282:"The day after the message of the German capitulation in Norway arrived, a Tuesday, Törneman arrived on request from Petersén around one PM. With Petersén was the Norwegian major Dahl, then chief of the Norwegian intelligence office in Stockholm. At the visit there were stated a wish for Törneman to travel to Lillehammer and there take contact with Sala and from him receive certain content. More was not said of that part, and to Stockholm transfer this content and also as much content as Törneman could get his hands on from the German staff at Lillehammer. Törneman were promised assistance from available Norwegian personnel and he selected a Lieutenant Sjetne and Hans Peter Eggen.", statement by Törneman in 1948, from the radio program
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426:"Donovan himself flew from Washington to London for a conference regarding the transfer. It happened in great secrecy. Especially the Swedish high command feared that the transfer would be discovered and would be a problem for Sweden's official policy of neutrality. In a memorandum dated June 7, 1945 from J. T. Kloman to brigadier Kessler, the US military attaché in Stockholm it is revealed that the transfer had to be fast
251:. From the American side the operation was viewed as a great success and the responsible within OSS, William T. Carlson and Joseph T. Kloman, were both honored with decorations where the operation specifically were mentioned. For the Swedish C-byrĂĄn Operation Claw quickly became toxic. Even though the operation was to be kept confidential, information leaked to the Swedish press and C-byrĂĄn were dissolved in February 1946.
413:"The so-called "Lillehammer-kuppet" (Norwegian name, translators remark) or Operation Claw as OSS called it, was executed behind the back of both the British and the Norwegians. British military authorities were in charge of the German capitulation in Norway. Thus Sala's men and archives were British war bounty. But the British was (sic) cheated by the Swedes which again cooperated with the americans.",
144:
76:. Operation Claw was controversial both when it happened and afterwards. In 1945, it was controversial that the Americans operated in what was seen as a British controlled country, and that they secured information about its ally the Soviet Union, in cooperation with neutral Sweden. In later years, a hypothesis that the Norwegian
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The war was however still fought in East-Asia, the US and the Soviet Union were still allies and the
Americans were counting on Soviet assistance in the war against Japan. The allies had designated Norway as part of the British sphere of influence. Both for the US and the neutral Sweden the operation
234:
has put forward the hypothesis that Holst brought with him information from
Lillehammer that could damage Operation Claw and thus was killed. To be able to damage the operation Kai Holst can not have been trusted as others were. He must have been considered a threat due to his contact with Alexandra
447:, with Norwegian knowledge and with good contacts with the Norwegians, got the task of going to Lillehammer to collect Sallas' archive. The Norwegians in Stockholm had confirmed the operation.", from the radio program «Den mystiska kofferten från Lillehammer», from 20:46 in the recording
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Kai Holst had been working at the military office number 4 (Mi4) at the
Norwegian legation in Stockholm, and after the search he unexpectedly traveled right back to Stockholm. The next day he was found shot at the top of the staircase in an apartment building at Rindögatan 42 on
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traveled together with two
Norwegian intelligence specialists to Lillehammer on May 9 and 10, 1945. The German group of experts were taken out of the camp and transported to Sweden. After a few weeks in Sweden they were on June 12 flown from
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against Soviet forces and had an archive and extensive knowledge about Soviet affairs. This was knowledge the
Western Allies, and especially the Americans, wanted and that probably also were of use during the Cold War.
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American intelligence organisations were very interested in German intelligence experts knowledge of the Soviet Union and immediately after the war in Europe ended they began to cooperate with the German Major
General
230:. The official cause of death was stated as suicide, but neither Holst's family nor many of his colleagues from the resistance movement have accepted this and are of the opinion that he was liquidated. The historian
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specialists were transferred along with various equipment first to Sweden and then to U.S. camps in occupied
Germany through an agreement between the Americans and the German High Command of the
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Information regarding
Operation Claw continued to be classified as confidential in the post-war years and some of it still remains so today. A report about the operation in the British
540:"Also a lot of other friends and colleagues of Holst from the war reject the suicide theory. They argue that the Swedish police showed little ability or will in solving the case",
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Kollontaj who was ambassador in
Stockholm representing Soviet Union. A possible reason for a murder of Kai Holst was thus not his knowledge as such but his connections.
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and other
Norwegians were assisting were soon aware of that a number of German key personnel had been removed in the Swedish–American operation a month earlier.
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in February 1945 had revealed conflicts of interest between the western allied nations on one side and the Soviet Union and the relation was severely strained.
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was initiated and led by the British major W. D. MacRoberts from Task Force with support from Norwegian intelligence personnel and the police.", from
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More than a month after the German capitulation, a British led search supported by Norwegian personnel was executed in order to find people from
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127:. It was part of an organized effort to obtain as much German intelligence information and personnel as possible; the operation had the name
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In the Wehrmacht camp at Lillehammer a group of 35 German experts on signals intelligence were gathered. They had been working on the
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170:(OSS) and with knowledge and support from the Norwegian legation in Stockholm agents for the Swedish intelligence organisation
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and other German key personnel that tried to hide among ordinary soldiers in German military camps. The search force that
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had been vital during World War II and especially the British work with breaking the German codes, from the
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Fra varm til kald krig : etterretningskuppet på Lillehammer i frigjøringsdagene 1945 og et mulig mord
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USAs hemmelige agenter : den amerikanske etterretningstjenesten OSS i Norden under andre verdenskrig
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cooperation between Swedish and US intelligence services, in violation of Sweden's officially stated
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49:) was a joint Swedish–American operation, with Norwegian support, that was carried out at
613:«Dyrhaug has also identified a document in the British National Archive with the title
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617:». But this is restricted for 75 years and is therefor not available until year 2020.
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The paperclip conspiracy : the battle for the spoils and secrets of Nazi Germany
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was involved, from the Swedish side the chief of the Defense Staff, Major General
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to US occupied Germany and were interned in an American military camp at
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at Lillehammer, was reported dead by suicide in Stockholm the day after.
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had begun the search for German scientists and other German expertise.
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Tyske hemmelige tjenester i Norden. Spionsaker og aktører, 1930–1950
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The United States and the origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947
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was thus very sensitive and was conducted in great secrecy.
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In cooperation with the American intelligence organisation
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codebook, became very useful for the Americans during the
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The intelligence material from Operation Claw, among it a
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Svik og grĂĄsoner: Norske spioner under 2. verdenskrig
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16:Post-World War II joint Swedish-American operation
615:Post Use of a German Intelligence Unit by Sweden
95:Even before the war in Europe ended the various
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123:(FHO) which had led German intelligence on the
57:by the end of World War II. Thirty-five German
34:(right) and British Major W. D. MacRoberts
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391:German northern theatre of operations, 1940-45
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713:Motstandskamp, strategi og marinepolitikk
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323:"The Cryptographic Mathematics of Enigma"
206:was also involved from the Swedish side.
243:Operation Claw was the beginning of the
784:Office of Strategic Services operations
368:. New York: Columbia University Press.
284:Den mystiska kofferten frĂĄn Lillehammer
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202:. The famous Swedish police director
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715:, Oslo, Universitetsforlaget, 1972
684:, Oslo, Universitetsforlaget, 2010
656:. Oslo, Universitetsforlaget, 1994
642:, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 2012
210:British–Norwegian raid of June 1945
150:, assisting the British–Norwegian
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107:had been of huge importance. The
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670:. Spartacus forlag, Oslo 2010
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286:, from 21:05 in the recording
129:Target Intelligence Committee
698:, Oktober forlag, Oslo 1995
443:"On the day of capitulation
393:. U S Govt Printing Office.
168:Office of Strategic Services
139:Swedish–American cooperation
430:(Tore Prysers utheving).»,
360:Gaddis, John Lewis (1972).
328:. National Security Agency.
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258:is restricted until 2020.
21:Operation Claw (2019–2020)
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779:Aftermath of World War II
19:Not to be confused with
389:Zimke, Earl F. (1959).
321:Miller, A. Ray (2001).
602:USAs hemmelige agenter
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578:USAs hemmelige agenter
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554:Fra varm til kald krig
542:Fra varm til kald krig
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518:USAs hemmelige agenter
341:Cite journal requires
200:Carl August Ehrensvärd
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745:61.11722°N 10.47722°E
300:. London: M. Joseph.
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119:and his organisation
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709:Ole Kristian Grimnes
694:Espen Haavardsholm,
101:Signals intelligence
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296:Bower, Tom (1987).
55:German capitulation
750:61.11722; 10.47722
196:William J. Donovan
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232:Tore Pryser
85:Tore Pryser
65:in Norway.
51:Lillehammer
763:Categories
736:10°28′38″E
733:61°07′02″N
704:8270947156
262:References
249:neutrality
181:Gothenburg
91:Background
30:Norwegian
556:, 127–129
479:, 185–186
267:Footnotes
239:Aftermath
220:Kai Holst
185:Wiesbaden
179:close to
148:Kai Holst
131:(TICOM).
81:Kai Holst
63:Wehrmacht
43:Norwegian
74:Cold War
629:Sources
216:Gestapo
172:C-byrĂĄn
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70:Soviet
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326:(PDF)
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