227:
174:
729:
215:
204:
193:
136:
124:
161:
53:
148:
778:
On 22 May 2000, it was reported that since execution of
Operation Desert Fox in December 1998, there had been 470 separate incidents of AAA or surface-to-air missile fire at Coalition aircraft, while at the same time, Iraqi aircraft had violated the southern no-fly zone 150 times. Over the same time
782:
On 16 February 2001, American and
British aircraft launched attacks against six targets in southern Iraq, including command centers, radars and communications centers. Only about 40% of the targets were hit. This operation sparked scathing editorials in the foreign press, which reflected growing
581:
before turning north and using its superior speed to outrun the pursuing Eagles. Later in the day, several Iraqi fighters dodged back and forth across the 32nd parallel, staying out of missile range of
American fighters. However, an Iraqi MiG-25 crossed too far and was trapped inside the 32nd
471:(UNSCR 688) of 5 April 1991, which demanded that Iraq, "immediately end this repression and express the hope in the same context that an open dialogue will take place to ensure that the human and political rights of all Iraqi citizens are respected." Nothing in the resolution spelled out the
690:
supporting
Operation Southern Watch. The attack killed 2 USAF officers, 17 USAF enlisted airmen, and injured an additional 372 people. This event led to a re-alignment of American forces in Saudi Arabia from Khobar Towers to
494:
was choosing not to comply with the resolution. Military forces from Saudi Arabia, the United States, the United
Kingdom, and France participated in Operation Southern Watch. The commander of JTF-SWA, an aeronautically rated
601:
missile which destroyed the Iraqi fighter. This was the first combat kill by an F-16 in USAF service, and the first combat kill using the AMRAAM missile. On 17 January 1993, a USAF F-16C destroyed an Iraqi
309:
859:
aircraft rotationally based in Saudi Arabia had been "defensive" assets to defend Saudi Arabia. They carried no "offensive" air-to-ground ordnance, only air-to-air missiles, 20 mm cannon rounds, and
756:, a four-day air campaign against targets all over Iraq, citing Iraq's failure to comply with UNSC Resolutions. This resulted in an increased level of combat in the no-fly zones which lasted until 2003.
668:
region. Saddam later withdrew the Iraqi
Republican Guard out of the Kuwaiti border due to massive American military buildup. This served to increase Coalition resolve to enforce the no-fly zones.
609:
On 7 January 1993, Iraq agreed to
American, British, and French demands to withdraw their surface-to-air missiles from below the 32nd parallel. However, they did not remove all of them, and
809:
In June 2002, American and
British forces stepped up attacks on Iraqi air defense targets all over southern Iraq. It was later revealed that this was part of a pre-planned operation called
1912:
1917:
1809:
783:
world skepticism about
American-British policy towards Iraq. Incidents of Coalition planes coming under fire, followed by retaliatory air strikes began to happen on a weekly basis.
302:
987:
announced that he would be withdrawing U.S. troops from Saudi Arabia, stating that the Iraq War no longer required the support installations within the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
806:
found the empty launcher in the desert in May 2002, and a suspect was arrested in Sudan a month later. He led police to a cache in the desert where a second missile was buried.
748:
On 15 December 1998, France suspended participation in the no-fly zones, arguing that they had been maintained for too long and were ineffective. On 16 December, U.S. President
775:. The American fighters fired a total of six missiles at the Iraqi aircraft, but the Iraqi aircraft were able to evade all of the missiles and escape back to the north.
593:. After intelligence verified the aircraft was hostile, the fighter pilot received clearance to fire. The lead plane piloted by then-Lieutenant Colonel (later General)
1942:
295:
973:
On 27 February 2003, it was announced that the U.S. would be allowed to launch warplanes with offensive ordnance from its bases inside Saudi Arabia to support the
1922:
1590:
1574:
468:
1907:
1505:
1403:
1932:
1927:
518:
Military engagements in Southern Watch occurred with regularity, with Coalition aircraft routinely being shot at by Iraqi air defense forces utilizing
988:
1937:
1489:
401:
656:
The first nine months of 1994 were quiet, and the USAF began to withdraw forces from the region. In October, Saddam deployed two divisions of
586:
1484:
1437:
1043:
1882:
1789:
771:
On 5 January 1999, four Iraqi MiG-25s crossed into the southern no-fly zone, sparking aerial combat with two USAF F-15 Eagles and two USN
1610:
430:
365:
354:
1464:
981:
563:
1094:
1600:
824:
637:
617:
590:
1428:
1704:
1438:
Warning-MiG-25!: After Desert Storm, the French learned the hard way that Iraq's air force could still pull off an interception
394:
347:
1750:
1010:
768:
missile sites fired 6 to 8 surface-to-air missiles at American military aircraft. USAF F-16s responded by bombing the sites.
641:
610:
1838:
1661:
967:
512:
500:
436:
66:
578:
508:
1671:
1651:
319:
1378:
439:'s Joint Task Force Southwest Asia (JTF-SWA) had the mission of monitoring and controlling the airspace south of the
1541:
661:
373:
1745:
1814:
1719:
1714:
1595:
1423:
1176:
333:
1013:(CAOC), which had relocated to PSAB from Eskan Village in September 2001, and which now resides at Al Udeid AB.
714:. This marked renewed conflict with Iraqi air defenses and several more radars were destroyed by F-16 fighters.
1902:
1897:
1854:
1724:
1686:
1022:
828:
810:
535:
406:
380:
62:
1822:
994:
had earlier said that the continuing U.S. presence in the kingdom was also putting American lives in danger.
1631:
1559:
925:
902:
707:
687:
574:
522:(SAMs) and anti-aircraft artillery (AAA), although such incidents were usually only reported in the Western
496:
361:
467:
Operation Southern Watch began on 27 August 1992 with the stated purpose of ensuring Iraqi compliance with
1947:
1892:
1887:
1859:
1774:
1656:
1457:
799:
692:
657:
556:
519:
70:
490:
in Southern Iraq during the remainder of 1991 and into 1992. The U.S. and UK deemed that Iraqi president
1696:
1636:
1564:
1510:
998:
898:
814:
802:
in Saudi Arabia. The missile missed the target and was not detected by the pilot or anyone at the base.
675:
531:
527:
456:
257:
864:
missiles (only by USAF F-16CJs and USN/USMC EA-6Bs) as defense against Iraqi surface-to-air missiles.
1784:
1646:
1641:
1356:
1333:
1310:
1284:
1238:
753:
723:
387:
58:
1162:
1069:
1001:
aircraft and units at Prince Sultan Air Base (PSAB) relocated to other bases in the region, mainly
944:
868:
711:
444:
440:
1794:
1729:
1551:
1047:
1006:
955:
872:
504:
472:
426:
43:
1526:
1418:
1112:
728:
660:
troops to the Kuwaiti border after demanding that UN sanctions were to be lifted, precipitating
618:
On 13 January, more than 100 American, British, and French aircraft attacked Iraqi missile sites
487:
1215:
820:
From August 1992 to early 2001, Coalition pilots had flown 153,000 sorties over southern Iraq.
1804:
1779:
1681:
1676:
1569:
1536:
1450:
1261:
1201:
1090:
1002:
613:
448:
197:
178:
95:
1799:
1709:
1666:
1626:
1531:
856:
813:
which had the goal of degrading the Iraqi air-defense system in preparation for the planned
452:
1134:
534:
forces. It is now known that this increased activity occurred during an operation known as
1605:
984:
883:
703:
567:
483:
710:
against targets in southern Iraq. As a result, the no-fly zone was extended north to the
530:, though it was said at the time to just be in response to increasing activity by Iraqi
991:
951:
603:
598:
552:
491:
275:
231:
219:
141:
636:. Around half the Iraqi sites south of the 32nd parallel were hit. On 29 June, a USAF
1876:
947:
894:
890:
696:
594:
269:
262:
214:
203:
192:
129:
640:
destroyed an Iraqi radar which had illuminated it, and a month later, two U.S. Navy
52:
963:
803:
749:
683:
665:
208:
166:
1379:"TRACES OF TERROR: THE DRAGNET; Sudanese Says He Fired Missile at U.S. Warplane"
940:
932:
924:
aircraft aboard U.S. Navy aircraft carriers and USMC AV-8B aircraft aboard U.S.
861:
772:
733:
645:
17:
560:
523:
287:
551:
At first, Iraqi forces did not attack Coalition aircraft. However, after the
936:
672:
633:
621:
867:
As a result, strike aircraft with offensive ordnance were limited to USAF
1473:
974:
787:
479:
966:
refuelers were based at the U.S. Navy's Aviation Support Unit (ASU) at
935:
airborne early warning aircraft flying from aircraft carriers and USAF
741:
737:
679:
625:
1180:
827:
in the Persian Gulf under the banners of Operation Southern Watch and
779:
period, American aircraft had attacked Iraqi targets on 73 occasions.
917:
256:
19 American airmen killed and 372 Coalition personnel injured in the
153:
1087:
Cradle of Conflict: Iraq and the Birth of Modern U.S. Military Power
921:
876:
795:
727:
629:
823:
From 1992 to 2003, various Coalition naval assets also supported
977:– and would in turn begin a phased withdrawal from the country.
913:
910:
887:
848:
840:
791:
765:
699:, with both installations located away from population centers.
583:
226:
1446:
577:
crossed into the no-fly zone and flew towards a flight of USAF
291:
959:
906:
880:
852:
844:
1216:"Air Strike 13 January 1993 – Operation Southern Watch"
1202:"F-16 Aircraft Database: F-16 Airframe Details for 86-0262."
1442:
616:
ordered U.S. aircraft to bomb the remaining missile sites.
606:
with an AMRAAM missile for the second USAF aerial victory.
526:
occasionally. An intensification was noted prior to the
73:
on a patrol as part of Operation Southern Watch in 2000.
559:, Iraqi forces began to fire on the aircraft and USAF
954:
and KC-135 air refueling aircraft were also based at
1106:
1104:
1102:
706:
of northern Iraq and American forces responded with
1847:
1831:
1759:
1738:
1695:
1619:
1583:
1550:
1519:
1498:
27:1992–2003 U.S. military operation in southern Iraq
1419:Global Security brief on Operation Southern Watch
1163:"Air Force Historical Support Division > Home"
1135:"A BRIEF LOOK AT JOINT TASK FORCE-SOUTHWEST ASIA"
1070:"Air Force Historical Support Division > Home"
652:Operations "Vigilant Warrior" and "Desert Strike"
1913:Military operations involving the United Kingdom
950:aircraft based in Saudi Arabia, additional USAF
451:during the period following the end of the 1991
1918:Military operations involving the United States
36:
1424:Lt. Col. Gary North's MiG Kill – December 1992
469:United Nations Security Council Resolution 688
1458:
970:in Bahrain to support these strike aircraft.
303:
85:26 August 1992 – 20 March 2003
8:
1157:
1155:
282:175+ civilians killed and 500 others wounded
786:In late 2001, a Sudanese man with links to
503:, assisted by an aeronautically designated
1465:
1451:
1443:
310:
296:
288:
33:
702:In August 1996, Iraqi forces invaded the
664:, the rushing of American troops to the
1943:Military operations involving Australia
1304:
1302:
1034:
566:aircraft reported an unusual amount of
447:in 1996) in southern and south-central
511:, reported directly to the Commander,
1923:Aerial bombing operations and battles
740:(foreground) and an EA-6B Prowler of
676:bombed the U.S. base at Khobar Towers
7:
1908:Military operations involving France
98:, below the 32nd and 33rd parallels.
943:command & control aircraft and
431:United States Department of Defense
280:10–15 air defense systems destroyed
1204:F-16.net. Retrieved: 16 May 2008.
573:On 27 December 1992, a lone Iraqi
25:
1089:. Naval Institute Press, p. 242.
1042:Boring, War Is (15 August 2016).
825:maritime interdiction operations
433:from August 1992 to March 2003.
246:Various Iraqi air defense forces
225:
213:
202:
191:
172:
159:
146:
134:
122:
51:
1009:in the UAE. This included the
928:operating in the Persian Gulf.
744:– over Iraq during January 1998
648:missiles at more Iraqi radars.
1751:Iraqi rocket attacks on Israel
1429:Legacy of the Air Blockades –
1179:. f16viper.org. Archived from
1011:Combined Air Operations Centre
839:Until late February 2003, all
1:
1933:Iraq–United Kingdom relations
968:Bahrain International Airport
513:United States Central Command
475:or Operation Southern Watch.
437:United States Central Command
402:Kurdistan Islamist insurgency
67:New Jersey Air National Guard
1928:Iraq–United States relations
1601:Iraq–United States relations
1139:www.airforcehistoryindex.org
1938:Iraq–Saudi Arabia relations
1883:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
989:Deputy Secretary of Defense
764:On 30 December 1998, Iraqi
321:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
1964:
1542:Petroleum industry in Iraq
1357:"Operation Southern Watch"
1334:"Operation Southern Watch"
1311:"Operation Southern Watch"
1285:"Operation Southern Watch"
1239:"Operation Southern Watch"
1113:"Operation Southern Watch"
732:Two US Navy aircraft – an
721:
686:which housed personnel at
662:Operation Vigilant Warrior
1720:Operation Senior Surprise
1715:Operation Instant Thunder
1480:
794:Strela missile at a USAF
478:Following the end of the
329:
250:
237:
184:
115:
77:
50:
41:
1855:History of the M1 Abrams
1725:Amiriyah shelter bombing
1262:"Operation Desert Focus"
1085:Knights, Michael (2005).
1023:Operation Northern Watch
926:amphibious assault ships
829:Operation Northern Watch
798:fighter taking off from
582:parallel by a flight of
536:Operation Southern Focus
423:Operation Southern Watch
63:Texas Air National Guard
37:Operation Southern Watch
1790:Draining of the marshes
1560:Battle of Dasman Palace
903:Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base
708:Operation Desert Strike
688:King Abdulaziz Air Base
520:surface-to-air missiles
497:United States Air Force
486:bombed and strafed the
1860:Lion of Babylon (tank)
1710:"Package Q" air strike
1584:Coalition intervention
800:Prince Sultan Air Base
745:
718:Operation "Desert Fox"
693:Prince Sultan Air Base
658:Iraqi Republican Guard
587:F-16C Fighting Falcons
557:sanctions against Iraq
185:Commanders and leaders
71:Prince Sultan Air Base
1746:Iraq–Israel relations
1565:Battle of the Bridges
999:Royal Saudi Air Force
899:Ali Al Salem Air Base
835:Basing and withdrawal
790:fired a man-portable
752:ordered execution of
731:
591:33rd Fighter Squadron
528:2003 invasion of Iraq
457:2003 invasion of Iraq
258:Khobar Towers bombing
251:Casualties and losses
1490:Disarmament timeline
1359:. Globalsecurity.org
1336:. Globalsecurity.org
1313:. Globalsecurity.org
1287:. Globalsecurity.org
1264:. Globalsecurity.org
1241:. Globalsecurity.org
1218:. Globalsecurity.org
1115:. Globalsecurity.org
982:Secretary of Defense
754:Operation Desert Fox
724:Operation Desert Fox
59:F-16 Fighting Falcon
1848:Military technology
1823:Iraq–Kuwait barrier
1591:U.N. Resolution 661
1575:U.N. Resolution 660
1044:"Warning – MiG-25!"
945:KC-135 Stratotanker
931:In addition to USN
886:, and occasionally
869:A-10 Thunderbolt II
542:Military operations
482:in March 1991, the
425:was an air-centric
1795:Gulf War oil spill
1611:Military equipment
1552:Invasion of Kuwait
1431:Air Force Magazine
1383:The New York Times
1050:on 23 October 2016
1007:Al Dhafra Air Base
980:On 29 April 2003,
956:Al Dhafra Air Base
897:aircraft based at
873:F-15E Strike Eagle
746:
555:voted to maintain
505:United States Navy
473:Iraqi no-fly zones
427:military operation
356:Strikes (June '93)
69:prepare to depart
61:aircraft from the
44:Iraqi no-fly zones
1868:
1867:
1805:Gulf War syndrome
1780:Kuwaiti oil fires
1652:Phase Line Bullet
1570:Battle of Failaka
1485:Conflict timeline
1003:Al Udeid Air Base
671:On 25 June 1996,
614:George H. W. Bush
597:, USAF, fired an
547:Immediate postwar
443:(extended to the
429:conducted by the
417:
416:
396:Strikes (Feb '01)
362:Kurdish Civil War
349:Strikes (Jan '93)
286:
285:
198:George H. W. Bush
111:
110:
16:(Redirected from
1955:
1800:Depleted uranium
1739:Impact on Israel
1667:Highway of Death
1532:Operation Simoom
1467:
1460:
1453:
1444:
1406:
1401:
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1120:
1108:
1097:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1046:. Archived from
1039:
857:French Air Force
815:invasion of Iraq
453:Persian Gulf War
375:Vigilant Warrior
324:
322:
312:
305:
298:
289:
230:
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79:
78:
55:
34:
21:
18:Operation Bolton
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1903:2000s conflicts
1898:1990s conflicts
1873:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1843:
1827:
1817:Provide Comfort
1755:
1734:
1705:Air engagements
1691:
1615:
1606:Carter Doctrine
1579:
1546:
1515:
1494:
1476:
1471:
1433:, February 2003
1415:
1410:
1409:
1404:Telegraph.co.uk
1402:
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1372:
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1196:
1186:
1184:
1183:on 26 July 2011
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1031:
1019:
985:Donald Rumsfeld
905:in Kuwait, and
837:
762:
726:
720:
704:Kurdish regions
654:
638:F-4G Phantom II
568:Iraqi Air Force
549:
544:
488:Shi'ite Muslims
484:Iraqi Air Force
465:
420:
419:
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335:Provide Comfort
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1785:1991 uprisings
1782:
1777:
1775:Iraq sanctions
1772:
1769:Southern Watch
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1537:Ba'athist Iraq
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1413:External links
1411:
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1396:
1385:. 14 June 2002
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1177:"f16viper.org"
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1018:
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992:Paul Wolfowitz
952:KC-10 Extender
836:
833:
811:Southern Focus
761:
758:
722:Main article:
719:
716:
653:
650:
642:EA-6B Prowlers
611:U.S. President
604:MiG-23 Flogger
599:AIM-120 AMRAAM
553:United Nations
548:
545:
543:
540:
492:Saddam Hussein
464:
461:
415:
414:
412:
411:
408:Southern Focus
404:
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382:Northern Watch
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342:Southern Watch
338:
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276:MiG-23 Flogger
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232:Saddam Hussein
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220:George W. Bush
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142:United Kingdom
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48:
47:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1960:
1949:
1948:Air campaigns
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
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1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
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1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:2000s in Iraq
1891:
1889:
1888:1990s in Iraq
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1632:Wadi al-Batin
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1527:Iran–Iraq War
1525:
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1518:
1512:
1509:
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1397:
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1095:1-59114-444-2
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1065:
1062:
1049:
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1038:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1021:
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1016:
1014:
1012:
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1005:in Qatar and
1004:
1000:
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993:
990:
986:
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965:
961:
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949:
948:air refueling
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
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908:
904:
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895:AV-8B Harrier
892:
891:F/A-18 Hornet
889:
885:
882:
878:
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865:
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739:
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717:
715:
713:
712:33rd parallel
709:
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697:Eskan Village
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623:
619:
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575:MiG-25 Foxbat
571:
569:
565:
562:
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546:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
515:(USCENTCOM).
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:Major General
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
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470:
462:
460:
458:
454:
450:
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445:33rd Parallel
442:
441:32nd Parallel
438:
434:
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424:
410:
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379:
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372:
369:
368:
367:Desert Strike
363:
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353:
351:
350:
346:
344:
343:
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337:
336:
332:
331:
328:
323:
313:
308:
306:
301:
299:
294:
293:
290:
277:
271:
270:MiG-25 Foxbat
267:
264:
263:RQ-1 Predator
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
242:
241:
236:
233:
228:
223:
221:
216:
210:
205:
199:
194:
189:
188:
183:
180:
170:
168:
155:
143:
131:
130:United States
120:
119:
114:
106:
103:
102:
97:
92:
89:
88:
84:
81:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
54:
49:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
1870:
1816:
1768:
1766:
1697:Air campaign
1657:Medina Ridge
1499:Participants
1430:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1382:
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1289:. Retrieved
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1255:
1243:. Retrieved
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1209:
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1181:the original
1171:
1142:. Retrieved
1138:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1086:
1081:
1064:
1052:. Retrieved
1048:the original
1037:
996:
979:
972:
962:, while RAF
930:
866:
838:
822:
819:
808:
804:Saudi Police
785:
781:
777:
773:F-14 Tomcats
770:
763:
750:Bill Clinton
747:
734:F-14B Tomcat
701:
684:Saudi Arabia
670:
666:Persian Gulf
655:
608:
579:F-15C Eagles
572:
550:
517:
509:Rear Admiral
477:
466:
435:
422:
421:
407:
395:
388:
381:
374:
366:
355:
348:
341:
340:
334:
209:Bill Clinton
167:Saudi Arabia
156:(until 1998)
116:Belligerents
107:Inconclusive
42:Part of the
29:
1637:Al Busayyah
1355:John Pike.
1332:John Pike.
1309:John Pike.
1283:John Pike.
1260:John Pike.
1237:John Pike.
1214:John Pike.
1111:John Pike.
941:E-8 J-STARS
933:E-2 Hawkeye
884:Tornado GR4
862:AGM-88 HARM
796:F-15C Eagle
646:AGM-88 HARM
532:air-defense
1877:Categories
1815:Operation
1767:Operation
1662:2nd Kuwait
1647:73 Easting
1642:67 Easting
1520:Background
1029:References
760:Last years
673:terrorists
595:Gary North
570:activity.
561:E-3 Sentry
455:until the
389:Desert Fox
1832:Memorials
1760:Aftermath
1596:Coalition
1506:Australia
1054:16 August
937:E-3 AWACS
634:Al-Amarah
622:Nasiriyah
564:AEW&C
278:shot down
265:shot down
94:Southern
1474:Gulf War
1017:See also
997:All non-
975:Iraq War
788:al-Qaeda
480:Gulf War
238:Strength
90:Location
46:conflict
1730:Samurra
1682:Rumaila
1677:Norfolk
1672:Jalibah
1620:Battles
1144:30 July
964:VC10 K3
958:in the
742:VAQ-137
680:Dhahran
626:Samawah
589:of the
499:(USAF)
463:Summary
1839:London
1810:Awards
1687:Safwan
1627:Khafji
1389:19 May
1363:19 May
1340:19 May
1317:19 May
1291:19 May
1268:19 May
1245:19 May
1222:19 May
1187:19 May
1119:19 May
1093:
918:F/A-18
855:, and
738:VF-102
644:fired
632:, and
507:(USN)
164:
154:France
151:
139:
127:
104:Result
1511:Women
1073:(PDF)
922:EA-6B
877:F-16C
630:Najaf
620:near
524:press
243:5,000
1391:2011
1365:2011
1342:2011
1319:2011
1293:2011
1270:2011
1247:2011
1224:2011
1189:2011
1146:2020
1121:2011
1091:ISBN
1056:2016
939:and
920:and
914:F-14
911:USMC
909:and
901:and
888:USMC
849:USMC
841:USAF
792:SA-7
766:SA-6
695:and
584:USAF
449:Iraq
179:Iraq
96:Iraq
82:Date
65:and
57:Two
960:UAE
907:USN
893:or
881:RAF
853:RAF
845:USN
736:of
678:in
272:and
1879::
1381:.
1301:^
1154:^
1137:.
1101:^
916:,
879:,
875:,
871:,
851:,
847:,
843:,
831:.
817:.
682:,
628:,
624:,
538:.
459:.
274:1
268:1
261:3
1466:e
1459:t
1452:v
1393:.
1367:.
1344:.
1321:.
1295:.
1272:.
1249:.
1226:.
1191:.
1165:.
1148:.
1123:.
1075:.
1058:.
370:)
364:(
311:e
304:t
297:v
20:)
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