeat Hitler forbade further battleship raids into the Atlantic. On 13 June RAF aircraft torpedoed the cruiser 1754: 1429:

was transferred to Kiel to be repaired. The battleships received additional small calibre anti-aircraft guns during this period.

4625: 1612:

may have not actually sighted German warships, Tovey sailed west to protect a convoy and returned to Scapa Flow on 30 January.

242: 1716:

The British battleship's crew sighted one of the German ships from a long distance, and misidentified it as probably being an

1950:

she prepared to attack. But as the battleships were lacking the destroyer escort which was standard for British battleships,

1347: 2093:

and two destroyers, took up a position south of Iceland to intercept any raiders that were attempting to return to Germany.

1169:, leading Lütjens to disengage and return to Germany. The battleships sortied again on 4 June to raid Allied shipping near 4655: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1262: 1245:

completed the last element of its repairs, both battleships were assessed on 23 December as being ready for another raid.

1117: 1066: 914: 2168:

undertook intensive air patrols of the Denmark Strait and waters between Iceland and the Faroes between 17 and 20 March.

4650: 2510:

while she was trying to break out into the Atlantic. This was the last raid into the Atlantic that was attempted by the

2487: 1796: 1717: 1510: 1055: 891: 424: 2147:

but did not identify her. They learned the warship's identity that evening from survivors of a sunken ship. Meanwhile,

865: 860: 2374:

two days later. Allied seamen who had been captured from sunken ships were paraded through Brest before being sent to

1529:

at midnight on 25 January bound for a position 120 miles (190 km) south of Iceland. It comprised the battleships

1072: 920: 794: 163: 57: 4660: 4620: 2505: 2355: 2313: 2206: 2200: 1297: 958:-class battleships were damaged by air attacks while they were in France and returned to Germany in February 1942. 949: 257: 940:

By the end of the raid, the German battleships had roamed widely across the Atlantic, ranging from the waters off

2361: 831: 287: 20: 1258:

began dispatching its major warships that had survived the Norwegian campaign into the Atlantic in October. The

2571: 2434: 1814: 1802: 1884:. As detection could not be avoided, the German ships started operations against independent sailing vessels: 2257:

spotted the German battleships sailing north-east approximately 600 miles (970 km) to the north-west of

2472: 2196: 2015:

made contact at 1:30 pm. Lütjens attempted to attack at 5:30 pm, but broke off at high speed when

1777:

s engines also became contaminated with sea water and needed to be repaired. The battleships refuelled from

1564:

The German battle group entered the North Sea on 26 January. Lütjens was inclined to refuel from the tanker

1473: 1291:

on 25 December and damaged two transports before being driven off by escorting British cruisers. Six German

1139: 813: 519: 429: 417: 252: 2072: 1889: 1107: 984: 906: 898: 855: 818: 762: 402: 228: 39: 2176:

Lütjens had received orders on 11 March to cease operations in the North Atlantic by 17 March to support

1116:

between Iceland and the Faroe Islands on 23 November. Both battleships, accompanied by the heavy cruiser

1106:-class battleships conducted their first raid in late November 1939. During this operation they sank the 2062: 1499:

of German radio signals, the British had concluded that major German warships were about to put to sea;

1272: 757: 747: 705: 581: 541: 529: 344: 2007:

attacked the convoy that night, sinking five ships for a total of 28,488 GRT. They did not damage

1938:

had neglected to inform Dönitz about the movements of the battleships, so when in the night of 5 March

1468:

sailed again from Kiel at 4:00 am on 22 January 1941. They proceeded north and passed through the

1147: 1095: 151: 2551:

departed Brest under heavy air and naval escort on 11 February 1942. Both battleships were damaged by

929:. The British military sought to locate and attack the German battleships, but failed to damage them. 1974: 1896:

sank one for 6,150 GRT. A total of 187 survivors were rescued from these ships. The battleships

1701: 1632: 1500: 1376: 1322: 1178: 1078:

guns, which were inferior to the 15-inch (380 mm) guns that armed most British battleships. The

1014: 782: 777: 772: 485: 2165: 2042:

on 9 March. By this time both battleships were suffering from serious mechanical problems. Some of

1806: 1518: 787: 1988: 1288: 4576: 2335: 2331: 1992: 1860: 1856: 1744: 1664: 1651: 1548: 1166: 1123: 848: 613: 1660: 1414: 4596: 4553: 4534: 4510: 4491: 4469: 4450: 4431: 4412: 4390: 4371: 4352: 4330: 4311: 4292: 4273: 4254: 4235: 4213: 2230: 1390: 1155: 618: 507: 492: 2562:

was badly damaged by an air raid on the night of 26/27 February and never reentered service.

4483: 2587: 2087: 1935: 1864: 1736: 1496: 1221: 1185: 1127: 1021:

was a mistake, and wanted to avoid repeating this perceived error. In order to conserve the

715: 596: 309: 264: 4528: 2151:

departed Brest on 15 March to return to Germany via the North Atlantic and Denmark Strait.

1480:

on the northern tip of Denmark on the evening of 23 January where it was to meet up with a

4588: 4524: 2592: 2583: 2540: 2375: 2366:

escorted the battleships into Brest, where they anchored on 22 March. The captured tanker

2350: 2258: 2161: 2124:

which was close by escorting convoy HX 114, sped to the scene. On the evening of 16 March

2049:

s auxiliary systems needed maintenance that was estimated to take four weeks to complete.

1541: 1530: 1292: 1280: 1214: 1162: 926: 883: 2608:

construction cried out for a concentration of forces". Rose notes that this error led to

2312:

Tovey's force to the south of Iceland had by this time been reinforced by the battleship

1350:

in July 1940 and promoted to admiral in September that year, commanded the battle group.

2082:

were assigned to escort convoys leaving Halifax on 17 and 21 March. Tovey put to sea on

1413:

was damaged by a storm off Norway on 30 December. Lütjens initially took the ships into

1267:

sailed during that month, and conducted a successful raid that lasted until March 1941.

948:

against merchant shipping in the North Atlantic, with the sortie made by the battleship

2192: 1810: 1628: 1574: 1174: 1151: 1110: 996: 902: 808: 158: 132: 84: 4368:

Big Guns in the Atlantic: Germany's battleships and cruisers raid the convoys, 1939–41

4349:

British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations

4614: 4404: 4344: 4270:

Somerville's Force H: The Royal Navy's Gibraltar-based fleet, June 1940 to March 1942

2567: 2306: 2187:

s return to Germany. To provide this support, he was to make a diversion between the

1897: 1647: 1597: 1593: 1380: 1276: 1259: 1062: 826: 767: 752: 735: 730: 725: 710: 695: 690: 680: 675: 670: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 608: 591: 576: 566: 561: 497: 468: 438: 412: 407: 397: 392: 380: 1704:, brought his ship within 12 miles (19 km) of the convoy in an attempt to draw 2544: 2439: 2104:

sank seven ships totaling 26,693 GRT, and captured another three tankers, the

1881: 1809:

which was supposed to merge with HG 53 on its way to the UK, and sank seven ships.

1792: 1783: 1569: 1485: 1362: 1249: 1188: 1000: 980: 974: 910: 742: 720: 603: 586: 571: 556: 551: 546: 536: 524: 502: 473: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 387: 368: 363: 351: 339: 334: 324: 314: 304: 299: 146: 118: 43: 1252:

ordered an intensification of the attacks on Allied shipping in the Atlantic. The

4329:. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. Barnsley, United Kingdom: Seaforth Publishing. 1205:

during this action, inflicting damage that took six months to repair. On 20 June

2117: 2054: 1926:

From 22 February the German ships sailed south. They refuelled from the tankers

1836: 1791:

was involved in attacks on two convoys: on 11 February it sank a straggler from

1018: 665: 329: 319: 2566:

was deployed to Norway in 1943. As part of an attempted raid against an Allied

4593:

The Real Cruel Sea: The Merchant Navy in the Battle of the Atlantic, 1939–1943

4227: 2552: 2525: 1981: 1907: 1735:, a powerful task force based in Gibraltar that was commanded by Vice Admiral 1526: 1469: 1318: 1275:

from Germany into the Atlantic during December that ended with her docking at

1238: 1143: 1142:, the German invasion of Norway. They formed the most powerful element of the 1048: 1044: 1031: 1010: 836: 700: 685: 19:

This article is about the 1941 commerce raid. For the 1944 Arnhem rescue, see

2285: 2036: 1991:, spotted the German battleships about 350 miles (560 km) north of the 1902: 1624: 1489: 1358: 1210: 1195: 1034:

anticipated Germany's intentions, and adopted plans of its own to institute

992: 941: 4488:

Chronology of the War at Sea: 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two

1646:

the east of what Lütjens believed was the limit of the battleship escorts.

4636:

Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom

2452: 2371: 2327: 2320: 1537: 1481: 1371: 4580: 4327:

Hitler's Gateway to the Atlantic: German Naval Bases in France 1940–1945

4567:

Vego, Milan (Winter 2019). "Operation Rhine Exercise, May 18–27 1941".

2136:

managed to escape from the slower but better armed British battleship.

2132:

while she was rescuing the survivors of one of the ships she had sunk.

1847:

The cruiser then returned to Brest on 15 February. It was intended for

1732: 1421:

at Trondheim, but was ordered to return to Germany. Both ships reached

1237:

reentered service in early December. The ships trained together in the

1199: 1039: 999:

that would be positioned before the start of operations. Grand Admiral

988: 945: 2011:, however. The German battleships searched for the convoy on 8 March, 2468: 2451:

routings. Due to the threat the force at Brest posed, the Home Fleet

2188: 1977:, provided Lütjens with information about the situation in the area. 1477: 1422: 1170: 1035: 933: 16:

German commerce raid during the naval battles of the Second World War

4490:(3rd revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 196: 2433: 2253:

At 5:30 pm on 20 March a reconnaissance aircraft flying from

2229: 1917: 1659: 1581: 1089: 514: 1867:

had reported was expected to depart from Halifax on 15 February.

2570:, she was sunk by the Home Fleet on 26 December 1943 during the 1406: 2442:

over Brest during a raid on 18 December 1941 that targeted the

2160:

ordered by the Admiralty to operate in the North Atlantic. The

1340:

was significantly damaged. Lütjens, who had been appointed the

200: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2539:-class battleships were ordered to return to Germany via the 1770:

s gun turrets; it took three days to return them to service.

1910:

that travelled between Sierra Leone and the United Kingdom.

1674:

The German battleships separated to attack the convoy, with

1627:

island, Lütjens attempted to enter the Atlantic through the

1233:

s repairs were largely completed by late November 1940, and

905:

between 22 January and 22 March 1941. It formed part of the

4031: 4029: 4027: 3715: 3713: 1017:'s decision to not use its battleships aggressively during 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2486:

Lütjens led Operation Rheinübung from the battleship, and

1357:

to sortie from Brest and attack the convoy routes between

1209:

took part in a sortie from the occupied Norwegian city of

987:

merchant shipping in the event of war. Under these plans,

3889: 3887: 3885: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3745: 3743: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 2970: 2968: 4409:

The War for the Seas: A Maritime History of World War II

4351:. Vol. I. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 3918: 3916: 3914: 3424: 3422: 3349: 3347: 2766: 2764: 1389:

detachment that monitored Allied radio signals and used

63:

in 1939; she served as the flagship for Operation Berlin

3730: 3728: 3637: 3635: 3622: 3620: 3451: 3449: 2003:

and the battleships then attacking the merchant ships.

1958:

transferred her damaged seaplane by aircraft crane to

1805:

long range bombers. The next day the cruiser attacked

1441:

A map depicting the operations of the German warships

991:

were to be used against shipping on the high seas and

4552:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. 74–94. 3298: 3296: 3294: 2227:

on 18 March, and set course for France the next day.

1525:

The main body of the Home Fleet departed its base at

979:(German Navy) developed plans before the outbreak of 4509:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. 1397:Operation Berlin was launched on 28 December 1940. 1383:intercepted radio messages. Each raider embarked a 2120:. Alerted by the distress signals of the victims, 1220:. The torpedo explosion caused large holes in her 4411:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 4389:. Barnsley, United Kingdom: Seaforth Publishing. 2520:After the repairs to her boilers were completed, 2399:Operation Berlin was the most successful of the 2269:s failure to immediately pass it on to him. The 2100:sank six ships totaling 35,080 GRT, whilst 1817:, was impressed with these results and sent the 1616:departed Brest on 1 February to begin its raid. 1177:. On 8 June they sank the empty troop transport 4641:Naval battles of World War II involving Germany 4466:The Loss of the Bismarck: An Avoidable Disaster 1922:The seaplane of HMS Malaya being hoisted aboard 1876:danger zone. Shortly after dawn on 22 February 32: 4468:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 4430:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 4310:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 4253:(in German) (5th ed.). Hamburg: Koehler. 1623:in the Arctic Ocean well to the north-east of 1213:. She was torpedoed that day by the submarine 1839:waters for possible combined operations with 212: 8: 4550:To Die Gallantly: The Battle of the Atlantic 4385:Koop, Gerard; Schmolke, Klaus-Peter (2014). 4212:. Yeovil, United Kingdom: Patrick Stephens. 3326: 2879: 2604:could safely operate in the North Atlantic. 2530: 2511: 2471:which rendered her unable to participate in 2400: 2019:was identified. The British tried to shadow 1637:off southern Greenland on 5 and 6 February. 1555: 1504: 1457:in the Atlantic between January and May 1941 1384: 1369: 1341: 1327: 1253: 1022: 1004: 972: 4507:Power at Sea: The Breaking Storm, 1919–1945 3970: 3819: 3677: 3389: 2475:, the raid into the Atlantic undertaken by 2354:port he was heading for. The torpedo boats 1787:on 14 and 15 February. During this period, 4232:Hitler's U-boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942 4191: 4179: 4155: 3958: 3946: 3934: 3843: 3719: 3665: 3611: 3599: 3587: 3563: 3520: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3413: 3401: 3377: 3338: 3285: 3248: 3236: 3212: 3200: 3155: 3143: 3107: 3034: 3022: 2998: 2947: 1980:On 7 March a seaplane from the battleship 1224:that required lengthy repairs in Germany. 1173:in northern Norway in what was designated 219: 205: 197: 29: 4059: 3551: 2906: 1326:at Brest, which had been selected as the 890:) was a raid conducted by the two German 4107: 4071: 4035: 3994: 3982: 3876: 3575: 3071: 2935: 2918: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2794: 1888:sank four vessels totalling 19,634 1723:. Tovey judged that the ship was either 1436: 1165:. Both German ships were damaged in the 1038:to protect merchant shipping and deploy 1009:, was determined to include the fleet's 4143: 4131: 4018: 4006: 3922: 3893: 3864: 3831: 3807: 3790: 3778: 3761: 3749: 3704: 3653: 3508: 3428: 3365: 3353: 3314: 3273: 3188: 3176: 3131: 3095: 3010: 2986: 2974: 2959: 2806: 2782: 2770: 2755: 2743: 2707: 2695: 2683: 2659: 2647: 2640: 2234:The Force H with the battlecruiser HMS 1013:in these attacks. He believed that the 4449:. Barnsley, S. Yorkshire: Leo Cooper. 4119: 4095: 4083: 3734: 3641: 3455: 3119: 3083: 2053:was in worse condition, as her boiler 1987:, which formed part of the escort for 178:Large numbers of warships and aircraft 4047: 3626: 3440: 3224: 1795:which was scattered after attacks by 7: 4646:Naval operations of the Kriegsmarine 4387:Battleships of the Scharnhorst Class 4308:War at Sea: A Naval Atlas, 1939–1945 4167: 3905: 3302: 3046: 2731: 2719: 2671: 2035:sank the unescorted merchant vessel 4530:War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive 954:in May 1941 ending in defeat. Both 4428:The German Fleet at war, 1939–1945 2406:Fleet, the operation also allowed 2086:which, accompanied by the cruiser 1678:approaching it from the south and 191:22 merchant ships sunk or captured 14: 4291:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2211:were scheduled to make in April. 1248:In August 1940 the German leader 2535:surface warships in Norway, the 2284:s aircraft on 20 March and were 1962:. One of the three seaplanes of 1906:eastern Atlantic and attack the 1568:that had been positioned in the 1417:in Norway and planned to repair 1138:-class battleships took part in 157: 145: 125: 111: 50: 4210:RAF Coastal Command: 1936–1969 2493:on 24 May. He was killed when 2382:reached Kiel on 28 March, and 2349:The crew of a Coastal Command 1700:s commanding officer, Captain 1495:From intelligence obtained by 1: 4533:. Vol. I. London: HMSO. 4268:Dannreuther, Raymond (2005). 4249:Bredemeier, Heinrich (1997). 2414:to safely return to Germany. 2386:docked there two days later. 1970:. The submarine's commander, 1753:On the morning of 9 February 1573:detected the British cruiser 1488:that would escort it through 2558:While under repair at Kiel, 2116:totaling 20,139 GRT as 2027:Return to the North Atlantic 1517:. On 23 January the British 4464:Rhys-Jones, Graham (1999). 4445:Paterson, Lawrence (2003). 4426:O'Hara, Vincent P. (2011). 2616:lacking the support of the 2245:Picture taken from the HMS 1641:Initial Atlantic operations 1321:that regularly sailed from 33:Operation Berlin (Atlantic) 4677: 4631:Maritime incidents in 1941 4289:The Battleship Scharnhorst 4287:Draminski, Stefan (2021). 4251:Schlachtschiff Scharnhorst 2334:established a force of 25 1433:Breakout into the Atlantic 75:22 January — 22 March 1941 18: 4325:Hellwinkel, Lars (2014). 4306:Faulkner, Marcus (2012). 1743:and the aircraft carrier 1584:to the south of Iceland. 1474:German-controlled Denmark 1283:. During this operation, 1124:sortied to attack convoys 238: 182: 169: 138: 103: 67: 49: 37: 21:Operation Berlin (Arnhem) 4569:Naval War College Review 4208:Ashworth, Chris (1992). 3327:Koop & Schmolke 2014 2880:Koop & Schmolke 2014 2572:Battle of the North Cape 2467:required repairs to her 1815:commander of the U-boats 1803:Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor 1368:At this time the German 4595:. London: John Murray. 4505:Rose, Lisle A. (2007). 4366:Konstam, Angus (2021). 2555:, but reached Germany. 1580:and another cruiser by 1511:Allied-occupied Iceland 1241:during December. After 1184:as well as the British 1126:travelling between the 1003:, the commander of the 58:German battleship 4626:Battle of the Atlantic 4447:Second U-boat Flotilla 2531: 2512: 2447: 2401: 2250: 1923: 1671: 1619:After refuelling from 1556: 1505: 1458: 1385: 1370: 1342: 1328: 1254: 1194:and its two escorting 1108:armed merchant cruiser 1099: 1061:(sometimes designated 1023: 1005: 973: 907:Battle of the Atlantic 887: 139:Commanders and leaders 40:Battle of the Atlantic 2437: 2430:Subsequent operations 2277:were also located by 2233: 2219:refuelled again from 1921: 1682:from the north-west. 1663: 1440: 1093: 183:Casualties and losses 4656:February 1941 events 4009:, pp. 339, 345. 3191:, pp. 331, 333. 2473:Operation Rheinübung 2238:and the carrier HMS 1975:Georg-Wilhelm Schulz 1702:Kurt-Caesar Hoffmann 1377:signals intelligence 1140:Operation Weserübung 1122:and two destroyers, 1086:German surface raids 1015:Imperial German Navy 4651:January 1941 events 4525:Roskill, Stephen W. 4234:. London: Cassell. 4122:, pp. 292–293. 3997:, pp. 102–108. 3834:, pp. 377–378. 3656:, pp. 375–376. 3602:, pp. 126–128. 3590:, pp. 126–127. 3494:, pp. 115–119. 3317:, pp. 373–374. 2989:, pp. 374–375. 2821:, pp. 34, 100. 2809:, pp. 153–154. 2524:was transferred to 1146:under Vice Admiral 270:Blockade of Germany 4370:. Oxford: Osprey. 4182:, pp. 36, 44. 3251:, pp. 40, 74. 3025:, pp. 25, 36. 2921:, pp. 99–100. 2588:official historian 2582:Writing in 1954, 2448: 2446:-class battleships 2378:camps in Germany. 2336:Vickers Wellington 2319:and battlecruiser 2251: 2205:and heavy cruiser 1993:Cape Verde Islands 1924: 1861:45th meridian west 1672: 1459: 1134:In April 1940 the 1100: 1059:-class battleships 895:-class battleships 888:Unternehmen Berlin 4661:March 1941 events 4621:Conflicts in 1941 4602:978-0-7195-6599-1 4559:978-0-8133-8815-1 4540:978-0-11-630188-8 4516:978-0-8262-1702-8 4497:978-1-59114-119-8 4475:978-1-55750-533-0 4437:978-1-59114-643-8 4418:978-0-300-25488-4 4396:978-1-84832-192-2 4377:978-1-4728-4596-2 4358:978-0-11-630933-4 4336:978-1-84832-199-1 4317:978-1-59114-560-8 4298:978-1-4728-4022-6 4279:978-1-84513-020-6 4272:. London: Aurum. 4241:978-0-304-35260-9 4219:978-1-85260-345-8 4146:, pp. 76–77. 3961:, pp. 90–91. 3937:, pp. 77–81. 3822:, pp. 79–80. 3668:, pp. 62–63. 3578:, pp. 83–84. 3404:, pp. 47–48. 3392:, pp. 78–79. 3380:, pp. 46–47. 3368:, pp. 58–59. 3086:, pp. 50–51. 2950:, pp. 71–72. 2845:, pp. 44–45. 2698:, pp. 44–45. 2650:, pp. 54–55. 2292:approached them. 1391:direction finding 1273:unsuccessful raid 1150:that served as a 874: 873: 230:Atlantic campaign 195: 194: 99: 98: 4668: 4606: 4589:Woodman, Richard 4584: 4563: 4544: 4520: 4501: 4479: 4460: 4441: 4422: 4400: 4381: 4362: 4340: 4321: 4302: 4283: 4264: 4245: 4223: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3971:Dannreuther 2005 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3820:Dannreuther 2005 3817: 3811: 3805: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3738: 3732: 3723: 3717: 3708: 3702: 3681: 3678:Dannreuther 2005 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3630: 3624: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3390:Dannreuther 2005 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2883: 2877: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2626: 2534: 2529:concentrate the 2515: 2404: 2345: 2283: 2268: 2186: 2172:Voyage to France 2142: 2048: 1936:Seekriegsleitung 1865:Washington, D.C. 1776: 1769: 1737:James Somerville 1699: 1688: 1606: 1590: 1559: 1547:, battlecruiser 1508: 1497:traffic analysis 1472:island chain in 1388: 1375: 1345: 1331: 1293:merchant raiders 1257: 1232: 1186:aircraft carrier 1167:resulting battle 1128:Shetland Islands 1026: 1008: 978: 901:shipping in the 880:Operation Berlin 265:Northern Barrage 233: 231: 221: 214: 207: 198: 162: 161: 150: 149: 131: 129: 128: 121: 117: 115: 114: 69: 68: 54: 44:Second World War 30: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4603: 4587: 4566: 4560: 4547: 4541: 4523: 4517: 4504: 4498: 4482: 4476: 4463: 4457: 4444: 4438: 4425: 4419: 4403: 4397: 4384: 4378: 4365: 4359: 4343: 4337: 4324: 4318: 4305: 4299: 4286: 4280: 4267: 4261: 4248: 4242: 4226: 4220: 4207: 4203: 4201:Works consulted 4198: 4192:Hellwinkel 2014 4190: 4186: 4180:Hellwinkel 2014 4178: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4156:Rhys-Jones 1999 4154: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4034: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3959:Rhys-Jones 1999 3957: 3953: 3947:Rhys-Jones 1999 3945: 3941: 3935:Rhys-Jones 1999 3933: 3929: 3921: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3850: 3844:Rhys-Jones 1999 3842: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3806: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3741: 3733: 3726: 3720:Rhys-Jones 1999 3718: 3711: 3703: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3666:Rhys-Jones 1999 3664: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3640: 3633: 3625: 3618: 3612:Rhys-Jones 1999 3610: 3606: 3600:Bredemeier 1997 3598: 3594: 3588:Bredemeier 1997 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3564:Rhys-Jones 1999 3562: 3558: 3550: 3527: 3521:Rhys-Jones 1999 3519: 3515: 3507: 3498: 3492:Bredemeier 1997 3490: 3486: 3480:Rhys-Jones 1999 3478: 3474: 3468:Hellwinkel 2014 3466: 3462: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3420: 3414:Rhys-Jones 1999 3412: 3408: 3402:Rhys-Jones 1999 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3378:Rhys-Jones 1999 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3345: 3339:Rhys-Jones 1999 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3292: 3286:Rhys-Jones 1999 3284: 3280: 3272: 3255: 3249:Rhys-Jones 1999 3247: 3243: 3237:Rhys-Jones 1999 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3213:Rhys-Jones 1999 3211: 3207: 3201:Rhys-Jones 1999 3199: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3162: 3156:Rhys-Jones 1999 3154: 3150: 3144:Rhys-Jones 1999 3142: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3108:Rhys-Jones 1999 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3035:Rhys-Jones 1999 3033: 3029: 3023:Hellwinkel 2014 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2886: 2878: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2624: 2593:Richard Woodman 2584:Stephen Roskill 2580: 2541:English Channel 2432: 2397: 2392: 2376:prisoner of war 2351:Lockheed Hudson 2343: 2316:Queen Elizabeth 2300:operating from 2281: 2266: 2259:Cape Finisterre 2184: 2174: 2166:Coastal Command 2162:Royal Air Force 2143:s crew spotted 2140: 2046: 2029: 2005:U-105 and U-124 1972:Kapitänleutnant 1916: 1781:and the tanker 1774: 1767: 1755:Navy Group West 1697: 1689:s crew spotted 1686: 1643: 1604: 1588: 1435: 1348:fleet commander 1311: 1306: 1281:occupied France 1230: 1163:Lofoten Islands 1148:Günther Lütjens 1096:Günther Lütjens 1088: 969: 964: 927:occupied France 877: 876: 875: 870: 277: 234: 229: 227: 225: 156: 152:Günther Lütjens 144: 126: 124: 112: 110: 109: 87: 55: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4674: 4672: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4601: 4585: 4564: 4558: 4545: 4539: 4521: 4515: 4502: 4496: 4484:Rohwer, Jürgen 4480: 4474: 4461: 4455: 4442: 4436: 4423: 4417: 4405:Mawdsley, Evan 4401: 4395: 4382: 4376: 4363: 4357: 4345:Hinsley, F. H. 4341: 4335: 4322: 4316: 4303: 4297: 4284: 4278: 4265: 4259: 4246: 4240: 4224: 4218: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4184: 4172: 4170:, p. 238. 4160: 4148: 4136: 4134:, p. 551. 4124: 4112: 4110:, p. 310. 4100: 4098:, p. 149. 4088: 4086:, p. 143. 4076: 4074:, p. 110. 4064: 4060:Draminski 2021 4052: 4050:, p. 292. 4040: 4038:, p. 109. 4023: 4011: 3999: 3987: 3985:, p. 101. 3975: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3927: 3910: 3908:, p. 207. 3898: 3896:, p. 379. 3881: 3869: 3867:, p. 378. 3848: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3810:, p. 270. 3795: 3793:, p. 267. 3783: 3781:, p. 377. 3766: 3754: 3752:, p. 268. 3739: 3724: 3709: 3707:, p. 376. 3682: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3631: 3629:, p. 253. 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3552:Draminski 2021 3525: 3513: 3511:, p. 375. 3496: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3445: 3443:, p. 233. 3433: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3382: 3370: 3358: 3343: 3331: 3319: 3307: 3290: 3278: 3276:, p. 374. 3253: 3241: 3229: 3227:, p. 234. 3217: 3205: 3193: 3181: 3179:, p. 373. 3160: 3148: 3136: 3124: 3112: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3051: 3039: 3027: 3015: 3013:, p. 245. 3003: 2991: 2979: 2977:, p. 331. 2964: 2962:, p. 368. 2952: 2940: 2938:, p. 100. 2923: 2911: 2907:Draminski 2021 2884: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2799: 2787: 2775: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2688: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2579: 2578:Historiography 2576: 2543:. During the " 2532:Kriegsmarine's 2513:Kriegsmarine's 2431: 2428: 2412:Admiral Scheer 2408:Admiral Hipper 2402:Kriegsmarine's 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2384:Admiral Scheer 2380:Admiral Hipper 2332:Bomber Command 2330:and the RAF's 2193:Canary Islands 2182:Admiral Scheer 2178:Admiral Hipper 2173: 2170: 2149:Admiral Hipper 2028: 2025: 1942:stumbled upon 1932:Frederic Breme 1915: 1912: 1849:Admiral Hipper 1789:Admiral Hipper 1760:Admiral Hipper 1729:Admiral Scheer 1725:Admiral Hipper 1721:-class cruiser 1719:Admiral Hipper 1642: 1639: 1629:Denmark Strait 1614:Admiral Hipper 1506:Kriegsmarine's 1447:Admiral Hipper 1443:Admiral Scheer 1434: 1431: 1425:on 2 January. 1355:Admiral Hipper 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1285:Admiral Hipper 1269:Admiral Hipper 1264:Admiral Scheer 1198:. A destroyer 1175:Operation Juno 1152:covering force 1119:Admiral Hipper 1087: 1084: 1063:battlecruisers 968: 967:Opposing plans 965: 963: 960: 903:North Atlantic 872: 871: 869: 868: 863: 858: 853: 840: 839: 834: 829: 824: 816: 811: 800: 799: 798: 797: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 739: 738: 733: 728: 723: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 657: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 527: 522: 517: 512: 505: 500: 495: 493:2nd Happy Time 490: 477: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 435: 434: 427: 425:Denmark Strait 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 384: 383: 371: 366: 355: 354: 349: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 310:1st Happy Time 307: 302: 291: 290: 279: 278: 272: 267: 262: 261: 260: 255: 250: 239: 236: 235: 226: 224: 223: 216: 209: 201: 193: 192: 189: 185: 184: 180: 179: 176: 172: 171: 167: 166: 154: 141: 140: 136: 135: 133:United Kingdom 122: 106: 105: 101: 100: 97: 96: 95:German victory 93: 89: 88: 85:Atlantic Ocean 83: 81: 77: 76: 73: 65: 64: 47: 46: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4673: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4604: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4575:(1): 89–145. 4574: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4456:0-85052-917-4 4452: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4260:3-7822-0592-8 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4194:, p. 47. 4193: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4161: 4158:, p. 86. 4157: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4113: 4109: 4108:Mawdsley 2019 4104: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4072:Mawdsley 2019 4068: 4065: 4062:, p. 39. 4061: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4036:Mawdsley 2019 4032: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3995:Mawdsley 2019 3991: 3988: 3984: 3983:Mawdsley 2019 3979: 3976: 3973:, p. 80. 3972: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3952: 3949:, p. 90. 3948: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3925:, p. 66. 3924: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3879:, p. 32. 3878: 3877:Ashworth 1992 3873: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3846:, p. 70. 3845: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3764:, p. 65. 3763: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3737:, p. 63. 3736: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3722:, p. 64. 3721: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3680:, p. 79. 3679: 3674: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3647: 3644:, p. 62. 3643: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3614:, p. 60. 3613: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3576:Paterson 2003 3572: 3569: 3566:, p. 59. 3565: 3560: 3557: 3554:, p. 38. 3553: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3523:, p. 51. 3522: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3485: 3482:, p. 49. 3481: 3476: 3473: 3470:, p. 35. 3469: 3464: 3461: 3458:, p. 59. 3457: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3434: 3431:, p. 59. 3430: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3416:, p. 48. 3415: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3356:, p. 58. 3355: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3341:, p. 44. 3340: 3335: 3332: 3329:, p. 51. 3328: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3308: 3305:, p. 93. 3304: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3288:, p. 39. 3287: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3239:, p. 36. 3238: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3218: 3215:, p. 38. 3214: 3209: 3206: 3203:, p. 53. 3202: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3158:, p. 35. 3157: 3152: 3149: 3146:, p. 34. 3145: 3140: 3137: 3134:, p. 55. 3133: 3128: 3125: 3122:, p. 53. 3121: 3116: 3113: 3110:, p. 52. 3109: 3104: 3101: 3098:, p. 18. 3097: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3077: 3074:, p. 55. 3073: 3072:Faulkner 2012 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3049:, p. 98. 3048: 3043: 3040: 3037:, p. 77. 3036: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3004: 3001:, p. 73. 3000: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2936:Mawdsley 2019 2932: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2919:Mawdsley 2019 2915: 2912: 2909:, p. 37. 2908: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2882:, p. 50. 2881: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2857:, p. 46. 2856: 2855:Mawdsley 2019 2851: 2848: 2844: 2843:Mawdsley 2019 2839: 2836: 2833:, p. 34. 2832: 2831:Mawdsley 2019 2827: 2824: 2820: 2819:Mawdsley 2019 2815: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2800: 2797:, p. 23. 2796: 2795:Mawdsley 2019 2791: 2788: 2785:, p. 16. 2784: 2779: 2776: 2773:, p. 59. 2772: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2749: 2746:, p. 56. 2745: 2740: 2737: 2734:, p. 99. 2733: 2728: 2725: 2722:, p. 97. 2721: 2716: 2713: 2710:, p. 14. 2709: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2689: 2686:, p. 17. 2685: 2680: 2677: 2674:, p. 92. 2673: 2668: 2665: 2662:, p. 55. 2661: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2568:Arctic convoy 2565: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2498:was destroyed 2497: 2492: 2491: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2445: 2441: 2440:heavy bombers 2436: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2421: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2358: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2310: 2308: 2307:Bay of Biscay 2303: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2195:. The German 2194: 2190: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2157:King George V 2152: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2075:King George V 2069: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2034: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1920: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807:convoy SLS 64 1804: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1773: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1742: 1739:and included 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1708:away so that 1707: 1703: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1669: 1668: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1648:Convoy HX 106 1640: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1603: 1599: 1598:Arctic Circle 1596:north of the 1595: 1594:Norwegian Sea 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1528: 1523: 1520: 1519:naval attaché 1516: 1515:Faroe Islands 1512: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1486:torpedo boats 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1309:First attempt 1308: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1260:heavy cruiser 1256: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1098:in April 1940 1097: 1094:Vice Admiral 1092: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 976: 966: 961: 959: 957: 953: 952: 947: 943: 938: 935: 930: 928: 924: 923: 918: 917: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 894: 889: 885: 881: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 851: 847: 846: 845: 844: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 822: 817: 815: 814:26 April 1944 812: 810: 807: 806: 805: 804: 796: 795:Bay of Biscay 793: 792: 791: 790: 786: 784: 783:SL 140/MKS 31 781: 779: 778:SL 139/MKS 30 776: 774: 773:SL 138/MKS 28 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 758:ONS 20/ON 206 756: 754: 751: 749: 748:ONS 18/ON 202 746: 744: 741: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 718: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 706:HX 229/SC 122 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 663: 662: 661: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 599: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 532: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 510: 506: 504: 501: 499: 498:Torpedo Alley 496: 494: 491: 489: 488: 484: 483: 482: 481: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 433: 432: 428: 426: 423: 422: 421: 420: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 382: 379: 378: 377: 376: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 360: 359: 353: 350: 348: 347: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 297: 296: 295: 289: 286: 285: 284: 283: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 248:United States 246: 245: 244: 241: 240: 237: 232: 222: 217: 215: 210: 208: 203: 202: 199: 190: 187: 186: 181: 177: 175:2 battleships 174: 173: 168: 165: 160: 155: 153: 148: 143: 142: 137: 134: 123: 120: 108: 107: 102: 94: 91: 90: 86: 82: 79: 78: 74: 71: 70: 66: 62: 61: 53: 48: 45: 41: 36: 31: 26: 22: 4592: 4572: 4568: 4549: 4529: 4506: 4487: 4465: 4446: 4427: 4408: 4386: 4367: 4348: 4326: 4307: 4288: 4269: 4250: 4231: 4209: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4151: 4144:Konstam 2021 4139: 4132:Roskill 1976 4127: 4115: 4103: 4091: 4079: 4067: 4055: 4043: 4021:, p. 5. 4019:Konstam 2021 4014: 4007:Hinsley 1979 4002: 3990: 3978: 3966: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3923:Konstam 2021 3901: 3894:Roskill 1976 3872: 3865:Roskill 1976 3839: 3832:Roskill 1976 3827: 3815: 3808:Woodman 2004 3791:Woodman 2004 3786: 3779:Roskill 1976 3762:Konstam 2021 3757: 3750:Woodman 2004 3705:Roskill 1976 3673: 3661: 3654:Roskill 1976 3649: 3607: 3595: 3583: 3571: 3559: 3516: 3509:Roskill 1976 3487: 3475: 3463: 3436: 3429:Konstam 2021 3409: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3366:Konstam 2021 3361: 3354:Konstam 2021 3334: 3322: 3315:Roskill 1976 3310: 3281: 3274:Roskill 1976 3244: 3232: 3220: 3208: 3196: 3189:Hinsley 1979 3184: 3177:Roskill 1976 3151: 3139: 3132:Konstam 2021 3127: 3115: 3103: 3096:Konstam 2021 3091: 3079: 3042: 3030: 3018: 3011:Woodman 2004 3006: 2994: 2987:Roskill 1976 2982: 2975:Hinsley 1979 2960:Roskill 1976 2955: 2943: 2914: 2850: 2838: 2826: 2814: 2807:Roskill 1976 2802: 2790: 2783:Konstam 2021 2778: 2771:Roskill 1976 2758:, p. 8. 2756:Konstam 2021 2751: 2744:Roskill 1976 2739: 2727: 2715: 2708:Konstam 2021 2703: 2696:Roskill 1976 2691: 2684:Konstam 2021 2679: 2667: 2660:Roskill 1976 2655: 2648:Roskill 1976 2643: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2586:the British 2581: 2563: 2559: 2557: 2548: 2545:Channel Dash 2536: 2521: 2519: 2506: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2485: 2483:during May. 2480: 2476: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2449: 2443: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2398: 2383: 2379: 2367: 2362: 2356: 2348: 2340: 2322: 2315: 2311: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2289: 2278: 2275:San Casimiro 2274: 2270: 2263: 2254: 2252: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2201: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2156: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2110:San Casimiro 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2063: 2058: 2055:superheaters 2050: 2043: 2038: 2032: 2030: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1989:Convoy SL 67 1983: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1893: 1885: 1882:Newfoundland 1877: 1872: 1868: 1854: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1837:West African 1831: 1825: 1819: 1797: 1793:Convoy HG 53 1788: 1784:Esso Hamburg 1782: 1779:Schlettstadt 1778: 1771: 1764: 1759: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1705: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1666: 1653: 1644: 1634:Schlettstadt 1633: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1601: 1585: 1576: 1570:Arctic Ocean 1565: 1563: 1557:Kriegsmarine 1550: 1543: 1532: 1524: 1494: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1426: 1418: 1410: 1405:sailed from 1402: 1398: 1396: 1367: 1363:Sierra Leone 1354: 1352: 1343:Kriegsmarine 1337: 1333: 1329:Kriegsmarine 1314: 1312: 1289:Convoy WS 5A 1284: 1268: 1263: 1255:Kriegsmarine 1250:Adolf Hitler 1247: 1242: 1234: 1227: 1226: 1216: 1206: 1202: 1190: 1180: 1157: 1144:battle group 1135: 1133: 1118: 1112: 1103: 1101: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1056: 1053: 1029: 1024:Kriegsmarine 1006:Kriegsmarine 1001:Erich Raeder 997:supply ships 981:World War II 975:Kriegsmarine 970: 955: 950: 939: 931: 921: 915: 911:World War II 892: 879: 878: 866:7–8 May 1945 861:5–6 May 1945 856:Point Judith 849: 842: 841: 820: 802: 801: 788: 659: 658: 614:27 September 597: 530: 508: 486: 479: 478: 430: 418: 374: 373: 357: 356: 345: 293: 292: 281: 280: 258:St. Lawrence 104:Belligerents 59: 38:Part of the 25: 4228:Blair, Clay 4120:Rohwer 2005 4096:Rohwer 2005 4084:Rohwer 2005 3735:Rohwer 2005 3642:Rohwer 2005 3456:Rohwer 2005 3120:Rohwer 2005 3084:Steury 1994 2999:O'Hara 2011 2948:O'Hara 2011 2618:Scharnhorst 2614:Prinz Eugen 2564:Scharnhorst 2549:Prinz Eugen 2547:" they and 2537:Scharnhorst 2522:Scharnhorst 2481:Prinz Eugen 2465:Scharnhorst 2444:Scharnhorst 2395:Assessments 2213:Scharnhorst 2208:Prinz Eugen 2197:Naval Staff 2164:'s (RAF's) 2098:Scharnhorst 2051:Scharnhorst 2033:Scharnhorst 1964:Scharnhorst 1960:Scharnhorst 1944:Scharnhorst 1914:West Africa 1894:Scharnhorst 1869:Scharnhorst 1841:Scharnhorst 1811:Karl Dönitz 1765:Scharnhorst 1695:Scharnhorst 1684:Scharnhorst 1676:Scharnhorst 1462:Scharnhorst 1451:Scharnhorst 1399:Scharnhorst 1334:Scharnhorst 1315:Scharnhorst 1243:Scharnhorst 1228:Scharnhorst 1203:Scharnhorst 1136:Scharnhorst 1104:Scharnhorst 1080:Scharnhorst 1068:Scharnhorst 1057:Scharnhorst 1019:World War I 1011:battleships 956:Scharnhorst 916:Scharnhorst 893:Scharnhorst 819:Capture of 582:Bell Island 531:Connecticut 346:Nordseetour 288:River Plate 4615:Categories 4048:Blair 2000 3627:Blair 2000 3441:Blair 2000 3225:Blair 2000 2631:References 2526:La Pallice 2370:docked at 1948:Gneisenau, 1908:SL convoys 1845:Gneisenau. 1527:Scapa Flow 1490:minefields 1470:Great Belt 1423:Gotenhafen 1319:HX convoys 1239:Baltic Sea 1196:destroyers 1113:Rawalpindi 1049:John Tovey 1045:Home Fleet 1032:Royal Navy 993:submarines 983:to attack 962:Background 487:Postmaster 419:Rheinübung 164:John Tovey 4527:(1976) . 4168:Rose 2007 3906:Rose 2007 3303:Vego 2019 3047:Vego 2019 2732:Vego 2019 2720:Vego 2019 2672:Vego 2019 2636:Citations 2560:Gneisenau 2488:sank HMS 2461:Gneisenau 2453:blockaded 2390:Aftermath 2341:Ark Royal 2321:HMS 2314:HMS 2302:Ark Royal 2297:Ark Royal 2279:Ark Royal 2264:Ark Royal 2255:Ark Royal 2247:Sheffield 2225:Uckermark 2217:Gneisenau 2145:Gneisenau 2134:Gneisenau 2130:Gneisenau 2114:Polykarp, 2102:Gneisenau 2088:HMS 2073:HMS 2064:Uckermark 2044:Gneisenau 2021:Gneisenau 2013:Gneisenau 1982:HMS 1956:Gneisenau 1903:Cape Race 1886:Gneisenau 1878:Gneisenau 1873:Gneisenau 1772:Gneisenau 1747:Ark Royal 1745:HMS 1710:Gneisenau 1706:Ramillies 1691:Ramillies 1680:Gneisenau 1667:Ramillies 1665:HMS 1654:Ramillies 1652:HMS 1625:Jan Mayen 1602:Gneisenau 1600:. One of 1575:HMS 1549:HMS 1542:HMS 1536:(Tovey's 1531:HMS 1466:Gneisenau 1455:Gneisenau 1427:Gneisenau 1419:Gneisenau 1415:Korsfjord 1411:Gneisenau 1403:Gneisenau 1359:Gibraltar 1338:Gneisenau 1298:Admiralty 1287:attacked 1235:Gneisenau 1215:HMS 1211:Trondheim 1207:Gneisenau 1200:torpedoed 1189:HMS 1156:HMS 1111:HMS 1074:Gneisenau 942:Greenland 922:Gneisenau 789:Stonewall 763:Sept-Îles 716:Black May 619:SG 6/LN 6 275:Gibraltar 253:Caribbean 60:Gneisenau 4591:(2004). 4581:26607112 4486:(2005). 4407:(2019). 4347:(1979). 4230:(2000). 2622:Bismarck 2610:Bismarck 2602:Bismarck 2502:Bismarck 2496:Bismarck 2477:Bismarck 2438:British 2420:Bismarck 2372:Bordeaux 2368:Polykarp 2328:Plymouth 2286:scuttled 2202:Bismarck 2191:and the 2128:sighted 2039:Marathon 1538:flagship 1513:and the 1482:flotilla 1386:B-Dienst 1372:B-Dienst 1271:made an 1191:Glorious 1179:SS 1161:off the 1040:cruisers 989:warships 951:Bismarck 946:warships 897:against 850:Teardrop 809:Lyme Bay 520:27 March 431:Bismarck 243:Americas 170:Strength 80:Location 2469:boilers 2221:Ermland 2090:Nigeria 2059:Ermland 1928:Ermland 1733:Force H 1670:in 1939 1551:Repulse 1381:decrypt 1323:Halifax 1036:convoys 934:convoys 909:during 598:Laconia 509:Neuland 403:4 April 119:Germany 42:of the 4599: 4579: 4556: 4537: 4513: 4494: 4472: 4453: 4434: 4415: 4393: 4374: 4355: 4333: 4314: 4295: 4276: 4257: 4238: 4216: 2507:Lützow 2357:Jaguar 2295:After 2290:Renown 2271:Bianca 2243:Royal. 2236:Renown 2189:Azores 2138:Rodney 2126:Rodney 2122:Rodney 2118:prizes 2106:Bianca 2084:Nelson 2080:Rodney 2017:Malaya 2009:Malaya 2001:Malaya 1997:Malaya 1984:Malaya 1898:jammed 1813:, the 1741:Renown 1544:Rodney 1540:) and 1533:Nelson 1478:Skagen 1171:Narvik 1158:Renown 985:Allied 913:. The 899:Allied 884:German 837:BX 141 827:HX 300 768:ON 207 753:SC 143 736:SC 130 731:SC 129 726:HX 237 711:HX 231 696:HX 228 691:SC 121 681:ON 166 676:SC 118 654:ON 154 649:ON 153 644:ON 144 639:SC 107 634:SL 125 629:HX 212 624:SC 104 609:SC 100 592:ON 127 577:ON 122 567:ON 115 562:ON 113 542:6 June 469:HX 156 439:HX 133 413:HX 126 408:OB 318 398:HX 112 393:OB 293 381:HX 106 375:Berlin 130: 116: 92:Result 4577:JSTOR 2625:' 2553:mines 2363:Iltis 2344:' 2288:when 2282:' 2267:' 2185:' 2141:' 2047:' 1968:U-124 1952:U-124 1940:U-124 1832:U-124 1826:U-106 1820:U-105 1775:' 1768:' 1698:' 1687:' 1621:Adria 1610:Naiad 1608:that 1605:' 1589:' 1586:Naiad 1582:radar 1577:Naiad 1566:Adria 1501:Ultra 1277:Brest 1231:' 1217:Clyde 1181:Orama 1054:Both 832:WEP 3 821:U-505 743:Faith 721:ONS 5 701:UGS 6 671:SG 19 604:SQ 36 587:QS 33 572:SC 94 557:QS 15 552:SL 78 547:HG 84 537:ON 92 525:OG 82 515:ON 67 503:SC 67 474:HG 76 464:SC 48 459:HG 73 454:SC 42 449:OG 71 444:OG 69 388:HG 53 369:SC 20 364:SC 19 352:HX 90 340:HX 84 335:HX 79 325:HX 72 315:HX 65 305:HX 49 300:HX 47 4597:ISBN 4554:ISBN 4535:ISBN 4511:ISBN 4492:ISBN 4470:ISBN 4451:ISBN 4432:ISBN 4413:ISBN 4391:ISBN 4372:ISBN 4353:ISBN 4331:ISBN 4312:ISBN 4293:ISBN 4274:ISBN 4255:ISBN 4236:ISBN 4214:ISBN 2612:and 2490:Hood 2479:and 2410:and 2360:and 2323:Hood 2273:and 2223:and 2215:and 2180:and 2112:and 2078:and 2061:and 1946:and 1930:and 1892:and 1871:and 1859:and 1857:55th 1843:and 1829:and 1801:and 1798:U-37 1464:and 1453:and 1407:Kiel 1401:and 1313:The 1304:Raid 1102:The 1071:and 1030:The 971:The 919:and 843:1945 803:1944 686:UC 1 666:TM 1 660:1943 480:1942 358:1941 330:SC 7 320:SC 2 294:1940 282:1939 188:None 72:Date 56:The 2240:Ark 2037:SS 1890:GRT 1835:to 1727:or 1484:of 1346:'s 1336:or 1279:in 1222:bow 4617:: 4573:72 4571:. 4026:^ 3913:^ 3884:^ 3851:^ 3798:^ 3769:^ 3742:^ 3727:^ 3712:^ 3685:^ 3634:^ 3619:^ 3528:^ 3499:^ 3448:^ 3421:^ 3346:^ 3293:^ 3256:^ 3163:^ 3054:^ 2967:^ 2926:^ 2887:^ 2862:^ 2763:^ 2574:. 2309:. 2108:, 1823:, 1657:. 1449:, 1445:, 1361:, 1065:) 1051:. 886:: 4605:. 4583:. 4562:. 4543:. 4519:. 4500:. 4478:. 4459:. 4440:. 4421:. 4399:. 4380:. 4361:. 4339:. 4320:. 4301:. 4282:. 4263:. 4244:. 4222:. 2249:. 882:( 220:e 213:t 206:v 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge (XXG)

Operation Berlin (Atlantic)

Index